学术英语写作总结
英文学术报告作文
英文学术报告作文英文：As an academic researcher, I have had the opportunityto attend and present at various conferences and seminars. One of the most important aspects of these events is the ability to communicate effectively with others in the field. In my experience, there are two key elements to successful academic communication: language proficiency and cultural awareness.Firstly, language proficiency is crucial for effective academic communication. This means not only having a strong command of the English language, but also being able to communicate complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. As a non-native English speaker, I have found that practicing my language skills through daily reading, writing, and speaking has greatly improved my ability to communicate effectively with others in the academic community.Secondly, cultural awareness is also important in academic communication. Understanding the cultural normsand expectations of others in the field can help to avoid misunderstandings and promote positive interactions. For example, in some cultures, it may be considered rude to interrupt someone during a presentation, while in others it may be seen as a sign of engagement. Being aware of these cultural differences can help to ensure that communicationis respectful and effective.In summary, language proficiency and cultural awareness are two key elements to successful academic communication. By continually improving our language skills and beingaware of cultural differences, we can promote positive interactions and advance our research in the field.中文：作为一名学术研究人员，我有机会参加和发表各种会议和研讨会。
学业英文作文总结报告
学业英文作文总结报告英文：As a student, academic performance is always a top priority for me. Throughout my academic journey, I have learned various strategies and techniques to improve my grades and overall academic performance.One of the most important things I have learned is the importance of time management. Proper time management allows me to balance my academic responsibilities with my personal life, ensuring that I have enough time to study, complete assignments, and participate in extracurricular activities. For example, I use a planner to schedule my study time and set deadlines for assignments, which helps me stay on track and avoid procrastination.Another important aspect of academic success is effective note-taking. I have found that taking organized and detailed notes during lectures and readings helps meretain information better and makes studying for exams much easier. I also use various note-taking techniques, such as mind maps and Cornell notes, to help me better understand and remember the material.In addition to time management and note-taking, I have also learned the importance of seeking help when needed. Whether it's asking a teacher or tutor for clarification on a difficult concept or joining a study group, seeking help can greatly improve academic performance. For example, I once struggled with a difficult math concept and sought help from my teacher, who was able to explain it in a way that made sense to me.Overall, academic success requires a combination of hard work, dedication, and effective strategies. By implementing these strategies, I have been able to maintain a high GPA and achieve my academic goals.中文：作为一名学生，学业表现始终是我最重要的优先事项。
学术英语summary写作模板
学术英语summary写作模板Academic English Summary Writing Template (approx. 600 Words)The purpose of this academic English summary is tooutline and discuss the writing template used for summarizing the academic English texts. This template can be used as a guide when summarizing any academic English text, including journal articles, research papers, essays, and other related scholarly materials.The first step in writing an effective academic English summary is to read the text thoroughly and determine its main points, arguments, and evidence. Once a comprehensive understanding of the text has been achieved, it is then necessary to accurately summarize the text in one or two paragraphs. The summary should include the main ideas that are discussed in the text along with any important evidence or arguments presented.When summarizing, it is important to provide a clear and concise explanation of the main points of the text. All information presented should be accurate and relevant to the discussion. It is also important to use appropriate language and ensure the summary is written in the same style as the text. Additionally, the summary's primary goal should be to inform the reader of the text's key points in a concise and straightforward manner.After summarizing the text, it is necessary to link the summary back to the original text. This is done by providing citations to the relevant source material, including pagenumbers and other associated information. Additionally, for long summaries, it is important to include a separate section that details the methods and sources used for the original text. This provides readers with additional context forbetter understanding the material.In conclusion, summarizing an academic English text is necessary for any student or researcher to gain a thorough understanding of the content and quickly grasp the key points of a text. This summary writing template outlines the steps required to accurately and effectively summarize an academic English text. Following these guidelines ensures a summary that is both accurate and well-written.。
学术英语写作 范文17篇
Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had develo ped a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly whathappened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture. Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement: ___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________c. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumes about his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The"middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is,where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't knowwherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesisstatement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as apattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the foodin your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1.Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2.Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3.Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHING Since the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to developon-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Boys______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a.Settling squabbles with siblingsb.Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b.Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. Girl_____________________________________________________________________c. Boys ____________________________________________________________________2. ______________________________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________________________________Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanations for the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes in the legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, theexperience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broader socio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modern family, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity helps them to "crack the code" of the discipline (Bloggs, 2003, p. 44). Thus, students are learning subject matter and how to write in that disciplinary area by researching and writing assignment essays. Using assignment essays for assessment supports student learning better than the traditional examination system. It is considered that course-work assignment essays can lessen the extreme stress experienced by some students over 'sudden-death' end of semester examinations:If we insist that all students write about everything theyhave learned in their study courses at the same time and inthe same place (e.g. in examinations), we are not giving allof our students equal opportunities. Some students are notdaunted by the exam experience while others suffer 'examnerves' and perform at the lowest level of their capabilities.