Chapter 20 Design of Springs
CAESAR英文用户手册1
• Added ISO-14692 Code for FRP systems. • Incorporated A “Loop Optimization Wizard” to assist in expansion loop design. • Added “American LifeLines Alliance” as a second soil stiffness method to the “Buried Pipe
April 2009 Dear CAESAR II User, Enclosed please find Version 5.20 of the CAESAR II Pipe Stress Analysis program. This package includes a program CD-Rom and associated documentation. Important: CAESAR II 5.20 may not run if a firmware update is required by your particular ESL. Please note the COADE ESL must be attached to the computer before the firmware update is run (and this should be the only ESL attached during this procedure). The update resides in the “CAESAR II\Assidrv” folder (as well as the \SetupESL folder on the DVD). The name of the executable to run is: FirmwareUpdate.exe. After the HASP drivers have been loaded, use Windows Explorer to browse to one of the above directories and double click on FirmWareVer to update the firmware on the ESL. If the ESL FirmWare is not updated then you will receive the following message when starting the program.
矿物加工技术双语翻译
PartI words Chapter1 Introductionalluvial mining---冲积矿床开采aluminium—铝an optimum grind size—最佳磨矿粒度barytes—重晶石comminution—粉碎degree of liberation—解离度diamond ores—金刚石矿石Electrical conductivity properties—导电性fluorite—萤石fundamental operations—基本选别流程release/liberation—解离Galena—leadsulphide—方铅矿sphalerite-zincsulphide—闪锌矿cassiterite-tin oxide—锡石grinding—磨矿Laboratory and pilot scale test-work—试验室和半工业实验Line flowsheet—线流程locking of mineral and gangue—连生体Middlings—中矿mill(concentrator)--- 选矿厂milling costs—磨矿消耗Minerals definition(p.1)metallic ore processing –金属矿石加工gangue—脉石Mineral—矿物ore—矿石crust of the earth—地壳sea-bed—河床non-metallic ores—非金属矿石bauxite—氧化铝optical properties—光学性质Ore bodies—矿体part per million(ppm)Primary grind—粗磨product handling—产品处理pyrite –黄铁矿Recovery—回收率Refractory bricks—耐火砖abrasives—磨料Separation—分离Smelter—熔炼sorting—拣选subsequent concentration process—后续选别流程Tailings retreatment—尾矿再处理as-mined(run of mine)—原矿mineral processing(ore dressing/mineral dressing/milling（磨选）)—矿物加工portion/concentrate—精矿discard/tailing—尾矿the flowsheet—工艺流程The minimum metal content(grade)—最低金属含量The valuable mineral—有用矿物complex ores—复合矿The waste minerals—脉石enrichment process—富集工艺metal losses—金属损失the enrichment ratio—富集比efficiency of mineral processing operations—矿物加工作业效率The ratio of concentration –选别比the grade/assay—品位ultra-fine particles—超细颗粒unit concentration processes—单元选别流程Chapter2Ore handingopen-pit ore(露天开采的矿石p30，左下)run-of-mine ore(原矿)Typical washing plant flowsheet(洗矿车间典型流程figure 2.2) tipper (卸料器p33 右上)Shuttle belt (梭式胶带p33 右中)Gravity bucket elevator （斗式重力提升机p33 右下）Ore storage(矿物储存p35 右上)包括:stockpile （矿场）bin（矿仓）tank (贮槽)Front-end loader (前段式装载机p35 右上)Bucket-wheel reclaimer（斗轮式装载机p35 右上）Reclaim tunnel system（隧道装运系统p35 右上）The amount of reclaimable material/the live storage(有效贮量p35 右中figure 2.7) Conditioning tank (调和槽p36 左上)Chain-feeder (罗斯链式给矿机figure 2.9)Cross-section of elliptical bar feeder （椭圆形棒条给矿机figure 2.10）Vibrating grizzly feeder (振动格筛给矿机p37 左上)Apron feeder (板式给矿机figure 2.11)Belt feeder (胶带给矿机p37 右下)Chapter 4 particle size analysisacicular(针状);adverse(相反的);algorithm(算法);angular(多角状);aperture(孔径);apex (顶点);apparatus(仪器);arithmetic(运算器，算术); assaying(化验);attenuation(衰减);beaker decantation(烧杯倾析); blinding(阻塞);calibration(校正);charge(负荷);congest(充满);consecutive(连续的);contract(压缩);convection current(对流); conversion factor(转化因子); crystalline(晶体状);cyclosizer(旋流分析仪);de-aerated(脱气);derive:(得出);dilute(稀释);dimensionless quantity(无量纲量); dispersing agent(分散剂);distort(变形);duplicate(重复); electrical impedence(电阻); electroetching(电蚀刻); electroform(电铸);elutriation(淘析);epidote(绿帘石);equilateral triangle(等边三角形); flaky(薄片状);flask(烧瓶);fractionated sample(分级产品); gauze(筛网);geometric(几何学的);granular(粒状的);graticule(坐标网);gray scale(灰度);ground glass(毛玻璃);hand sieve(手动筛);histogram(直方图);immersion(浸没);inter-conversion(相互转变); interpolate(插值);intervals(区间);laminar flow(粘性流体);laser diffraction(激光衍射);light scattering method(光散射法); line of slope(斜率);logarithmic(对数的);machine sieve(机械筛); mechanical constraint(机械阻力);mesh(目);modular(系数的，制成有标准组件的);near size(临界筛孔尺寸);nominal aperture();nylon(尼龙);opening(开口);ordinate(纵坐标);perforated(多孔的);pipette(吸管);plotting cumulative undersize(累积筛下曲线); median size(中间粒度d50);polyhedron(多面体); reflection(反射); procure(获得);projected area diameter(投影面直径);ratio of the aperture width(筛比);refractive index(折射率);regression(回归) ;reproducible(可再生的);sedimentation balance(沉降天平); sedimentation(沉降) ;segment(片);sensor section(传感器); sieve shaker(振动筛，振筛器); spreadsheet(电子表格);simultaneously(同时地);size distribution(粒度分布);spectrometer(摄谱仪);stokes diameter(斯托克斯直径);subdivide(细分);sub-sieve(微粒);suction(吸入);syphon tube(虹吸管);tabulate(列表);tangential entry(切向入口);terminal velocity(沉降末速);truncate(截断);twill(斜纹图);two way cock(双通塞);ultra sonic(超声波);underside(下侧);vertex(顶点);vortex outlet (涡流出口);wetting agent(润湿剂);Chapter 5 comminutionattrition----- 研磨batch-type grindability test—小型开路可磨性实验bond’s third theory—邦德第三理论work index----功指数breakage—破碎converyor--- 运输机crack propagation—裂隙扩展crushing and grinding processes—破碎磨矿过程crushing----压扎crystalline material—晶状构体physical and chemical bond –物理化学键diameter—直径elastic—弹性fine-grained rocks—细粒岩石coarse-grained rocks—粗粒岩石chemical additives—化学添加剂fracture----碎裂free surface energy—自由表面能potential energy of atoms—原子势能graphical methods---图解法grindability test—可磨性实验crushing and grinding efficiency--- 破碎磨矿效率grinding media—磨矿介质gyratory crusher---旋回破碎机tumbling mill --- 筒形磨矿机impact crusher—冲击式破碎机high pressure griding roll--高压辊磨impact breaking-冲击破碎impact—冲击jaw—颚式破碎机material index-材料指数grindability—可磨性mill----选矿厂non-linear regression methods--- 非线性回归法ore carry--- 矿车Parameter estimation techniques—参数估计技术reduction ratio—破碎比roll crusher—辊式破碎机operating work indices—操作功指数Scraper—电铲slurry feed—矿浆SPI(SAG Power Index)—SAG 功指数simulation of comminution processes and circuits—粉碎工艺流程模拟stirred mill—搅拌磨stram energy---应变能the breakage characteristics—碎裂特性the crystalline lattice—晶格the reference ore---参比矿石product size distribution--- 产品粒度分布theory of comminution—粉碎理论brittle—脆性的tough material--- 韧性材料platstic flow—塑性流动Tracer methods—示踪法vibration mill-- 振动磨矿机Chapter 6CrushersAG/SAG mills(autogenousgrinding/semiautogenous grinding) 自磨、半自磨Alternating working stresses交替工作应力Amplitude of swing 摆幅Arrested or free crushing 夹压碎矿、自由碎矿Bell-shaped 钟形Belt scales 皮带秤Binding agents 粘结剂Bitumen 沥青Blending and rehandling 混合再处理Breaker plate 反击板Capital costs 基建费用Capstan and chain 铰杆铰链Cast iron or steel 铸铁铸钢Chalk 白垩Cheek plates 夹板Choke fed 阻塞给矿（挤满给矿）Choked crushing 阻塞碎矿Chromium carbide 碳铬合金Clay 粘土Concave 凹的Convex 凸的Corrugated 波纹状的Cross-sectional area 截面积Cross-section剖面图Crusher gape 排矿口Crusher throat 破碎腔Crushing chamber 破碎腔Crushing rolls 辊式碎矿机Crushing 破碎Discharge aperture 排矿口Double toggle 双肘板Drilling and blasting 打钻和爆破Drive shaft 驱动轴Eccentric sleeve 偏心轴套Eccentric 偏心轮Elliptical 椭圆的Epoxy resin 环氧树脂垫片Filler material 填料Fixed hammer impact mill 固定锤冲击破碎机Flakes 薄片Flaky 薄而易剥落的Floating roll 可动辊Flywheel 飞轮Fragmentation chamber 破碎腔Grizzlies 格条筛Gypsum 石膏Gyratory crushers 旋回破碎机Hammer mills 锤碎机Hydraulic jacking 液压顶Idle 闲置Impact crushers 冲击式破碎机Interparticle comminution 粒间粉碎Jaw crushers 颚式破碎机Limestone 石灰岩Lump 成块Maintenance costs 维修费Manganese steel mantle 锰钢罩Manganese steel 锰钢Mechanical delays 机械检修Metalliferous ores 有色金属矿Nip 挤压Nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁Nut 螺母Pack 填充Pebble mills 砾磨Pillow 垫板Pitman 连杆Pivot 轴Plates 颚板Primary crushing 初碎Receiving areas 受矿面积Reduction ratio 破碎比Residual stresses 残余应力Ribbon 流量Rivets 铆钉Rod mills 棒磨Roll crushers 辊式碎矿机Rotary coal breakers 滚筒碎煤机Rotating head 旋回锥体Scalp 扫除Secondary crushing 中碎Sectionalized concaves分段锥面Set 排矿口Shales 页岩Silica 二氧化硅Single toggle 单肘板Skips or lorries 箕斗和矿车Spider 壁架Spindle 竖轴Springs 弹簧Staves 环板Steel forgings 锻件Stroke 冲程Stroke 冲程Surge bin 缓冲箱Suspended bearing 悬吊轴承Swell 膨胀Swinging jaw 动颚Taconite ores 铁燧岩矿石Tertiary crushing 细碎The (kinetic) coefficient of friction （动）摩擦系数The angle of nip啮角The angle of repose 安息角The cone crusher 圆锥破碎机The cone lining 圆锥衬里The gyradisc crusher 盘式旋回碎矿机Thread 螺距Throughput 处理量Throw 冲程Tripout 停机Trommel screen 滚筒筛Valve 阀Vibrating screens 振动筛Wear 磨损Wedge-shaped 锥形Chapter 7 grinding millsAbrasion 磨蚀Alignment Amalgamation 融合/汞剂化Asbestos 石棉Aspect ratio 纵横比/高宽比Attrition 磨蚀Autogenous mill 自磨机Ball mill 棒磨Barite 重晶石Bearing 轴承Bellow 吼叫Belly 腹部Best-fit 最优化Bolt 螺栓Brittle 易碎的Build-up 增强Butt-weld 焊接Capacitance 电容量Cascade 泻落Cataract 抛落Central shaft 中心轴Centrifugal force 离心力Centrifugal mill 离心磨Chipping 碎屑Churning 搅拌器Circulating load 循环负荷Circumferential 圆周Clinker 渣块Cobbing 人工敲碎Coiled spring 盘簧Comminution 粉碎Compression 压缩Contraction 收缩Corrosion 腐蚀Corrugated 起褶皱的Crack 裂缝Critical speed 临界速度Crystal lattice 晶格Cushion 垫子Cyanide 氰化物Diagnose 诊断Dilute 稀释Discharge 放电Drill coreElastic 有弹性的Electronic belt weigher 电子皮带秤Elongation 延长率Emery 金刚砂Energy-intensive 能量密度Entangle 缠绕Expert system 专家系统Explosives 易爆炸的Flange 破碎Fracture 折断、破碎Front-end loader 前段装备Gear 齿轮传动装置Girth 周长Granulate 颗粒状的Grate discharge 磨碎排矿GreenfieldGrindability 可磨性Grinding media 磨矿介质Groove 沟槽Helical 螺旋状的High carbon steel 高碳钢High pressure grinding roll 高压滚磨Hopper 加料斗Housing 外壳Impact 冲击Impeller 叶轮IntegralInternal stress 内部压力Kinetic energy 运动能Least-square 最小平方Limestone 石灰岩Liner 衬板Lock 锁Lubricant 润滑剂Magnetic metal liner 磁性衬板Malleable 有延展性的Manhole 检修孔Material index 材料指数Matrix 矿脉Muffle 覆盖Multivariable control 多元控制Newtonian 牛顿学的Nodular cast iron 小块铸铁Non-Newtonian 非牛顿的Normally 通常Nuclear density gauge 核密度计Nullify废弃Oblique间接地，斜的Operating 操作Orifice 孔Output shaft 产量轴Overgrinding 过磨Parabolic 像抛物线似地Pebble 砾石Pebble mill 砾磨PendulumPilot scale 规模试验Pinion 小齿轮Pitting 使留下疤痕Plane 水平面PloughPotential energy 潜力Pressure transducer 压力传感器Prime moverPrismatic 棱柱形的Probability 可能性/概率Propagation 增值Pulp density 矿浆密度Pulverize 粉碎Quartzite 石英岩Radiused 半径Rake 耙子Reducer还原剂Reduction ratio 缩小比Retention screenRetrofit 改进Rheological 流变学的Rib骨架Rod 棒Roller-bearing 滚动轴承Rotor 旋转器Rubber liner 橡胶衬板Rupture 裂开ScatsScoop铲起Scraper 刮取器Screw flight 螺旋飞行Seasoned 干燥的SegregationSet-point 选点Shaft 轴Shear 剪Shell 外壳Simulation 模拟SlasticitySpalling 击碎Spigot 龙头Spill 溢出/跌落Spin 使什么旋转Spiral classifier 螺旋分级机Spout 喷出Stationary 静止的Stator 固定片Steady-state 不变的Steel plate 钢盘Steel-capped 钢帽Stirred mill搅拌磨Stress concentration 应力集中Sump 水池Taconite 铁燧岩Tensile stress 拉伸力Thicken 浓缩Throughput 生产量Thyristor 半导体闸流管Time lag 时间间隔Tower mill塔磨Trajectory 轨迹Trial and error 反复试验Trunnion 耳轴Tube millTumbling mill 滚磨Undergrinding 欠磨Underrun 低于估计产量Unlock 开启Vibratory mill 振动磨Viscometer 黏度计Viscosity 黏性Warp 弯曲Wearing linerWedged 楔形物Work index 功指数Chapter 8Industrial screeningBauxite 铝土矿Classification 分级Diagonal 斜的Dry screening 干筛Efficiency or partition curve 效率曲线、分离曲线Electrical solenoids 电磁场Elongated and slabby particles 细长、成板层状颗粒Granular 粒状Grizzly screens 格筛Hexagons 六边形Hydraulic classifiers 水力旋流器Linear screen 线性筛Mesh 网眼Mica 云母Near-mesh particles 近筛孔尺寸颗粒Octagons 八边形Open area 有效筛分面积Oscillating 振荡的Perpendicular 垂直的Polyurethane 聚氨酯Probabilistic 概率性的Resonance screens 共振筛Rhomboids 菱形Rinse 漂洗Rubber 橡胶Screen angle 颗粒逼近筛孔的角度Shallow 浅的Static screens 固定筛Tangential 切线的The cut point（The separation size）分离尺寸Trommels 滚筒筛Vibrating screens 振动筛Water sprays 喷射流Chapter9 classification added increment（增益）aggregate（聚集）alluvial（沉积）apex(顶点) deleterious(有害) approximation（概算，近似值）apron（挡板）buoyant force（浮力）correspond（符合,相符）critical dilution（临界稀释度）cut point（分离点）descent（降落）dilute（稀释的）drag force（拖拽力）duplex（双）effective density（有效比重）emergent（分离出的）equilibrium（平衡）exponent（指数）feed-pressure gauge（给矿压力表）free-settling ratio（自由沉降比）full teeter（完全摇摆流态化）geometry（几何尺寸）helical screw（螺旋沿斜槽）hindered settling（干涉沉降）hollow cone spray（中空锥体喷流）Hydraulic classifier（水力分级机）imperfection（不完整度）incorporated（合并的）infinite（任意的）involute（渐开线式）Mechanical classifier（机械分级机）minimize（最小限度的）multi-spigot hydro-sizer（多室水力分级机）pressure-sensitive valve（压敏阀）Newton’s law（牛顿定律）orifice（孔）overflow（溢流）parallel（平行的，并联的）performance or partition curve（应用特性曲线）predominate（主导）pulp density（矿浆比重）quadruple（四倍）quicksand（流砂体）Reynolds number（雷诺数）scouring（擦洗）Settling cones（圆锥分级机）shear force(剪切力)simplex（单）simulation（模拟）slurry（矿浆）sorting column（分级柱）spherical（球形的）spigot（沉砂）Spiral classifiers（螺旋分级机）Stokes’ law（斯托克斯定律）surging（起伏波动）suspension（悬浮液）tangential（切线式）Teeter chamber（干涉沉降室）teeter（摇摆）terminal velocity(末速)The rake classifier(耙式分级机) turbulent resistance（紊流阻力）underflow （底流）vertical axis（垂直轴）vessel（分级柱）viscosity（粘度）viscous resistance(粘滞阻力) vortex finder（螺旋溢流管）well-dispersed（分散良好的）Chapter 10gravity concentrationactive fluidised bed(流化床); amplitude(振幅);annular(环状的); asbestos(石棉); asymmetrical (非对称的); baddeleyite (斜锆石); barytes (重晶石); cassiterite (锡石); chromite(铬铁矿);circular (循环的); circumference (圆周); closed-circuit (闭路);coefficient of friction (摩擦系数); compartment (隔箱);concentration criterion (分选判据); conduit(管);contaminated(污染);counteract (抵消);degradation (降解);density medium separation (重介质分选); detrimental(有害的);diaphragm (隔膜);dilate (使膨胀);displacement (置换);divert (转移);dredge (挖掘船);eccentric drive(偏心轮驱动); encapsulate (密封);equal settling rate(等沉降比);evenly(均匀的);excavation (采掘);exhaust (废气);feed size range (给矿粒度范围); fiberglass (玻璃纤维);flash floatation (闪浮);flattened(变平);float (浮子);flowing film (流膜);fluid resistance (流体阻力);gate mechanism (开启机制);halt(停止);hand jig (手动跳汰机);harmonic waveform (简谐波);helical(螺旋状的);hindered settling (干涉沉降);hutch(底箱)；immobile (稳定);interlock (连结);interstice (间隙);jerk(急拉);kyanite (蓝晶石);lateral (侧向的，横向的);linoleum (漆布);mica(云母);momentum (动量) ;mount(安装);multiple (多重的)；multi-spigot hydrosizer (多室水力分级机); natural gravity flower (自流); neutralization (中和作用);nucleonic density gauge (核密度计); obscure (黑暗的，含糊不清的); obsolete (报废的);onsolidation trickling (固结滴沉);open-circuit (开路);pebble stone/gravels(砾石); periphery(周边的);pinched (尖缩的) ;platelet(片晶);platinum(铂金);plunger (活塞);pneumatic table(风力摇床); pneumatically (靠压缩空气); porus(孔);preset(预设置);pressure sensing(压力传感的); pressurize (加压);pulsating (脉动的);pulsion/suction stroke (推/吸冲程); quotient (商);radial(径向的);ragging (重物料残铺层);rate of withdraw (引出速率);raw feed (新进料);reciprocate(往复);refuse (垃圾);render (使得);residual (残留的);retard(延迟);riffle (床条);rinse(冲洗);rod mill (棒磨);rotary water vale (旋转水阀); rubber(橡胶);saw tooth (锯齿形的);scraper(刮板);sectors(扇形区);semiempirical(半经验的); settling cone (沉降椎);shaft (轴);side-wall (侧壁);sinterfeed (烧结料);sinusoidal (正弦曲线);slime table(矿泥摇床);sluice (溜槽);specular hematite (镜铁矿); spinning (自转；离心分离); splitters (分离机);starolite (星石英);staurolite (十字石);stratification (分层); stratum (地层); submerge (浸没);sump (池); superimposed (附加的); surge capacity (缓冲容量); synchronization (同步的); throughput(生产能力); tilting frames (翻筛); timing belt (同步带); trapezoidal shaped (梯形的); tray (浅盘) ;trough(槽);tungsten (钨);uneven (不均匀的);uniformity(均匀性);uranolite (陨石);validate(有效);vicinity (附近);water (筛下水);wolframite (黑钨矿，钨锰铁矿);Chapter 11 dense medium separation(DMS) barite（重晶石）Bromoform（溴仿）bucket（桶）carbon tetrachloride（四氯化碳）centrifugal（离心的）chute（陡槽）Clerici solution（克莱利西溶液）corrosion（腐蚀）dependent criterion（因变判据）discard（尾渣）disseminate（分散，浸染）DMS（重介质分选）dominant（主导）Drewboy bath（德鲁博洗煤机）drum separator（双室圆筒选矿机）Drum separator（圆筒选矿机）Dyna Whirlpool（）effective density of separation（有效分选比重）envisage（设想）feasibility（可行性）ferrosilicon（硅铁）flexible sink hose（沉砂软管）fluctuation（波动）fluorite（萤石）furnace（炉）grease-tabling（涂脂摇床）hemisphere（半球）incombustible（不可燃烧的）incremental（递增的）initially（最早地）installation（设备）LARCODEMS（large coal dense medium separator）lead-zinc ore（铅锌矿）longitudinal（纵向）magneto-hydrostatic（磁流体静力）mathematical model（数学模型）metalliferous ore（金属矿）nitrite（亚硝酸盐）Norwalt washer（诺沃特洗煤机）olfram（钨）operating yield（生产回收率）optimum（最佳）organic efficiency（有机效率）paddle（搅拌叶轮）Partition coefficient or partition number（分配率）Partition or Tromp curve（分配或特劳伯曲线）porous(多孔的)probable error of separation；Ecart probable （EP）（分选可能误差）raw coal（原煤）recoverable（可回收的）residue（残渣）revolving lifter（旋转提升器）two-compartmentrigidity（稳定性）sand-stone（砂岩）shale(页岩)siliceous（硅质的）sink-discharge（排卸沉砂）sodium（钠）sulphur reduction（降硫）tabulate（制表）tangential（切线）tedious (乏味)Teska Bash（）Tetrabromoethane（TBE，四溴乙烷）theoretical yield（理论回收率）toxic fume（有毒烟雾）tracer（示踪剂）typical washability curves（典型可选性曲线）Vorsyl separator（沃尔西尔选矿机）weir（堰板）well-ventilated（通风良好的）Wemco cone separator（维姆科圆锥选矿机）yield stress（屈服应力）yield（回收率）Chapter 12 Froth flotationActivator（活化剂）adherence （附着，坚持）adhesion（附着）adhesion（粘附）adjoining（毗邻，邻接的）adsorption(吸附)aeration（充气）aeration（充气量）aerophilic（亲气疏水的）aerophilic（亲气性）Aggregation（聚集体）agitation（搅动）agitator（搅拌机）allegedly（据称）Amine（胺）baffle（析流板）Bank（浮选机组）barite（重晶石）Barren（贫瘠的）batch(开路)Borne（承担）Bubble（泡沫）bubble（气泡）bubble-particle（泡沫颗粒）bulk flotation （混合浮选）capillary tube（毛细管）cassiterite （锡石）cerussite(白铅矿) chalcopyrite（黄铜矿）circulating load（循环负荷）cleaner（精选）clearance（间隙）Collector(捕收剂)collide（碰撞，抵触）compensate（补偿，抵偿）component（组成）concave（凹）concentrate trade（精矿品位）Conditioning period（调整期）conditioning tank（调和槽）cone crusher（圆锥破碎机）configuration(表面配置，格局) Conjunction(关联，合流)contact angle measurement（接触角测量）contact angle（接触角）copper sulphate（硫酸铜）copper-molybdenum（铜钼矿）core(核心)correspondingly（相关的）cylindrical（圆柱）Davcra cell(page305)decantation（倾析）depressant（抑制剂）deteriorating（恶化）Dilute（稀释）Direct flotation（正浮选）disengage（脱离，解开）dissemination（传播）dissolution（解散）distilled water（蒸馏水）diverter（转向器）drill core(岩心)drill(钻头,打眼)duplication（复制）dynamic（动态，能动）economic recovery（经济回收率）Elapse（过去，推移）electrolyte（电解质）electrowinning（电积）Eliminating（消除）enhance（提高、增加）Entail（意味着）entrainment（夹带）erosion（腐蚀）Fatty acid（脂肪酸）fatty acids（脂肪酸）faulting（断层）FCTRfiltration（过滤）fine particle（较细颗粒）floatability（可浮性）flotation rate constant（浮选速率常数）flowsheet（工艺流程）fluctuation（波动）fluorite（萤石）frother（起泡剂）Frother（起泡剂）Gangue（脉石）grease（润滑脂）grindability（可磨性）gross（毛的，）Hallimond tube technique（哈利蒙管）hollow（凹，空心的）hydrophilic（亲水性）Hydrophobic（疏水）Impeller（叶轮）in situ（原位）Incorporate（合并）indicator（指标，迹象）inert（惰性的）intergrowth（连生）intermediate-size fraction（中等粒度的含量）ionising collector（离子型捕收剂）amphoteric（两性）irrespective（不论）jaw crusher(颚式破碎机)jet（喷射，喷出物）laborious（费力的）layout（布局，安排）layout（布局，设计）liable（负责）magnitude（幅度）maintenance（维修）malachite（孔雀石）manganese（锰）mathematically (数学地) mechanism（进程）metallurgical performance（选矿指标）metallurgical（冶金的）MIBC（methyl isobutyl carbinol）（甲基异丁甲醇）Microflotation（微粒浮选）Mineralized（矿化的）mineralogical composition(矿物组成) mineralogy（矿物学）mineralogy（岩相学）MLA(mineral liberation analyser)modify（改变）molybdenite（辉钼矿）multiple（复合的）multiple-step（多步）Natural floatability（天然可浮性）hydrophobic（疏水性的）neutral（中性的）non-metallic（非金属）non-technical（非技术）nozzle（喷嘴）optimum（最佳）organic solvent（有机溶剂）oxidation（氧化）oxyhydryl collector（羟基捕收剂）xanthate（黄药）Oxyhydryl collector（羟基捕收剂）palladium（钯）parallel（平行）penalty（惩罚，危害）penetrate（穿透）peripheral(周边)peripheral（周边的）permeable base（透气板）personnel（人员）pH modifier（pH调整剂）pinch（钉）platinum（铂）pneumatic（充气式）polishing（抛光）portion（比例）postulate（假设）predetermined value（预定值）prior（优先）Pulp potential(矿浆电位)pyramidal tank（锥体罐）pyrite(黄铁矿)QEMSCAN(p288)reagent(药剂)rectangular（长方形）regulator（调整剂）reluctant（惰性的）residual（残留物）reverse flotation（反浮选）rod mill（棒磨机）rougher concentrate（粗选精矿）rougher-scavenger split（粗扫选分界）scale-up（扩大）scavenger（少选精矿）scheme（计划，构想）SE（separation efficienty）sealed drum（密封桶）severity（严重性）Sinter（烧结）sleeve（滚轴）slipstream（汇集）smelter（熔炼）sparger（分布器）sphalerite（闪锌矿）sphalerite（闪锌矿）Standardize（标定，规范）stationary（静止的）stator（定子，静片）storage agitator(储存搅拌器) Straightforward（直接的）Subprocess（子过程）subsequent（随后）Sulphide（硫化物）summation（合计）sustain（保留）swirling（纷飞）tangible（有形，明确的）tensile force（张力）texture（纹理）theoretical（原理的）thickener （浓密机）titanium（钛）TOF-SIMStonnage（吨位）Tube（管，筒）turbine（涡轮）ultra-fine（极细的）undesirable(不可取) uniformity（统一性）unliberated（未解离的）utilize（使用）Vigorous（有力，旺盛）weir-type（堰式）whereby（据此）withdrawal（撤回）Work of adhesion（粘着功）XPSAgglomeration-skin flotation（凝聚-表层浮选p316 左中）Associated mineral （共生矿物）by-product （副产品）Chalcopyrite (黄铜矿)Coking coal (焦煤p344 左下)Control of collector addition rate(p322 last pa right 捕收剂添加率的控制) Control of pulp level(矿浆液位控制p321 last pa on the right )Control of slurry pH(矿浆pH控制p322 2ed pa on the left)DCS--distributed control system(分布式控制系统p320 右中)Denver conditioning tank(丹佛型调和槽figure 12.56)Electroflotation (电浮选p315 右中)feed-forward control(前馈控制p323 figure 12.60)Galena（方铅矿）Molybdenum （钼）Nickel ore (镍矿的浮选p343 左)PGMs--platinum group metals(铂族金属)PLC--programmable logic controller（可编程序逻辑控制器p320 右中）porphyry copper（斑岩铜矿）Table flotation (摇床浮选俗称“台选”p316 左中)Thermal coal (热能煤p344 左下)Ultra-fine particle（超细矿粒p315 右中）Wet grinding(湿式磨矿)Chapter 13 Magnetic and electrical separationCassiterite(锡石矿) wolframite(黑钨矿) Diamagnetics(逆磁性矿物) paramagnetics(顺磁性矿物) Ferromagnetism(铁磁性) magnetic induction(磁导率)Field intensity(磁场强度) magnetic susceptibility(磁化系数) Ceramic(瓷器) taconite(角岩)Pelletise(造球) bsolete(废弃的)Feebly(很弱的) solenoid(螺线管)Cobbing(粗粒分选) depreciation(折旧)Asbestos(石棉) marcasite(白铁矿)Leucoxene(白钛石) conductivity(导电性)Preclude(排除) mainstay(主要组成)Rutile(金红石) diesel(柴油)Cryostat(低温箱)Chapter 14 ore sortingappraisal(鉴别);audit(检查);barren waste(废石); beryllium isotope(铍同位素); boron mineral(硼矿物); category(范围);coil(线圈);downstream(后处理的); electronic circuitry(电路学); feldspar(长石); fluorescence(荧光);grease(油脂);hand sorting(手选);infrared(红外的);irradiate(照射);laser beam(激光束); limestone(石灰石); luminesce(发荧光); luminescence(荧光); magnesite(菱镁矿); magnetic susceptivity(磁敏性); matrix(基质); microwave(微波);monolayer(单层);neutron absorption separation(中子吸收法); neutron flux (中子通量);oleophilicity(亲油的);phase shift(相变);phosphate(磷酸盐);photometricsorting(光选);photomultiplier(光电倍增管);preliminary sizing(预先分级);proximity(相近性);radiometric (放射性的);scheelite(白钨矿);scintillation(闪烁);seam(缝隙);sequential heating(连续加热);shielding(防护罩);slinger(投掷装置);subtle discrimination(精细的鉴别);talc(滑石);tandem(串联的);thermal conductivity(热导率);ultraviolet(紫外线); water spray(喷水); Chapter15DewateringAcrylic(丙烯酸) monomer(单分子层) Allotted(分批的)jute(黄麻) Counterion(平衡离子) amide(氨基化合物) Diaphragm(隔膜) blanket(覆盖层) Electrolyte(电解液) gelatine(动物胶) Flocculation(聚团) decant(倒出)Gauge(厚度，测量仪表) rayon(人造纤维丝) hyperbaric(高比重的) Membrane(薄膜) coagulation(凝结) miscelaneous(不同种类的) barometric(气压的) Potash(K2CO3)tubular(管状的) Sedimentation(沉淀) filtration(过滤)Thermal drying(热干燥) polyacrylamide(聚丙烯酰胺)Chapter16 tailings disposalBack-fill method—矿砂回填法tailings dams—尾矿坝impoundment—坝墙Cyclone—旋流器Dyke—坝体slimes—矿泥Floating pump—浮动泵站compacted sand—压实矿砂Lower-grade deposits -- 低品位矿床heavy metal—重金属mill reagent—选矿药剂Neutralization agitator—中和搅拌槽thickener---浓密池overflow –溢流River valley—河谷upstream method of tailings-dam construction –上流筑坝法Sulphur compound—硫化物additional values—有价组分the resultant slimes—脱出的矿泥surface run-off-- 地表水lime—石灰the downstream method—下游筑坝法the centre-line method –中线筑坝法drainage layer—排渗层Underflow—沉砂water reclamation—回水利用reservoir—贮水池Part II ElaborationsChapter2 Ore handing1.The harmful materials and its harmful effects(中的有害物质，及其影响) -----P30 右2.The advantage of storage (贮矿的好处)-----p35 左下Chapter 4 particle size analysis3.equivalent diameter (page90);4.:stokes diameter (page98) ; median size (page95,left and bottom); 80% passing size (page95,right) ; cumulative percentage(page94-95under the title’presentation of results’); Sub-sieve;(page 97,right)5.why particle size analysis is so important in the plant operation? (page90, paragraph one); some methods of particle analysis, their theory and the applicable of thesize ranges.(table4.1+theory in page91-106)7.how to present one sizing test?(page94)8.how to operate a decantation test?(page98 sedimentation test)9.advantage and disadvantage of decantation in comparison with elutriation? (Page99 the second paragraph on the left +elutriation technique dis/advantage in page 102 the second paragraph on the left)Chapter 6Crushers10.The throw of the crusher: Since the jaw is pivoted from above, it moves a minimum distance at the entry point and a maximum distance at the delivery. This maximum distance is called the throw of the crusher.11.Arrested(free) crushing: crushing is by the jaws only12.Choked crushing: particles break each other13.The angle of nip:14.1)the angle between the crushing members2)the angle formed by the tangents to the roll surfaces at their points of contact withthe particle(roll crushers)15.Ore is always stored after the crushers to ensure a continuous supply to the grinding section. Why not have similar storage capacity before the crushers and run this section continuously?(P119,right column, line 13)16.The difference between the jaw crusher and the gyratory crusher?(P123,right column, paragraph 3)17.Which decide whether a jaw or a gyratory crusher should be used in a particular plant?(p125,left column, paragraph 2)18.Why the secondary crushers are much lighter than the heavy-duty, rugged primary machines?(P126,right column, paragraph 4)19.What’s the difference between the 2 forms of the Symons cone crusher, the Standard and the short-head?(P128,left column, paragraph3 )20.What’s the use of the parallel section in the cone crusher?(P128,left column, paragraph4)21.What’s the use of the distributing plate in the cone crusher?(P128,right column, paragraph1)22.Liner wear monitoring(P129,right column, paragraph2)23.Water Flush technology(P130, left column, paragraph1)24.What’s the difference between the gyradisc crusher and the conventional cone crusher?(P130,right column, paragraph 4)25.What’s the use of the storage bin?(P140,left column, paragraph 2)26.Jaw crushers(p120)27.the differences between the Double-toggle Blake crushers and Single-toggle Blakecrushers(p121, right column, paragraph 3)28.the use of corrugated jaw plates(p122, right column, line 8)29.the differences between the tertiary crushers and the secondary crushers?(p126,right column, paragraph 5)30.How to identify a gyratory crusher, a cone crushers?(p127, right column, paragraph 3)31.the disadvantages of presence of water during crushing(p130,right column, paragraph 2)32.the relationship between the angle of nip and the roll speed?(p133, right column)33.Smooth-surfaced rolls——used for fine crushing; corrugated surface——used for coarse crushing;(p134, left column, last paragraph)Chapter 7 grinding mills34.Autogenous grinding：An AG mill is a tumbling mill that utilizes the ore itself as grinding media. The ore must contain sufficient competent pieces to act as grinding media.P16235.High aspect ratio mills: where the diameter is 1.5-3 times of the length. P16236.Low aspect ratio mills：where the length is 1.5-3 times of the diameter. P16237.Pilot scale testing of ore samples: it’s therefore a necessity in assessing the feasibility of autogenous milling, predicting the energy requirement, flowsheet, and product size.P16538.Semi-autogenous grinding: An SAG mill is an autogenous mill that utilizes steel balls in addition to the natural grinding media. P16239.Slurry pool：this flow-back process often leads to higher slurry hold-up inside an AG or SAG mill, and may sometimes contribute to the occurrence of “slurry pool”, which has adverse effects on the grinding performance.P16340.Square mills：where the diameter is approximately equal to the length.P16241.The aspect ratio: the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of diameter to length. Aspect ratios generally fall into three main groups: high aspect ratio mills、square mills and low aspect ratio mills.P16242.grinding circuit: Circuit are divided into two broad classifications: open and closed.( 磨矿回路p170)43.closed circuit: Material of the required size is removed by a classifier, which returns oversize to the mill.(闭路p170左最后一行)44.Circulation load: The material returned to the mill by the classifier is known as circulation load , and its weight is expressed as a percentage of the weight of new feed.(循环负荷p170右)45.Three-product cyclone: It is a conventional hydrocyclone with a modified top cover plate and a second vortex finder inserted so as to generate three product streams. (p171右)46.Parallel mill circuit: It increase circuit flexibility, since individual units can be shut down or the feed rate can be changed, with little effect on the flowsheet.(p172右) 47.multi-stage grinding: mills are arranged in series can be used to produce。
SAEJ1121v001
