上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
06上外英汉互译部分
06上外英汉互译部分一：汉译英部分（75分）We boarded a steam launch to Guangzhou and left Hongkong at ten o’clock.As the boat started to move, my friend Hong called me outside the cabin. The moment I stepped out I heard him yelling："Look! Hongkong’s night view is marvelous, you can’t miss it".Outside on the deck I leaned against the railing, watching Hongkong receding from us.The sea was dark, so was the sky. There scattered some stars in the heavens but most of them not quite bright while Hongkong in the distance made a constellation of stars.Over the mountains, on the streets and buildings were lights, each resembling a star, yet in my naked eyes they outshone stars. Myriads of lights dotted here and there constituted a mountain of stars, shining with a spectacle of brilliance.Tranquility and peace reigned the night. Not a sound could be heard from cross the water as though Hongkong closed its big mouth. However, when I gazed at that starry mountain I felt as if those countless lights were whispering with each other. The ship was moving and so were the lights, together with the lamplights on the running trolley buses and cars on the opposite streets. I saw them turning dim and bright now and then just like children winkling or frolicking or chatting with each other. My visual and auditory senses blending, I was almost listening with my eyes. The star-studded mountain was no dumb; instead, they were busy with performing a magnificent symphony...I was almost lost in reverie.Presumably the ship was swinging around. The star-lit mountain retreated smaller and smaller, yet in my eyes there were shining with an expanse of golden rays and lingering on a touching melody.Slowly the ship sailed into the heart of mountains (I could not distinguish whether they were mountains or islands), for Hongkong was gone unseen. Lightless on the sea, our ship was enveloped by the pitch darkness. The mountain of stars disappeared like a vague dream. Standing lost there, I wished to find the mountain back yet there was noting in sight. Outside the air was cool, but the blowing wind was too much for my head, so I walked back to the crowded and noisy cabin, a completely different world. As I set my foot in to the cabin, I couldn’t help asking myself: was it only a mirage that I saw just now?06上外英汉部分I. Translate the following into English (75分)我们搭小火轮去广州。
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结Unit11) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse.We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved ininternational affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we mustnever become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store theinformation of a small library5) That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do nothave any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres.6) These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideasand penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers. 7) The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have beenmodernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved.8) Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy aschildren, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds; and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields.9) Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, andthat person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”10) Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be moreimportant and useful compared with all other pursuits.Unit31) Health care must be available to all citizens regardless of their differences.We cannot justify the policy that denies the care to the large population living in the country.2) They claim to have discovered a universal law which applies to all nations.3) I often made a fool of myself when I was living with my uncle onhis farm. When asked to get rid of the weed in the rice fields, for example,I often failed to tell apart the weed and the rice seedlings.4) Why go there today? I’d much rather we st ay until the snow ceases.5) Rice requires large quantities of water and many scientists warn us thateven if we use our water sparingly, the day will inevitably come when we will be fighting over limited supplies of water resources.6) There has been quite a noticeable change in recent years. We no longerlean on export for economic growth. We now tend to put more emphasis on home consumption.7) Today’s tendency is to give little kids too many tests and exams until theyare no good for anything but taking exams.8) It is pointless to force professors to publish a fixed number of papersannually regardless of their quality. Besides, this is a demand even Einstein would not have been able to meet.Unit41)The fact that he was able to avoid the seemingly inevitable crash madehim a national hero.2)Of the four students who risked their lives to try to drag the drowningchildren to shore, two never returned.3)The Japanese are known for their long life span. They believe they owethis to their eating habits/composition of their diet, which contains a lot of fish products.4)I know Harris. I couldn’t imagine a man like him making such stupidremarks.5)After testing her loyalty many times, he was now going to give her themost dangerous task.6)I hear that Lincoln delivered an extremely powerful speech on thatoccasion. Whatever did he actually say?7)That this time they must be ready to challenge death was clear toeverybody. But no one regretted this move.8)As accidents go/As far as accidents are concerned, there was nothingout of the ordinary: a crazy young man drives a car on a university campus and kills a young woman student. What is unusual is the fact that the man dares to challenge the people who want to take him to court because his father is a local police officer.9)Every time/Whenever we decide on a financial policy, we have to makea clear distinction between short-term interests and long-term interests.10)Although it was early October, people could already be seen drivingacross the frozen river.Unit51）The government will have to decide when and how to put brakes on the economy before it speeds out of control.2）Why waste money building an airport in the middle of nowhere? We must not ignore the fact that what people here need most is clean water and clean air.3）They thought they might take a different route on their return trip so as to explore the great canyon in Tibet.4）She traveled around the world and came back home quite a changed person, educated and greatly revitalized.5）There is no easy fix for our social problems. We should explore all possibilities and move one step at a time.6）All old traditions die a slow and lingering death. Customs and habits that have taken so long to form can’t be expected to disappear overnight. 7）Madam Chang was considered a pioneer who advocated combining classic Chinese music with Western music.8）I was so stunned when I heard the news, that for quite some time I didn’t know what to say.9）The soldiers are learning how to survive in the wilderness.10）I’ll go there with you if you insist. But really I won’t be much help to you.Unit81) If it hadn’t been for one man’s courage and wisdom, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone could never have succeeded. This man was the first mayor of the city.2) ---- Sorry I cut you off just now. You were saying…---- I was saying that it is not easy to break down the resistance of those conservatives. But we must go at them step by step.3) The government knows only too well that it cannot increase taxes atwill without hurting home consumption. But to shift the emphasisfrom export to domestic consumption takes time.4) Even with all these home appliances, it is impossible to do away with/ eliminate our domestic labor completely.5) Our town must have looked this way three hundred years ago. Manyold buildings were about to fall in ruins. Some of our leaders wanted to tear them down and put up new tall buildings in their place. But due to lack of money, the plan had to be abandoned. Looking back that was actually a blessing. Today our town has become a tourist attraction.6) Ironically, sometimes, the more we increase production, the more wedecrease profit.7) This project has occupied too much of my time. I could not launch anew project even if I wanted to.8) To tell the truth, I’m more worried about social stagn ation thaneconomic slowdown. Of course, you may not share my view.9) Sadly enough, not everyone realizes that if we do not improve oureducational standards, we will lag behind other countries for ever.Unit9`1)Mr. Lin has always concerned himself with the desertification problem. Ifully agree with him that this is a serious concern as regards our environment protection.2)The spokesman of our government expressed our deep concern for thetwo Chinese engineers who were recently taken hostage by the pirates.3)It is hard to visualize how we can protect the dam from enemy attack.4)Freedom of religion means not only that people can pursue differentfaiths. It also means that they have the right not to have any religion.5)We teachers usually meet once every week to compare notes about ourteaching.6)The situation of this area is very delicate. No country should be allowedto do anything to threaten the precarious balance.7)To be adequate as a translator, we must have a good command of boththe foreign language and Chinese. And I consider myself terribly inadequate in this respect.8)However we differ in our opinion, we must face the challenge together.9)The way I define a good education is that, when you get through it, younot only know how to make a living, but you also know how to live.。
期末考试翻译整理
词级等值翻译but‖said he,impressively ―be not disturbed by that—remain tranquil—give yourselves no uneasiness—their dust rises far before us,you shall see it fade and disappear far behind us.Right you tranquil,leave all to me—I am the king of drivers.Behold!‖– a Tramp Abroad不过，别烦恼、别急噪、别发毛。