(Wonderland University, 2006, p. 4)Additionally, Jones et al. (2004, pp. 36-37) propose that assignment essays can be used to assess student learning mid-course and so provide them with helpful feedback before they are subjected to the exam experience. Exams only provide students with a mark rather than specific feedback on their progress. Therefore, setting assignment essays for a substantial part of student assessment is a much fairer approach than one-off examination testing.As an assessment tool, assignment essays have some disadvantages for lecturers and students. It has been found that assignment essays consume a great deal of staff time and money to mark and student time to prepare (Sankey & Liger, 2005, p. 192). A consequence of this is that feedback to students is frequently delayed, and this is much less useful to students than rapid feedback (p. 294). It is partly because of these disadvantages of time and expense that other assessments such as multiple-choice tests and short answer questions have an enduring place in the tertiary learning environment.To conclude, it seems that assignment essays continue to have a prominent role in tertiary education as an assessment tool. This is mainly because they are very effective in developing knowledge and writing skills for subject areas. Also, assignment essays can be less stressful than。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: A study on the impact of social media on adolescents' mental healthSummary:This study aimed to explore the impact of social media on adolescents' mental health. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of social media platforms among adolescents, concerns have been raised about the potential negative effects on their mental health. The study conducted a literature review to investigate the relationship between social media use and adolescents' mental health outcomes.The findings of the study suggested that excessive use of social media has been associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness among adolescents. The constant comparison to others' seemingly perfect lives depicted on social media has been shown to contribute to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Furthermore, cyberbullying and onlineharassment have emerged as serious threats to adolescents' mental well-being.On a positive note, the study also highlighted the potential benefits of social media use for adolescents, such as enhanced social connections and support networks. However, the negative impacts seem to outweigh the positive ones, indicating the need for parents, educators, and policymakers to take proactive steps in promoting healthy social media habits among adolescents.In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between social media use and adolescents' mental health. It stresses the importance of promoting digital literacy and responsible social media use among adolescents to mitigate the negative effects on their mental well-being. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term consequences of social media use on adolescents' mental health.篇2Summary writing is an essential skill for academic English writing. It involves distilling and condensing the main ideas and arguments of a text into a concise and coherent summary. In this article, I will discuss the key elements of a good summary andprovide some tips on how to improve your summary writing skills.A good summary should capture the main points of the original text without going into unnecessary detail. It should be clear, concise, and well-organized, presenting the information in a logical and coherent manner. To achieve this, it is important to first understand the main ideas and arguments of the text you are summarizing. This may involve reading the text multiple times and taking notes on the key points.When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words and avoid copying verbatim from the original text. This not only helps to demonstrate your understanding of the material but also ensures that your summary is original and plagiarism-free. Additionally, paraphrasing the original text can help you to internalize the information and retain it better.In terms of structure, a good summary should include an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the main topic and purpose of the original text. The body of the summary should present the main points and arguments in a clear and organized manner, using bullet points or numbered lists to help break down the information. The conclusion should summarize the key findingsand insights of the text, as well as provide any recommendations or implications.To improve your summary writing skills, it is helpful to practice regularly and seek feedback from peers or instructors. Reading and summarizing a variety of texts from different disciplines can also help you to develop a better understanding of academic writing conventions and styles. Additionally, paying attention to language and style, such as using formal language and avoiding slang or colloquial expressions, can help to enhance the quality of your summaries.In conclusion, summary writing is an important skill for academic English writing. By understanding the key elements of a good summary and practicing regularly, you can improve your ability to distill complex information into concise and coherent summaries. With practice and dedication, you can become a more effective and confident summary writer.篇3Title: Summary of Academic English WritingIntroduction:Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher in today's academic world. It requires a specific styleand format that differs from other forms of writing. In this summary, we will highlight the key points and strategies to improve your academic English writing.Key Points:1. Clear and Concise Language: Academic writing should be clear, precise, and to the point. Avoid using unnecessary words or jargon that may confuse the reader. Use simple and straightforward language to convey your ideas effectively.2. Structure and Organization: A well-structured academic paper should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea and should be logically connected to the next. Use transitional phrases to guide the reader through your arguments smoothly.3. Citations and References: Academic writing requires proper citation of sources to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and include a list of references at the end of your paper.4. Critical Thinking: Academic writing involves analyzing and evaluating information from various sources. Use critical thinking skills to question and challenge existing ideas, theories, andarguments. Present your own arguments and support them with evidence and examples.5. Proofreading and Editing: To enhance the quality of your academic writing, always proofread and edit your work before submission. Check for spelling and grammar errors, clarity of language, and coherence of arguments. It is also helpful to have someone else read your paper to provide feedback.Conclusion:Improving your academic English writing skills takes time and practice. By following these key points and strategies, you can enhance the quality and effectiveness of your academic writing. Remember to seek feedback from peers and professors to further refine your writing skills. Academic writing is a valuable skill that will benefit you in your academic and professional career.。
学术英语conclusion结论的写作
warning
1. Don't depend on your conclusion to sum up the body paragraphs. Your paragraphs should flow naturally into one another and connections should be made among them. Summary can be an important function of conclusions but keep this part brief; avoid repeating, word-for-word, a statement you have made earlier in the paper.