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS SAE J316—Oil-Tempered Carbon-Steel Spring Wire and SpringsSAE J351—Oil-Tempered Carbon-Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire and Springs SAE J461—Wrought and Cast Copper AlloysSAE HS J795—SAE Manual on Design and Application of Helical and Spiral Springs SAE J808—Manual on Shot PeeningSAE J916—Rules for SAE Use of SAE (Metric) Units SAE J1122—Helical Springs: Specification Check Lists3.Hot Coiled Springs3.1Materials and Heat Treatment—Round spring steel bars are available in carbon and alloy analyses. The bars are generally used in the "as rolled" condition (either commercial hot rolled or precision hot rolled), but they may be centerless ground before coiling.The heat treatment necessary to develop the required physical properties of the material may be accomplished by direct quench immediately after coiling, or by allowing the coiled spring to cool to a temperature below the critical, then reheating to the required temperature and quenching; the quench is followed by tempering to produce the specified hardness.Table 1 lists available materials. Their hardenability limitations dictate maximum bar size. For tensile and torsional properties, see MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Chapter 2, Table 2.21.TABLE 1—MATERIALS FOR HOT COILED COMPRESSION SPRINGSMaterialsSpecification Max. Bar (1)Dia., mm1.Based on a through hardened bar of 444 HB typicalhardness ranges are 444 - 495 HB and 461 - 514 HB.Carbon SteelsSAE 108510SAE 109510Carbon Boron Steel SAE 15B62H 25Alloy SteelsSAE 5150 H 10SAE 5160 H 20SAE 9260 H 10SAE 51B60H 30SAE 4161 H 60SAE 6150 H103.2Shot Peening—Shot peening is used to increase the fatigue life of springs. It consists of subjecting the springto a stream of metallic shot moving at high velocity. The peening action of the shot reduces the effect of surface defects and sets up beneficial stresses in a thin surface layer. It also results in cold working this layer.To be effective, the peening must reach the area of highest stress which for helical compression springs is the inside diameter of the coil.The fatigue life of hot coiled springs is greatly impaired when the bar surface is afflicted by such flaws as impurities, cracks, seams, or decarburization, but it can be increased by the peening operation in the order of 4 to 1. Even the much better fatigue life attainable in hot-coiled springs with nearly perfect bar surface will be improved by peening in the order of more than 2 to 1. For further details see MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Chapters 1 and 4, also SHOT PEENING MANUAL, SAE HS 84 J808.3.3Presetting—Presetting (also called scragging, cold setting, or bulldozing) is an operation during themanufacturing process in which the spring is compressed beyond the yield point of the heat treated material.In preparation for this, the spring is coiled to a free length in excess of the designated free length. The yielding in the surface layers of the bar which occurs during presetting produces beneficial residual stresses, thus increasing the elastic limit and thereby reducing the chances of settling in subsequent service. The yielding causes the spring to take a permanent set, thus bringing it down to the designated free length. See also Preset Length, 3.6.3.FIGURE 1—TYPICAL LOAD-DEFLECTION DIAGRAM OF HELICAL SPRING DURING PRESETTING3.3.1W ARM S ETTING—In order to reduce the "sag" of "settling" of helical suspension springs which occurs whenthey are subjected to vehicle loading over time, it has become common practice to warm set the spring at an elevated temperature (usually about 200 °C depending on the particular spring design). One theory holds that the major benefit of this operation results from an increase in the amount of strain hardening that occurs when the spring is stressed past the proportional limit (point "A" in Figure 1). Increasing the temperature lowers the proportional limit to some stress lower than point "A", and therefore if the spring is still stressed to point "B", the amount of strain hardening that occurs is greater. This increase in strain hardening will reduce the dynamic or static settling (load loss) that occurs over the useful life of the spring.A second theory is that a more effective beneficial residual stress pattern is set up over the bar cross section,when a spring is warm set at elevated temperature.It should be noted that a final (cold) presetting operation is still necessary.In general, warm setting will decrease the load loss by more than 50%, depending on the working stress level.3.4Bar Diameter and Length—Round bars are hot rolled to any desired diameter between 9 and 100 mm. Table 2 shows the cross section tolerances for commercial hot rolled bars. Bars may be precision hot rolled with 50%of the tolerances in Table 2, or they may be centerless ground with 25% of the tolerances in Table 2.Bars are commonly purchased in the exact length required to produce one spring. Tolerances for bar lengths are shown in Table 3.3.5Coil Diameter—The coil diameter can be expressed in terms of the mean coil diameter (D) which is used in the rate and stress formulae. However, coil diameter tolerances should be specified on either the inside diameter (ID) or the outside diameter (OD) of the coils, depending upon the importance of the respective dimensions to the user. Tolerances are shown in Table 4, based on coil diameter and spring length.For motor vehicle suspension springs, it is customary to specify the ID in order to facilitate the coiling of a family of springs on a single arbor.TABLE 2—CROSS SECTION TOLERANCES FOR HOT ROLLED CARBONAND ALLOY STEEL ROUND BARSSpecified Diameter, mmOverSpecified Diameter, mmThruTolerance,Plus and Minus,mmOut of Round,mm —100.150.2210150.180.2715200.200.3020250.230.3425300.250.3830350.300.4535400.350.5240600.400.6060800.600.90801000.801.20TABLE 3—LENGTH TOLERANCES FOR HOT ROLLED CARBONAND ALLOY ROUND STEEL BARSSpecified Diameter, mmOverSpecified Diameter, mmThruLength Tolerance,Plus Only, mm For Lengths, mmOver ThruLength Tolerance,Plus Only, mm For Lengths, mm15003000Length Tolerance,Plus Only, mm For Lengths, mm3000——251220255016255010025403.6Spring Lengths—Spring lengths are to be measured after preloading (see Preload Length, 3.6.4), as the distance parallel to the spring axis between the end surfaces, or else between two reference points specified on the spring drawing.3.6.1F REE L ENGTH —Free length is the length when no external load is applied. When load is specified, free length is used as a reference dimension only. When load is not specified, free length tolerance equals ±(1.5mm + 4% of free-to-solid deflection).3.6.2S OLID L ENGTH (SEE ALSO N UMBER OF C OILS , 3.7)—Solid length is the length when the spring is compressed with an applied load sufficient to bring all coils in contact; for practical purposes, this applied load is taken to equal approximately 150% of the load beyond which no appreciable deflection takes place.3.6.3P RESET L ENGTH —In the presetting operation (see Presetting, 3.3), the spring is usually compressed solid.However, if the stress at solid length is so high that the spring would be excessively distorted, the presetting operation may only be carried to a specified preset length. If more than one preset compression is desired,this must be specified on the drawing. See Also MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Chapters 1 and 4.3.6.4P RELOAD L ENGTH —Preloading is the operation of deflecting the spring to the preload length in order to remove temporary recovery of free length before the spring is checked for load and rate.If the spring was preset during the manufacturing process to the solid length, the preloading may also be carried to the solid length, but it may be restricted to a preload length slightly greater than the solid length,provided the maximum deflection during subsequent service will not go below the preload length.If the spring was preset to a specified preset length greater than the solid length, the preloading should be restricted to a preload length greater than the preset length.However, the preload length must not exceed the minimum spring length possible in the mechanism for which the spring is designed. In suspensions, this is called the "length at metal-to-metal position." The metal-to-metal contact will occur in the suspension mechanism when rubber bumpers are disregarded. The spring deflection from the specified loaded length to the metal-to-metal position is called "clearance."3.6.5L OADED L ENGTH —Loaded length is the length while the load is being measured; it is a fixed dimension, with the tolerance applied to the load.TABLE 4—COIL DIAMETER TOLERANCESFor Specified orComputer Outside Diameter, mmInside or Outside Diameter Tolerance,Plus and Minus, mm For Free Spring Length, mm Up to 250Inside or Outside Diameter Tolerance,Plus and Minus, mm For Free Spring Length, mm Over 250 thru 450Inside or Outside Diameter Tolerance,Plus and Minus, mm For Free Spring Length, mm Over 450 thru 650Inside or Outside Diameter Tolerance,Plus and Minus, mm For Free Spring Length, mm Over 650 thru 850Inside or OutsideDiameterTolerance,Plus and Minus, mm For Free Spring Length, mm Over850 thru 105075.0 thru 110.00.8 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.6Over 110.0 thru 150.0 1.3 2.5 3.6 4.6 5.6Over 150.0 thru 200.0 2.5 3.6 4.6 5.6 6.6Over 200.0 thru 300.03.64.65.66.66.63.7Number of Coils—Total number of coils (N t ) are counted tip to tip, active number of coils (N) are specified as the number of working coils at free length. With increasing load, N may progressively decrease due to the "bottoming out" effect. If no appreciable bottoming out occurs, the relationships between N and N t are as shown in Table 5 which also gives the formulae for nominal solid length.Since nominal solid length may be exceeded somewhat by actual solid length due to manufacturing variations,a frequent practice is to specify nominal solid length together with a maximum solid length, as shown in Table 6.whered = bar diametert = tip thickness of taper rolled bar1.01 = factor used to compensate for the cosine effect of the coil helix angleThe bracketed term in the solid length formula for springs with two pigtail ends may vary between (N t – 0.90)and (N t – 1.60), depending on the pigtail details.TABLE 5—FORMULAE FOR TOTAL COILS AND FOR NOMINAL SOLID LENGTHEnd ConfigurationTotal Coils (N t )NominalSolid Length (L s )Both ends taper rolled N + 2 1.01 d (N t − 1) + 2t Both ends with tangent tail N + 1.33 1.01 d (N t + 1)Both ends with pigtail N + 1.50 1.01 d (N t − 1.25)Taper rolled plus tangent tail N + 1.67 1.01 d N t + 1Taper rolled plus pigtail N + 1.75 1.01 d (N t − 1) + t Tangent tail plus pigtailN + 1.421.01 d N tTABLE 6—SPRING SOLID LENGTH TOLERANCESNominal Solid Length, mmOverNominal Solid Length, mmThruMaximum Deviation of Solid Length Above Nominal Solid Length, mm—175 1.5175250 2.5250325 3.0325400 4.0400475 4.8475550 5.55506256.53.8Spring Ends—Four types of ends are used (Figure 2):FIGURE 2—TYPICAL ENDS FOR HOT COILED COMPRESSION SPRINGS1. A flat end formed from a tapered bar end. The bar end is usually tapered for a length equal to 2/3 coiland to a tip thickness of approximately 1/3 of the bar diameter. When the spring is coiled, the tip shallbe in approximate contact with the adjacent coil and shall not protrude beyond the outside diameter bymore than 20% of the bar diameter.When stipulated, the bearing surface of the spring end shall be ground perpendicular to the axis of thespring helix in order to produce a firm bearing. The actual ground bearing surface shall not be shorterthan two-thirds of the mean coil circumference, nor narrower than half the width of the hot taperedsurface of the bar. However, this grinding is usually not required if the tapering and coiling operationsare performed adequately.2.An untapered end coil formed substantially smaller than the central coils of the spring and in such afashion as to have an outboard bearing surface perpendicular to the axis of the spring helix, the so-called "pigtail" end.3.An untapered end coil formed as a helix having a pitch substantially equal to the bar diameter. Tofacilitate coiling, a straight end portion about 25 mm long is permitted to project tangent to the helix ofthis end construction, the so-called "tangent tail" end. The use of this type of end requires a springseat formed at the same pitch of helix as that of the spring end.4.An untapered end coil formed perpendicular to the axis of the spring helix for a circumference of atleast 220 deg, the so-called "flat tangent tail" end. To facilitate coiling, a straight end portion about25mm long is permitted to project tangent to the outer circumference.Springs can be specified to have any combination of the four types of ends. The combination of two tangent tail ends may involve a complex arrangement for indexing the spring seats, unless the design of every spring is adjusted to an identical number of total coils. Springs for general automotive use generally have two flat tapered ends. Spring ends and seats are usually so formed as to render approximately two-thirds to one coil inactive at each end.3.9Squareness of Ends—Unless otherwise specified, the tapered ends of any spring having an outside diameterto bar diameter ratio of 4 or more, and a free length to outside diameter of 4 or less, shall not deviate more than3 deg from the perpendicular to the spring axis, as determined by standing the spring on its end and measuringthe angular deviation of the outer helix from a perpendicular to the plate on which the spring is standing. In the case of a tangent tail end, the spring must stand on a seat with matching helical ramp. Tolerances for springs outside these limits are subject to special agreement.3.10Load—Load is the force in newtons (N) measured on the load testing machine required to deflect the spring tothe specified loaded length. It is to be measured during compression of the spring (compression load) and not during release of the spring (release load), unless otherwise specified.With loaded length fixed, the usual tolerance for motor vehicle suspension springs is expressed in terms of load equivalent to a deflection of ±5 mm at the nominal rate. Where the demand for greater accuracy warrants the cost of additional presetting or other operations, the load tolerance may