别看他们现在尘埃滚滚走在我们前头，管叫他们不久将望尘莫及落在我们后头。
放宽心，我担保。
我本是车夫王嘛！‖他这番话说得我们来了劲头We sat down to study and enjoy this singular spectacle.—A Tramp Abroad我们坐下来欣赏玩味这别具一格的景色。
This paper is our passport to the gallows.But there’s no backing out now.If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.‖—1776这文件就是我们上绞刑架的护照。
退路是没有啦！如果我们不在一起缠着，就必然将分开吊着As the last man signs,the sound of the tolling Liberty Bell in the belfry above become almost deafening.但最后一个人签名时，钟楼上自由子钟悠扬的钟声越敲越响，几乎震耳欲聋。
His discourse became lost in fantastic digression(希特勒的谈话越说越远，越说越离奇，最后不知说到哪里去了The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.His gaze move on to sweep the spacious,well-appointed room,encompassing the Duke who face them uncertainly,his back to a window.—Blackmail旅馆侦探那张下巴嘟噜的脸上那对猪样的眼睛讥讽地打量着她，接着向这宽敞的设备齐全的房间扫视一圈，最后目光围绕背朝窗户，心神不定地面对着他们的公爵打转。
上外考研翻硕MTI翻译必备英汉词汇二
上外考研翻硕MTI翻译必备英汉词汇互译之二餐桌转盘Lazy Susan残奥会Paralympic Games仓储式超市stockroom-style supermarket藏书票book labels identifying a collector (or collection)舱外航天服extra vehicular activity suits (Chinese only spent 4 years in developing its own EV A (extra vehicular activity) suits. Putting on the suit will take about 14 hours. 我国用4年时间研制出了自己的舱外航天服。
航天服的拆包、组装、测试、穿着，整个过程要持续14个小时。
)参照国际通行做法follow standard international practices操办make arrangements草根工业grass root industry (refers to village and township enterprises which take root among farmers and grow like wold grass)草药herbal medicine操纵比赛game-rigging (The Ministry of Public Security set up a special task force to investigate alleged game-rigging in September 2006, when rumors of under-table deals and fixing ran rife. 2006年9月，有关幕后交易和非法操纵的流言四起，为此公安部设立了一支特别工作组，负责调查此事。
)操纵股票市场manipulate the stock market操作系统operating system侧记sidelights层层转包和违法分包multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting 茶道sado差额拨款balance allocation差额投票differentail voting差额选举competitive election查房make/go the rounds of the wards查封close down插杠子poke one's nose into someone's businesses茶话会tea forum; tea party插件plug-in unit茶艺tea ceremony插嘴interrupt; chip in拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul差旅费expenses for business trips拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition拆迁费用removal expense拆迁户households or units relocated due to building demolition拆台let someone down; cut the ground from under someone's feet禅dhyana产假maternity leave产粮大省granary province产品更新换代upgrade of products产品构成product composition产品积压overstocked products; accumulation of inventories; stock pile; excessive inventory产品结构product mix产品科技含量technological element of a product产品生命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)产权划转和产权变动the transfer of and changes in property rights of enterprises产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理"clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management "产权制度、产权关系property relations; property order产权转让transference of title of property搀水股票water-down stocks -- ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons inside a stock company or a business at a cost lower than their face value产销两旺both production and marketing thrive产销直接挂钩directly link production with marketing产业不景气industrial depression产业的升级换代upgrading of industies产业结构升级upgrading of an industrial structure产业升级upgrade industries产业政策industrial policy掺杂兑假mix in fake or inferior components唱对台戏put on a rival show长二捆LM-2E偿付能力solvency唱高调mouth high-sounding words常规裁军conventional disarmament常规武器conventional weapon长江后浪推前浪, 一代更比一代强As in the Yangtze River, the waves behind ride on the ones before: The new generation excels the old. 长江三峡和黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程the key water projects at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River and at Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River长江三角洲Yangtze River delta长江中下游the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River唱名表决roll-call vote场内交易人floor trader长跑a long-distance running敞蓬轿车open-topped limousine长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共"long-term coexistence,mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe "长期国债long-term government bonds常设国际法庭permanent international tribunal唱双簧play a duet----collaborate; echo each other畅通工程Smooth Traffic Project长途电话long-distance calls场外证券市场over-the-counter market常委会standing committee常务董事managing director; executive director常务理事executive member of the council长线产品product in excessive supply畅销货best selling lines (All these articles are best selling lines. 所有这些产品都是我们的畅销货。
大学英语期末考试音译汉
大学英语期末考试音译汉In the middle and late 20th century, the rapid development of science and technology witnessed the birth of high technology, represented by the Internet. But at the same time various high-tech crimes, as represented by cybercrime, also arouse, constituting a potential threat to the healthy development of society. How to prevent and reduce high-tech crimes has become a common concern. China is facing a similar situation. To avoid or reduce losses caused by high-tech crimes, we should keep alert in our daily lives, so as not to be deceived.<译文>20世纪中后期，随着科学技术的迅速发展，以网络技术为代表的高科技相继问世。
但与此同时，以网络犯罪为代表的各种高科技犯罪也开始出现，对社会的健康发展带来潜在的威胁。
如何预防和减少高科技犯罪已成为受到普遍关注的问题。
中国也面临着同样的问题。
为避免或减少由此带来的损失，在日常生活中，我们应该提高警惕，避免上当受骗。
With the increasingly fierce competition in the job market, Chinese college students are attaching more and more importance to internships. Every year, a lot of senior students take part in internships which may help them find out whether what they have made the right choice of career and have a clear idea of what they are going to do in their target job and what the job demands; it also helps students learn skills and cultivate their abilities. Taking internships is an effective way to secure a good job. In recruiting new staff, companies tend to prefer applicantswith relevant internship experience. Some companies will give preference to those who have done an internship in their companies.<译文>随着就业市场竞争的日益激烈，中国大学生越来越重视实习。
涉海英语课后翻译(中国海洋大学版本)
Unit 1 An Overview of Ocean and OceanographyText AThe ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our weather, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didn’t give enough attention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field— neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science.Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, called the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversimplification of a complex pr ocess. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overwhelmed the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.Text BOceanography (or marine science) is the study about natural ocean phenomena, its nature and law of variation as well as the knowledge related to the development and exploitation about the ocean. Human beings acquired knowledge about the oceans in pre-historic times. Through centuries’ efforts, based on experiments and observations, scientists furthered knowledge about the oceans with various methods, such as echo sounding, depth dredging. The use of modern devices such as submarines, satellites and large-scale computers reflected that modern technology played a significant role in the development of marine science. Many nations, organizations and research institutes were devoted to the study of marine science. Marine science covers a wide range of fundamental studies in marine physics, marine chemistry, marine biology, and marine geology. The science also applies to the exploitation of marine resources as well as maritime military actions. The ocean and the atmosphere are closely interdependent and related. Therefore, the study of the ocean also helps better understand global climate changes.Unit 2 Marine BiologyText AThe ocean is the cradle of life. Therefore, the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment, and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources. Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere; sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry; a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency; mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species; untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals. These are path-breaking findings in marine science. Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source. If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings.Text BChlorophyll is the most important pigment related to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is actually present in all photosynthetic organisms. In 1899, an Italian scientist developed a simple but accurate method of determining chlorophyll levels. Since 1950s, scientists have quantified chlorophyll by collecting and analyzing water samples to measure concentrations of chlorophyll pigment. Starting in the 1970s, we have also used satellite measurements of the intensity of the ocean's green color to do the same with much greater spatial coverage. Scientists in the modern era have determined the specific quantitative relationship between the depth and the amount of chlorophyll with laboratory analysis of water from the same column. Thus it can be seen that we have more than 100 years of chlorophyll data in the ocean, which is no small feat.Unit 3 Marine PollutionText AThe sea is suffering. The evidence abounds. It becomes acid, making marine life difficult. The dearth of some species will disrupt the food chain, which will in turn destabilize the entire ecosystem. The coral reefs, as the rainforests of the sea, are affected by overfishing, overheating, ocean acidification, etc. Most of them are therefore gravely endangered. Global warming causes oceans to warm up and glaciers to melt, which will raise the sea level and endanger the inhabitants of coastal areas. Humans inflict too many stresses on marine ecosystem, which may permanently change the ocean. For humans, each of these changes is a catastrophe. It is not wise for us to sit back or take it for minor distractions. Conversely, it is high time we did something to put matters right. Fishing subsidies should be abolished and fishing quotas be