common problem in writing a concluding paragragh
5. Lack of a concise summary of what was learned. In order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study (and the world at large) you need to summarize it very briefly. Often the summary is only a few sentences.
英语学术论文写作范文 学术英语写作 范文17篇
英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。
学术英语写作--结论部分
conclusions can be drawn…… • It is recommended that…… • This analysis strongly suggests that…… • In conclusion, the result shows……
A
3
What is a conclusion?
In a sense, Conclusion and Introduction echoes, the Introduction section introduces the purpose of this topic, and the Conclusion section tells readers whether these purposes achieved.
A
4
content and structure
• Overview of the contents of this issue.
• The specific explanation of the theory, hypothesis, creative results or insights, practical value, application prospects, etc.
A
7
Comparison with other theory
• However, our findings point to a possible refinement of existing theories that…..
• In contrast to existing literature …… our results suggest that ……
学术论文写作英语总结
学术论文写作英语总结Academic paper writing is an essential skill for students and scholars alike. It involves presenting research findings, ideas, and arguments in a clear and concise manner. This summary will provide an overview of key points to consider when writing an academic paper in English.1. Understanding the Purpose: Before starting the writing process, it is important to clearly understand the purpose of the paper. Is it to inform, persuade, or analyze a topic? Understanding the purpose will help in selecting appropriate content and structuring the paper effectively.2. Research: Academic papers are based on sound research. It is important to gather relevant and reliable information from various sources such as books, journal articles, and reputable websites. Carefully evaluate the credibility of the sources and ensure that the information used is up to date.4. Organizing the Paper: A well-organized paper is easier to read and understand. Use headings and subheadings to clearly divide the paper into sections. Each section should have a clear purpose and flow logically into the next. Consider using an outline to plan the structure of the paper before beginning to write.5. Introduction: The introduction should grab the reader's attention and provide background information on the topic. It should also present the thesis statement and outline the main points that will be discussed in the paper. A strongintroduction sets the tone for the rest of the paper.6. Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs develop the main points presented in the introduction. Each paragraph shouldstart with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea of the paragraph. Use supporting evidence, examples, and citations to support the main points. Ensure that there is a logical flow between paragraphs to maintain coherence.7. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the paper and restates the thesis statement. It should not introduce new information but provide a final thought or call to action. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression on the reader.9. Citations and Referencing: It is important to acknowledge the sources that have been used in the paper. Use a consistent referencing style such as APA or MLA and ensure that all sources are properly cited in the text and listed in a bibliography or reference list.。
学术英语写作_范文17篇
Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with Native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art is another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of theNavajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver andturquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native craftssuch as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomousin running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fightingamong themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations withother tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________C. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. ______________________________________________________________1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________ Sample 2:Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeingnew sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressfulrather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you waitfor a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, canyou exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dressor behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologists. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesis statement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 3At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observersand tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The “middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible andtry to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is, where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't know wherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonSample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out toexamine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearlycannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximize its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Sample 8: ArgumentNow complete the outline of the model essay: Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____b.Boys _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________ Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a. _______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______b.Girl____________________________________________________________________ _c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________________________ _Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changesin laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Womenas a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the experience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favored by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economicsystem and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult tofind solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modernfamily, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文The Importance of Academic Writing。
