a biologically inspired ray-like underwater robot with electroactive polye

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专题05 阅读理解D篇(2024年新课标I卷) (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。

英语期末复习资料网络测评

U1acquisition thrust concentration distinctive specifically distinguish evidently diminishadjust function1. The risk from viruses certainly hasn't diminished ; on the contrary, it has mushroomed and people can easily get infected with virus.2. I like wild sunflower not because it has a(n) distinctive North American flavor but because its image is closely connected with our continent's early history.3. One of the main characteristics that distinguish the male bird from female bird is that the former has beautiful feathers.4. He went to apply for hundreds of jobs with a master's degree in computer science but ended up with nothing. Evidently, it's because he was disabled.5. Some books are specially designed to tell us information about the social, cultural or professional life of the country.6. I was embarrassed as an American for having thrust such an awful concept upon the French, saying that the French hated the idea of the theme park, Euro Disney.7. In places where it does not rain very often, the function of canals is to drain water from rivers or lakes and carry it to fields.8. There is also evidence of slower acquisition of language and a higher frequency of learning difficulties for these physically disabled students.9. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down or adjust your body in the chair slightly so that you can be right in front of your interviewer.10. Clever readers focus their attention, keeping their concentration on the material they know best and answering questions quickly because they are confident.assembly moist earnest destinationmoisture proclaim asset questrally exclaim1. Last Saturday, about 5,000 people held a protest march and rally against social discrimination against all people with AIDS.2. When appearing in court, my friend Debra exclaimed in anger to a judge to defend her actions, "I wasn't hurting anyone!"3. Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief, which has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people.4. Henry Ford was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles.5. Unless you have a heated greenhouse, you will have difficulty in keeping the plant indoors for very long because they need a really warm and moist atmosphere.6. In dry weather, you'd better water your vegetables, flowers, and plants in the morning before the earth loses too much moisture .7. When you are faced with a difficult situation, you may rely on some of your assets such as family, friends, skills, education, money, and good health.8. After many years' searching of the world, her quest for her missing brother finally succeeded when she found him in Africa9. She decided long ago that she would study the subject of physics in earnest as soon as she was accepted by the school.10. He regretted that he hadn't followed his friend's suggestion. If he had taken the short-cut across the river, he would have arrived at the destination much earlier.A. fluentB. acquisitionC. diverseD. reverseE. competentF. competitiveG. skim H. beneficial I. enhanceJ. engage K. comprehension L. confusionM. proficiency N. exposure O. efficiencyTesting has replaced teaching in most public schools. Instead of teaching reading or writing skills which are beneficial to students, now teachers are somehow encouraged to reverse the learning process. For instance, they ask students to read the questions at the end of a reading text first, and then teach them to skim the text for the answers with various test-taking skills. We wonder whether the test-taking skills really help improve their language proficiency.The ability to read or write should enhance the ability to do reasonably well on comprehension of reading texts or fluent writing. However, neither reading nor writing develops simply through learning test-taking skills. Teachers must be careful when they teach students how to read and write to avoid any false language acquisition . Too many discussions on test-taking skills will only end up with more confusion in learning because students have become more interested in test-taking skills rather than concentrating on the nature and quality of what should be taught.As a result, students may be competent in taking tests while they have little or no exposure to serious reading or thinking. They are unable to understand or talk about what they read, which is definitely disastrous to their academic preparation.U2persist boost invest orientevaluate accumulate accelerate calculatespeculate undertake1. The United Nations official said to undertake a new peace move in the Middle East when there is a chance to reach an agreement.2. We might speculate further from the story and say that these people probably lived very close to the well because of the importance of water to life.3. As they are not sure about the situation in the flood-stricken area, they will first send trained nurses there to evaluate the needs of each patient.4. If the extremely hostile relationships tend to persist , the conflicts between the two parties make it difficult to recognize that they share common needs and goals.5. As more students are inclined to choose business as their major, the college has to offer more courses that are business- oriented .6. If workers believe inflation is likely to accelerate , they will demand higher wages to compensate for expected increases in prices.7. If you have a good planning to set aside 500 dollars per month, it would take two years to accumulated the minimum sum needed for your child.8. If the population continues to rise at the present rate, scientists have calculated that the world's population will double by the end of the century.9. The cost of repairing damaged public facilities is so high that some local governments are unwilling to invest in the rebuilding projects.10. According to recent research reports, learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language does.liable liberal unconscious objective promising realistic sufficient dominantcynical destructive1. Both parents and teachers are very concerned about the destructive effects that violent films may have on children.2. If you keep interrupting me, it is unlikely that I will have sufficient time to give you the complete picture which you are so anxious to get!3. The new method is both reliable and objective ; furthermore, it has benefited greatly from the development of computer technology.4. Of all the media, the Internet is clearly dominant , with television a close second, at least as a source of news and other information.5. Body movements are often unconscious forms of expressions, and they can convey certain information to the audience.6. The school principal has some liberal views about what his students should wear and how much freedom should allow them.7. Word meanings are especially liable to change because people learn them by hearing them in context rather than by looking up the standard definition.8. The company seems promising because the electronic and printing unit alone has annual sales of about $80 million.9. During the time of economic depression, many people may seem to be cynical about what the government might do, and they just cannot believe the wealthy officials. 