made transferable in some cases. We must develop effective strategies before it may be too late.Text BSince the start of industrial revolution, humans have released the staggering volumes of CO2. The air and the water constantly exchange gases, so a large proportion of CO2 ends up in the sea，which triggers ocean acidification. For life on land this process is a boon. The oceans remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which mitigates the process of global warming. But for life in the sea the picture looks different. By changing the basic chemistry of seawater, acidification is likely to alter the availability of key nutrients, let more sunlight penetrate the sea surface, reduce the water's ability to absorb and muffle low-frequency sound, and interfere with reproduction in some species and with the ability of others to form shells and stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. The acid sea becomes so caustic that many marine organisms get pushed beyond their limits and can not survive. Consequently, a wide array of marine species will be missing. The acidification that has occurred so far is probably irreversible. Humans, who are the cause of the ocean acidification, if not taking effective measures, will be victims.Unit 4 Climate VariabilityText ASome scientists think climate change needs a more radical approach, i.e. fiddling with the earth. It is an intriguing idea. Tinkering with the atmosphere or the oceans on a large scale would be highly risky and extraordinarily complex. One of the ideas, which has been widely touted in the past, is, perversely, to increase pollution in the atmosphere. The disadvantage is the unknown knock-on effects. But the alternative, getting the world’s population to give up fossil fuels, is proving exceedingly hard. Even its advocates think geo-engineering is not to be approached lightly. Nor, though, is it something to be ignored completely. Global warming is such a threat that all the options deserve to be explored. Geo-engineering, as it has come to be known, may be a way of buying time for the transition to a low-carbon economy to take place in an orderly manner.Text BOne idea is to dump iron in the oceans to promote huge blooms of phytoplankton—tiny algae that consume carbon dioxide as they grow. This approach has received a lot of interest. While the theory of iron fertiliz ation seems sound, the practice may be tricky: the team’s results suggest that geo-engineers have overestimated the amount of carbon removed per tonne of iron by between 15 and 50 times. Then there are the side-effects. Any geo-engineering project would necessarily be enormous, and would therefore cause plenty of disruption to ecosystems. Plans to suck carbon from the air by growing trees conflict with the need to grow crops. Creating gigantic algal blooms risks using up all the oxygen in large parts of the ocean, killing anything else that lives there. When it comes to the environment, there are no perfect answers.Unit 5 Marine DisastersText AMarine waters teem with microscopic life. Some of them create potent toxins and some of them do harm by accumulating. The algae causing harm is called Harmful Algal Blooms. It not only has impact on health of human beings (such as some known and even unknown diseases), but on wild life as well. In fact, more than 50% of the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. It is another societal concern that HABs have profound influence on ecosystem. Sometimes, the impact works from bottom up (such as affecting predators and grazing), and sometimes from bottom-up (such as affecting plankton). In spite of the precautions, the socioeconomic impact is substantial. Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the HAB-related problems. The money on public health accounts for the largest part, followed by commercial fisheries and tourism.Text BSeismologists have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. The problem is deciding which is which. A new tsunamis-prediction system is under development. It makes an instant estimate of an earthquake’s depth th rough selecting date of propagating speed when rupture occurred in the rock. And thus it can predict the risk of creating a big tsunami. The researchers tried their system out and analyzed many earthquake and predicted some tsunamis successfully. But unfortunately, it was not attached to local alarms and it still caused devastating tolls and loss. In the near future, the system will be hooked up to alarms around the world. If the new system works at that time, the government will have evacuation plans in place ahead of time.Unit 6 Marine Resources ExploitationText ATidal power is not only one of green energy, but also its potential is vast. But compared to Denmark and Sweden, the British government’s exploitation is not satisfying. But now things s eem to be changing. The project of the British government could provide an enormous boost. It will build three barrages and two tidal lagoons on the river Severn which has the second highest tidal range in the world. Unlike wind or wave power and alike, tidal power is predictable. Additionally, the project is so large that it can supply around 5% of Britain’s electricity every year. But environmentalists are opposed to it on the grounds that the barrages may interfere with the birds and fish stock near the river Severn. Meanwhile, the project will require too much taxpayer’s money and it operates at a higher cost compared with wind power. Where will the project go? The government may well approve it considering creating more job opportunities. And at that time, it will be a long-lasting monument for tidal power.Text BThe wave of technical advances is enabling oil companies to plumb the depth and detect oil. It’s easier said than done. The physical challenges are daunting enough. With heavy drill strings, big platform, giant drill ships and the pressure of miles of water overhead, oil companies have to work under adverse conditions. Deepwater oil drilling is an industry with extremely high stakes and small margin for error, so it seems to be vitally important for oil companies to know the geological formations before they drill. With marine seismic survey, oil companies can only identify some typically oil-bearing formations which are relatively easy to access. But for the patterns formed by the commingled salt and rock, more accurate data must be acquired. Pass the salt and determine the pressure, temperature, vibration and electrical receptivity of the well when they drill. The new technologies have conquered these previously unfathomable problems, one after another. Oil is being found in ever harder-to-reach places, which is an incentive to “know before you drill”.。
专业英语期末翻译
《光电专业英语》期末翻译专业班级学生姓名学号二0一五年六月目录1. 文献翻译 (1)1.1英文原文 (1)1.2中文译文 (2)1.3文献附录 (4)2. 科技论文摘要 (8)3. 扩写摘要 (9)1.文献翻译1.1英文原文Advantages of Holographic Laser ProjectionLow Speckle Contrast: One of the huge advantages of LBO’s technology is the ability to substantially reduce laser speckle, a phenomenon that makes the image “sparkle” due to scattering of coherent light from an optically rough projection surface and subsequent interference at the retina. The ability to reduce speckle is important because, not only do users find the artifact very unpleasant, it also severely impacts the perceived image quality and effective resolution.Although there have been several demonstrations of speckle reduction in the literature, thus far only LBO has demonstrated the possibility for speckle reduction within the projection optics of a miniature laser projector.As has been shown previously, several methods can be combined in the LBO projector in order to reduce speckle. The first results from the method of image generation and display used in the LBO system. Since N phase-independent sub-frames per video frame are shown within the eye’s integration period, then the eye acts to add N independent speckle patterns on an intensity basis, and the contrast of the low-frequency components of the speckle in the field V xy falls as N1/2. Evidently, some speckle reduction is inherent in LBO’s multiple holograms per video frame approach to image display.Additional methods can be combined to further reduce the speckle contrast because N cannot be increased indefinitely. Several methods have been demonstrated to remove speckle, but each require that the operation is performed multiple times per laser dwell period. This is straightforward in LBO’s system because the laser modulation frequency is low and all pixels are formed simultaneously. In addition, the intermediate image plane formed between L1and L2in Fig. 3 makes it simple to embed a speckle-reduction mechanism in the projector optics. The high laser modulation frequency and lack of an image plane make time-varying speckle reduction techniques difficult to implement in a scanned-beam system, as experts in the field have noted. These restrictions dictate that speckle in a scanned-beam projector can only be acceptably suppressed by using potentially costly custom diffusing screens, thereby limiting the utility of such systems in CE applications.A demonstration of the efficacy of LBO’s combined speckle reducti on techniques is shown in Fig. 4; note that laser speckle is substantially reduced in the projected image, without significant loss of focal depth or resolution.High Brightness and Efficiency: It has previously been shown that, due to the phase-modulating approach to image formation, a holographic display can project significantly brighter images than imaging and scanned-beam systems when displaying video and photo content. In addition, because the image pixels are formed using an expanded beam which has an extremely wide projection angle, it is possible to make a holographic laser projection system much brighter than a scanned-beam display for the equivalent laser safety classification.The same combination of laser and phase-modulating hologram provides a highly power-efficient method