Academic writing plays a crucial role in the field of education and research. It is a form of communication that allows scholars to share their ideas, findings, and insights with the academic community. In this essay, we will explore the importance of academic writing and its impact on the advancement of knowledge.First and foremost, academic writing is essential for the dissemination of new knowledge. Through scholarly articles, research papers, and academic journals, researchers are able to share their discoveries and contribute to the collective understanding of various disciplines. This exchange of information is vital for the development of new theories, methodologies, and technologies that can benefit society as a whole.Furthermore, academic writing encourages criticalthinking and intellectual rigor. When scholars engage in the process of writing, they are forced to clarify their thoughts, organize their arguments, and provide evidence to support their claims. This not only helps them to develop a deeper understanding of their subject matter, but also enables them to contribute to the ongoing discourse within their field.In addition, academic writing serves as a means of assessment and evaluation. Students are often required to write essays, research papers, and dissertations as part of their academic coursework. These assignments not only test their knowledge and understanding of the material, but also help them to develop their writing and analytical skills. By engaging in the process of academic writing, students learn how to formulate coherent arguments, support their claims with evidence, and adhere to the conventions of academic discourse.Moreover, academic writing fosters a sense of community and collaboration within the academic world. Scholars from different institutions and disciplines are able to engagein a dialogue through their written work, sharing their ideas and engaging in debates that can lead to new insights and discoveries. This collaborative aspect of academic writing is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the development of interdisciplinary research.Finally, academic writing is a form of intellectual legacy. Through their written work, scholars are able to leave a lasting impact on their field, contributing to the ongoing conversation and shaping the future direction of research. Their ideas and insights can inspire future generations of scholars, laying the groundwork for further exploration and discovery.In conclusion, academic writing is a fundamental aspect of the scholarly enterprise. It serves as a means of communication, critical thinking, assessment, collaboration, and intellectual legacy. By engaging in the process of academic writing, scholars and students are able to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the development of new ideas, theories, and technologies. As such, the importance of academic writing cannot beoverstated, and it will continue to play a central role in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.。
学术英语写作范文
学术英语写作范文Here is an essay on the topic of "Academic English Writing Sample" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional title or unnecessary punctuation marks.The importance of academic English writing cannot be overstated in today's globalized world. As the international language of research, education, and professional communication, proficiency in academic English is essential for individuals seeking to thrive in various fields. Whether one is a university student, a researcher, or a business professional, the ability to effectively convey complex ideas and findings through well-structured, formal, and coherent written expression is a valuable asset.Academic English writing differs significantly from other forms of written communication, such as casual conversations or personal narratives. It requires a distinct set of skills and conventions that must be mastered to ensure clear, concise, and persuasive communication. At the core of academic writing lies the ability to research, analyze, and synthesize information from reliable sources, and to present one's findings and arguments in a logical and organized manner.One of the fundamental aspects of academic English writing is the use of formal and objective language. This means avoiding the use of colloquialisms, contractions, and personal pronouns, and instead employing precise and technical vocabulary, as well as a more impersonal tone. Academic writing also emphasizes the importance of citing and referencing sources appropriately, in accordance with established citation styles such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.Another crucial element of academic writing is the development of a clear and coherent structure. This typically involves an introduction that provides background information and states the main thesis or argument, body paragraphs that present and support the key points, and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas and offers final insights or recommendations. The use of transitional phrases and logical organization is essential in guiding the reader through the progression of the essay or research paper.Effective academic writing also requires the ability to critically analyze and evaluate information from various sources. This involves not only the identification and summarization of relevant facts and findings but also the ability to assess the credibility and reliability of the sources, as well as to identify potential biases or limitations. By engaging in this critical analysis, writers can develop a well-rounded understanding of the topic and construct a persuasive and well-supported argument.In addition to the structural and linguistic aspects of academic writing, there are also important considerations regarding the presentation and formatting of the written work. This includes adherence to specific guidelines for page layout, font size and style, margins, and the inclusion of any necessary visual aids, such as tables, figures, or appendices. Attention to detail in these areas can contribute