10. The bottom line is that I have tried to be true to myself at all times and in all situations, and I simply don't think it is realistic to expect anything else.enroll bother install investrecruit reform revise shrink acknowledge confirm1. Steve Jobs has been acknowledged as a genius in business; his greatest skills are his insight, creative mind, and his management ability.2. To keep the companies going, firms need to recruit candidates frequently to replace those who choose not to continue their contracts.3. I believe I have to revise my ideas about my boss —he's stubborn sometimes but very clever and creative in many cases.4. In order to improve their job skills —to get new jobs or to advance in the ones they already have, many enroll in some forms of continuing education courses.5. In business settings, email is best used to convey some key information, to confirm appointments, to document decisions, or to contact a decision maker directly.6. Wetland losses have caused populations of some bird species —starved for water, food, and nesting sites —to shrink by 60 to 80 percent.7. Better technology means you can install more sensitive alarm systems in your home and carry less cash on the street.8. The name Joe particularly bothers me as some think it makes me more qualified to be a baseball player rather than an art critic.9. We can surely reform our public health care system, but it still gives us, for all its flaws, the best health care in the world.10. The manual labor in the countryside for 10 years had invested him with a strong will and perseverance to overcome difficulties.A. calculateB. assertsC. distinguishD. literallyE. securedF. broadenedG. performs H. insight I. accumulateJ. inserts K. just L. extremelyM. bound N. perceive O. sightWhy study the humanities? The 19th-century English philosopher John StuartMill asserts that, instead of places for pure learning, universities ought to be places that literally encourage students to become good human beings.This assertion may sound out-of-date since most college students today are bound to learn knowledge and special skills. According to Mill, human beings are just human beings before they are lawyers or doctors. Mill further explains that a strong liberal arts curriculum will make lawyers or doctors see differently with broadened horizons.But can someone be a successful lawyer of great inner insight without studying the humanities? Yes. Can someone succeed in business or medicine without the liberal arts? Sure. But we ought to distinguish"the goodness of the operation" from the "goodness of the operator". How well someone performs in a specialized field is not necessary to do with how well a person behaves as a good human being.The study of the humanities, therefore, prepares students for their future "philosophic habit of mind" —something extremely different from an Internet and Information Age which values speed and instant satisfaction. On the contrary, studying the humanities enables us to accumulate slow, on-going knowledge to respond to the basic questions of our age, a means of human betterment.U3deceive distract confuse hesitatesnap rouse affirm surrenderwitness acquaint1. More and more unexpected stress and pressure began to get to her, and one morning she just snapped as she could no longer bear them.2. The young and handsome speaker was standing in front of a large crowd of people, attempting to rouse the crowd with a cry for action.3. No matter where we are, we must not let cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the job that must be done on our responsibility.4. The government has surrendered itself to the pressure from big business and companies and eventually brought down interest rates.5. The fresh air and bright sunlight deceived me into thinking I might still have some youthful energy left in these old bones of mine.6. The man denied having witnessed the accident because he was afraid of getting himself involved in a long process of investigation.7. The press gave a completely different version of the events, which greatly confused those who tried to understand the truth.8. He continued to affirm that the introduction of divorce would make it more difficult for people to lead "good moral lives".9. Staff members were asked to acquaint themselves with what had been discussed and covered if they were absent from the meeting yesterday.10. The young writer hesitated , reluctant to destroy any part of his own work, for which he had devoted all his time for quite a few years.equivalent static chaotic alertfeasible coarse stable implicitrefined sensible1. It's understandable that at 15,000 feet, no pilot who is already suffering from the effects of lack of oxygen will be able to make sensible decisions.2. English law says that circumstances of a marriage aren't static, and therefore a judge should decide how financial assets will be divided in cases of divorce.3. Contrary to young people, mature adults would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring prestige and economic benefits.4. The new manager of the company complained several times that he could not work effectively under such chaotic conditions.5. She didn't openly attack the plan, but the fact that she was against it was implicit in her silence when others were saying things in support of it.6. Reserved speaking style and refined manners are always considered characteristic of English gentlemen.7. I respected her because she was very polite and, like the rest of her people, never laughed if an outsider said something coarse .8. Now that we have the extra resources from the local government, the long-term project started a year ago seems economically feasible .9. Passengers on the plane were told to stay alert at all times and report any suspicious packages to the crew members immediately.10. Several games based on the "Star Wars" movies require players to choose between the light and dark sides of the Force, equivalent to good and evil.A. mysteriousB. previousC. fluidD. liquidE. indispensableF. stableG. miserable H. labeled I. shiftJ. implicit K. exploit L. exploreM. tends N. intends O. frameI don't want any sort of traditional stability in my life right now. The thought of marriage, staying in one place and doing one thing, will make me feel miserable because there are too many things on my to-do list. Don't take me wrong that I won't shift to marriage, but certainly not yet.The previous four common life phases, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age, are now added with two more, labeled"odyssey" and "active retirement". Of the new ones, the less understood is odyssey that frequently occurs between adolescence and adulthood.For our parents' generation, adulthood tends to be defined by achieving certain things. We all know them –owning a house, having a stable career, getting married and ultimately having children.We use "finding ourselves" to frame the concept of the odyssey years, but it's more important for us to understand the implicit meaning: the pursuit of knowledge and making use of the accessibility of information and experiences around us.In a time when everything is fluid, it seems that the old recipes and time frames for accomplishing things don't apply. We don't have the same expectations as we once had.We explore to find our own meanings to things and give voices to our hearts. It seems it becomes more important to find out why we are here before we choose to settle.A. diminishedB. demonstratedC. alertD. radicalE. surrenderF. surviveG. affirms H. afford I. affectJ. effect K. soaked L. soapedM. sensitive N. sensible O. somehowTeenagers are different from people of other age groups. The differences canbe demonstrated from how they behave. In fact, the brains of teenagers are very different from those of children or adults.Once people believed it was sensible that the human brain was fully developed by the age of three. According to this theory, teenager behaviors like risk-taking, a lack of sensitivity to how their actions affect both themselves and others, increased aggressive deeds, diminished concentration and a negative attitude were thought to be due to bad parenting or changes in body chemistry.However, new technology has allowed researchers to examine the healthy brain at work. What they have discovered is something radical: Not only does the brain continue to grow beyond the age of three, but the research also affirms that the brain of a teenager is larger than that of an adult.As teen brains are soaked with chemicals during adolescence phase, the brain grows. However, only the cells that are used the most will survive the competition within the brain. Those that are used less begin to die off until the brain reaches what will be its adult size.The way that teens spend their time somehow influences which connections remain and which disappear. On the basis of this knowledge, experts advise parents tobe alert on how their teenagers spend their time. What teens do today will affect their brains for the rest of their lives.U4ambitious cautious immune dynamic preliminary indifferent pessimistic superb weird abnormal1. Even though the global economic situation is pessimistic , not everyone is so pessimistic about the future. They believe it will be recovered in a few years.2. The lab director said that the experiment was at its preliminary stage and they would need more time to come to a final result.3. The local people have been so realistic and cautious about any changes that the progress of reform has been very slow.4. The U.S. is definitely a telephone country. This is partly due to the fact that the telephone service is superb there, whereas