be specified as low as ±1.50 mm at the nominal rate.In the springs for general automotive use, the load tolerance (with loaded length fixed) typically equals ±(1.50mm + 3% of free-to-solid deflection) × nominal rate. This tolerance is limited to springs where the free length does not exceed 900 mm, does not exceed six times the free-to-solid deflection, and is not less than0.8times the OD.3.11Rate—Rate is the change of load per unit length of springs deflection (N/mm).In the springs for motor vehicle suspension, the rate is expressed in terms of the load increase per 25 mm deflection (N/25 mm). It is therefore determined as one-half the difference between the loads measured 25mm above and 25 mm below the specified loaded length. Tolerance is ±3% with centerless ground or with precision rolled bars, and ±4% when commercial hot rolled bars are used.In the springs for general automotive use, the rate is determined between 20 and 60% of the total deflection unless otherwise defined. T ypical tolerance is ±5%. In non-critical applications, this may be increased to ±10%.3.12Direction of Coiling—For most applications, the direction of coiling is unimportant; however, right hand coilingis preferred because most spring manufacturers are so equipped. When direction of coiling is important, as in the case of concentrically nested springs, it must be specified or each component spring, maintaining opposite directions for adjacent springs. For tangent tail springs, the direction of coiling must conform with the installation conditions.3.13Uniformity of Pitch—The pitch of coils in a compression spring must be sufficiently uniform so that when thespring is compressed, unsupported laterally, to a length representing a deflection of 80% of the nominal free-to-solid deflection, none of the coils must be in contact with one another, excluding the inactive end coils. This requirement does not apply when the design of the spring calls for variable pitch, or when it is such that the spring cannot be compressed to solid length without lateral support.3.14Shaped and Variable Rate Coils—Many newer motor vehicle applications require specially shapedsuspension coil springs, or springs with variable output characteristics. The coils which are specially shaped usually exhibit a partially conical or barrel form in order to satisfy restricted height, tire clearance, or other suspension requirements. In some cases, the ends of the spring may be offset in order to provide off center loading for suspension strut applications.With regard to variable output characteristics, some springs are designed to provide a variable rate and corresponding frequency change, for improved height control, ride and handling. The variable rate characteristic is achieved by designing and producing the spring with very specific oil spacing such that active coil segments "bottom out" against a spring seat or against each other as the spring is deflected, thereby decreasing the effective number of active coils and increasing the rate. This effect is achieved with the greatest material and space efficiency if the bar is conically tapered over the length of the coils which bottom out. It should be pointed out, however, that special equipment is required to conically taper the bars. Also, it is important to not that coil-to-coil or coil-to-seat contact can cause undesirable noise.3.15Concentricity of Coils—At free length, the center of all coils must be concentric with the spring axis within1.5mm. This axis is the straight line connecting the centers of the end coils.4.Cold Wound Springs4.1Material—Round wire sizes and tolerances may be found in the individual wire specifications, such as:Music Wire SAE J176Carbon Steel Spring Wire-Oil Tempered SAE J316-Hard Drawn SAE J113-Special Quality HighTensile Hard Drawn SAE J271-Valve Spring QualityOil Tempered SAE J351-Valve Spring QualityHard Drawn SAE J172Chromium Vanadium Wire - Valve Spring Quality SAE J132Chromium Silicon Alloy Steel Wire SAE J157Stainless Steel Wire, SAE 30302SAE J230Stainless Steel Wire, 17-7 PH SAE J217Phosphor-Bronze Wire,SAE CA510SAE J461Beryllium-Copper Wire, SAE CA172SAE J461Brass Wire,SAE CA260SAE J461Silicon-Bronze Wire,SAE CA655SAE J4614.2Shot Peening—Shot peening is used to increase the fatigue life of springs. It consists of subjecting the springto a stream of metallic shot moving at high velocity. The peening action of the shot reduces the effect of surface defects and sets up beneficial stresses in a thin surface layer. It also results in cold working this layer.To be effective, the peening must reach the area of highest stress which for helical compression and extension springs is the inside diameter of the coil.Even when the wire surface is virtually flawless, the fatigue life of the cold-wound spring can be increased by peening in the order of more than 2 to 1. See MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Chapter 1, also SHOT PEENING MANUAL, SAE HS 84 J808.4.3Presetting—The need for presetting depends upon the design stresses, the application and its conditions andrequirements. Then use of presetting is most beneficial when design stresses are at or near the yield point, and settling prevents the spring from performing as required.Presetting is an operation that is performed during the manufacturing of helical compression springs in which the spring is compressed beyond the yield point of the material. The yielding of the surface layers of the wire which occurs during the presetting produces beneficial residual stresses, thus increasing the elestic limit of the spring and thereby reducing the chances of settling in subsequent service. The spring is coiled to a free length in excess of the designated free length. The yielding causes the spring to take a permanent set, thus bringing it down to the required free length.The presetting operation may be performed at ambient temperature, called cold setting, or at some elevated temperature, called either heat setting or hot pressing. Heat setting consists of compressing the spring on a fixture, subjecting the compressed spring to a temperature higher than the desired operating temperature for a time suitable to insure complete penetration of the heat, and then cooling to room temperature before releasing.Hot pressing consists of heating the spring in its free or relaxed position to some temperature for sufficient time to insure complete penetration; then, while the spring is at the temperature, it is compressed to some height below the installed or operating position and released.4.4Coil Diameter—Coil diameter tolerances can be specified on either the inside diameter (ID) or the outsidediameter (OD) of the coils, depending upon the importance of the respective dimensions to the user.Tolerances are functions of the "Spring Index", which is the ratio of mean coil diameter (D) to wire diameter (d).They are to be considered as manufacturing tolerances and do not take into account the effects of changes in diameter due to applied loads. See Figure 3 and Figure 4.4.5Spring Lengths—Spring lengths of compression springs are overall dimensions measured parallel to the axisof the spring.Spring lengths of extension springs are measured inside to inside of the hooks (overall length minus two wire diameters).4.5.1F REE L ENGTH—Free length is the length under no load. When load is specified, free length is used as areference dimension only. When load is not specified, free length is specified for control and inspection purposes by using Figure 5 for compression springs and Figure 6 for extension springs.The tolerances in Figure 3 are based on the number of active coils (N), the free length (L o), and the spring index (D/d). With these parameters known, the N/L o value is established on the abscissa, and the tolerance is found by multiplying the corresponding ordinate value by L o. Round off the index to the nearest whole number and interpolate when this is an odd number. The tolerances shown in Figure 5 are for springs with ends closed and ground. For springs with the ends closed but not ground, multiply by 1.7.4.5.2S OLID L ENGTH (SEE ALSO N UMBER OF C OILS, 4.6)—In compression springs, this is the length with all activecoils closed, to be specified as a maximum dimension allowing the manufacturer any tolerance required by the variations in wire size, total coils, and the amount of grind at the ends; platings and coatings increase the wire diameter and must be considered.For springs with ground ends, the maximum solid length is the total number of coils times the wire diameter;for springs with ends not ground, the solid length is the total number of coils plus one, times the wire diameter.FIGURE 3—COIL DIAMETER TOLERANCE - COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION SPRINGS FOR WIRE SPRINGS FOR WIRE DIAMETERS 0.30 TO 9.50 mm. ROUND OFF INDEX TO NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER. INTERPOLATE WHEN THE ROUNDED-OFF VALUE IS AN ODD NUMBER.USE TOLERANCE FOR 0.30 mm WIRE DIAMETER WHEN WIRE DIAMETER IS LESS THAN 0.30 mm.FIGURE 4—COIL DIAMETER TOLERANCE - COMPRESSION AND EXTENSION SPRINGS FOR WIRE DIAMETERS 9.5 TO 16.0 mm. ROUND OFF INDEX TO NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER.INTERPOLATE WHEN ROUNDED-OFF VALUE IS ODD NUMBER.FIGURE 5—FREE LENGTH TOLERANCE - COMPRESSION SPRINGS. ROUND OFF INDEXTO NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER. INTERPOLATE WHEN ROUNDED-OFF VALUE IS ODD NUMBER.THESE ARE TOLERANCES FOR SPRINGS WITH ENDS CLOSED AND GROUND.FOR SPRINGS WITH ENDS CLOSED BUT NOT GROUND, MULTIPLY BY 1.7.FIGURE 6—FREE LENGTH TOLERANCE - EXTENSION SPRINGS4.5.3P RESET L ENGTH —After the compression spring has been coiled to a free length in excess of the designatedfree length, it is compressed solid or to a specified preset length; this produces yielding, which results in bringing the spring to the designated free length. If more than one preset compression is desired, it must be specified on the drawing. See also MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Chapters 1 and 4.4.5.4L OADED L ENGTH —This is the length while the load is being measured. It is a fixed reference dimension, with the tolerance applied to the load.4.5.5M AXIMUM E XTENDED L ENGTH —Extension springs normally do not have a definite stop to their deflection,therefore the drawing specifications should include a statement of the maximum extended length which must be attained without encountering permanent set.4.6Number of Coils—In compression springs, it is often necessary to vary the number of coils in order to meet the requirements on load, rate, free length, and solid length. Therefore, the number of coils should be specified as an approximate figure. For reference only, the tolerance for the number of coils is given in Table 7compression springs and in Table 8 for extension springs. It is expressed in degrees as a function of the number of active coils.In extension springs, either the number of coils in the body of the spring or the length over the coils may be specified, but only as an approximate figure. In computing the length over coils, it should be recognized that there is always one more wire diameter in the length than the number of coils in a close-wound spring.TABLE 7—NUMBER OF COILS TOLERANCE OF COMPRESSION SPRINGSActive CoilsTolerance, ± deg 3 - 1045For each additional 10 coils, add 30TABLE 8—NUMBER OF COILS TOLERANCE OF EXTENSION SPRINGSActive CoilsTolerance, ± deg Close Wound Tolerance, ± deg Open Wound 330904 - 104590For each additional 10 coils, add 15304.7Spring Ends—In compression springs, there are four typical end configurations (Figure 7):FIGURE 7—T YPICAL ENDS OF HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS1.Plain end (with the end coil having the same pitch as all other coils);2.Plain end ground (the end surface being ground perpendicular to the spring axis);3.Closed end (with the tip of the wire contacting the adjacent coil);4.Closed and ground end (the closed end being ground perpendicular to the spring axis).The unground ends may be used for reasons of economy, but they give eccentric loading with some increase in maximum spring wire stress and space required. The plain ends similarly produce eccentric loading and additionally present a handling problem due to springs tangling together.In extension springs, many types of hooks, loops, eyes, etc. are used (see MANUAL, SAE HS J795, Figure3.3). Details such as hook opening restraint of the loop within the body diameter should be specified on thedrawing. The position of hooks relative to each other can be in line, at right angles, or at any other angular position as required. If this relative position is important, the spring drawing should emphasize the importance by a statement as well as by pictorial representation. Sharp bends in forming the end hooks should be avoided because they produce stress concentrations.。
车辆工程-汽车专业英语课件-汽车基础知识部分---Chapter-3-Power-Train--3
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Chapter 3 Power Train 3.1 Clutches
摩擦式限滑差速器
Chapter 3 Power Train 3.2 Manuel Transmission
3.2.1 Text
1.Transmission Gear Ratios
The modern manual transmission can provide the driver with up to six forward gear ratios. The reduction gears provide gear ratios of approximately 3.5:1 (stated as 3.5 to 1) for the lowest gear, to about 1.5:1 for the highest. The direct drive gear has a 1:1 gear ratio. The overdrive gears have a gear ratio of about 0.7:1.
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transaxle
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外研社2023人工智能英语-VR版教学课件Unit-1
START WITH AI
The following are famous robots in movies. Do you know them? Match them with their names.
小艾说
5
Fun Reading
人工智能是一个很大的话题， 也是一 个广阔的世界，让我们从了解它的前 世今生开启这一旅程吧。
JOURNEY WITH AI Intensive Reading
A few milestones in AI history
1 Artificial intelligence is the hot topic of our times. The concept is not actually all that new: as long ago as 1637, the philosopher Descartes thought seriously about the possibility that machines would one day think and make decisions.