to the overall professionalism and clarity of the written piece.One of the challenges faced by many individuals when engaging in academic English writing is the need to overcome the influence of their native language and cultural norms. Differences in sentence structure, word choice, and rhetorical conventions can pose significant obstacles, particularly for non-native English speakers. However, with dedicated practice, exposure to academic writing models, and a willingness to adapt to the expectations of the target audience, these challenges can be overcome.Furthermore, the process of academic writing often involves multiple drafts and revisions, as writers refine their ideas, address feedback, and ensure the clarity and coherence of their work. This iterative approach is essential for producing high-quality academic writing, as it allows writers to identify and address any weaknesses or areas forimprovement.In the context of higher education, the ability to write effectively in academic English is crucial for success. University-level assignments, such as research papers, essays, and dissertations, require a strong command of academic writing skills. Students who possess these skills are better equipped to engage with course materials, synthesize information, and articulate their own original ideas and arguments.Beyond the academic realm, proficiency in academic English writing is also highly valued in the professional world. Many organizations, particularly those with an international presence or focus on research and development, require their employees to produce written reports, proposals, or publications that adhere to academic writing conventions. Individuals with strong academic writing skills are often seen as more credible, reliable, and valuable contributors to their respective fields.In conclusion, the importance of academic English writing cannot be overstated. Whether one is a student, a researcher, or a professional, the ability to communicate effectively and persuasively through written expression is a crucial skill that can open doors to new opportunities and contribute to one's overall success. By mastering the conventions and techniques of academic writing, individuals canenhance their critical thinking, research, and communication abilities, ultimately positioning themselves for greater achievements in their academic and professional pursuits.。
英语学术论文写作考试重点整理
学术文章：Features on the lexical level:词汇上的特征①Terminology ②Nominalization ③Abbreviation ④Use of single verbsFeatures on the syntactical level 句法特征①Long complex sentenceFor accuracy to explain coplicated ideas clearly and precisely②Simple-present tenseDescribes natural phenomena, processes and makes explanation vivid and timeless③Passive voiceconvince the reader of the objectivity of the desciption④Non-finite verbsparticiples, infinitives and gerunds are freqently used in EST1：Why do you engage in scientific research ?Reasons to Engage in Scientific Research：（1）Personal interest to explore the world （2）Solving practical problems（3）Career development （4）Technological development（5）Academic exchanges （6）Academic evaluation （7）Being forced to2：What are the types, the structure and the characteristics of academic paper ?In terms of disciplines, they can be divived intoThree large categories: （1）Philosophy（2）natural science （3）social science.In accordance with a combination of the content, target, methods and other factors.①Argumentative papers ②Descriptive papers③Academic Meeting/Research Reviews ④Book ReviewsCharacteristics of Academic WritingEnglish for science and technology(EST) refers to the style used in scientific and technological activities. Their features are:（1）Objectivity（2）Clarity（3）Coherence（4）Accuracy4：Structure of a DefinitionA definition consists of three elements:(1) the term itself, (2) the category the term belongs to, (3) the features of the term.5. Criteria of a Good Definition1. Follow rules that have traditionally been given for definition.2. State the essential attributes of that which is defined.3. Give examples of usage.4. Avoid circularity.5. Must be neither too broad or too narrow nor leave out any appropriate information, nor include that which does not truly apply.6. Must not be obscure.7. Should not be stated in the negative when it can be stated positively.6：Principles of Title SelectionValue Principle Scientific Principle Innovative Principle Feasibility Principle7：Methods for Choosing a TitleIn general, there are six main methods for choosing a research title.(1) Consult your professor or an expert (2) Participate in academic conferences(3) Select from puzzling problems (4) Read books and newspapers(5) Choose from your own interests (6) Do literature reviews7：Standards for Good Titles(1) Accuracy Word choices should be accurate and reflect the actual situation.(2) Brevity Using the most succinct text possible to summarize the contents.(3) Clarity The title should clearly reflect the subject of the paper.8：Writing Formats for TitlesTitles are usually written in the following three formats:①All the letters of the title are capitalized;②The first letter of each content words of the title is capitalized;③The first letter of the title is capitalized.8：Some widely observed guidelines for the use of tables are:①The table should be self-contained.That is, it can stand alone face to face with the paper.②A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.③Provide each table with a number (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and a title.④The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. Try to use descriptive words, not abbreviated forms.⑤The title of a table or diagram most commonly follows the same three methods as given above for the paper title.⑥The format of the column title. The first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, other words are in lowercase.⑦Notes of table. To explain the column title, abbreviations, symbols and data, add notes or footnotes at the bottom of the table.⑧Do not repeat information in a table only if it presents new information.