of projection since, unlike imaging displays, no light is blocked in the system. Furthermore, the phase-modulating nature of the microdisplay means that it is not necessary to continuously illuminate the microdisplay; the lasers are modulated in accordance with the frame brightness, thereby only utilizing the power required to illuminate “on” pixels in the same way as a scanned-beam system.Although LBO’s p rojection technology carries the overhead of hologram computation, the overall system efficiency is expected to be comparable to that of scanned-beam systems.This is principally due to the low frequency at which the lasers are modulated in LBO’s system; si nce gray scale is formed by the hologram and because the phase-modulating microdisplay directs a fixed proportion of light onto the image, it is only necessary to modulate the laser sources with respect to average video-frame brightness.This necessitates a laser modulation frequency on the order of 1 kHz, allowing efficient digital modulation schemes to be used for each color.This is significantly more efficient than the method typically employed by scanned-beam projectors, where the pixel-by-pixel method of image formation requires the lasers to be switched at high currents and frequencies of tens of MHz using complex and power-hungry circuitry. Furthermore, limitations in green-laser switching speed also necessitate that the laser is inefficiently analog modulated above and below threshold to render gray scale.1.2中文译文全息激光投影的优点低散斑对比度：LBO技术的巨大优势之一是能够大大减少激光散斑，一种由来自光学粗糙投影面的相干光的散射和随后在视网膜处的干涉而导致的图像"闪烁"现象。
上klu海英语高考卷中译英试题
上海英语高考卷中译英试题上海卷20011.我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强大。
（Never…）2.我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。
（before）3.据说那个湖底发现了一个古城的遗迹。
（discover）4.这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。
（quality）5.他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩火者必自焚。
（burn）分析指导1.参考译文: Never before has our country been so powerful as it is today.分析：本句子重点测试否定词never位于句首时候句子应倒装。
上海卷经常在语法中出现not, little, hardly, no, never 等否定词位于句首，句子部分倒装的考题。
考生应注意倒装后句子的词序，这是考试的热点。
2.参考译文：We will have a further discussion before we draw/ make a final conclusion.分析：对条件句中主句将来时，从句现在时的考察是本题测试的重点。
Farther, further的区别。
3.参考译文：It‟s said that the site of an ancient city has been discovered at the bottom of thelake.分析：It‟s said that (据说)是本题测试的重点，从句用了被动时态，如用主动时态，即：It‟s said that people have discovered an ancient city at the bottom of the lake. 也会得分。
4.参考译文：Although the economy in the area is developing rapidly, the qualities of somecitizens are still not satisfactory.分析：although 引导让步状语从句，决定了本题对复合句的考察。
上外 2024年 英语笔译
上外 2024年英语笔译English:Upon entering SISU in 2024 for English translation and interpretation, students will embark on a journey that equips them with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in the dynamic and ever-evolving field of language services. The curriculum will focus on developing students' proficiency in both English and Chinese, as well as providing them with a deep understanding of cultural nuances and effective communication techniques. Students will have the opportunity to explore various domains of translation and interpretation, including legal, medical, business, and media, enabling them to choose a specialization that aligns with their interests and career goals. Through hands-on training and real-world practicum experiences, students will gain the practical competency and confidence needed to excel in the professional world of language services.中文翻译:进入上外2024年英语笔译专业的学生将踏上一段旅程，他们将在这一旅程中获得必要的技能和知识，以在充满活力和不断发展的语言服务领域中蓬勃发展。
上海海洋大学学位英语历年真题
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. He fixed the tape recorder.B. Although old, he is still working.C. His love for music surprised the two speakers.D. He picked up the tape recorder from the garbage can.2. A. He can't imagine what his friends have got for him.B. He always knows what Mary will say.C. He is anxious to see Mary's reaction to the gift.D. He is too busy to wait.3. A. His car broke down.B. He is usually late.C. He never leaves his house before 9:00.D. He might be late because of the bad traffic.4. A. No, because the man will have guests.B. No, because the man has seen the movie.C. No, because the man will go out.D. No, because the man wants to see the movie alone.5. A. She will continue with her diet.B. She can't afford expensive food.C. She might die any day.D. She is overweight.6. A. He should be thinking about something more important.B. He has enough money for a car.C. He spends money like water.D. He can't afford a car.7. A. People have different tastes.B. Each of them owns a restaurant.C. The woman should tell him her own opinion.D. Many customers like the restaurant.8. A. She has already seen it.B. She enjoys the movie.C. She regrets missing the movie.D. She doesn't care for the movie.9. A. Setting the table.B. Polishing silver.C. Sewing napkins.D. Putting the food away.Section B ( 1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A. A residential college.B. A family house,C. A university,D. An office block.11. A. It is the same as the old Smith House.B. It has become smaller.C. It has become larger.D. It is the same as it was in the 1840s.12. A. Wing 2-3rd Floor - Room 4.B. West - 2nd Floor - Room 34.C. West Wing 2 - 3rd Floor - Room 4.D. West Wing - 2nd Floor - Room 34.Mini-talk Two13. A. Smoking rooms.B. A gymnasium.C. Assembly roomsD. Dining rooms.14. A. April 10, 1912.B. April 11. 1912.C. April 13, 1912.D. April 14, 1912.15. A. There were not enough lifeboats.B. The water was cold.C. There was too much panic.D. People were disorganized.Section C ( 1 point each)The Film-making Process: Six steps16. Step 1: ____________________________17. Step 2:____________________________18. Step 3:____________________________19. Step 4:____________________________20. Step 5:____________________________Step 6: Composing the musicPART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A. investmentB. resourceC. inspirationD. stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.A. bewilderingB. exasperatingC. dismayingD. upsetting23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.A. all at onceB. by and byC. to some extentD. on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.A. optimisticB. anxiousC. uncertainD. scared25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.A. enhancedB. revisedC. alternatedD. modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A. arisen fromB. contributed toC. patched upD. participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.A. resignedB. compromisedC. persistedD. dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.A. inclinedB. struggledC. arguedD. competed29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A. on occasionB. at presentC. by nowD. for sure30. TW A was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.A. brieflyB. quicklyC. accuratelyD. earnestlySection B (0.5 point each)31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.A. composeB. imposeC. exposeD. pose33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.A. energeticB. vigorousC. rigorousD. grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.A. presentationB. instructionC. convictionD. obligation35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible36. As __________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.A. stood up toB. walked up toC. lived up toD. added up to39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.A. assumeB. anticipateC. assureD. wonder40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.A. manipulateB. adjustC. regulateD. managePART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. "Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with a few 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands ofpeople from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. "If you take this44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings45 that a tall person enjoys," Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving theman edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for42. A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment44. A. on B. with C. over D. to45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. loss D. necessity46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D. initiative48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations50. A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as much time studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper."It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they're going to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the next step," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn't do."Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They saidthe most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail deviceB. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatesC. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemD. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.A. should be severely punished for their dishonestyB. didn't have much time to study before the examC. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughD. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.A. use many high-tech devicesB. cut off Internet access on campusC. turn to the oral exanimation formsD. cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingB. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingC. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationsD. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.A. Cheating Has Gone High-techB. Game of Cat and MouseC. A New Examination-supervision SystemD. Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold. "Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor ofsports science at Britain's Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital."Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for "performance genes."57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' successB. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' successC. genes are more important for sportspersons' successD. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.A. environment can help determine people's body shapeB. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shapeC. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sportsD. identical twins may have different genes for different sports59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A. The physical strength.B. The right training conditions.C. The talent for the sports.D. The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.A. she had the talent for rowingB. her body shape was right for a rowerC. she had the performance genesD. she was a skillful rower61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .A. the most wealthyB. the most skilledC. the most industriousD. the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.A. the best body shapes and an iron purposeB. the extremes of the right physique and strong willsC. the right psychological conditions and sports talentsD. the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of globalwarming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's its strategy?The website , using data found in the company's official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled "junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change'?A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?A. Reasonable.B. Fake.C. Limitless.D. Inconsistent.65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.A. how closely these organizations work with scientistsB. how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purposeC. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.A. have lived up to their promisesB. have almost caused worldwide chaosC. have failed to achieve their original goalD. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandalsB. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate changeC. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warmingD. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?A. Factual.B. Praiseful.C. Biased.D. Encouraging.Passage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn't prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. "From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviour switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at the moment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference betweena Rolls-Royce and a cheap car."69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.A. is possible to live a longer healthy and lifeB. humans can live as long as scientists predictC. living longer is still considered a good ideaD. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.A. gave an optimistic predictionB. showed an unclear futureC. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedB. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animalC. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior72. Richardson believes that_________.A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageingB. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingC. stopping ageing is a dream that may come trueD. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.A. quality life is out of reach for most peopleB. quality life can slow down the process of agingC. how long one can live depends on the genes one carriesD. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is “___________”.A. Problems of An Ageing SocietyB. Health Care for the ElderlyC. Eating Healthier, Living LongerD.The Future of Old AgePassage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling is falling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A. To please the students.B. To surprise the students.C. To get the students' attention.D. To distract the students' attention.76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?A. Respond calmly but finny.B. Tell the student's parents immediately.C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.D. Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A. Use physical restraint.B. Give the student a time out.C. Point at the student or make threats.D. Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A. Surprisingly.B. Depressingly.C. Involving persuasion.D. Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.D. Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Problems in Classrooms.B. Dealing with Student Aggression.C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.D. Settling a Student Fight.PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。
中国海洋大学口译期末资料(完整版)
P5 Passage 1（英译汉）Following is the speech by Hong Kong Commissioner for Tourism, Ms Margaret Fong, at the luncheon for the travel trade in Mumbai, India:Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,I am delighted to join today's luncheon for our travel trade partners from India and Hong Kong.To most of us in Hong Kong, Mumbai is not unfamiliar. The city is synonymous with the "Film City of India". Bollywood is one of the largest centres of film production in the world and the movies find a ready market in Hong Kong.Several months ago, when I was attending an international conference on movies' impact on tourism in Hong Kong, I told the audience that movies, like travelling, allow one to take a snapshot of a different way of life. Indeed, both films and tourism appeal to our emotion, stimulate our imagination and indulge our fantasies. They are the true "dream factories".As tourism operators, we work to make our clients' dreams come true. We help them live their fantasies during their travel, experiencing the magic first hand.Last year, Hong Kong received 29.5 million visitors. That means some 29.5 million people from all over the world have chosen to live their dreams in Hong Kong. And why?As Asia's world city, Hong Kong is a widely acclaimed tourist destination known for its international outlook, sophistication and diversity.We are the region's aviation hub with flight connections to some 150 cities, including major cities in India. We operate a liberal visa regime where the citizens of 170 countries/ territories can enter Hong Kong without a visa. This of course applies to Indian nationals who enjoy 14 days of visa-free access. Such travel convenience speaks for our desire to welcome friends from round the world to make Hong Kong your home or home away from home.To make Hong Kong fun and appealing, we have attractions that meet the needs of every visitor. For families, we have our two flagship theme parks, the Ocean Park and Disneyland; the spectacular Ngong Ping 360 cable car; and the world-famous Madame Tussads. And we must not forget, of course, our varied shopping and dining scenes which Hong Kong is renowned for.以下是由旅游事务专员方舜文，在演讲午餐会为旅游业界在孟买，印度：尊敬的各位来宾，女士们，先生们，我很高兴能够加入今天的午餐会，为来自旅游业界合作伙伴印度和香港。
专业英语结课翻译
经济管理学院公共事业管理专业英语翻译班 级：姓 名：学 号： Solid waste disposal survey of nine cities in the United StatesAdauto Fernandes Marconsina,Derval dos Santos RosabKeywords: ManagementEnvironmental sustainabilityurban solid residuesBiological cycle each year on the nation's annual survey of municipal solid waste disposal situation. This year, the magazine published the United States in 2000 in nine major cities solid waste disposal Survey report, the main contents include the following three aspects:1. Municipal solid waste collection and resources garbage collection caseShown in Table 1, the solid waste collection system of the City of New York City is the most complete, and the only one to provide garbage collection service to all households in the city, New York City solid waste disposal budget than several other City much more. As can be seen from Table 1, in nine major cities, the amount of garbage collected by the collection department of public garbage collection departments and private companies are significantly different. New York City and Dallas public collection departments and private companies refuse collected almost 1:1; than in urban areas and the amount of waste collected by private companies in Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San DiegoPublic collected departments much more. As can be seen from Table 1, the vast majority of the city's public waste collection system has not yet reached 100%, this is mainly because these cities is not responsible for the public collection system to collect high-rise building household garbage, this part of the garbage by the private sector collection. Another point worth noting is that three years ago, the city resource garbage collection has not yet reached every home, now, the urban resource garbage recycling and solid waste collection to achieve synchronization, figures can be seen from Table 1, the two between almost a 1:1 relationship.2. Waste recycling and organics collection numberTable 2 provides municipal waste recycling and organics collection number three cities to provide private sector waste recycling. New York City waste collection statistics withinthe jurisdiction of New York City most of the waste is transported to places outside New York City for processing, where the waste recycling statistics is very difficult, for the lack of these places waste recovery data, it is relatively low quantities of waste recovered in New York City. New York City Municipal officials estimate that 5 to 6 times higher than the figures in the table, in New York City, the total amount of waste recycling. Chicago and Philadelphia, the implementation of a Waste Recycling Act of decrees prescribing privatization of municipal waste collection companies must regularly report to the municipal government and relevant data, so these two cities waste recycling data are listed in the table. Other cities do not have the situation in this regard.Table 2 also shows the total collection of the organic matter collection system, the vast majority of the city to provide organic matter to collect data, very large changes in the various cities of the amount of organic matter collected. City of Los Angeles