1
Practical Reading
2
Intensive Reading
3
Extensive Reading
5
Fun Reading
小艾说
无论说明书是长是短，或简或繁，你都 可以通过浏览目录， 大致了解全貌，提 高阅读效率。常见的说明书一般有产品 介绍、安装步骤、操作步骤、保养与清 洁、疑难解答、参数说明、保修条款等 部分。
les AS gR学生手册英文
Deploying with Oracle JDeveloper
To deploy an application with JDeveloper, perform the following steps: 1. Create the deployment profile. 2. Configure the deployment profile. 3. Create an application server connection to the target
第十六页,共33页，
Planning the Deployment Process
The deployment process includes:
1. Packaging code as J2EE applications or modules
2. Selecting a parent application
including those in a cluster
第十页,共33页，
Deploying with admin_client.jar
The admin_client.jar tool: • Is a command-line utility • Is executed by using the following basic command:
– defaultDataSource to select the data source used by the application for management of data by EJB entities
– dataSourcesPath to specify a application-specific data sources
Vectron GNSSDO NMEA 参考手册说明书
Vectron GNSSDO NMEA Reference ManualRev. A, 07-27-18Revision History Revision Date DescriptionA 07-27-18 •First ReleaseTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... - 4 -1.1P URPOSE (4)1.2N OTICE (4)CHAPTER 2 NMEA-0183 STANDARD SENTENCES................................................................................................ - 5 -2.1S TANDARD NMEA P ROTOCOL (5)2.2NMEA T ALKER I DENTIFIERS (5)2.3A VAILABLE S ENTENCES L IST (6)CHAPTER 3 NMEA-0183 STANDARD SENTENCE DETAILS................................................................................. - 7 -3.1I NTRODUCTION (7)3.2GGA:G LOBAL P OSITIONING S YSTEM F IX D ATA (7)3.3GLL:G EOGRAPHIC P OSITION –L ATITUDE/L ONGITUDE (8)3.4GNS:GNSS F IX D ATA (8)3.5GSA:GNSS DOP AND A CTIVE S ATELLITES (9)3.6GSV:GNSS S ATELLITES IN V IEW (10)3.7RMC:R ECOMMENDED M INIMUM N AVIGATION I NFORMATION (11)3.8VTG:C OURSE O VER G ROUND AND G ROUND S PEED (12)3.9ZDA:T IME &D ATE (12)Introduction1.1 PurposeVectron GNSS Disciplined Oscillator (GNSSDO) modules embed a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver which, given a sufficiently high-quality signal, provide timing and position data to the user. Timing information is used by the module to discipline the onboard high-stability oscillator. This information, along with position and navigation data, is forwarded to the user via the module’s serial port in the form of ASCII NMEA-0183 Standard Sentences. This document outlines which standard sentences are available, and provides details for each.1.2 NoticeEach satellite system is operated by their respective country, Vectron cannot guarantee and is not liable for degradation of performance due to factors outside of the module’s or Vectron’s control. This includes, but is not limited to, degradation of satellite system performance due to changes or upgrades by the system operator, and poor signal quality at the module’s antenna port. The user is expected to be familiar with the implementation, limitations, and risks associated with GNSS solutions, and is responsible for providing and properly implementing any necessary external electronics and conditions, such as: antenna location, antenna quality, cable quality, transmission lines, matching, signal levels, avoiding multi-path interference, shielding from both internal and external noise sources, etc.Information herein related to the NMEA-0183 protocol is for reference only. This protocol is defined by the National Marine Electronics Association in the document:”NMEA 0183 STANDARD FOR INTERFACING MARINE ELECTRONIC DEVICES Version 4.10”(NATIONAL MARINE ELECTRONICS ASSOCIATION, June, 2012)Vectron reserves the right to make changes to the product(s) and/or information contained herein without notice. No liability is assumed as a result of their use or application.All brand and product names are registered trademarks or service marks of their respective holders. No rights under any patent accompany the sale of any such product(s) or information.NMEA-0183 Standard Sentences2.1 Standard NMEA Protocol<------------------------- Checksum Range ----------------------->$ <Address> {,<data>} *<checksum> <CR><LF>Notes1)All characters are transmitted in ASCII format2)The start character is always '$'3)The address field is subdivided into two subfields: <TT><SSS>, where:a.<TT> is the Talker Identifier. It is always:i.Gx for GNSS messages (See Talker Identifiers Section)ii.P for proprietary messagesb.<SSS> is the Sentence formatter, which defines the message content4)Data fields are delimited by a comma ','. Field length can vary, if no data isavailable for a particular field, it will be left empty (null).5)The checksum starts with an asterisk '*' and consists of two characters containingthe hexadecimal 8-bit exclusive OR of all characters between '$' and '*'.6)The end sequence is always a carriage return and a line feed <CR><LF>.2.2 NMEA Talker IdentifiersStandard NMEA Sentences reported by the GNSS receiver may use one of a several possible talker IDs depending on the state of the receiver and its current fix. For example, a module with a view of only GPS satellites will fix to GPS and report information using the “GP” identifier. If this same module later obtains enough GLONASS satellites in view, it may switch to a multi-GNSS fix and begin reporting information using the “GN” identifier.When using multiple constellations, the user must ensure that their system is able to receive and process these messages under all possible identifiers. Table 2.1-1 contains all identifiers currently implemented (at the time of writing) by Vectron GNSSDO products. The user should be prepared to handle these identifiers if GNSS information is needed in their application.Table 2.2-1, GNSS System Talker IDsTalker Identifier DescriptionGN Any combination of 2 or more GNSS systemsGP Global Positioning System (USA), QZSS (Japan)GL GLONASS (Russia)GA Galileo (EU)2.3 Available Sentences ListVectron GNSSDO module support up to 8 of the following standard NMEA output sentences, defined by the NMEA Standard 0183 Version 4.10 (June, 2012). Thedescriptions in the following chapter are for reference only, as these sentence formats are defined exclusively by the copyrighted document from the NMEA.Table 2.3-1, Available NMEA Standard SentencesFormatter Fix Data Date Time Position Navigation GGA X 1 X X GLL X X GNS X X X GSA X GSV X RMC X X X VTG X ZDAXXNote: 1) GGA is specific to GPS fix data onlyPlease note that some modules may not support all the above talker identifiers orsentences. Proprietary report messages (where the talker id is ‘P’) may also be reported by the module. Individual sentences may be enabled or disabled by the user, and the rate at which they are reported may also be modified. Check the device-specific reference manual and appropriate proprietary protocol user’s guide for more details.Sentence FormatterDescriptionGGA Global Positioning System Fix Data GLL Geographic Position – Latitude/Longitude GNS GNSS Fix DataGSA GNSS DOP and Active Satellites GSV GNSS Satellites in ViewRMC Recommended Minimum Navigation Information VTG Course Over Ground and Ground Speed ZDATime & DateChapter 3NMEA-0183 Standard Sentence Details3.1 IntroductionThis section provides details for each available NMEA Standard Sentence.These formats are defined by the NMEA 0183 Standard Version 4.10 (June, 2012) - the descriptions and information provided in this section are for reference only. Vectron modules may not populate all fields as described by the NMEA specification, and in this case, these fields are marked “Not Supported”.3.2 GGA: Global Positioning System Fix DataMessage Structure:$XXGGA,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,x,xx,x.x,x.x,M,x.x,M,,*cs<CR><LF> Example:$GPGGA,020418.127,4048.4894,N,7720.2754,W,1,8,1.5,42.0,M,33.8,M,,*XX# Name Format Example Description1 UTC hhmmss.sss 020418.127 “hh” hour, “mm” minute, “ss.sss” second2 Latitude ddmm.mmmm 4048.4894 Latitude Degrees and Minutes3 Lat. N/S a N Latitude North or South4 Longitude dddmm.mmmm 7720.2754 Longitude Degrees and Minutes5 Long. E/W a W Longitude East or West6 Fix Quality x 1 “0” Fix Invalid, “1” Fix Valid7 Satellites1xx 8 Number of GPS satellites used in current fix8 HDOP2 x.x 1.5 Horizontal Dilution of precision9 Altitude x.x 42.0 Altitude above/below mean sea level10 Altitude Unit M M Unit of Altitude (meter)11 Geoidal Height xxx 33.8 Geoidal Height12 Geoidal Height Unit M M Unit of Geoidal Height (meter)13 Not Supported Field will be empty14 Not Supported Field will be emptyNotes:1)This field counts GPS, QZSS, and SBAS satellites only. Other GNSS satellites arenot included. Maximum number is 12.2)The HDOP field may be null if a valid fix is not available3.3 GLL: Geographic Position – Latitude/LongitudeMessage Structure:$XXGLL,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,hhmmss.sss,a,a*cs<CR><LF>Example:$GPGLL,4048.4894,N,7720.2754,W,020418.127,A,A*XX# Name Format Example Description1 Latitude ddmm.mmmm 4048.4894 Latitude Degrees and Minutes2 Lat. N/S a N Latitude North or South3 Longitude dddmm.mmmm 7720.2754 Longitude Degrees and Minutes4 Long. E/W a W Longitude East or West5 UTC hhmmss.sss 020418.127 “hh” hour, “mm” minute, “ss.sss” second6 Status a A “A” Data Valid, “V” Data Invalid7 Position Mode a A “A” Autonomous, “N” Data InvalidNotes:3.4 GNS: GNSS Fix DataMessage Structure:$XXGNS,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,xxx,xx,x.x,x.x,x.x,,,x*cs<CR><LF> Example:$GNGNS,020418.127,4048.4894,N,7720.2754,W,AAN,18,1.5,42.0,33.8,,,V*XX# Name Format Example Description1 UTC hhmmss.sss 020418.127 “hh” hour, “mm” minute, “ss.sss” second2 Latitude ddmm.mmmm 4048.4894 Latitude Degrees and Minutes3 Lat. N/S a N Latitude North or South4 Longitude dddmm.mmmm 7720.2754 Longitude Degrees and Minutes5 Long. E/W a W Longitude East or West6 Mode Indicator xxx AAN “A” Autonomous, “N” Invalid for each system(GPS, GLONASS, Galileo)7 Satellite Count xx 18 Number of satellites used (0-32)8 HDOP x.x 1.5 Horizontal Dilution of Precision (0.0-50.0)9 Altitude x.x 42.0 Altitude above mean sea-level (geoid)10 Geoidal Height x.x 33.8 Geoidal Height11 Not Supported12 Not Supported13 Nav. Status x V Navigation Status Indicator“S” Safe, “C” Caution, “U” Unsafe, “V” Not Valid Notes:3.5 GSA: GNSS DOP and Active SatellitesMessage Structure:$XXGSA,a,a,xx,xx,xx,…,xx,x.x,x.x,x.x,h*cs<CR><LF>Example:$GNGSA,A,3,09,15,26,05,24,21,08,02,29,28,18,10,0.8,0.5,0.5,1*XX$GNGSA,A,3,79,69,68,84,85,80,70,83,,,,,0.8,0.5,0.5,2*XX# Name Format Example Description1 Operation Mode a A “M” 2D/3D Fixed, “A” 2D/3D Auto-Switching2 Mode a3 “1” No Fix, “2” 2D Fix, “3” 3D Fix3-14 Satellite Numbers1xx 09 01-99, SVIDs used in fix15 PDOP x.x 0.8 Position Dilution of Precision16 HDOP x.x 0.5 Horizontal Dilution of Precision17 VDOP x.x 1.5 Vertical Dilution of Precision18 GNSS System ID h 2Notes:1)Multiple messages may be reported if multiple systems are used for the current fix(GPS, GLONASS, etc.). The identifier will follow the convention of other messages, but field 18 will indicate which system the message is providing information from.2)SVIDs are numbered as follows:a.GPS: 01-32b.SBAS: 33-51 (120 to 138)c.GLONASS: 65-92 (01 to 28)d.QZSS: 93-99 (193 to 199)3.6 GSV: GNSS Satellites in ViewMessage Structure:$XXGSV,x,x,x,xx,xx,xxx,xx,xx,xx,xxx,xx,xx,xx,xxx,xx,xx,xx,xxx,xx,…,h*cs<CR><LF>Example:$GPGSV,4,1,14,15,67,319,52,09,63,068,53,26,45,039,50,05,44,104,49,1*XX$GPGSV,4,2,14,24,42,196,47,21,34,302,46,18,12,305,43,28,11,067,41,1*XX$GPGSV,4,3,14,08,07,035,38,29,04,237,39,02,02,161,40,50,47,163,44,1*XX$GPGSV,4,4,14,42,48,171,44,93,65,191,48,,,,,,,,,1*XX$GLGSV,3,1,09,79,66,099,50,69,55,019,53,80,33,176,46,68,28,088,45,1*XX$GLGSV,3,2,09,70,25,315,46,78,24,031,42,85,18,293,44,84,16,246,41,1*XX$GLGSV,3,3,09,86,02,338,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1*XX# Name Format Example Description1 Number of Messages x 4 Total number of messages2 Message Number x 1 Message number in this sequence3 Number of Satellites x 14 Satellites in line-of-sight4 1st SV ID xx 15 Satellite ID Number5 1st SV Elevation xx 67 Satellite Elevation Angle (degree)6 1st SV Azimuth xxx 319 Satellite Azimuth Angle (degree)7 1st SV SNR xx 52 Satellite Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) (dB)8-11 2nd SV Details12-15 3rd SV Details16-19 4th SV Details20 Signal ID h 1Notes:1)Each message contains fields for 4 satellites, multiple messages may be reportedper each GNSS system, enough to indicate all satellites in line-of-sight. If less than4 satellites are reported by a message, the extra fields will be null.2)If a satellite is in line-of-sight but is not able to be used in the fix, the SNR field isleft null. A situation where this may be observed is if a satellite is predicted by the almanac to be visible, but is obscured or masked by an SNR mask or elevationmask.3)The ‘GN’ talker identifier is not used for GSV, as a GSV message or group ofmessages is reported for each system which is enabled and satellites are visible.4)SVIDs are numbered as follows:a.GPS: 01-32b.SBAS: 33-51 (120 to 138)c.GLONASS: 65-92 (01 to 28)d.QZSS: 93-99 (193 to 199)3.7 RMC: Recommended Minimum Navigation InformationMessage Structure:$XXRMC,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,x.x,x.x,ddmmyy,x.x,a,a,a*cs<CR><LF> Example:$GNRMC,020418.127,4048.4894,N,7720.2754,W,0.00,0.00,180116,,,A,V*XX# Name Format Example Description1 UTC hhmmss.sss 020418.127 “hh” hour, “mm” minute, “ss.sss” second2 Latitude ddmm.mmmm 4048.4894 Latitude Degrees and Minutes3 Latitude N/S a N Latitude North or South4 Longitude dddmm.mmmm 7720.2754 Longitude Degrees and Minutes5 Longitude E/W a W Longitude East or West6 Speed x.x 0.00 Speed in knots7 True Course x.x 0.00 Course in degrees8 Date ddmmyy UTC Date9 Not Supported10 Not Supported11 Positioning Mode a A “A” Autonomous, “N” Invalid12 Nav. Status a V Navigation Status Indicator“S” Safe, “C” Caution, “U” Unsafe, “V” Not Valid Notes:3.8 VTG: Course Over Ground and Ground SpeedMessage Structure:$XXVTG,x.x,T,x.x,M,x.x,N,x.x,K,a*cs<CR><LF>$GNVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,D*XX# Name Format Example Description1-2 True Course x.x,T 0.00,T True Coarse (degrees)3-4 Not Supported x.x,M ,M5-6 Speed – kts x.x,N 0.00,N Speed in knots7-8 Speed – km/h x.x,K 0.00,K Speed in km/h9 Positioning Mode a A “A” Autonomous, “N” Invalid Notes:3.9 ZDA: Time & Date$XXZDA,hhmmss.sss,xx,xx,xxxx,xxx,xx*cs<CR><LF>$GPZDA,014811.000,13,09,2013,+00,00*XX# Name Format Example Description1 UTC hhmmss.sss 020418.127 “hh” hour, “mm” minute, “ss.sss” secondUTC: Day xx 13 Day of monthUTC: Month xx 09 MonthUTC: Year xxxx 2013 YearLocal Zone Hours xxx +00 (+/-) 00 – 23Local Zone Minutes xx 00 00 – 59Notes:。
河北省衡水市衡水中学2025届高三3月份模拟考试英语试题含解析
河北省衡水市衡水中学2025届高三3月份模拟考试英语试题注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Many young people just can’t live without the Inte rnet, they depend on for whatever information they need. A．which B．when C．where D．what2．________enough money, the young man was unable to buy his girlfriend expensive jewelry.A．Not to save B．Not savingC．Not having saved D．Not saved3．Our company is seeking for a manager, especially ________ with creativity and imagination.A．the one B．eachC．one D．that4．—To apply for a short-term study visa in the UK, I have to be able to speak some English, but I want to go there just to learn English.—Oh, it’s really____.A．a confidential source B．a catch-22 situationC．a Pandora’s box D．a Herculean task5．Nobody knows why the boy can tell what’s written on the paper in another room without looking at it. It really_______ explanation.A．prevents B．challenges C．interrupts D．confuses6．The whole nation is struggling to work out an inexpensive ______ effective solution to smog.A．yet B．still C．or D．though7．After I left _______ Linchuan No.2 Middle School, I began college classes in _______ September 2010.A．a; the B．不填; the C．the; the D．不填；不填8．This was returned because the person ________ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.A．to whom B．to whichC．which D．whom9．— I am worn out. —Me too, all work and no play. So it’s time to ________.A．burn the midnight oil B．push the limitsC．go with the flow D．call it a day10．—Jenny, how was your trip to Beijing?—Oh, I missed it. I wish I ________ my vacation there.A．am spending B．will spend C．have spent D．had spent11．Many people fall into pa nic due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan but experts don’t expect this to be ________ as proper measures have been taken.A．compulsory B．contemporary C．temporary D．permanent12．The bus would not have run into the river ________ for the bad tempered lady.A．if it were not B．had it not beenC．if it would not be D．should it not be13．As often happens after long sleeplessness, he was ________ by an unreasoning panic.A．seized B．fascinatedC．impressed D．embarrassed14．Could I speak to__________ is in charge of International Sales please?A．who B．whatC．whoever D．whatever15．Parents need to encourage kids to develop their potential _____ putting too much pressure on them.A．without B．besidesC．by D．for16．A grand banquet was held by Elizabeth II _____ President Xi’s current state visit to the UK.A．in terms of B．in honor ofC．in favor of D．in memory of17．AlphaGo’s beating Go grandmaster Lee Sedol 4-1 has ________ an international debate about whether robots will completely take the place of humans.A．give off B．work outC．set off D．put out18．– She will finish the project within three days!-- ______________! I could do it in three hours.A．Y ou are right. B．I’m stuck. C．Oh, come on D．Don’t mention it.19．If I _____it wi th my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it.A．didn’t see B．weren’t seeingC．wouldn’t see D．hadn’t seen20．If it _____ earlier, the printing machine would not have broken down．A．has been repaired B．is repairedC．had been repaired D．was repaired第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
春天的作文英语
Spring is a season of rejuvenation and rebirth,a time when the world comes alive after the dormancy of winter.The air is fresh and crisp,and the days grow longer, inviting people to spend more time outdoors.The Arrival of SpringThe transition from winter to spring is a gradual one,marked by subtle changes in the environment.Snow begins to melt,and the ground softens,allowing the first signs of green to emerge.Buds appear on trees,and the first flowers of the season start to bloom, painting the landscape with vibrant colors.Natures SymphonySpring is a time of great activity in the natural world.Birds return from their winter migrations,filling the air with their melodious songs.The rustling of leaves and the buzzing of insects create a symphony of sounds that resonate with the awakening of nature.The Scents of SpringThe fragrances of spring are as varied as its colors.The earthy smell of damp soil,the sweet scent of blooming flowers,and the fresh aroma of newly grown grass all contribute to the sensory experience of this season.Spring ActivitiesPeople take advantage of the warmer weather to engage in outdoor activities.Picnics in the park,hiking through the countryside,and gardening are popular pastimes.Children enjoy flying kites and playing in the open spaces,while adults might take up cycling or running to enjoy the fresh air.The Impact on AgricultureSpring is a crucial time for farmers.It is the season for planting crops,and the success of the harvest often depends on the conditions during these months.The thawing of the soil and the availability of water are essential for the germination and growth of seeds. Cultural CelebrationsMany cultures celebrate the arrival of spring with festivals and rituals.In some parts of the world,this might involve dancing,feasting,or the decoration of homes and public spaces with symbols of the season,such as flowers and greenery.The Emotional AspectSpring often evokes feelings of optimism and renewal.It is a time when people reflect on the past and look forward to the future with hope.The rejuvenation of the natural worldcan serve as a metaphor for personal growth and the pursuit of new beginnings. ConclusionSpring is a season of transformation,a time when the world seems to be reborn.It is a period filled with beauty,activity,and the promise of new life.Whether one is drawn to the visual splendor of blossoming flowers,the sensory experience of fresh scents,or the emotional uplift that comes with the warmer days,spring is a season that holds a special place in the hearts of many.。
《家里物品英文》课件
Care and Maintenance
Proper care and maintenance of a microwave oven is essential to ensure its efficient operation and longevity.
Oven
Oven
A large appliance used for baking and roasting food.
Care and Maintenance
Proper care and maintenance of a dishwasher is essential to ensure its efficient operation and longevity.
Coffee Machine
Coffee Machine
sofa
The sofa is a long, upholstered seat that is typically found in the living room.
The sofa is a long, padded seat that is typically upholstered in a fabric or leather material. It is often found in the living room of a home or office, and is used for seating multiple people. Sofas come in various styles and sizes, and are available in a range of materials and colors to suit different tastes and decorating styles.