⑨It is easier to compare numbers by reading down a column rather than across a row.9：Data collection and selection usually follow four principles:（1）Centered around the theme （2）True and verifiable （3）Typical （4）Novel 10：Three Important Steps for Data Collection and Evaluation（1）Understand types of resources. （2）Critically read and evaluate those resources.（3）Take notes effectively.10：Four important dimensions in critical thinking and reading:(1) Structure (2) Purpose (3) Audience (4) Author11：Common criteria used to access the information found on the Internet:(1) Authorship (2) The publishing body (3) Point of view or bias(4) Referral to and/or display of knowledge of the literature(5) Accuracy or verifiability of details (6) Currency12：Criteria for evaluating accuracy:评估确定性的标准（1）For a research document, the data and the research method(s) are included.（2）The methodology is appropriate to the topic and allows the study to be duplicated for purposes of verification. The document relies on other sources or includes links to the documents themselves.（3）The document names individuals and/or sources that provided non-published data used inthe preparation of the study.（4）The background information that was used can be verified for accuracy.13：Criteria for currency:精度的标准（1）The document includes the date(s) at which the information was gathered.（2）The document refers to clearly dated information.（3）Where necessary, the document includes information on the regularity of updates.（4）The document includes a publication date or a “last updated”date.（5）The document includes a date of copyright.（6）If no date is given in an electronic document, you can view the directory in which it resides and read the date of latest modification.14：Functions of an OutlineOutline can be helpful to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information.15：Reasons for creating an outline:（1）Aids in the writing process.（2）Helps organize ideas.（3）Presents material in a logical form.（4）Shows relationships among ideas in the paper.（5）Constructs an ordered overview of what is written. （6）Defines boundaries and groups. 16：Four Main Components for Effective Outlines(1)Parallelism：Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb phrase, the second heading should also be a verb phrase.(2) Coordination：All informations contained in heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in heading 2.(3) Subordination：The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.(4) Division：Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.17：Types of Outlines and Samples(1)Alphanumeric Outlines：Use alphabetical letters and numerals to outline the content of essays.(2) Full Sentence Outlines：The Full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline. The main difference is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline.(3) Decimal Outlines：The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline.the added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline related to the large whole.18：Tips for Comparison and Contrast(1) Determine the organizational style.(2) State organization so as to ensure clarity.(3) Make preferences clear in comparison or contrast essay.(4) When organizing the writing, ensure information about the items being compared and contrasted are balanced.19：How many kinds of citation are there?Two types of citation:(1) Citation as note/reference, (2) Citation as material quoted.20：What does a writer usually do with in-text citation ?①Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.The comma between the author and the year may or may not be included based on the publisher requirements.②To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.③If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study, you can omit the parentheses。
大学英语学术英语知识点总结
大学英语学术英语知识点总结在大学学习期间，掌握学术英语知识点是十分重要的。
学术英语是指用于学术论文、学术会议、学术讲座等学术交流中使用的特定语言。
本文将总结一些常见的学术英语知识点，以帮助读者更好地应对学术英语的阅读和写作。
一、学术英语的语法1. 名词复数形式：- 一般情况下，名词复数形式在词尾加-s，如books、tables。
- 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的名词，复数形式在词尾加-es，如boxes、watches。
- 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y变为-i，再加-es，如cities。
- 以-o结尾的名词，一般在词尾加-es，如potatoes、tomatoes。
2. 时态表达：- 过去时：一般过去时使用动词的过去式形式，如played、studied。
- 现在时：一般现在时使用动词原形，如write、speak。
但第三人称单数主语（he、she、it）的动词需要在后面加-s，如writes、speaks。
- 将来时：将来时使用助动词will加动词原形，如will write、will speak。
3. 从句结构：- 定语从句：定语从句用于对名词进行修饰，通常由关系代词或关系副词引导，如that、which、who、where、when。
例如：The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.- 时间状语从句：时间状语从句用于表示时间关系，常由when、while、as、before、after等引导。
例如：I will go to bed after I finish my homework.- 结果状语从句：结果状语从句用于表示结果或目的，常由so...that、such...that等引导。
例如：He spoke so fast that I couldn't understand him.二、学术英语的词汇1. 科学名词：- 抽象名词：abstract、hypothesis、methodology、analysis- 实验名词：experiment、sample、data、result- 统计名词：mean、median、mode、standard deviation- 学科名词：biology、chemistry、physics、psychology2. 学术词汇：- 研究：research、study、investigation、analysis- 论文：paper、article、thesis、dissertation- 结论：conclusion、findings、results- 方法：method、approach、technique3. 学术动词：- 分析：analyze、examine、investigate、study- 描述：describe、illustrate、present、show- 讨论：discuss、debate、explore、argue- 提出：propose、suggest、put forward、offer三、学术英语的写作技巧1. 文章结构：- 引言：简要介绍研究背景和目的，引出研究问题。
通用学术英语写作范文
Knowledge, A New Mean of hoardingIn the ancient years, rich people such as land lords and dignitaries would regard gold as an important mean of hoarding to ensure their families’ prosperity for it can keep its value for a long time. However, most of them would find it unreal because the heavy metal was easily to be stolen or be wasted by their extravagant younger generation. That’s why there is a well-known saying in China: The wealth of a family doesn’t last three generations. But now it seems that t hey have found a new mean of hoarding, which is more durable and impossible to be stolen, that is knowledge.In fact, the phenomenon of that so-called knowledge inheritance is not hard to find in China. A professor of Tsinghua University, one of the best universities in China, has done a research on his students, to figure out whether a student’s family condition has an effect on his academic achievement.Most of the students come from well-educated families, with parents as professors, government officials, successful business men and so on. So we can’t deny the family’s role in their development. Similarly,Wang Sicong, the son of the richest man in China. He is under