the postal service is less efficient.5. Although we did a lot better than most or even than our own expectations, we are not entirely immune to that criticism from those who are trying to find fault with us.6. While the occurrences in Bermuda Triangle have been reported that the area is filled with weird happenings, he was not apparently disturbed by what he had seen.7. I truly believe I would not be the strong and ambitious person as I am today if I did not have a hearing disability, an innate physical problem.8. Many reports show that earthquake occurrences can be predicted by abnormal animal behavior that can be seen minutes as well as weeks before the events.9. The University of London is located in one of the world's most dynamic cities, which can offer international students an exciting cultural life as well as the very best course choice.10. Before the competition, she assumed that she had a winner on her hands, but her indifference to the rivals led to her ultimate failure.thrill incline weave forgefrown impulse initiative contact consequently exceedingly1. We all buy goods on impulse sometimes, simply because we saw them on the shelf of the shop and they looked tempting.2. My coach checked his watch and frowned , "This is not acceptable for a promising young athlete like you." I lowered my head, pretending to feel shame.3. While the population has increased only 40 percent since 1960, violent crime in America has increased 550 percent, so Americans are exceedingly worried about it.4. Believe me, it's a real thrill to see my own story published in a national newspaper and so favorably reviewed by famous critics.5. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to be straightforward and possess high levels of self-confidence.6. I bought a used car last month, and it often caused trouble. Yesterday, my car broke down again and consequently I was late for my physics class.7. AIDS spreads in three basic ways: first, through sexual intercourse; second, through contact with diseased blood; and third from an HIV mother to her baby.8. Under the poet's wide imaginations, nature and mystery were woven into the poems –along with fear and sophisticated ideas, so it's hard for readers to understand.9. Because of a stupid mistake in our decision-making process, we lost the chance to take the initiative in the business deal; the other side has taken advantage of it now.10. You are the person who is responsible and enthusiastic, making our work possible, so I'll try to forge more reliable links between us.A. dictateB. deserveC. makeD. reserveE. charityF. formulaG. security H. demanding I. daringJ. fallen K. lack L. desirableM. available N. haste O. superiorChoosing a husband or wife is one of the most important decisions in a person's life. In many cultures, young men and women are daring to choose their own marriage partners. In some cultures, however, parents reserve the right to arrange their children's marriages. Such arranged marriages have both advantages and disadvantages.One advantage of having parents arrange a marriage is financial security. Of course, money doesn't automatically bring happiness, but a lack of money certainly causesstress in any relationship. A second advantage of an arranged marriage is that parents may make a better choice than their children. They are not only older but also more superior in life experience. Also, parents have been married; therefore, they know better what qualities are desirable in a spouse.On the other hand, arranged marriages may have some disadvantages. One obvious disadvantage is that parents may choose a wrong person in haste, and the young couple may never be happy together. A second obvious disadvantage is that a young man or woman may already have fallen in love with someone else. If the parents force their children to tie the knot, the result will be a disaster to all concerned.In conclusion, neither an arranged marriage nor a marriage for love is a good formula to be happy. Both kinds of marriages take work, patience, and perhaps a little bit of luck.U5defy contradict disguise derivesubmit remedy manufacture manipulatescout issue1. The global increase in house prices is a boom by design, largely manufactured by the world's central banks, led by the Federal Reserve.2. He was accused of manipulating the price of a stock by illegal means so he could buy it cheaply. Many stock holders were so angry about the scandal.3. I saw a group of people scouting the hills for a nuclear test site though they knew it might possibly cause severe and permanent damage to the environment.4. It is surprising that fewer students were prepared to submit written work on a regular basis or to study over long periods.5. Even though he was issued an explicit warning, he still insisted on having his own way, which eventually led to this disaster.6. Even though love is considered noble and pure, the open nature of the true love contradicts the fact that love is often selfish and ego-centered.7. To regulate school policies on cheating and improper behavior among students, those who defy rules and cheat in exams will be forced to drop out.8. The German soldiers disguised themselves as English troops, but their accents gave them away, so they were finally discovered by the English officers.9. Ever since the peace crisis started in the Middle East, a great deal has been done internationally to remedy the situation in that area.10. He believes that all scientists should derive their theories from the first hand experiments and approved research.hinder prohibit filter shrugstagger retain resume suspendimpose dissolve1. In some countries churches are not allowed to impose their beliefs on people, but they are allowed to practice their faith freely.2. Even though the oil price is increasing all the time, it was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports for domestic armed conflicts.3. Since the natural processes for filtering water can clean only a certain amount of water by removing the pollution, new technique must be introduced for purified water.4. The Beatles dissolved in 1970, but the Rolling Stones were still performing in the 1990s, being active and famous for more than thirty years.5. Since many car accidents are related with distracted driving, now at least 25 countries restrict or prohibit the use of cell phones and other wireless technology while driving.6. Unless a child's daydreaming is hindering him from progressing in school or from gaining social skills, there is no need to discourage it.7. Even though he was not very popular among his colleagues, he staggered everyone by suddenly announcing that he was leaving the company at the end of the month. 8. People can figure out the meaning of certain gestures or body languages. He shrugged his shoulders as if there was nothing he could do about it.9. The Bosnian peace-talks are resuming in Geneva in a couple of days with the up-to-date proposals at the top of the agenda.10. Paul Allen has made quite an impact on the region and the world. In 2000, he retired from Microsoft, but the company retained him as a permanent advisor to top executives.A. perspectiveB. initiativeC. optionD. portionE. principleF. principalG. explicit H. implicit I. seemJ. assume K. resume L. suspendedM. suspected N. tackle O. fundsI'm often asked how much spending money college students need. While that may seem like a simple question, the answer is different for each student and family. Iwill suggest a way for each student and family to find out for themselves. Obviously, I assume the family is providing some financial support to the student for college. This is both because I think it's the norm AND because I think parents have no option. Remember, I also think students should be responsible for some portion of their college costs –even if the family can afford to pay for everything! The principal term here is "spending money." While you probably have a clear picture of what spending money is, everyone's perspective is different. The point is each family needs to sit down together and talk –to have an open and explicit talk about money. Is the expense required, optional, a luxury, etc.? Should it be suspended? All parties need to hear what the other thinks on this topic. Families need to decide whether the student needs help managing funds and making decisions about money. Define whose responsibility each expense is. Does the parent pay the cell phone bill? Does the student pay the gasoline bill? Also, discuss how to tackle"emergencies." They need