organics collection accounted for 49.3% of the total amount of waste recovery; Chicago, organics collection accounted for 46.7% of the total amount of waste recovery. Both cities attaches great importance to the weekly yard waste collection activities, Chicago's "blue bag" collection activities, including the collection of items such as paper, glass bottles, plastic containers and beverage cans, and organic matter. In addition, environmental professional and technical personnel of the City of Chicago to design a the precision mixed waste processing equipment, such equipment can be automatically mixed waste sorting organics materials, the last organic particles made of high calorific value used as fuel. The amount of organic matter collected in San Diego (organics collection accounted for 73% of the total waste recycling, which is 84,400 tons), including major public places and parks greenery garbage and residents yard waste curbside collection.Can also be seen from Table 2, we recognize the significance of the collection of organic matter, Los Angeles, San Diegoand Chicago, this attaches great importance to the collection of organic matter, and achieved very encouraging results. Several other cities did not attract enough attention the collection of organic matter, thus the relatively low number of organic collection. Compared, and several other cities in New York City waste recovery rate is the highest, according to New York City municipal officials say, this is caused by a number of factors, in New York City waste recycling regulations allow residents in the volume of large metal containers with food residue, beverage cans and paper together on both sides of the street waiting for curbside collection. New York City waste paper recycling accounted for 58%, metal, glass and plastic recycling 42%, because the addition of a large volume metal container recycling, the amount of waste recycling in New York City increased by 20 million tons based on the original.New York City made gratifying achievements Another factor that New York City is a densely populated regions, households, mostly residents of high-rise buildings, waste recycling activities is likely to yield results. In addition, the New York City waste disposal channels - Flesch Jier Zi waste sanitary landfill was closed last year, the development of new sanitary landfill is very difficult, forcing New York City garbage recycling and waste re- use to find a way out, to minimize waste generation, thus greatly increasing waste recovery.3. Municipal solid waste disposal budget allocationsAs can be seen in Table 3, investment and budget of major U.S. cities in the waste recycling, composting and other forms of waste recycling is very different, up to 23%, a minimum of 4%. Automatic waste recycling processing facilities and organic treatment facilities in the city, the capital invested and fees should be higher, there is no automatic recovery of waste processing facilities and organic treatment facilities in the city, only with the waste collection system in the city, the investment costs to be lower.Table 3 also shows that: nine major cities each family ofmunicipal solid waste disposal costs, up to $ 215.75, a minimum of $ 144.18, which is constituted by a variety of factors, including local processing costs, equipment and human resource allocation policy, housing density, and waste recycling range, all of these factors determine household waste disposal costs. Chicago with a huge investment in the mixed waste processing facilities, waste recycling cooperation in the entire city collection part of the project, for which Table 3 fails to list the City of Chicago waste recycling funding figures. Follows that the budget percentage of solid waste disposal in the city of Chicago will be relatively high.4. Materials and methodsA qualitative study involving socioeconomic and environmental aspects was undertaken based on the criteria defined by André(2005). This work was done in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo and involved interviews with public managers, members of the São Bernardo do Campo city hall, members of the Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e CidadaniaRaio de Luz” and managers of the solid waste collection company Vega Engenharia Ambiental, as well as the analysis of appropriate documents made available by the São Bernardo do Campo city hall (Prefeitura Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo, 2010). Theforms of municipal solid waste management in the MC and MPPP were identified and quantified through interviews and documentary research, essentially as described by Boni and Quaresma (2005) and Mundina (2005).Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of waste management in the MC program of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo. Solid waste collection by MC involves 203 voluntary delivery points, four ecological collections points and 700 containers. Two associations of recyclers (the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”) sort and commercialize the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is taken to the Lara embankment.Fig. 2 shows a flowchart of waste management by the managementby MPPP program of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo.Solid waste collection by MPPP involves 603 voluntary delivery points, 26 ecological collections points, door-to-door selective collection and 2500 containers. In addition, morefour associations of recyclers, sort and commercialize the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is sent to the waste processing and recuperation system (WPRS) that produces more recyclable material and compost. The organic compounds and new recyclable materials are marketed; any additional non-recyclable waste is directed to the energy recovery unit (ERU). The resulting energy is commercialized and used to generate slag and ashes that is subsequently disposed of at an environmentally correct destination.The data for 2011 and 2012 shown in Tables 1–4 were based on samples of municipal solid waste collected throughout the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, i.e., the entire municipality was included in this analysis. Data were collected from (a) two public managers, a director and a technical assistant in the Department of Urban Sanitation ofthe São Bernardo do Campo city hall, (b) two managers, the Chairman and the Secretary of each of two Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors (the “Centro de Ecologiae Cidadania Refazendo” and the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”) and (c) two directors from each ofthe two companies responsible for managing the collection of municipal waste in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo.The primary documental source that provided a basis for estimating the data from 2013 to 2040 was generated by the Prefeitura Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo (2010).This work was supported by São Bernardo do Campo cityhall, the Association of Recyclable Material Collectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Lua” and the waste collectioncompany Vega Engenharia Ambiental.Table 1Current and projected recovery of municipal solid waste from thewaste collected by year (data A); current and projected cos millions of US$ of the management of municipal solid waste in Sao Bernardo do Campo (data B); current and projected investments in millions ofUS$ ofthe management of municipal solid waste in Sao Bernardo do Campo (data C).Data A (1000t/year) DataB(inmillionsofUS$) Data C (in millions ofUS$)Yearabcdeabab20112828816123120122891212211247201329515152613452014301181828142 2015307253154109 301111 2016313313155117 321212 2017319323256120 33120 2018325333357122 35130 2019331333358124 38140 20203403459127 40140 2021346353560130 421510 2022352353561132 451513 2023357363662134 471720 2024363363663136 501810 2025369373764138 531912026375373766141 562010 2027381383867143 602230 2028386393968145 632330 2029392393968147 672420 2030398404070149 712620 2031404404071152 752720 2032410414172154 802840 2033416424273156 853140 2034422424274158 903320 2035428434375161 953523 2036435434376162 1013722037441444477165 1074050 2038447454578168 1144250 2039453454570170 1204440 2040458464680172 128474Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the system of waste management in the municipality of Sao Bernardo do Campo considering MC.Table 3 shows the services that the municipalityofSao Bernardo do Campo provides for the Association of Recyclable Material Col¬lectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Lua”through the MC and MPPP programs. There were 50 collectors of recyclable mate¬rial in the MC program compared to 600 in the MPPP program (a reduction in social impact); this difference reflected primarily the construction of six new centers for the selective sorting of urban solid waste in the latter program. The infrastructure for the selec¬tive sorting of urban solid waste in the management by contract scheme was considered inadequate by the two collector associa¬tions working in this program.2Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the system of waste management in the municipality of Sao Bernardo do Campo considering management by MPPP.Aquino et al. (2009) indicated that when cooperatives are cor¬rectly organized they can create a legal entity to coordinate their resources, share transportation and organize the sale of recyclable materials directlyto large dealers or recycling companies. This type of incorporated network can provide economic advantages to waste collectors. In the two management forms described here, the major partner of the Association of Collectors was the Sao Bernardo do Campo city hall, which provided the recyclable materials, trans¬port, space for the selective sorting of recyclable urban solid waste and legal support, when necessary.Table 4 shows the services provided by the company VegaEngenharia Ambiental through the MC and