criticism for his comments on Weibo and showing off his property. However, if you bother to spend some time to look up his resume, you will certainly be surprised. He graduated from University College London, the best college of England, and now he is in charge of several companies. Wang has received better education than most Chinese with th e support of his father’s wealth. Now we can see a conclusion has formed: Well-educated parents raise well-educated children.Using knowledge as a mean of hoarding instead of gold makes it easier for the children to innovate. Just like Wang Sicong’s cas e, by receiving higher education and more professional skills, the child will anticipate in their parents’ business and help to handle the business, as well as, take over it after the retirement of their parents. So the family business can be healthily continued. In addition, using knowledge as a mean of hoarding instead of gold also allows the child to start their own business or make a good living. The gold can be squandered, while the knowledge will never fade away. So, because of these two reasons, now knowledge inheritance has gained its popularity around the world.In conclusion, as a new mean of hoarding, knowledge does have some advantages over gold and it will take time to test its real effect.。
英语学术写作期末总结范文
英语学术写作期末总结范文Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of my academic writing journey over the course of this semester. It discusses the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed. The conclusion offers recommendations for further refining my academic writing skills in future endeavors.1. IntroductionAcademic writing is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike, as it enables effective communication and demonstrates one's knowledge and critical thinking abilities. This paper reflects on my progress and development in this skill area over the course of the semester.2. Challenges FacedDuring the initial stages of the semester, I encountered several challenges in academic writing. The most significant challenges included structuring essays, synthesizing information, and adhering to proper citation formats. These obstacles hindered the clarity and coherence of my work.3. Strategies ImplementedRecognizing the need for improvement, I adopted various strategies to enhance my academic writing skills. Firstly, I familiarized myself with the specific requirements of each writing task, including identifying the purpose, target audience, and relevant scholarly sources. Secondly, I created detailed outlines before starting any writing, enabling a clear and logical structure. Additionally, I actively participated in peer review sessions to receive constructive feedback and critique, further refining my writing.4. Improvements ObservedThrough consistent practice and implementation of strategies, significant improvements in my academic writing were observed. The clarity and coherence of my essays improved as I became more proficient at organizing and arranging relevant ideas. Additionally, my ability to synthesize information and present arguments using credible sources was enhanced, resulting in stronger and more convincing writing.5. Recommendations for ImprovementTo continue refining my academic writing skills, there are several areas in which I can focus for further improvement. Firstly, I aim to enhance my critical thinking abilities by analyzing and evaluating sources more effectively, allowing for more nuanced arguments. Secondly, I intend to work on my sentence structure and coherence to ensure that ideas flow seamlessly throughout the essay. Furthermore, improving my use of transitions andcohesive devices will assist in maintaining logical connections between paragraphs and sections of the paper.6. ConclusionThis comprehensive review reflects my academic writing journey throughout the semester. It acknowledges the challenges faced, strategies implemented, and improvements observed in my writing skills. By continuously identifying and addressing areas for improvement, I am confident in my ability to further enhance my academic writing skills and effectively communicate ideas in future endeavors.References:(Provide a list of relevant sources used in this paper, formatted according to the appropriate citation style)。
学术英语写作范文参考
学术英语写作范文参考学术英语写作范文参考：Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health Introduction:In recent years, the use of social media has skyrocketed, with millions of people engaging with various platforms on a daily basis. This surge in popularity has raised concerns about the impact of social media on individuals' mental health. This paper aims to explore the potential negative effects of social media on mental well-being and discuss possible strategies to mitigate these issues. Body Paragraphs:1. Addiction and dependency:One of the major concerns associated with excessive social media use is addiction and dependency. Research has shown that constant reliance on social media platforms can lead to compulsive behaviors and a loss of control. This can result in decreased productivity, impaired social relationships, and increased stress levels, which ultimately have a detrimental effect on mental health.2. Social comparison and self-esteem:Social media often presents an idealized version of people's lives, leading to social comparison and negative self-perception. Users are exposed to carefully curated content, showcasing only the best aspects of others' lives, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This constant comparison to others can contribute to anxiety and depression, impacting mental well-being.3. Cyberbullying and harassment:The anonymity and distance afforded by the online environment make social media platforms fertile ground for cyberbullying and harassment. These experiences can cause severe emotional distress and have long-lasting effects on mental health. Victims of cyberbullying may feel isolated, anxious, and depressed, further exacerbating mental health issues.4. Sleep disturbances:Frequent social media use, especially before bedtime, has been shown to interfere with sleep patterns. The blue light emitted by screens and the constant stimulation from social media content can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. Sleep disturbances have been linked to various mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, emphasizing the need to minimize late-night social media consumption.