to know whether or not there is ANY possibility of additional money in the future.U6venture protest preserve rejoiceprovoke renew highlight withstandstir overlook1. Although I think they overlooked their past, they would be marrying into another culture anyway since they seemed so compatible together.2. Gordon is a popular manager but he did not renew his contract with the company, which means he may leave the company soon.3. While a severe cold spread through her quivering figure, the old woman rejoiced in being free from the nightmare and the horrible memories forever.4. It is said that the party's ignorant and arrogant behavior over the years towards reserved and moderate criticism provoked the political crisis.5. Trying to convince the school that it's not her fault, the teacher protested that she should not take blame for student's cheating and that she was totally innocent.6. The difficult situation of children who were infected with HIV was highlighted Princess Diana when she presented a report to a London conference.7. All stages from eggs to adults must be capable of withstanding low environmental temperatures; eggs especially have to be cold-resistant throughout the winter.8. The government and industrial leaders were recently warned that those who even venture to think about mass layoffs were playing with fire.9. What you said must have stirred up some memories for her, days of wine and roses, nights of sufferings, wandering in the streets with intense hunger and piercing cold.。

speciation in geographically答案

speciation in geographically答案【1】Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,th e formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a sing le species into separate subpopulations.Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new speci es because once the members of one subpopulation can no lon ger mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulati ons.In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinc t that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciatio n is known as allopatry(“alio-”means“different”，and“p atria”means“homeland”).【2】Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation r oute.This should not be surprising,since allopatry is prett y common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So ev en under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady str eam.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the 1800s a monstrous earthquake ch anged the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flo wing in the central part of the United States of America.Th e change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore,completely cutting off gene flow between the m.【3】Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly,over great spans of time.We find evidence of such extended event s in the fossil record,which affords glimpses into the brea kup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages,glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glacier retreated,the separated popula tions of plants and animals came into contact again.Some gr oups that had descended from the same parent population wer e no longer reproductively compatible—they had evolved int o separate species.In other groups,however,genetic divergen ces had not proceeded so far,and the descendants could stil l interbreed—for them,reproductive isolation was not compl eted,and so speciation had not occurred.【4】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the i mperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic pl ates that make up Earth’s surface.About 5 million years ag o such geologic movements created the land bridge between N orth America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of the isthmus had important consequen ces for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previousl y the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set th e stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fish es and other marine species.【5】In the 1980s,John Graves studied two populations o f closely related fishes,one population from the Atlantic s ide of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at low er temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater is ty pically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed s light differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes oftwo of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.【6】Graves drew two conclusions from these observation s.First,at least some of the observed differences between t he enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations wer e not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption.S econd,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically d iverge from each other.Because Graves’s study of geographi cally isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimp se of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive,divergences here mi ght be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.托福阅读试题1.The word"promotes"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2.According to paragraph 1,allopatric speciation involv es which of the following?A.The division of a population into subspecies.B.The reuniting of separated populations after they hav e become distinct species.C.The movement of a population to a new homeland.D.The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3.Why does the author provide the information that"the subpopulations of most species are separated from each othe r by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whet her subpopulations of a species are allopatric.B.To define what it means for a group of animals or pla nts to be a subpopulation.C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4.The word"accumulate"in the passage is closest in mean ing toA.Become more significant.B.Occur randomly.C.Gradually increase in number.D.Cause changes.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a chan ge in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthqua ke?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most species.B.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry can sometimes arise in a short time.C.To provide an example of a situation in which gene fl ow among the subpopulations of a species happens at a slow rate.D.To explain why insects living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each other.6.According to paragraph 3，separation of subpopulation s by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of pla nts and animals thatA.were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared.B.had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glac iers.C.were able to survive being separated from their paren t population.D.had experienced some genetic divergences from their p arent population.7.The word"colossal"in the passage is closet in meaning toA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is tr ue of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes a nd marine organisms into contact with one another for the f irst time.B.The movements transferred populations of fishes and o ther marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean s.C.The movements created conditions that allowed water t o flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movements created conditions for the formation of new species of fishes and other marine animals.9.The word"sequence"in the passage is closet in meaning toA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.According to paragraph 5,by comparing the enzymes fr om two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the is thmus,Graves found evidence thatA.there were slight genetic divergences between the two groups.B.the Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishes.C.the temperature of water on either side of the isthmu s had changed.D.genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid and frequent than in the Pacific group of fishe s.11.