MPPP programs. Note that the amount of recyclable material collected by the manage¬ment by public-private partnership was 10 times greater than that collected through management by contract. This difference reflected the implantation of door-to-door selective collection and the expansion of selective collection at voluntary collection points and ecological collection points. The implementation of these services increased the number of kilometers traveled and the cost of selective waste collection.The MC collected on average 371,167 t of urban solid waste per year that was destined for the Lara Energia Brasil sanitary embank¬ment and the total distance traveled/day was 1000 km at a fuel cost of US$1500/day. In contrast, the MPPP collected on average 194,1671 of urban solid waste per year that was also destined for the Lara Energia Brasil sanitary embankment and the total distance traveled/day was 300 km at a fuel cost of US$450/day (representing a reduction in the environmental and economic impact).The marked reduction in the cost and number of kilometers trav¬eled in the MPPP reflected the significant expansion in selective waste collection (door-to-door, voluntary collection point, ecolog¬ical collection points) and the implantation of a WPRS-ERU. Based on data from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model, Blengini (2008) has shown that, from a life cycle perspective, the current system of organic waste management based on composting leads to sig¬nificant environmental benefits when compared with alternative traditional landfills.5. ConclusionThe results obtained through interviews and the analysis of documents indicated that MPPP was more advantageous for Sao Bernardo do Campo than management MC. The latter model restricts the actions of the public sector and of the contracted company because it limits the duration of the contract to a maximum of 60 months and has little scope for investment or financial return for the private partner. Incontrast, MPPP elim¬inates these problems by allowing contracts of up to 35 years and encouraging the sale of energy and recycled materials; this in turn stimulates strong investment in door-to-door selective col¬lection, an increase in the number of voluntary collection points and ecological collection points and the implantation of WPRS- ERU.From an environmental point of view, MPPP generated about 52% less residue for final disposal in sanitary embankments, with a consequent decrease in air, soil and water pollution; there was also a decrease in the use ofnatural resources and an increase in the amount of material obtained through selective collection. This part¬nership also led to recovery of the Alvarenga embankment with the transformation of this area into a public park. Through this manage¬ment by public-private partnership it was also possible to develop plans to enhance public awareness and to invest in environmen¬tal education in the management of urban solid waste as part of an effort to increase the participation of the general population in selective waste collection.In addition to the advantages indicated above, MPPP provided more job opportunities by expanding the number of collectors; all of these collectors were employed in six new sorting centers equipped with presses, vehicles for moving bales and suitable benches or tables for sorting the material. Those employed in these centers had previously spent years on the streets where they had worked on their own using “pushcarts”. All of those employed in both programs (MC and by MPPP) receive training in citizenship, environmental issues, administration and work safety in which they develop the habit of using personal safety equipment. How¬ever, only MPPP establish labor agreement governed by Federal Law 5.452 (1943) which deals with the consolidation of work laws.6.ReferencesAssociacao Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Publica e Residuos Especiais. Panorama dos Residuos Solidos no Brasil em 2009; 2009. <http://www.abrelpe.org.br/_download/informativo_recuperacao_energetica.pdf> [Setembro, 2012].Aquino I, et al. A organizacao em rede dos catadores de materials reciclaveis na cadeia produtiva reversa de pos-consumo da regiao da grande Florianopolis: uma alternativa de agregacao de valor. Gestao & Producao 2009;16(1):15-24.Best H, Kneip T. The impact of attitudes and behavioral costs on environmental behavior: a natural experiment on household waste recycling. Social Science Research 2011;40(3):917-30. Blengini G. Using LCA to evaluate impacts and resources conservation potential of composting: acase ofAsti District in Italy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2008;52(12):1373-81.Brezina I, et al. Green and reverse logistics as streamlining instrument of waste combustion in Slovak Republic. Ekonomick y Casopis 2011;59(2):132-47.Boni V, Quaresma SJ. Aprendendo a entrevistar: como fazer entrevistas em Ciencias Sociais. Em Tese 2005;2(1):68-80. Buttol P, et al. LCA of integrated MSW management systems: case study of the Bologna district. Waste Management 2007;27(8):1059-70.Chawla L, Cushing DF. Education forstrategic environmental behavior. Environmen¬tal Education Research 2007;13(4):437-52. De Feo G, Malvano C. The use ofLCA in selectingthe best MSW management system. Waste Management 2009;29(6):1901-15. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatistica. Indicadores de desenvolvimento susten- tavel. Dimensao ambiental. Saneamento; 2002. <.br.pdf> [Setembro 2012].Joos W, et al. Social aspects of public waste management in Switzerland. Waste Management 1999;19(6):417-25.Klang AB, Vikman Per-A, Brattebo H. Sustainable management of combustible household waste-Expanding the integrated evaluation model. Resources, Con¬servation and Recycling 2008;52(8-9):1101-11.Massukado, LM. Sistema de apoio a decisao: avaliagao de cenarios de gestao integrada de residuos solidos urbanos domiciliares. Disserta<:ao de Mestrado. Universidade Federalde Sao Carlos, Brasil; 2004.Meireles, FG, Betancourt, A. From waste to Green Jobs: a Green Jobs approach for waste management in the informal sector; 2011, </ global/lang-en/index.htm#a1 > [Setembro 2012].Muhle S, Balsam I, Cheeseman CR. Comparison ofcarbon emissions associated with municipal solid waste management in Germany and the UK. Resources, Conser¬vation and Recycling 2010;54(11):793-801.Mundina JB. Analisis de contenido. Posibilidades de aplicacion em la inves- tigacion educativa. Revista Interuniversitaria de Formacion de Profesorado 2005;19(2):157-74.Nunesmaia MF. A gestao de residuos urbanos e suas limitacoes. Revista Baiana de Tecnologia 2002;17(1):120-9.Prefeitura Municipal de Sao Bernardo do Campo. Plano Municipal de Resi¬duos Solidos Urbanos; 2010. <.br/comuns2/pqt_container_novo2.asp?srcpg=ResiduosSolidos&area=residuo&tipo=Res%EDduos%2OS%F3lidos&unidade=solidos> [Setembro 2012].Polaz CNM, Teixeira BAN. Indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestao municipal de residuos solidos urbanos: um estudo para Sao Carlos (SP). Eng Sanit Ambient 2009;14(3):411-20.Santos GGD. Analise e perspectivas de alternativas de destinacao dos residuos soli¬dos urbanos: o caso da incineracao e da disposicao em aterros. In: Dissertac互o de mestrato; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Brasil;2011. Ticar B, Zajc K. Public-private partnerships in Slovenia: recent developments and perspectives. Review of Central and East European Law 2010;35(2): 191-215.Wittmaier M, et al. Possibilities and limitations of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the development of waste utilization systems - applied examples for a region in northern Germany. Waste Management 2009;29(5):1732-8.美国九大城市固体废弃物处理情况调查Adauto Fernandes Marconsina,Derval dos Santos Rosab关键词： 管理城市固体残渣环境的可持续性美国《生物循环》杂志每年对全美进行一次城市固体废弃物处理状况年度调查。
期末-英语翻译
期末-英语翻译第一篇：期末-英语翻译Sentence Translation 1.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die.由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。
2.When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.当一个人看到某种东，闻到某种东西，听到某个声音或触到某物时，他是在运用感官在感受。
3.We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.电池并联时提供的电流更大。
4.There are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金属具有导电和被磁化的能力。
5.The speech synthesis process typically begins with recording a human voice and analyzing it to extract important frequency and amplitude data.言语合成过程一般是先记录人的说话声并通过分析获得重要的频率和振幅数据。
6.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。
7.About 20 kilometers thick, this giant umbrella is made up of a layer of ozone gas.地球的这一巨型保护伞有一层臭氧组成，其厚度约为20公里。
上外翻译I笔记(第十一讲)