弹簧的设计(Design of Springs)
D1 D
D1
SEU-QRM
t
旋绕比(或称弹簧指数spring index), C=D2/d ——是最重要 的参数之一。弹簧指数愈小，其刚度愈大，弹簧愈硬，弹 簧内外侧的应力相差愈大，材料利用率低；反之弹簧愈软。 常用弹簧指数的选取参见表20.4。
弹簧丝直径 d/mm C 0.2~0.4 7~14 0.5~1 5~12 1.1~2.2 5~10 2.5~6 4~10 7~16 4~8 18~40 4~6
D
1760 1710 1710 1660 1620 1570 1570 1520
碳素弹簧钢丝用25～80、40Mn～70Mn制造。
SEU-QRM
13
20.2.2 Material Selection 材料选择 应考虑的因素 —— 弹簧的用途、重要程度与所受的载荷性 质、大小、循环特性、工作温度、周围介质等使用条件， 以及加工、热处理和经济性等，以便使选择结果与实际要 求相吻合。 钢是最常用的弹簧材料。 当受力较小而又要求防腐蚀、防磁等特性时，可以采用有 色金属。 此外，还有用非金属材料制做的弹簧，如橡胶、塑料、软 木及空气等。
螺旋扭转弹簧(helical torsion spring)
SEU-QRM
4
Variations of helical compression springs: Constant pitch (cylindrical), Conical, Barrel, Hourglass, Variable pitch
12
表20.3 碳素钢丝的抗拉强度下限值
钢丝直径 d/mm 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 级别
MPa
级别
立春英文文案-概述说明以及解释
立春英文文案1.Spring is in the air!2.Welcome the beginning of spring!3.Celebrate the arrival of spring with joy!4.Embrace the warmth and renewal of springtime!5.Feel the energy of the new season!6.Spring brings new opportunities and fresh beginnings.7.Say goodbye to winter and hello to spring!8.Let the blossoms of spring inspire you.9.Experience the beauty of nature's awakening.10.Enjoy the longer days and brighter sunlight of spring.11.Spring symbolizes growth, hope, and new possibilities.12.Watch nature come alive as spring arrives.13.Feel the gentle breeze and the rejuvenating spirit of spring.14.Spring is a time for new adventures and exploration.15.Let the magic of spring fill your days.16.Capture the vibrant colors of spring in your heart.17.Open your heart to the beauty of springtime.18.Awaken your senses with the sights, sounds, and scents of spring.19.Celebrate the change of seasons and the promise of spring.20.Let the freshness of spring inspire your spirit.21.Welcome the arrival of spring with a new perspective on life.22.As the days get longer, embrace the warmth and renewed energy of spring.23.Celebrate the beauty of nature's awakening with the arrival of spring.24.Spring is the time for new beginnings and fresh starts.25.Say goodbye to winter's chill and hello to the invigorating breeze of spring.26.Spring is the season to bloom and flourish.27.Let the vibrant colors of spring fill your life with joy and positivity.28.Rejoice in the rebirth of nature as spring paints the world in vivid hues.29.Spring is a reminder of the infinite cycle of life and the promise of renewal.30.Embrace the change of seasons and let the magic of spring transform your perspective.31.Feel the gentle touch of spring as it breathes life into every living being.32.Spring is a symphony of nature's orchestra playing a melody of beauty and abundance.33.Open your heart to the blessings of spring and let themguide your path.34.The arrival of spring brings hope and inspiration for a brighter future.35.Spring is a season of growth, both internally and externally.36.Awaken your senses and soak in the rejuvenating essence of spring.37.Let the energy of spring invigorate your soul and ignite your passion.38.With spring comes a renewed sense of purpose and zest for life.39.As winter fades away, spring fills the air with a sense of possibility and wonder.40.Let the gentle breeze of spring carry away your worries and rejuvenate your spirit.41.Celebrate the arrival of spring with our vibrant collection inspired by Li Chun!42.Revitalize your wardrobe with our latest spring collection!43.Awaken your senses and embrace the energy of Li Chun with our stunning designs.44.Experience the essence of spring with our enchanting Li Chun-themed collection.45.Step into the new season in style with our Li Chun-inspiredfashion pieces.46.Refresh your look and embrace the blooming season with our Li Chun collection.47.Rejuvenate your spirit and embrace the change of season with our Li Chun fashion.48.Embrace the spirit of renewal with our Li Chun-inspired fashion and accessories.49.Ignite your passion for fashion this spring with our Li Chun collection.50.Celebrate the start of spring with our Li Chun-inspired fashion lineup.51.Welcome the arrival of spring with open arms and our Li Chun collection.52.Indulge in the beauty of the new season with our Li Chun-inspired fashion pieces.53.Immerse yourself in the joyful atmosphere of Li Chun with our vibrant collection.54.Elevate your style this spring with our exclusive LiChun-themed fashion line.55.Embrace the energy of the new season with our LiChun-inspired fashion and accessories.56.Light up your wardrobe with our Li Chun collection andshine throughout the season.57.Experience the magic of Li Chun with our captivating collection.58.Wrap yourself in the warmth of spring with our LiChun-inspired fashion pieces.59.Celebrate the rebirth of nature with our Li Chun collection.60.Renew your fashion statement this spring with our Li Chun-inspired designs.61.Spring is just around the corner, and with it comes the beginning of a new season –the start of a fresh chapter.62.With the arrival of spring, nature awakens from its winter slumber, filling the world with vibrant colors and renewed energy.63.As the days grow longer and the weather warms up, it's time to shed the winter blues and embrace the joys of spring.64.The first day of spring brings hope and optimism, reminding us that change is the only constant in life.65.Springtime is a time for growth, rejuvenation, and new beginnings –a chance to bloom and flourish.66.With the arrival of spring, we bid farewell to the cold and darkness of winter, welcoming the warmth and light of a new season.67.Spring is a reminder that even after the harshest of winters,life finds a way to prevail and thrive.68.As the earth wakes up from its wintry slumber, so do our spirits –filled with vitality and enthusiasm.69.Springtime brings a sense of renewal, as flowers bloom, birds sing, and the world comes alive with beauty.70.The arrival of spring signifies the end of one journey and the beginning of another –a chance to start anew.71.The first day of spring is a celebration of nature's resilience and the triumph of life over adversity.72.Spring reminds us that even in the darkest of times, there is always a glimmer of hope on the horizon.73.With the coming of spring, we are reminded of the cycle of life –the endless rhythm of birth, growth, and rebirth.74.As nature awakens, so do our dreams and aspirations –spring is a time for setting goals and chasing them with passion.75.Spring brings a sense of freshness and vitality, washing away the stale energy of winter and invigorating our spirits.76.The arrival of spring is a gentle reminder that there is beauty and goodness in the world, even during the toughest of times.77.As the world around us springs back to life, so do our hearts –filled with joy, love, and a renewed sense of purpose.78.Spring is a time for cleansing and decluttering –both ourphysical spaces and our minds.79.With the arrival of spring, we are reminded to embrace change, let go of the past, and embrace new possibilities.80.Springtime is a symphony of sights, sounds, and scents –the perfect harmony of nature's wonders.81.Spring is in the air!82.Goodbye winter, hello spring!83.A new season, a fresh start.84.Embrace the warmth of spring.85.A time for renewal and rejuvenation.86.Be inspired by the beauty of nature.87.Rejoice, for spring has arrived.88.The beginning of a colorful journey.89.Celebrate the arrival of spring with joy.90.Awaken your senses with the arrival of spring.91.Let the sunshine in and embrace the new season.92.Bid farewell to the cold and welcome the warmth.93.Springtime brings hope and new beginnings.94.Nature is waking up from its winter slumber.95.Enjoy the longer days and shorter nights of spring.96.Experience the magic of spring in full bloom.97.Time to put away your winter coat and embrace the lighterlayers.98.Capture the essence of spring in every moment.99.Let the beauty of spring surround you.100.Welcome, spring! Let the adventure begin.101.Spring is just around the corner, with the arrival of Li Chun.102.As we bid farewell to winter, let's embrace the warmth and hope of spring.103.Li Chun marks the beginning of a new season, and with it comes new possibilities.104.Get ready to awaken from the cold slumber and embrace the vibrant energy of spring.105.With Li Chun, nature starts to bloom, symbolizing the renewal of life.106.Welcome Li Chun with open arms, as it brings blessings and prosperity.107.Take a moment to appreciate the beauty of Li Chun and the wonders it brings.108.As the days grow longer, let's seize the opportunities that Li Chun presents.109.Li Chun reminds us that change is inevitable, but it also brings growth and renewal.110.Embrace the freshness of Li Chun and embark on newbeginnings.111.The arrival of Li Chun heralds the end of winter's harshness and the start of a gentle spring.112.With Li Chun comes the promise of warmer days and blossoming flowers.113.Li Chun is the perfect time to reset, recharge, and set new goals.114.Let the arrival of Li Chun inspire you to chase your dreams with renewed vigor.115.Li Chun is a reminder that life is full of cycles, and each cycle brings its own beauty.116.The arrival of Li Chun brings a sense of hope and optimism for the year ahead.e Li Chun as an opportunity to reflect on the past and embrace the future.118.Li Chun is like a breath of fresh air, invigorating and rejuvenating our spirits.119.As Li Chun arrives, let go of the burdens of the past and embrace a brighter future.120.With Li Chun, the world transforms into a canvas of vibrant colors and endless possibilities.121.Spring is knocking on the door. Are you ready to embracethe new beginnings?122.Seize the moment and let the essence of spring invigorate your spirit.123.As the earth awakens, let your dreams flourish and blossom.124.Spring is the season of growth and transformation. Embrace the changes and bloom.125.Feel the warmth of the sun on your face, and let the energy of spring ignite your passion.126.Let go of the past and embrace the freshness of spring.127.With every breath of fresh air, feel the rejuvenation of your soul.128.Spring whispers hope and promises of brighter days ahead. Embrace the optimism.129.As the earth comes to life, let your creativity bloom and flourish.130.Let the vibrant colors of spring inspire a renewed sense of wonder.131.Spring is a blank canvas waiting for you to paint your dreams upon.132.As nature reawakens, let your spirit be refreshed and reborn.133.Spring is a time of renewal and rebirth. Embrace the energy of the season.134.Cherish the little joys that spring brings and let them fill your heart with happiness.135.Greet the first day of spring with a smile and a heart full of gratitude.136.As the world comes alive, let the beauty of spring surround and inspire you.137.Spring reminds us that after darkness comes light. Embrace the journey of self-discovery.138.Allow the gentle breeze of spring to carry away your worries and bring you peace.139.With spring comes the promise of growth and new possibilities. Embrace the opportunities.140.As the season changes, let go of what no longer serves you and make room for new beginnings.141.Spring is in the air as we welcome the arrival of Li Chun!142.Experience the warmth of spring with Li Chun's arrival.143.As Li Chun comes, feel the renewal of nature and energy.144.With Li Chun's arrival, let the new beginnings unfold.145.Embrace the energy of Li Chun and embark on a fresh start.146.Lift your spirits as Li Chun brings the promise of a brighterfuture.147.Rejuvenate your mind, body, and soul with the arrival of Li Chun.148.As Li Chun approaches, leave behind the cold of winter and step into the warmth of spring.149.With Li Chun comes the opportunity to leave the past behind and embrace new possibilities.150.Spring into action as Li Chun heralds the start of a new season.151.Feel the vibrancy of spring as Li Chun fills the air with hope and renewal.152.As Li Chun arrives, let go of old habits and embrace positive change.153.With Li Chun's arrival, seize the opportunity to start anew.154.Step into the light of Li Chun and leave behind the darkness of winter.155.As Li Chun approaches, let go of the old and make room for the new.156.Embrace the energy of Li Chun to fuel your ambitions and dreams.157.As Li Chun comes, it's time to bloom and grow.158.With Li Chun's arrival, feel the energy of rejuvenation andtransformation.159.Let the arrival of Li Chun inspire you to embrace the beauty of change.160.As Li Chun marks the dawn of spring, embrace the opportunity for growth and renewal.。
春节的故事(英文作文)
Title: Echoes of Spring: A Story of Lunar New YearIn the heart of a small village nestled amidst rolling hills, the air crackles with anticipation as the year draws to a close. The lunar calendar signals the approach of Spring Festival, known widely as Chinese New Year, a time when families gather, traditions are honored, and hopes for a prosperous future are renewed. This is not just any celebration—it is a vibrant tapestry woven from threads of history, culture, and familial bonds, stretching across generations.As the final days of the old year wind down, the village buzzes with activity. Red decorations, symbols of good fortune and joy, adorn every corner. Paper cutouts, intricate dragons, and lanterns festoon homes and marketplaces, transforming the familiar landscape into a sea of scarlet and gold. The scent of incense mingles with the aroma of traditional dishes being prepared, creating an olfactory symphony that heralds the impending festivities.In the midst of this whirlwind, there is a family whose story is emblematic of the spirit of the Spring Festival. Grandma Li, a woman whose hands carry the wisdom of many springs, begins the preparations early. She kneads dough for dumplings, symbolizing wealth, and cooks fish, a homophone for “surplus” in Chinese, ensuring abundance for the coming year. Her grandchildren, now grown and scattered across distant cities, make their way home, guided by an unspoken call to reconnect with roots and heritage.The reunion dinner, the pinnacle of the Spring Festival, gathers the family around a table laden with dishes that tell stories of the past and hopes for the future. Each plate holds significance, from the glutinous rice balls representing family togetherness to the longevity noodles that wish for health and long life. As they feast, laughter and conversation fill the air, bridging the gaps created by time and distance. Stories are shared, memories are revisited, and the warmth of kinship envelops the room, a tangible manifestation of the festival's spirit.Amidst the revelry, there is a moment of reflection. Fireworks paint the sky with brilliant hues, their explosions echoing the ancient belief in warding off evil spirits. The dazzling display is a testament to the resilience of tradition, a reminder of the strength found in unity and the power of hope. The children, wide-eyed and awestruck, hold sparklers, their faces illuminated by the fleeting light, embodying the promise of a bright tomorrow.Yet, the Spring Festival is not solely a celebration of the present; it is also a bridge to the past and a path toward the future. As the elders recount tales of ancestors and heroes, they instill values of respect, perseverance, and the importance of family in the younger generation. The passing of red envelopes, filled with money and blessings, signifies the transfer of good fortune and the bestowing of luck upon the next chapter of life.As the night deepens, the echoes of Spring Festival reverberate through the village. The sounds of gaiety fade into the background, replaced by the gentle hum of contentment. The family, now recharged and reconnected, disperses to their respective lives, carrying with them the warmth of the festival, the strength of their heritage, and the promise of a new beginning.In the days that follow, the village returns to its usual rhythm, but the spirit of the Spring Festival lingers. It is a reminder of the enduring power of tradition, the importance of family, and the unbreakable bond that ties generations together. TheSpring Festival is not just a celebration—it is a story of renewal, a tale of hope, and an eternal echo of spring, resonating through the ages.To visually complement the story of the Spring Festival, here is an illustration depicting a family gathering during this joyous occasion in a Chinese village, surrounded by festive decorations, sumptuous food, and the awe-inspiring display of fireworks. This image captures the essence of unity, tradition, and celebration that defines the Lunar New Year for countless families around the world.。
描述风景作文英语
When describing a landscape in an essay,it is essential to paint a vivid picture with your words,allowing the reader to visualize the scene as if they were there.Here are some key elements to include in your essay:1.Setting:Begin by establishing the location and time of day.This could be a mountain range at sunrise,a tranquil lake at dusk,or a bustling cityscape at night.2.Atmosphere:Describe the mood of the landscape.Is it serene,aweinspiring,or bustling with activity?Use adjectives that convey the atmosphere,such as peaceful, majestic,or vibrant.3.Natural Elements:Include details about the natural features of the landscape.Describe the colors of the sky,the texture of the trees,the patterns of the water,and the scent of the air.4.Flora and Fauna:Mention the plants and animals that inhabit the landscape.Are there lush forests,blooming flowers,or a variety of bird species?Describe their appearance and behavior.5.Human Presence:If people are part of the landscape,describe their activities and how they interact with the environment.Are they hiking,fishing,or simply enjoying the view?6.Light and Shadow:The play of light and shadow can greatly enhance the visual appeal of a landscape.Describe how the sun casts light on the scene,creating highlights and shadows that add depth and dimension.7.Sound:Incorporate the auditory elements of the landscape.Are there the sounds of rustling leaves,chirping birds,or the gentle lapping of water against the shore?8.Weather Conditions:The weather can dramatically change the appearance of a landscape.Describe the impact of rain,snow,fog,or sunshine on the scene.9.Seasonal Changes:If relevant,mention how the landscape might change with the seasons.This could include the blossoming of flowers in spring,the vibrant colors of autumn leaves,or the stark beauty of a winter landscape.10.Personal Reflection:Conclude your essay with a personal reflection on the landscape. How does it make you feel?What memories or emotions does it evoke?Remember to use sensory language to engage the readers senses and create a rich,immersive experience.Heres a brief example to illustrate these points:As the sun dipped below the horizon,the sky transformed into a canvas of fiery hues, from the deepest crimson to the softest pink.The tranquil lake mirrored the spectacle,its surface a shimmering reflection of the celestial artistry above.The air was crisp and cool, carrying the faint scent of damp earth and the distant laughter of children playing by the waters edge.A gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the surrounding trees,their branches casting long,dancing shadows on the ground.The landscape was a symphony of colors, sounds,and sensations,a testament to the beauty and tranquility of natures embrace.This example incorporates many of the elements mentioned above,creating a vivid and engaging description of a landscape at sunset.。