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 and 6 that the r eason Graves concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler wa ters.B.the Enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.C.gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populations.D.the differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to ot her side of the isthmus.12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essen tial information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or l eave out essential information.A.Graves's study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves's study of mutating isthmus fishes yields resu lts that differ from results of other studies involving all opatric speciation.C.Graves's study of isolated populations of isthmus fis hes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginningD.Grave's study indicates that when isolated,population s of isthmus fished register neutral or adaptive mutations.13.Look at the four squares[]that indicate where the fo llowing sentence can be added to the passage.Where would th e sentence best fit?The formation of the isthmus had import ant consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.【A】About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South Ame rica that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of th e isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.【B】While previously the gap between the continents ha d allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Oc ean.【C】This division set the stage for allopatric speciat ion among populations of fishes and other marine species.【D】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the i mperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic pl ates that make up Earth's surface.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summ ary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not pre sented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage.Th is question is worth 2 points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separ ated populations of a single species gradually diverge gene tically to the point of becoming unable to interbreedA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barrie rs that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a v ariety of ways.B.During past ice ages,some,but not all,subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopa try because subpopulations will form distinct species whene ver there are adaptive advantages or notD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of t ectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on ei ther side of the barriers usually do not form distinct spec ies.E.Graves's study of fish populations separated by the I sthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.F.Graves's study of physically separated fish populatio ns show that there must be large differences between the en vironments of the isolated populations if allopatric specia tion is to take place.托福阅读答案1.promote本身是促进的意思。

仿生鱼鳍单元设计及运动仿真分析

仿生鱼鳍单元设计及运动仿真分析何建慧;章永华【摘要】Based on motor-cam-slider-crank mechanism,a biomimetic fish fin unit was developed.Then,the kinematics of biomimetic fish fin unit was analyzed,the relationship between cam and fin ray was also established.In combination with Adams simulation software,the change of angular displacement,angular velocity and angle acceleration of fin ray was presented under different cam angular velocities of π/6 rad·s-1 and 2π/3 rad·s-1.The results indicate that:the curves of angular displacement,angular velocity and angle acceleration with time present the same undulating rule with equal frequency.However,the ray angular acceleration time curve presents small asymmetry relative to the zero line.Moreover,the frequency and the amplitude of angular displacement,angular velocity and angle acceleration increase with the increase of motor rotation velocity.This motion characteristics coincide with the motion law of biological fins.The development of current biomimetic fish fin unit provides a reference for the further research on bio-propulsor.%利用电机-凸轮-滑块-曲柄机构,设计了一款仿生鱼鳍单元.对仿生鱼鳍单元的运动学进行分析,建立了凸轮运动参数与鳍条运动参数之间的关系.结合Adams仿真软件,分析凸轮角速度分别为π/6和2π/3 rad·s-1时鳍条运动角位移、角速度和角加速度随时间的变化.结果显示:鳍条角位移、角速度和角加速度曲线均呈现等频率波动规律,但鳍条角加速度时间曲线相对零位呈现小幅度的不对称性;随着电机转速增加,鳍条角位移、角速度和角加速度的变化频率增大,幅值也随之增大.上述运动特征与生物鱼鳍的运动规律相符,该仿生鱼鳍单元结构设计为进一步研制仿生鳍推进器提供参考.【期刊名称】《系统仿真技术》【年(卷),期】2017(013)002【总页数】5页(P170-174)【关键词】仿生鱼鳍;鳍条;凸轮;曲柄-滑块机构【作者】何建慧;章永华【作者单位】台州职业技术学院机电工程学院,浙江台州 318000;台州职业技术学院机电工程学院,浙江台州 318000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP242.6鱼类因非凡的运动能力使其能够在复杂的水下环境中生存[1],这一点引起了研究人员广泛的关注,并于近二十年内开发了大量的仿生机器鱼推进器。

2024上海松江区高三英语二模

松江区2023学年度第二学期模拟考质量监控试卷高三英语（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2024.4 考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．At 8:00. B．At 8:15. C．At 8:30. D．At 8:45.2．A．A professor. B．A coach. C．An engineer. D．A nurse.3．A．In a restaurant. B．In a hairdres ser’s.C．At a cinema. D．At a tailor’s. 4．A．Ways to visit a university. B．Two student tour guides.C．A tour of Fudan University. D．The campus of Fudan University.5．A．They did not make it there finally.B．They were not well received there.C．They experienced something unpleasant on the way.D．They had a wonderful time before they arrived there.6．A．Excited. B．Interested. C．Confused. D．Annoyed. 7．A．Practice the presentation in front of him. B．Watch how he makes a presentation. C．Reduce the time spent in practicing. D．Find out who her audience will be.8．A．She is always absent-minded. B．She forgot to tell the man about it.C．She is unclear about Sophie’s plan.D．She slipped in the neighboring town. 9．A．Because it took him much time to go to work.B．Because he had to save money for his journey.C．Because the job arranged many business journeys.D．Because he considered it unlucky to have that job.10．A．Buy a new printer with less noise. B．Ask the man to borrow a printer.C．Read a book on how to fix the printer. D．Get someone to repair the printer.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．How encores came into existence. B．How bands perform encores properly.C．Why audiences used to need encores. D．Why encores are part of a performance. 12．A．The 17th century. B．The 18th century. C．The 19th century. D．The 20th century. 13．A．French people were more interested in encores than others.B．Bands usually prepare more than two encores for each show.C．Recording technology boosted audiences’ needs for encores.D．Musicians can get recharged during the break before encores.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14．A．Because of the rule for the class. B．Because of the course materials.C．Because the speaker changed his topics. D．Because the speaker disliked technology. 15．A．The students do not assess the speaker’s class fairly.B．The students are satisfied with the class environment.C．The speaker did not favor leaving technology at the door.D．The speaker were worried about students’ evaluation on him.16．A．It will stop students getting on well together.B．It may help students better understand themes.C．It will improve teaching effect by giving students more help.D．It may distract students from digging deep within themselves.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17．A．Doctor and patient. B．Salesman and customer.C．Teacher and student. D．Employer and employee.18．A．Fishing industry. B．Statistics. C．Computer modeling. D．Note-taking. 19．A．She is good at making model computers. B．She has decided on the title of the essay. C．She is uninterested in coping with statistics. D．She has always been weak at note-taking. 20．A．Learn to take notes immediately. B．Find out possible strategies alone.C．Read for more useful information. D．Work on her weaknesses by herself. Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Remote Work Slows Senior Housing Market RecoveryWith the rise of remote work, the market for senior housing has met with problems in its recovery. Only a few old people choose to live in senior-living communities （21）______the growing senior population and the cancelation of COVID-19 restrictions once making family visits difficult.（22）______ this trend suggests is that people’s shift to remote work contributes to the slow rebound of the senior housing market. That is, remote work is keeping many older Americans from moving into senior-living communities once warmly （23）______（welcome）.When more adults began working remotely during the pandemic（流行病）, they were able to check in on aging parents easily —they （24）______ take care of their parents’ issues on short notice.Experts have been analyzing the phenomenon in different ways. Some found that the greater flexibility to care for parents （25）______（mean）people’s delay in sending aged parents to expensive senior-housing accommodations. Therefore, markets with high levels of people working from home usually have lower senior-housing occupancy rates. Others said remote work might have some effect but also pointed to different factors. For instance, many seniors think that their family wallets are getting thinner, making some of them reluctant （26）______（send）to senior-living communities.The age at which people enter senior housing is also increasing, （27）______serves as another sign that shows people are choosing to delay transitioning. The rising cost of senior living weighs heavily on that decision. The CPI （consumer-price index）for nursing homes and adult day services rose 4.5% last May compared with （28）______in May, 2022.Still, many senior-housing operators are optimistic. When （29）______（illustrate）their point, they showed an increase in the number of people turning 80 years old over the following years and the actual wealth they have collected. Moreover, they find remote work arrangements are decreasing in some parts of the country, （30）______ employees there have seen their lowered productivity while working from home.