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has the potential to negatively impact individuals' mental health in various ways. Addiction, social comparison, cyberbullying, and sleep disturbances are just a few examples of the detrimental effects of excessive social media use. However, it is important to recognize the positive aspects of social media as well, such as the ability to connect with others and share experiences. To mitigate the potential harm, individuals should be mindful of their social media usage, set boundaries, and prioritize their mental well-being. Additionally, implementing educational programs and policies to raise awareness about the risks associated with social media can contribute to a healthier online environment.。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文英文回答：In this era of breakneck technological advancements and skyrocketing information proliferation, the imperative for effective academic English writing has become paramount. While many stumble upon the hurdle of expressing complex ideas in clear and concise prose, mastering this skill can be an empowering gateway to unlocking a world of opportunities.Allow me to elucidate the significance of academic English writing. Firstly, it is the language of scholarly discourse, the medium through which groundbreaking research and novel theories are disseminated. By honing your writing abilities, you become an active participant in the global intellectual dialogue, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and human understanding.Furthermore, academic English writing is a prized assetin any professional setting. Whether you aspire to excel in academia, industry, or the corporate world, the ability to communicate your ideas effectively in writing is indispensable. A well-crafted academic paper showcases your critical thinking, analytical abilities, and capacity for research. It serves as a potent tool for persuasion, negotiation, and problem-solving.Moreover, academic English writing also fosters personal growth and intellectual development. By grappling with abstract concepts and presenting them in a logical and structured manner, you cultivate your cognitive skills, enhance your vocabulary, and sharpen your precision of thought. The process of writing itself becomes an exercise in self-reflection and critical introspection.中文回答：在这个技术飞速发展、信息爆炸的时代，有效学术英语写作的必要性已变得至关重要。
学术综合英语作文模板
学术综合英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
The advent of globalization has spurred the interconnectedness of the world, leading to an unprecedented rise in cross-cultural interactions. Consequently, the need for effective communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries has become paramount. Academic Comprehensive English (ACE) serves as a crucial tool in facilitating this communication, enabling individuals to navigate the complexities of academic discourse in a globalized world.ACE is an amalgamation of linguistic proficiency, critical thinking skills, and cultural awareness that equips individuals with the necessary competencies to engage in academic discourse. It encompasses a broad spectrum of skills, including the ability to:Read, comprehend, and analyze academic texts。
Effectively convey complex ideas in written and spoken form。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
专业英语写作考点总结part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。
2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格）(1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few(3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing atextbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you cansee the results in table 1.改为：the results can be seen in table 1.改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally.改为：this model was originally developed by krugman.(7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the processof tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题：（1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。
改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities.错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
改为：coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）you can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.错误：使用了so far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
（6）there are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely usedthan itis now as a construction material.（7）these special tax laws have been enacted in six states: illinois, iowa,ohio,etc. 错误：使用了etc。
改为：these special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: illinois, iowa, indiana, ohio, michigan, and minnesota.（8）there isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregatein the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。
改为：little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregatein the production of concrete.chapter 2 two underlying structures in academic writing（专业写作的两个基本结构）1、two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(gs)结构）(2) problem-process-solution structure（问题-过程-解决方法）2、gs texts usually begin with one of the following:（gs文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1) a short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）(3) a generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）(4) a statement of fact.（事实陈述）3、super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）4、deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词a. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语b. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息c. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5). this sentence cannot be reduced.(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octavehigher(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a processinvolving the selective transport(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> acelestial body with approximately the same mass5、考题类型：句子排序例题：p27（1）比较定义基本上有两类：1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。
2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。