第十一讲主动与被动●导入译例水烧开了The water is boiled.房间清扫干净了The house has been cleaned up.票卖光了The ticket are sold out.稿子才写了一半The article is half finished.Joe has taken my place. (I am released.) 重心在my placeThe place has been taken by Joe. (You don’t have to bother.) 重心在by Joe The place has been taken. (We are late.)The dishes must be washed up. (Anyhow someone has to do it!)You must wash up the dishes. (giving an order)幸亏一个渔夫救起了他Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up. 渔夫很幸运Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman. 我很幸运●英汉主动被动比较英语中有被动语态，汉语中只有被动句式鸡吃光了The chicken has been eaten up. (The chicken has eaten up its food.)信寄了？Has the letter been mailed?●英语常见被动形式典型被动句：This book is not well accepted by the readers.简化被动句：This book does not sell well.The house will not let. (The house will not be let.)这个房子租不出去〔这个房子不出租〕●英语简化被动语态These shirts wash well. 这些衬衫耐洗This composition reads smooth. 这篇文章读起来很顺口The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上Velvet feels smooth. 天鹅绒摸上去很光滑She doesn’t photograph well. 她不上镜Damp clothes iron easily. 湿衣服好烫简化被动语态强调事物本身的一种特质士兵被打伤了一条胳膊The soldier’s arm was wounded.墙上被炸出了一个洞A big hole was blown in the wall.他被人画了一张漫画Someone has drawn a caricature of him.●英语被动语态的用法不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者出于礼貌、措词圆通等考虑无从说出主动者是谁便于上下文连接突出谈话的中心显得客观、正式简化句子构造●用法1：不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者Such books are written for children. 这种书是为儿童写的We haven’t been told about it. 没有人告知我们这件事The English evening has been put off till Saturday. 英语晚会已经延期到星期六进展●用法2：出于礼貌、措词圆通等考虑You are requested to give us a performance. 请你给我们表演一个节目It is hoped that the child will cure her bad habit of crying. 期望孩子能够改掉爱哭的不良习惯Turn in the paper tomorrow, if it can be done. 论文要是大家能够完成的话，就明天交吧●用法3：无从说出主动者是谁You are wanted on the phone. 有人给你打Rice is chiefly grown in the south. 大米主要产于南方The problem is being studied. 该问题正在争辩●用法4：便于上下文连接He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他在台上消灭，观众吵闹鼓掌欢送Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was defeated.杰克昨晚在男子单打竞赛中与约翰相遇，结果输了●用法5：突出谈话的中心The song was composed by a student. 这首歌曲是一个学生写的The program was designed by ourselves. 这套程序是我们自己设计的She is spied on by a nosy, suspicious neighbor.一个疑神疑鬼爱管闲事的邻居总是窥探她的生活●用法6：显得客观It is believed that they would do it again.It is said/estimated/reported/learned/predicted/rumored that…It cannot be denied (must be admitted) that…It is generally considered that…人们一般认为It is understood that…●用法7：显得正式A party will be held by classes I and II. Your presence will be appreciated.Under the auspices of the students’ Union, a lecture will be given by …on…at….●用法8：简化句子构造假设要信到，贴足邮票Letters won’t be sent unless adequately stamped.话不说不明Words unspoken are not clear.A few moments after the accident, he was seen by a policeman to whom he made an oral statement.事故发生后不久，他遇到了警察并向他口头描述了事情的经过●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动〔用施事者做主语〕It is considered to be cruel by many British people to send animals to rockets into outer space. 很多英国人认为，把动物用火箭送上太空是相当残忍的Energy is needed for this reaction and it is supplied by the light of the sun.这种反响需要能量，而太阳光那么能供给所需的能量●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动〔保存原主语〕The subject will be treated more fully later.这个主题稍后将具体争辩The solution to the problem was finally found.这个问题的解决方法最终找到了●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动〔增加适当主语〕I am afraid that I shall be laughed at.我担忧人家笑话我John was seen to steal from the store.有人观看约翰从商店偷东西●翻译方法2：英语被动转化汉语无主句Nothing can be done without money.没有钱就无法做事Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak room.请来宾把外套放在衣帽间里It is hoped that Shanghai will be able to establish friendly relations with more foreign cities. 期望上海今后能与更多国外城市建立友好关系●翻译方法3：英语被动转化汉语推断句Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的I was received by Mr. Wang when I first came to Hong Kong.第一次来香港的时候是王先生接待我的●翻译方法4：英语被动转化汉语被动She was set up and was sentenced to life imprisonment.她遭人陷害，被判无期徒刑His discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.他的这项觉察在科学界受到高度评价Vegetable oil has been known since antiquity.植物油自古以来就为人们所生疏The child is spoiled.这孩子给宠坏了Jack was beaten black and blue.杰克让人打得青一块紫一块的This task will be accomplished by the second group.这项任务将由其次组来完成This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the surface of the earth is curved.只有假定地球外表是不平的，这种现象才能得到解释This region must be protected from too frequent visits.这个地区必需加以保护，避开过于频繁的参观●其它转换译例The temperature is lowered so that water may be turned into ice.把温度降低以便使水变成冰The whole party was ruined by his presence.他的到来把整个聚会搞砸了The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.由于打破了权利的过度集中，从而实现了经济自由Ten percent reduction in the auto accidents was realized by exercising tighter control over the speed limit.由于加强了大路车速限制，车祸发生率下降了十个百分点●稳固练习The famous hotel has been practically ruined by the big fire.这场大火几乎使这家知名宾馆化为灰烬这家知名的宾馆在这场大火中几乎化为灰烬A group of sharks were spotted off the coast earlier this month.本月早些时候在海岸线四周人们觉察了一群鲨鱼The sense of inferiority he acquired in his youth has never been eradicated.他年轻时形成的自卑感至今都没有完全消退他至今都没能摆脱年轻时形成的自卑感Over the years 26 amendments have been added to the Constitution, but the basic document has not been changed.过去这些年里宪法增加了26 项修正案，但根本文件始终未变The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机把握While there are thousands of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on the NYSE.股票事实上成千上万，但那些买卖最活泼的通常是在纽交所上市的Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as mush as possible.有些人误以为人们宠爱积蓄精力，宠爱休息，宠爱尽可能保养自己These brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers by executing their orders.这些股票经纪人通过按买卖双方要求进展交易从中提取佣金Spare-time learners are usually the best learners. Their rate of learning is helped by the fact that they want to learn and consequently they try to learn.利用业务时间学习的人学得最好。
学术英语综合Unit10-译文
第十单元语言习得Text A习得艺术的本能史蒂芬•平克当你在阅读这些文字时，便已经置身于自然界的一大奇观之中，因为你我都同属于这个拥有非凡能力的物种：我们能够精确无误地在彼此的大脑中塑造事件。
在这里，我并不是在谈论心灵感应，精神控制或者边缘科学所沉迷的事件；甚至根据它的信仰者所描述的，如果与每个人身上都拥有的无可争议的那些能力相比，它像是一把钝器。
我所谈论的就是，语言。
只是通过动动嘴巴和发出声音，我们就能够让他人的脑海中涌现清晰表达的各种新想法。
因为这种能力是与生俱来的，所以人们常常会忘记它是多么的神奇。
近年来人们对语言能力的研究在人类对语言的理解，它在人类世界中的角色，以及人类对人性的看法这三方面都产生了革命性的影响。
很多受过教育的人都知道语言是人类最重要的文化产物，是人类可以运用符号的典型例证，也是人类在生理上不可逆转地区别于其他动物的前所未有的大事件。
这些人也知道语言总是与思想相伴，使用不同的语言能够使说话者从不同角度来解读现实。
他们还知道孩子们从他们的榜样和看护者那里学习说话。
学校里曾经教授复杂的语法规则，但是由于教育水平以及大众文化水准的不断下降，普通人构造语法句子的能力已经出现了可怕的下滑。
他们还知道英语这种语言充满了滑稽以及不符合逻辑的现象，就像是开车开在绿化带，停车停在行驶道，在朗诵会上演奏，在演奏会上朗诵一般可笑。
英语的拼写更是把这种不可理喻上升到了更高的高度——萧伯纳曾经抱怨说鱼类—fish[fɪʃ]这个单词完全可以拼写成ghoti（gh是来自tough的[f]，o来自women的[ɪ]，ti来自nation的[ʃ]），他认为这也是讲得通的——而正是这种语言制度的惰性阻碍了英语采用“一种拼写配一种发音”的更加合理的系统。
而我要说服你们的是，以上这些他们所知道的常识都是错的！这种错误都可以归结为一个原因，那就是，语言并非文化的产物。
并不是像我们所学的那样，要去学习如何用语言表述时间，或者表述联邦政府是如何运作的。
大学英语A4 中译英
我们每年花费巨额资金观察气候的变化以及群星的运行。
诚然这是必要的，但是我们忽视了海洋对我们这颗行星的影响，为了解海洋所做甚少。
海洋对我们的生存至关重要。
它们以其表层下的无数物种为我们提供给养。
它们帮助减轻我们日益增长的人口对地球造成的负担。
另外，海洋在调控气候方面起着重要的作用。
因此，我们必须增加对海洋探测的投入。
Every year we spend huge amounts of money obseving the change in our climate and the movement of the stars. True, this is necessary, but we have overlooked the influence of the oceans on our planet , and have done little to understand the ocean. The oceans are vital to our survival . They feed us with countless species beneath their surface. They help reduce the burden that our growing population on Earth. Besides, the oceans play an important role in climate control. Therefore, we must increase our investment in ocean exploration.二“我们过去认为不仅已经征服了陆地还征服了大海……，实际上我们没有。
生命在海洋里繁衍生息，一如既往。
时至今日，人的影响只不过是浮光掠影。
这一发现意味着我们可能会发现其他类鱼生物，这些生物被认为已经灭绝但却仍然生活在海洋里。
”与人们认为已经灭绝的腔棘鱼不同，早在数世纪之前，我们就知道巨鱿存在于海洋深处。
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Analog computers are analog devices.That is,they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states.An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off.Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings.模拟计算机是模拟设备。
也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。
一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。
模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。
A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit(ALU),control unit(including processor flags,flag register,or status register),internal buses,and sometimes special function units(the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic).一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors,with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets.Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。
大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。
微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。
Lesson2Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations(number crunching).超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。
超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。
It is a midsize computer.In the past decade,the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred,however,as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation.But in general,a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to200users simultaneously.它是一个中型计算机。
在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。
但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。
Workstations generally come with a large,high-resolution graphics screen,a large amount of RAM,built-in network support,and a graphical user interface.Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive,but a special type of workstation,called a diskless workstation,comes without a disk drive.工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。
大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display(LCD)or cathode ray tube(CRT)technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology.大多数桌面显示使用液晶显示器(LCD)或阴极射线管(CRT)技术，而几乎所有便携式计算设备如笔记本电脑包含LCD技术。
For widescreen LCD monitors,the aspect ratio is16:9(or sometimes16:10or 15:9).Widescreen LCD displays are useful for viewing DVD movies in widescreen format, playing games and displaying multiple widows side by side.High definition television (HDTV)also uses a widescreen aspect ratio.对于宽屏液晶显示器来说，屏幕高宽比是16:9，(或有时为16:10或15:9)。
宽屏液晶显示器对于用宽屏格式观看DVD电影，玩游戏和并排显示多个窗口是有用的。
高清晰度电视(HDTV)也使用一个宽屏高宽比。
For LCD monitors,screen size is measured diagonally from the inside of the bevel edge.The measurement does not include the casing as indicated in the image below.对于液晶显示器来说，屏幕尺寸是从斜面边缘的内侧对角测量的。
而测量不包括下面的图像显示的外壳。
Lesson4Single-user,single task—As the name implies,this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time.The Palm OS for Palm handheld computer is a good example of a modern single-user,single-task operating system..单用户，单任务。
顾名思义，这个操作系统被设计来管理计算机，以便一个用户可以有效地在一个时间做一件事。
用于掌上电脑的Palm OS是一个现代化的单用户单任务操作系统的一个很好的例子。
Single-user,multi-tasking—This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today.Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operating at the same time.单用户，多任务。
这是如今大多数人在他们的台式机和笔记本电脑上使用的操作系统类型。
微软的Windows和苹果的MacOS的平台是两个可以让一个单用户在同时操作几个节目的操作系统的例子。
Multi-user—A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer’s resources simultaneously.The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced,and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn’t affect the entire community of users.多用户。
一个多用户操作系统允许许多不同的用户同时利用计算机的资源。
操作系统必须确保各用户的需求是平衡的，并且他们正在使用的每个程序具有充分和独立的资源，以便一个用户的一个问题不会影响用户的整个社区。
Agile software development processes are built on the foundation of iterative development. To that foundation they add a lighter more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches.Agile processes use feedback,rather than planning,as their primary control mechanism.敏捷软件开发过程是建立在迭代开发的基础上的。