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．variedBrain Signals for Lasting PainBrain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment alre ady used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But nomedical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极）into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions—the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pa in based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿）from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around £4.5m a year）while keeping all the essential information.Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarilyproud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely54 for almost a century.The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared 42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error 43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered 44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder 45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example 46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised 47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction 48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw 49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring 50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate 51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging 52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts 53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live 54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected 55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admirationSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shropshire, England. Darwin’s childhood passion was science, and his interest in chemistry, however, was clear; he was even nicknamed ‘Gas’ by his classmates.In 1825, his father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University, where he learned how to classify plants. Darwin became passionate about natural history and this became his focus while he studied at Cambridge. Darwin went on a voyage together with Robert Fitzroy, the captain of HMS Beagle, to South America to facilitate British trade in Patagonia. The journey was life-changing. Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals and rocks, which helped him to develop an understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals that he gathered led him to express doubts on former explanations about how species formed and evolved over time.Darwin’s work convinced him that natural selection was key to understanding the development of the natural world. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive when they inherit （经遗传获得）characteristics best suited for that specific environment. These features then become more widespread and can lead eventually to the development of a new species. With natural selection, Darwin argued how a wide variety of life forms developed over time from a single common ancestor.Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1839. When Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died from a sudden illness in 1851, he lost his belief in God. His tenth and final child, Charles Waring Darwin, was born in 1856．Significantly for Darwin, this baby was disabled, altering how Darwin thought about the human species. Darwin had previously thought that species remained adapted until the environment changed; he now believed that every new variation was imperfect and that a struggle to survive was what drove species to adapt.Though rejected at the beginning, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is nowadays well acc epted by the scientific community as the best evidence-based explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. The Natural History Museum’s library alone has 478 editions of his On the Origin of Species in 38 languages.56．What made Darwin reconsider the origin and development of species?A．Examining plants and animals collected.B．His desire for a voyage to different continents.C．Classifying samples in a journey to South America.D．His passion for natural history at Edinburgh University.57．We can learn from paragraphs 1 to 3 that Darwin ______.A．used natural selection to develop new speciesB．enjoyed being called nicknames related to scienceC．learned some knowledge about plants when studying medicineD．argued with others over the diversity of life forms for a long period58．Which of the following changed Darwin’s view on the human species?A．That he had ten children in all. B．His youngest son’s being disabled.C．That he lost his eldest daughter. D．His marriage with Emma Wedgwood.59．This passage is mainly about ______.A．Darwin’s passion for medical science B．Darwin’s theory and experimentsC．Charles Darwin’s changing interest D．Charles Darwin’s life and work（B）Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. （Details at.）Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails（路线）and program information, and to take in exhibits.What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail （also called Main Trail）. Choose short, medium, or long loops（环线）. Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.（Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.）Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at /goga.Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.More InformationMuir Woods National Monument /muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-269660．Muir Woods will probably attract ______.①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking loversA．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③61．What can be learned from the passage?A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.62．According to the map of Muir Woods, ______.A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridgesB．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir BeachC．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods（C）Precognitive dreams are dreams that seemingly predict the future which cannot be inferred from actually available information. Former US President Abraham Lincoln once revealed the frightening dream to his law partner and friend Ward Hill Lamon, “…Then I heard people weep… ‘Who is dead in the White House?’ I demanded. ‘The President,’ ‘he was killed!’…” The killing did happen later.Christopher French, Professor in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, stated the most likely explanation for such a phenomenon was coincidence（巧合）. “In addition to pure coincidences we must also consider the unreliability of memory”, he added. Asked what criteria would have to be met for him to accept that precognitive dreams were a reality, he said, “The primary problem with tests of the claim is that the subjects are unable to tell when the event（s）they’ve dreamed about will happen.”However, some claimed to make such tests practicable. Professor Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh, has conducted studies into precognitive dreaming. She stated that knowing future through dreams challenged the basic assumption of science — causality （relationship of cause and effect）.Dick Bierman, a retired physicist and psychologist, who has worked at the Universities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Groningen, has put forward a theory that may explain precognitive dreams. It is based on the fact that when scientists use certain mathematical descriptions to talk about things like electromagnetism（电磁学）, these descriptions favour the belief that time only moves in one direction. However, in practice the wave that is running backwards in time does exist. This concept is called the time symmetry, meaning that the laws of physics look the same when time runs forward or backward. But he believes that time symmetry breaks down due to external conditions. “The key of the theory is that it assumes that there is a special context that restores th e broken time-symmetry, if the waves running backwards are ‘absorbed’ by a consistent multi-particle（多粒子）system. The brain under a dream state may be such a system where broken time-symmetry is partially restored. This is still not a full explanation for precognitive dreams but it shows where physics might be adjusted to accommodate the phenomenon,” he explains.Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 63．According to French, what makes it difficult to test precognitive dreams?A．Unavailability of people’s dreams.B．That coincidences happen a lot in reality.C．That criteria for dream reliability are not trustworthy.D．People’s inability to tell when dreamt events will happen.64．Believers in precognitive dreams may question the truth of ______.A．the assumption of causality B．the time symmetryC．memories of ordinary people D．modern scientific tests65．We can infer from the passage that ______.A．Lincoln was warned of the killing by his friendB．Watt carried out several experiments on causalityC．researches on electromagnetism are based on the time symmetryD．time’s moving in two directions may justify precognitive dreams66．Which might be the best title of the passage?A．Should Dreams Be Assessed?B．Can Dreams Predict the Future?C．How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams?D．Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams?Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A．Labeling poses even more of a problem when it comes to kids.B．It can be helpful for those not quite able to understand why they feel the way they do.C．There seems to be a desire to see negative emotions as something requiring intervention or diagnosis. D．Labeling leads to children’s overcoming their addiction to what is posted online.E．Someone has had only a certain experience and judges all behavior with that experience.F．The basic function of a diagnosis is to give you a name for those behaviors once felt unusual.Addiction to LabelingMaybe you’ve noticed it in the comments section of popular social media posts about anxiety. depression or things alike, with a number of people claiming to pick these labels for themselves.These days, labeling is everywhere. （67）______ However, the negative part is that it’s easy for someone to identify with the characteristics without truly recognizing the context in which these characteristics would require diagnosis, according to Charlotte Armitage, a registered integrative psychotherapist and psychologist.If you have done your research and genuinely feel that you have some form of mental health concern, then finally having a name for your behaviors can be great. But the risk is that many people will seek labels and intervention for any behavior, pattern or emotion that is outside of the permanent happy group that society has set as the norm. “（68）______ Then the saying ‘a little bit of knowledge is dangerous’ springs to my mind,” Armitage adds.（69）______“Children are still developing and evolving, and many childhood behavioral features may seem like those of a disorder when there’re other potential explanations for that behavior,” Armitage notes. Ideally, a diagnosis for a child should be carried out by a qualified mental health professional. So it is with an adult.Nevertheless, the most important thing to bear in mind is that diagnosis doesn’t mean to indicate that you are broken or less capable.（70）______ And if you go deeper, it can alert you to the fact that you are not alone, and that many people experience life in the same way as you do.Ⅳ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71．Why Willing to Wait?First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.Ⅴ．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72．大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。

〈87〉 Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vitro

á87ñ BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITROThe following tests are designed to determine the biological reactivity of mammalian cell cultures following contact with the elastomeric plastics and other polymeric materials with direct or indirect patient contact or of specific extracts prepared from the materials under test. It is essential that the tests be performed on the specified surface area. When the surface area of the specimen cannot be determined, use 0.1 g of elastomer or 0.2 g of plastic or other material for every mL of extraction fluid.Exercise care in the preparation of the materials to prevent contamination with microorganisms and other foreign matter. Three tests are described (i.e., the Agar Diffusion Tes t, the Direct Contact Tes t, and the Elution Tes t).1 The decision as to which type of test or the number of tests to be performed to assess the potential biological response of a specific sample or extract depends upon the material, the final product, and its intended use. Other factors that may also affect the suitability of a sample for a specific use are the polymeric composition; processing and cleaning procedures; contacting media; inks;adhesives; absorption, adsorption, and permeability of preservatives; and conditions of storage. Evaluation of such factors should be made by appropriate additional specific tests before determining that a product made from a specific material is suitable for its intended use. Materials that fail the in vitr o tests are candidates for the in viv o tests described in Biological Reactivity Tests, In Vivo á88ñ.PROCEDURES•T EST C ONTROLPositive control:Polyurethane film containing zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC)2 or zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC) Cell culture preparation:Prepare multiple cultures of L-929 (ATCC cell line CCL 1, NCTC clone 929; alternative cell lines obtained from a standard repository may be used with suitable validation) mammalian fibroblast cells inserum-supplemented minimum essential medium having a seeding density of about 105 cells per mL. Incubate the cultures at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator for NLT 24 h in a 5 ± 1% carbon dioxide atmosphere until a monolayer, with greater than 80% confluence, is obtained. Examine the prepared cultures under a microscope to ensure uniform, near-confluent monolayers. [N OTE—The reproducibility of the in vitro biological reactivity tests depends upon obtaining uniform cell culture density.]Extraction solvents:Sodium Chloride Injectio n [see monograph—use Sodium Chloride Injectio n containing 0.9% of sodium chloride (NaCl)]. Alternatively, serum-free mammalian cell culture media or serum-supplemented mammalian cell culture media may be used. Serum supplementation is used when extraction is done at 37° for 24 h.•A PPARATUSAutoclave:Employ an autoclave capable of maintaining a temperature of 121 ± 2°, equipped with a thermometer, a pressure gauge, a vent cock, a rack adequate to accommodate the test containers above the water level, and a water cooling system that will allow for cooling of the test containers to about 20°, but not below 20°, immediately following the heating cycle. Oven:Use an oven, preferably a mechanical convection model, that will maintain operating temperatures in the range of 50°–70° within ±2°.Incubator:Use an incubator capable of maintaining a temperature of 37 ± 1° and a humidified atmosphere of 5 ± 1% carbon dioxide in air.Extraction containers:Use only containers, such as ampuls or screw-cap culture test tubes, or their equivalent, of Type I glass. If used, culture test tubes, or their equivalent, are closed with a screw cap having a suitable elastomeric liner. The exposed surface of the elastomeric liner is completely protected with an inert solid disk 50–75 µm in thickness. A suitable disk can be fabricated from polytef.Preparation of apparatus:Cleanse all glassware thoroughly with chromic acid cleansing mixture and, if necessary, with hot nitric acid followed by prolonged rinsing with Sterile Water for Injectio n. Sterilize and dry by a suitable process for containers and devices used for extraction, transfer, or administration of test material. If ethylene oxide is used as the sterilizing agent, allow NLT 48 h for complete degassing.