(中国文化)英语复习
➢Overview1.The red colour of the National Flag of the PRC symbolizes revolution and theyellow colour of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land、The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the munist Party of China (CPC)、2.China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west andplains in the east、Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains about 33%、3.The first primitive man known to have existed in China is Yuanmou Man, wholived about 1、7 million years ago、Peking Man, who existed more than 600,000 years ago at Zhoukoudian, in the vicinity of modern Beijing, could walk upright, make and use simple tools, and make use of fire、4.Equality, unity, and mon prosperity are the basic principles of the Chinesegovernment in handling the relations between ethnic groups、5.PRC————People’s republic of China————中华人民共与国CPPCC———Chinese People’s Political consultative Conference———中国人民政治协商会议CPC——munist Party of China——中国共产党NPC——National People’s Congress——全国人民代表大会《义勇军进行曲》:March of the Volunteers京杭大运河:the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou炎黄子孙:descendants of Yan and Huang特别行政区:special administrative region一国两制:one country, two systems6.Located in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the PacificOcean, the PRC has a land area of about 9、6 million square kilometers, and is the third largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada、China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in the east、Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67% of Chinese territory, basins and plains about 33%、Most of China lies in the north temperate zone, characterized by a warm climate and distinctive seasons, a climate well suited for habitation、➢Chapter11.The philosophy in the pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of variousancient philosophy views、The most influential schools were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism、2.Ancient Chinese philosophers share some mon features such as their stress onspiritual existence, practice, morality, harmony and intuition、3.Chinese ethics and morality focuses more on harmony, collectivism and spirituallife、4.China, as a multi-religion country, has indigenous Taoist religion and religions offoreign origin such as Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity、5.The White Horse Temple located in the east of Luoyang, Henan Province, wasthe first officially built Buddhist temple in China in the Eastern Han dynasty、6.罢黜百家,独尊儒术:banning all schools of thought except Confucianism佛经:Buddhist scriptures三从四德:three obediences and four virtues八仙过海,各显神通:When the Eight Immortals cross the sea,each demonstrates their devine power、《古兰经》:the Koran7.China is a multi-religion country、The religions that are believed by Chinesepeople are mainly Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity, among which Taoism is indigenous to China while the others are of foreign origin、Chinese citizens may freely choose their religious beliefs and make clear their religious affiliations、➢Chapter21.On Faults of Qin——Jia Yi——Han dynastySong of Eternal Sorrow——Bai Juyi——Tang dynastyThe Scholarship——Wu Jingzi——Ming & Qing dynastiesThe Goddess——Guo Moruo——modern periodWives and Concubines——Su Tong——contemporary period2.诸子散文——philosophical prose文学评论——literary criticism婉约派——soft and tuneful school四大名著——the Four Great Classical Novels诺贝尔文学奖——the Nobel Prize for Literature3.The book of Songs, the first anthology of poetry in China,includes 305 poemsfrom the early Western Zhou dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, In the light of their rhythms, the works can be divided into three sections: feng, ya and song、The poems in The Book of Songs are mainly written in four character lines、In terms of its writing technique, it can be classified into fu, bi, and xing、As the starting point of Chinese literature, The Book of Songs has great influence on the literary works of later generations、➢Chapter31.Calligraphy retains the beauty of nature and illuminates the spiritual beauty ofhuman beings、Chinese calligraphy stresses the overall layout and harmony between words and lines、2.Traditional Chinese painting refers to ink-wash painting、It can be traced to theTang dynasty and flourished from the Yuan dynasty onwards、It holds an important place in the history of traditional landscape painting、3.Chinese opera in considered one of the three ancient forms of drama in the world,with the other two being Greek tragedy and edy and Indian Sanskrit opera、Of these three, only Chinese opera still remains alive、4.Erhu, sometimes known in the West as the “Chinese violin” , is a twostring bowedmusical instrument and is used as a solo instrument as well as for small ensembles and large orchestras、The most popular erhu piece is Two Springs Reflect the Moon、5.楷书:regular script 相声:crosstalk文房四宝:Four Treasures of the Study皮影戏:shadow plays弦乐器:plucked instruments6.Beijing Opera, which has a history of more than 200years, enjoys the greatestreputation among China’s traditional operas、In Beijing Opera, performers wear different types of make-up according to the characters they perform、Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four major artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera、Each action of a Beijing Opera performer is highly symbolic、Gestures, footwork, and other body movements can express the actions such as opening a door, going upstairs, rowing a boat, riding a horse, etc、➢Chapter41.Before 1905, there were two kinds of schools in China: private schools,run by scholars teaching students at home, and official institutions, which were open to children of nobles、2.In Chinese basic education, the curriculum is designed to makestudents well-round in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetical developments, based upon cognitive learning and the developmental needs of children at different ages、3.Secondary vocational school is an alternative to senior middle school、Its objective is to prepare students for the lines of production, services, technical services, management, etc、4.The history of higher education in China can be traced back to the Handynasty over 2000 years ago、It established taixue as the highest educational institute to cultivate senior scholars to help administer national affairs、Since the Sui dynasty, the institute for higher education was called guozijian, which was also the highest administrative bureau for national affairs、5.四书五经:Four Books and Five Classics科举制度:imperial civil examination system九年义务教育:Nine-Year pulsory Education职业教育: vocational education孔子学院:Confucius Institute6.The imperial civil examination system was an examination systemthrough which talented people were recognized and selected as government officials in China’s feudal society、The practice began in the Sui dynasty and lasted about 1300 years until the end of the Qing dynasty、It had profound impact on the post-Sui-Tang China’s social structure, political system, educational system, and humanistic ideologies、➢Chapter51.The four great inventions in ancient China have bee important symbols of China’simportant role in human civilization、They are the pass, gunpowder, paper-making and printing、2.TCM is very different from Western medicine in its means of diagnosis andtreatment, and its position of drugs and prescriptions、3.The seismograph, invented by Zhang Heng, can indicate the direction of a distantearthquake、It was over 1700years later that a similar instrument was invented in Europe、4.On 20 November 1984,xiangyanghong-10 sailed from Shanghai, arriving inAntarctica on 25 December, marking a significant progress in China’s polar research、5.Tiangong-1 is China’s first space station which serves as both a mannedlaboratory and an experimental testbed、It demonstrates its orbital rendezvous and docking capabilities、6.Bian Que——four methods of diagnosisHua Tuo——mafeisanZhang Zhongjing——On DiseasesLi Shizhen——pendium of Meteria Medica7.活字印刷术:movable type printing五禽戏:Five-Animal Exercises四则运算: four fundamental operations of arithmetic哥德巴赫猜想:Goldbach’s Conjecture杂交水稻: hybrid rice8.When it es to China’s ancient science and technology, people may immediatelythink of the four great inventions, namely, the pass, gunpowder, paper-makingand printing、However, in ancient China, great achievements were also made in astronomy, mathematics, traditional Chinese medicine, agriculture, manufacturing and so on、Achievements made in traditional Chinese medicine were especially remarkable、Bian Que, of the Warring States period, invented the four methods of diagnosis: observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, and palpation and pulse feeling、pendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen is regarded as the most plete and prehensive medical book ever written in the history of traditional Chinese medicine、➢Chapter61.Tang dynasty——equestrian poloSong dynasty——cujuYuan dynasty——chuiwan2.Modern martial arts consist of five categories: boxing, weapon exercises, sparringexercises, actual bat and teamwork、3.Qigong, also called deep breathing exercise, is practiced by the Chinese on aregular basis to keep fit、“Qi” literally means “air” and implies “life force”、4.Yangge is a traditional dance acpanied by rhythmic folk music or singing, with thedancers dressed in costumes and holding fans or handkerchiefs、5.It was not until 1932 when the 10th Olympic Games were held in Los Angeles thatChina was invited for the first time to send athletes to pete、Again in Los Angeles in 1984, Xu Haifeng was the first gold medal winner, which marked the beginning of China’s success in the Olympic Games、6.踢毽子: shuttlecock kicking武术: martial arts太极拳: tai chi chuan全民健身: nationwide physical fitness北京奥运会:Beijing Olympic Games7.With hundreds of styles, Chinese martial arts can be divided into many schools、As an important school of Chinese martial arts, tai chi chuan is marked with slow and gentle movements、Since it can be used for self-defense and body building, tai chi chuan has bee an important method of physical exercise for people、At the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games, the tai chi chuan performance given by 2008 players created a great sensation、➢Chapter71.Zhuang people ——Antiphonal Singing FestivalMiao people——Jumping Flower FestivalDai people——Water-Splashing FestivalYao people——Danu FestivalMongolians——Nadam FairBai people——Third Month Festival2.小年——Preliminary Eve春节联欢晚会——Spring Festival Gala七夕节——Double Seventh Festival自治州——autonomous prefecture黄金周——Golden Week3.The Spring Festival is China’s most important traditional festival that falls on thefirst day of the first lunar month、There are many customs observed during this festival such as burning firecrackers, pasting Spring Festival couplets, paying New Year visits, eating dumplings, etc、There are various celebrations in different places during this festival, among which traditional temple fairs last for days、➢Chapter81.Generally speaking, there are three essential standards by which Chinese cookingis judged, namely, color, aroma, and taste, with taste being the most important、2.At a formal banquet, the host prepares adequate seats foe the guests、The elderlyand people of high status usually sit at the northern side of the table or directly facing the entrance to the room、The concept of “honored south, humble north” is closely related with traditional Chinese etiquette、3.Chinese tea can be classified into five basic categories according to their differentprocessing techniques、The five types are green tea, black tea, oolong tea, pressed tea, and scented tea、Some minor types are white tea and yellow tea、4.The drinkers’wager game has many forms, depending on the drinkers’socialstatus, and interest、Generally, there are three categories: general games, literary games and peting games、5.八大菜系——eight regional cuisines老火靓汤——double-stewed soup《舌尖上得中国》——A Bite of China乌龙茶——oolong tea交杯酒——arm-crossed wine6.There is an old saying in China, “food is what matters most to people、” It illustratesthe significant role food plays in the life of Chinese people、As a vast country with diverse climates, products, and customs, China is known to have eight regional cuisines which include Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Hunan cuisines、There are three essential standards by which Chinese cooking is judged, namely, color, aroma, and taste, with taste being the most important、The names of Chinese dishes are many and various、There are interesting stories behind the names of famous Chinese dishes, which add to the mystique of Chinese food culture、➢Chapter91.Chinese rules of etiquette regarding costumes and adornments started takingshape in the Zhou dynasty, regulating from nobles down to moners、2.Band knots had been used in the front of costumes for several thousand yearsbefore the Ming dynasty, but they were replaced by buttons for the first time in the Ming dynasty、3.The four most famous types of embroidery in China are Sichuan embroidery,Suzhou embroidery, Hunan embroidery and Guangdong embroidery、4.When a girl is born into a Miao family, her parents will save on food and expensesso as to purchase a plete set of silver jewelry for her、5.The Korean people are known as the “people in white” due to their special love ofthe white color、6.稻田装——paddy-field costume丝绸之路——Silk Road蜡染——batik or wax painting中山装——Chinese tunic suit订婚礼物——betrothal gift7.As a vital part of Chinese civilization, traditional Chinese costumes andadornments play an important role in the country’s history and culture、On the stage of modern fashion, the Tang costume, cheongsam, and Chinese tunic suit have still been popular; and they have bee the source of inspirations for many top fashion designers、Embroidery, batik, and other traditional Chinese folk arts have also attracted tourists at home and abroad、。
AT-20S 音乐器说明书
AT-20S A popular model designed to bring the enjoyment oforgan music to everyone.Enhanced ease of use makes it possible for even beginners to enjoy playing the organ.Simplified Design for Easy PlayWith its straightforward layout and large, color-coded buttons, the AT-20S makes playingthe organ more intuitive than ever. Even first-time players will soon be able to take advantageof the organ’s many advanced features. And because all models in the Atelier seriesare based on the same design concept, you’ll feel right at home on any Atelier you play.This design, based on the advice and suggestions of professional organists from around the world, also helps make organ operations easier for beginners to learn and remember.High-quality Organ SoundsAn abundant collection of organ sounds from around the world has been incorporatedinto the AT-20S, reflecting the rich history of organ music and performance that ranges frompipe organs to theater organs, jazz organs, and much more.The superb sound quality and musical expressiveness of the AT-20S place it at the top of its class. Your “Virtual” Orchestra AwaitsIn addition to rich organ and piano sounds, the AT-20S offers a wide range of instrumentsounds including brass and strings—even popular “Human V oice” sounds like Jazz Scat and Gregorian Choir. The AT-20S also features new Active Expression Sound for a variedselection of acoustic expression, from the unique fortes of brass and woodwind instrumentsto the subtle harmonies of layered organ sounds.Play Along with Built-in StylesThe AT-20S incorporates acoustic music styles that make ideal accompaniments for a varietyof genres, as well as numerous rhythms and performance patterns. For true authenticity,each style, rhythm and pattern was created by specialists in their respective genres—it’s like having your own live band! The AT-20S also has a varietyof “Style Orchestrator” functions that let youenjoy four different arrangements and combinationsof instruments for each musical style.An Impressive Array of FeaturesThe AT-20S boasts numerous innovative digital functions to enhance yourperformance: A floppy disk drive lets you play along with commercially available Standard MIDI File (SMF) disks, complete with lyric display in the LCD.A 7-track composer provides unlimited composition possibilities, while MIDIand other interfaces let you connect the AT-20S to a computer. These andother functions greatly enhance your performance capabilities.Photo shows model AT-80S.AT-20S shown with an optional bench on the cover. AT-20SDramatic organ performance with beautiful, dynamic expressiveness.AT-20S shown with an optional bench on the cover.All specifications and appearance are subject to change without notice.Manuals Upper 49 (C3-C7)Lower 61 (C2-C7)Pedal 13 (C2-C3)V oices 150Upper Organ Full, Jazz, Pipe etc.Upper Orchestral Strings, Piano, Brass, Choir, Guitar etc. Lower Organ Lower1/2, Pipe etc.Lower Orchestral Strings, Piano, Brass, Choir, Guitar etc. Solo Trumpet, Sax, Flute etc.Pedal Organ Organ etc.Number of Accompaniment/SMF Play Voices 226Drums Sets 8Sound Effects Sets 1Effects Rotary Sound, Reverb, Chorus, Glide, Sustain Harmony Intelligence 4Arranger Function Arranger On/Off, Start/Stop, Intro/Ending, Sync Start, Fill In (Variation/Original), Leading Bass, Orchestrator (Basic/Advanced1/Advanced2/Full), Cord Intelligence, Intro Count Down, One Touch Program Music Styles 90Overwritable Styles 2One Touch Program 360Registration Memories 4Composer Tracks 7Note Storage Approx. 40,000 notesSong Length Max. 999 measuresTempo Quarter note = 20 to 250Resolution 120 ticks per quarter noteRecording RealtimeDisk Drive 3.5 inch floppy disk drive (2DD/2HD )Display 16 characters, 2 lines (backlit LCD )Rated Power Output 30W x 2Speakers 16cm (6-1/2") x 2, 8cm (3") x 2Pedals Damper pedal, Expression pedal, Left foot switch (assignable)Connectors AC inlet, Phone jack (Stereo), Pedal connector, MIDI connectors (In/Out), Audio output jacks (L(MONO)/R), Mic jack, Computer connectorPower Consumption 100W (AC117V , AC230V , AC240V)Finish Simulated mahoganyDimensions (incl. stand )1162(W) x 576(D) x 1211(H) mm 45-3/4(W) x 22-11/16(D) x 47-11/16(H) inches Weight (incl. stand ) 72.3 kg (159 lbs 7 oz)Accessories Owner’s manual,3.5 inch floppy disk (blank disk), Music Style disk, Power cordPrinted in Japan Aug 2001 RAM-3445 ASA-day B-4AT -20S Visit us online at /Roland Corporation U.S.5100 S. Eastern Avenue, P.O. Box 910921, Los Angeles, CA 90091-0921Phone: (323) 890-3700 Fax: (323) 890-3701。
春天里的一棵树中考英语作文
春天里的一棵树中考英语作文English CompositionA Tree in Spring: A Tale of RenewalIn the heart of spring, when the world dons its most vibrant attire, there stands a solitary tree, a sentinel of nature's timeless cycle. It is not just any tree, but a living testament to the beauty andresilience that spring bestows upon the earth. This tree, with its gnarled branches and sturdy trunk, has witnessed countless springs, each one a unique chapter in the grand narrative of life.As winter's chill recedes, the tree awakens from its dormant state. The first signs of spring are subtle—a slight softening of the air, a gentle warming of the sun's rays. The tree feels the call of the season, and slowly, almost imperceptibly, it begins to change. Buds form on its branches, tiny green promises of the life to come.As the days grow longer and the sun's embrace warmer, the tree's transformation continues. The buds burst open, revealing delicate leaves that unfurl like the pages of a book, each one a story waiting to be told. The leaves are a lush green, a color so vivid it seems to defy the very nature of the world, a testament to the power of life.The tree is not alone in its celebration of spring. Birds buildtheir nests in its branches, finding safety and shelter in its sturdy limbs. They sing their songs of joy, their melodies harmonizing with the rustling leaves, creating a symphony of life that fills the air. Thetree provides a home for these avian musicians, a sanctuary where they can raise their young and live in harmony with the seasons.Beneath the tree, a carpet of wildflowers springs to life, their colors a patchwork quilt of nature's design. The flowers add their own fragrance to the air, a sweet perfume that mingles with the scent of the tree's leaves. Together, they create a tapestry of life, a living mosaic that is as intricate as it is beautiful.As spring progresses, the tree becomes a focal point for the community of life that surrounds it. It is a place of gathering, a placewhere all creatures come to partake in the bounty of the season. It is a testament to the interconnectedness of life, a reminder that we are all part of a larger whole.In the evenings, as the sun begins to set, the tree casts long shadows across the field. Its silhouette is a stark contrast against the orange and pink hues of the sky, a reminder of the cycle of day and night, of life and death. Yet, even as the darkness falls, the tree stands strong, a sentinel of the night, waiting for the dawn to bring forth another day of renewal.The tree in spring is a symbol of hope, a beacon of life in a world that often seems chaotic and uncertain. It is a reminder that no matter how bleak things may seem, there is always the promise of a new beginning, a new chance to grow and thrive. As I stand beneath its branches, I am filled with a sense of awe and gratitude for the simple yet profound beauty that the tree embodies.中文作文春天里的一棵树：复苏的故事春天的心脏地带，当世界穿上最鲜艳的服装时，有一棵树孤独地站立着，它是自然永恒循环的见证者。
制作英语四季书签作文
Creating a set of English bookmarks themed around the four seasons can be a delightful and educational project.Heres a stepbystep guide on how you can craft these bookmarks,complete with ideas for their design and the English phrases you might want to include.Spring BookmarkDesign Ideas:Use pastel colors to represent the soft hues of spring.Include images of flowers like daffodils,tulips,or cherry blossoms.Add a silhouette of a butterfly or a bee to symbolize the awakening of nature.English Phrases:April showers bring May flowers.Spring is natures way of saying,Lets party!The arrival of spring is the beginning of everything.Summer BookmarkDesign Ideas:Choose bright and vibrant colors to reflect the warmth of summer.Feature images of the sun,beach scenes,or ice cream cones.Incorporate motifs like sunglasses,flipflops,or a beach umbrella.English Phrases:Summer is the time when the earth is refreshed and rejuvenated.The days may be hot,but the memories are cool.Summer:when the sun takes center stage.Autumn BookmarkDesign Ideas:Use warm,earthy tones like orange,red,and brown.Depict leaves falling from trees or a pumpkin for Halloween.Consider adding a silhouette of a scarecrow or a cornucopia.English Phrases:Autumn is the season of the falling leaf and the ripening fruit.Let the autumn winds blow gently through your life.Autumn:the years last,loveliest smile.Winter BookmarkDesign Ideas:Opt for cool colors like white,blue,and silver to evoke the feeling of cold weather. Illustrate snowflakes,snowmen,or a cozy fireplace.Include elements like mittens,scarves,or a steaming cup of cocoa.English Phrases:Winter is the time for comfort,for good food and warmth,for the touch of a friendly hand and for a talk beside the fire.May your winter be filled with warmth and joy.Winter:the perfect time to snuggle up with a good book.Materials Needed:Cardstock or heavy paperScissorsPencil and eraserRulerGlue or doublesided tapeColored pencils,markers,or watercolor paintsHole punch optionalRibbon or string optional for hangingSteps to Create the Bookmarks:1.Design Your Bookmarks:Sketch your designs on paper first,then transfer them to the cardstock.2.Cut Out Shapes:Use scissors to carefully cut out the shapes for each season.3.Add Details:Use colored pencils,markers,or paints to add details to your designs.4.Write Phrases:Neatly write the English phrases youve chosen with a finetip pen or marker.5.Punch Holes:If you want to hang your bookmarks,punch a hole at the top and thread a ribbon or string through.mination Optional:For a more durable bookmark,consider laminating them. Remember,the key to a great bookmark is not just its visual appeal but also its functionality.Make sure the bookmark is the right size to be practical for marking your place in a book.Enjoy the process of creating these seasonal keepsakes,and they will serve as a beautiful reminder of the changing seasons throughout the year.。
花园作文英语
花园作文英语花园作文英语A garden is a place where various plants flowers and trees are cultivated and grown. It can be a small backyard area or a large public park. People often visit gardens to relax enjoy nature and get some fresh air. Gardening is also a popular hobby for many as it allows them to connect with nature and grow their own plants.In English when writing about a garden you can use various descriptive words and phrases to bring the scene to life. Here are some ideas to get you started1. Title The Enchanted Garden This title suggests a magical and captivating garden.2. Introduction Begin by setting the scene. You might describe the location of the garden its size and the overall atmosphere.Nestled in the heart of the city lies an oasis of tranquility a garden that transports visitors to a serene world away from the hustle and bustle of urban life.3. Describing Plants Use vivid adjectives to describe the plants and flowers.The lush greenery of the garden is a feast for the eyes with vibrant hues of red pink and yellow flowers dotting the landscape.4. Senses Engage the readers senses by describing what they can see hear smell and touch. The sweet fragrance of roses fills the air mingling with the earthy scent of damp soil awakening the senses.5. Garden Layout Describe the layout and design of the garden.The garden is meticulously planned with winding paths leading to hidden corners each revealing a new surprise of blooming flowers or a tranquil water feature.6. Seasonal Changes Mention how the garden changes with the seasons.Spring brings the garden to life with a riot of colors as buds burst open while summersees the garden in its full glory lush and vibrant.7. Wildlife Include the wildlife that inhabits the garden.Birds flit from branch to branch their melodic songs adding to the symphony of nature that plays out in this urban sanctuary.8. Human Interaction Describe how people interact with the garden.Visitors to the garden can often be seen strolling along the paths some lost in thought others engaged in lively conversation all enjoying the peaceful ambiance.9. Conclusion End with a reflection on the importance or impact of the garden.The garden serves as a reminder of the beauty and tranquility that can be found even in the most unexpected places a testament to the power of nature to heal and inspire. Remember to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to make your essay engaging and descriptive. Happy writing。
钟表用英语写作文
钟表用英语写作文Title: The Art and Science of Horology: A Journey Through Time。
From the grandeur of ancient sundials to the precision of modern atomic clocks, the evolution of timekeeping devices has been an enduring testament to human ingenuity and innovation. At the heart of this journey lies the humble yet indispensable instrument—the clock. In this exploration, we delve into the intricate world of horology, tracing its origins, advancements, and enduring significance.The history of timekeeping can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where the sun and stars served as the primary indicators of time. The sundial, with its simple yet effective design, was one of the earliest timekeeping devices, relying on the shadow cast by the sun to mark the passage of hours. Its invention marked a significant milestone in humanity's quest to measure andquantify time.As civilizations progressed, so did the sophistication of timekeeping instruments. The advent of mechanical clocks in medieval Europe revolutionized the way people perceived time. No longer bound by the natural rhythms of daylight, communities could now organize their lives with greater precision, ushering in an era of increased productivity and efficiency.The Renaissance period witnessed a surge in horological innovation, with clockmakers such as Christiaan Huygens and Galileo Galilei making groundbreaking discoveries in the field of timekeeping. Huygens' invention of the pendulum clock in the 17th century was a watershed moment, introducing a level of accuracy previously unimaginable. This breakthrough laid the foundation for the development of more precise and reliable timepieces in the centuries to come.The industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries saw the mass production of clocks and watches,making them accessible to a wider audience. This era witnessed the emergence of renowned horological craftsmen and manufacturers, whose ingenuity and craftsmanship continue to be celebrated today.The 20th century brought about a paradigm shift in timekeeping technology with the invention of electronic and quartz clocks. These revolutionary devices, powered by electricity and quartz crystals, offered unparalleled accuracy and reliability, paving the way for the digital age of timekeeping.Today, we stand at the precipice of a new frontier in horology—the era of atomic clocks and beyond. Thesecutting-edge devices, which harness the oscillations of atoms to measure time, boast accuracies of up to one second per million years, redefining our understanding of precision.However, amidst the relentless march of technological progress, the allure of traditional mechanical timepieces endures. Beyond their utilitarian function, mechanicalclocks and watches embody the artistry and craftsmanship of generations past. From the intricate movements of gears and springs to the elegant aesthetics of their design, each timepiece tells a story of human creativity and passion.In conclusion, the story of horology is a testament to humanity's unending quest to capture and measure the elusive essence of time. From the sundials of ancient civilizations to the atomic clocks of the modern era, each chapter in this journey reflects our ceaseless pursuit of precision, innovation, and beauty. As we continue to push the boundaries of timekeeping technology, let us not forget the timeless artistry and craftsmanship that have defined this noble discipline for centuries to come.。
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Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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为提高弹簧的承载能力，可将弹簧 在超过工作极限载荷下进行强压处 理(受载6～48h)，以便在簧丝内产 生塑性变形和有益的残余应力，由 于残余应力的符号与工作应力相反， 因而弹簧在工作时的最大应力比未 经强压处理的弹簧小。 一般经过一次强压处理的弹簧可提高其承载能力约 25%；若 经喷丸处理可提高20%。 须注意，强压处理是弹簧制造的最后一道工序。为了保持有 益的残余应力，强压处理后不应作其它热处理。而且经强压 处理的弹簧也不宜工作在较高温度（ 150 ～ 450C ）、长期 振动和有腐蚀性介质的场合。
22
螺旋弹簧的绕制方法 —— 冷卷法 (cool forming) 与热卷法 (hot forming) 冷卷 —— 簧丝直径 d8mm 。冷态下卷绕的弹簧常用冷拉并 经预先热处理的优质碳素弹簧钢丝，卷绕后一般不再进行淬 火处理，只须低温回火以消除卷绕时的内应力。
热卷——簧丝直径较大(d>8mm)。在热态下卷制的弹簧，卷 成后必须进行淬火、中温回火等处理。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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弹簧的疲劳强度与抗冲击强度在很大的程度上取决于弹簧的 表面状况，所以，弹簧丝(spring wire)表面必须光洁，没有 裂缝和伤痕等缺陷。表面脱碳会严重影响材料的疲劳强度和 抗冲击性能，因此，脱碳层深度和其他表面缺陷都须在验收 弹簧的技术条件中详细规定。 对于重要的弹簧，还要进行工艺检验和冲击疲劳等试验。
(0.6~0.68) 碳素弹簧钢丝 (0.3~0.38) (0.38~0.45) 0.5B 0.8B B B B 钢 B、C、D级 丝 65Mn 340 455 570 570 710 B、C、D级
80
206
1)
2) 3) 4) 5)
按受力循环次数N不同，弹簧分为三类：Ⅰ类N>106；Ⅱ类N=103～105以 及受冲击载荷的场合；Ⅲ类N<103。 碳素弹簧钢丝按力学性能不同分为B、C、D三级。 弹簧的工作极限应力 lim：Ⅰ 类≤1.67[T]； Ⅱ类 ≤1.25[T]；Ⅲ类 ≤1.12[T]。 碳素钢丝的拉伸强度极限查表20.3，其它弹簧材料的拉伸强度极限可查阅 有关手册。 表中许用切应力值为压缩弹簧的许用值，拉伸弹簧的许用切应力为压缩 弹簧的80%。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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20.2.3 Manufacture of Springs 弹簧制造
螺旋弹簧的制造工艺过程——①绕制；②钩环制造；③端部的 制作与精加工；④热处理；⑤工艺试验等，重要的弹簧还要进 行强压处理。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
机械设计 Mechanical Design
PART Ⅲ
Design of Elements and Parts in General Use
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
1
20.1 Types and Functions of Springs 弹簧的类型及功用
受压或受拉的弹簧——载荷指压力或拉力，变形是指弹簧压 缩量或伸长量；
受扭转的弹簧——载荷是指扭矩，变形是指扭角。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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按照结构型式不同，常见的弹簧特性曲线有四种。
弹簧的特性曲线应绘制在弹簧的工作图上，作为检验与试验 的依据之一。同时还可在设计弹簧时，利用特性曲线进行载 荷与变形关系的分析。
螺旋弹簧 (helical spring) 拉伸弹簧 (tension spring)
按弹簧形状——
碟形弹簧(coned-disk spring or Belleville spring)，
压缩弹簧(compression spring)
环形弹簧(ring spring)
扭转弹簧 spring) 板簧(plate (torsion or flat spring, cantilever[悬臂] spring or leaf spring)
Flat Springs( 板簧 )—— 能承受较大的弯曲作用，常用于 受载方向尺寸有限制而变形量又较大的场合。由于板弹簧 有较好的消振能力，所以在汽车、拖拉机和铁路车辆的悬 挂装置中均普遍使用这种弹簧。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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20.1.2 Functions of Springs 弹簧的功用 (1) 控制机械的运动——
螺旋扭转弹簧(helical torsion spring)
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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Variations of helical compression springs: Constant pitch (cylindrical), Conical, Barrel, Hourglass, Variable pitch
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
19
表20.3 碳素钢丝的抗拉强度下限值
钢丝直径 d/mm 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 级别
MPa
级别
B
1860 1710 1710 1660 1620 1620 1570 1520 1470 1420
对于拉压弹簧—— 对于扭转弹簧——
dF k d
dT kT d
实际上弹簧刚度就是弹簧特性曲线上某点的斜率。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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直线型弹簧——刚度为一常数。特性曲线越陡，弹簧刚 度相应愈大，即弹簧愈硬；反之则愈软。 刚度渐增型弹簧——随变形量的增大其刚度越大。如车 辆缓冲减振弹簧，希望在车辆重载与轻载时，均具有差 不多的自振频率；且在最大或冲击载荷作用时，仍具有 较好的缓冲减振性能，故多使用弹簧特性曲线具有该型 曲线的走向。
定力矩扳手 定力矩扳手 定力矩扳手
测力矩扳手 测力矩扳手 测力矩扳手
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
17
20.2 Materials and Manufacture of Springs 弹簧的材料和制造
20.2.1 Spring Materials 弹簧材料 材料要求——除应满足具有较高的强度极限和屈服极限外， 还必须具有较高的弹性极限、疲劳极限、冲击韧性、塑性和 良好的热处理工艺性等。 主要弹簧材料及其使用性能——表20.2 许用应力与B有关
13
Ring Springs( 环形弹簧 )—— 是目前减 振缓冲能力最强的弹簧，常用作近代重 型机车、锻压设备和飞机起落装置中的 缓冲零件。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
14
Spiral Springs( 涡卷形弹簧 )—— 具有较多的圈数、变形 较大、储存能量也较大的特点，多用于压紧及仪表、钟表 的动力装置。
Constant pitch
Conical
Barrel
Hourglass
Helix Direction——Right hand，Left hand
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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Shapes of Spring Wires(弹簧丝的形状)—— round wire, rectangular wire
5
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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Chapter 20 Design of Springs
9
Helical Springs(螺旋弹簧)——用弹簧丝卷绕制成；制造简 便，价格较低，易于检测和安装，应用最广。可以制成 螺旋拉伸弹簧(helical tension spring) 螺旋压缩弹簧(helical compression spring)
C
2200 2010 2010 1960 1910 1860 1810 1760 1710 300 2250 2150 2110 2010 1910 1810
钢丝直径 d/mm 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
B
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
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20.3 Working Principle of Springs 弹簧的工作原理
20.3.1 Characteristic Curve of a Spring 弹簧特性曲线
弹簧特性曲线 (Load-deflection Curve)—— 表征弹簧载荷 与其变形之间关系的曲线
弯曲弹簧 (bending spring) 涡卷形弹簧 (spiral spring)
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
2
表20.1 金属弹簧的基本型式
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
3
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
4
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
1420 1370 1370 1320 1320 1320 1270 1220
C
1660 1620 1570 1570 1520 1470 1470 1420
D
1760 1710 1710 1660 1620 1570 1570 1520
碳素弹簧钢丝用25～80、40Mn～70Mn制造。
Chapter 20 Design of Springs
A spring is a flexible element used to exert a force or a torque and, at the same time, to store energy. 20.1.1 Classification of Springs 弹簧的分类