•P ROCEDUREPreparation of sample for extracts:Prepare as directed in the Procedur e in á88ñ.Preparation of extracts:Prepare as directed for Preparation of extract s in á88ñ using either Sodium Chloride Injectio n [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)] or serum-free mammalian cell culture media as Extraction solvent s. [N OTE—If extraction is done at 37° for 24 h in an incubator, use cell culture media supplemented by serum. The extraction conditions should not in any instance cause physical changes, such as fusion or melting of the material pieces, other than a slight adherence.]•A GAR D IFFUSION T ESTThis test is designed for elastomeric closures in a variety of shapes. The agar layer acts as a cushion to protect the cells from mechanical damage while allowing the diffusion of leachable chemicals from the polymeric specimens. Extracts of materials that are to be tested are applied to a piece of filter paper.Sample preparation:Use extracts prepared as directed, or use portions of the test specimens having flat surfaces NLT 100 mm2 in surface area.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 7 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 60-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the monolayers, and replace it with serum-supplemented culture medium containing NMT 2% of agar. [N OTE—The quality of the agar must be adequate to1Further details are given in the following publications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103: Standard test method for agar diffusion cell culture screening for cytotoxicity, ASTM Designation F 895-84; Standard practice for direct contact cell culture evaluation of materials for medical devices, ASTM Designation F 813-83.2ZDEC and ZDBC polyurethanes are available from the Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, Ochiai 729–5, Hadanoshi, Kanagawa 257, Japan.support cell growth. The agar layer must be thin enough to permit diffusion of leached chemicals.] Place the flat surfaces of Sample preparatio n, Positive control preparatio n, and Negative control preparatio n or their extracts in an appropriate extracting medium, in duplicate cultures in contact with the solidified agar surface. Use no more than three specimens per prepared plate. Incubate all cultures for NLT 24 h at 37 ± 1°, preferably in a humidified incubator containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture around each sample, negative control, and positive control under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:The biological reactivity (cellular degeneration and malformation) is described and rated on a scale of 0–4 (see Table 1). Measure the responses of the cell cultures to the Sample preparatio n, the Positive control preparatio n, and the Negative control preparatio n. The cell culture test system is suitable if the observed responses to the Negative control preparatio n is grade 0 (no reactivity) and to the Positive control preparatio n is at least grade 3 (moderate).The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive). Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed.Table 1. Reactivity Grades for Agar Diffusion Test and Direct Contact TestGrade Reactivity Description of Reactivity Zone0None No detectable zone around or under specimen1Slight Some malformed or degenerated cells under specimen2Mild Zone limited to area under specimen and less than 0.45 cm beyond specimen3Moderate Zone extends 0.45–1.0 cm beyond specimen4Severe Zone extends greater than 1.0 cm beyond specimen•D IRECT C ONTACT T ESTThis test is designed for materials in a variety of shapes. The procedure allows for simultaneous extraction and testing of leachable chemicals from the specimen with a serum-supplemented medium. The procedure is not appropriate for very low- or high-density materials that could cause mechanical damage to the cells.Sample preparation:Use portions of the test specimen having flat surfaces NLT 100 mm2 in surface area.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 2 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 35-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the cultures, and replace it with 0.8 mL of fresh culture medium. Place a single Sample preparatio n, a Positive control preparatio n, and a Negative controlpreparatio n in each of the duplicate cultures. Incubate all cultures for NLT 24 h at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture around each Sample preparatio n, a Positive controlpreparatio n, and a Negative control preparatio n, under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:Proceed as directed for Interpretation of result s in Agar Diffusion Tes t. The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive). Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed.•E LUTION T ESTThis test is designed for the evaluation of extracts of polymeric materials. The procedure allows for extraction of the specimens at physiological or nonphysiological temperatures for varying time intervals. It is appropriate for high-density materials and for dose-response evaluations.Sample preparation:Prepare as directed in Preparation of extract s, using either Sodium Chloride Injectio n [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)] or serum-free mammalian cell culture media as Extraction solvent s. If the size of the sample cannot be readily measured, a mass of NLT 0.1 g of elastomeric material or 0.2 g of plastic or polymeric material per mL of extraction medium may be used. Alternatively, use serum-supplemented mammalian cell culture media as the extracting medium to simulate more closely physiological conditions. Prepare the extracts by heating for 24 h in an incubator containing 5± 1% of carbon dioxide. Maintain the extraction temperature at 37 ± 1°, because higher temperatures may cause denaturation of serum proteins.Positive control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Negative control preparation:Proceed as directed for Sample preparatio n.Procedure:Using 2 mL of cell suspension prepared as directed in Cell culture preparatio n, prepare the monolayers in plates having a 35-mm diameter. Following incubation, aspirate the culture medium from the monolayers, and replace it with extracts of the Sample preparatio n, Positive control preparatio n, or Negative control preparatio n. The serum-supplemented and serum-free cell culture media extracts are tested in duplicate without dilution (100%). The Sodium Chloride Injectio n extract is diluted with serum-supplemented cell culture medium and tested in duplicate at 25% extract concentration.Incubate all cultures for 48 h at 37 ± 1° in a humidified incubator preferably containing 5 ± 1% of carbon dioxide. Examine each culture at 48 h, under a microscope, using a suitable stain, if desired.Interpretation of results:Proceed as directed for Interpretation of result s in Agar Diffusion Tes t but use Table 2. The sample meets the requirements of the test if the response to the Sample preparatio n is not greater than grade 2 (mildly reactive).Repeat the procedure if the suitability of the system is not confirmed. For dose-response evaluations, repeat the procedure, using quantitative dilutions of the sample extract.1Slight Less than or equal to 20% of the cells are round, loosely attached, and without intracytoplasmic granules; occasional lysed cells are present 2Mild Greater than 20% to less than or equal to 50% of the cells are round and devoid of intracyto-plasmic granules; no extensive cell lysis and empty areas between cells 3Moderate Greater than 50% to less than 70% of the cell layers contain rounded cells or are lysed 4Severe Nearly complete destruction of the cell layers ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS •USP R EFERENCE S TANDARDS á11ñUSP High-Density Polyethylene RS (Negative Control)Table 2. Reactivity Grades for Elution TestGradeReactivity Conditions of All Cultures 0None Discrete intracytoplasmic granules; no cell lysis。

常见缩写或术语.

To change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state. Blood that does not flow smoothly through a vessel can coagulate or clot by turning from a free-flowing liquid to a semi-solid gel. 使自由流动的液体转变为凝集或半固体状态。血液在血管内流动不畅可能会凝结，从自由流动的液态变为半固体的凝胶状。
AVA Position Statements AVA 立场声明
Definition 定义
Drugs used to induce loss of sensation for the patient in preparation for operative procedures. 在术前准备中使用药物诱导患者感觉丧失
Treatment of disease by means of chemical substances or drugs; usually used in reference to neoplastic (cancer) disease.通过化学物质或者药物来治疗疾病，通常指肿瘤
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure 充血性心力衰竭
In radiology, something artificial that appears on a medical image but is not a part of the living tissue being examined. 放射医学中，人造物品是外观似医学图像，但并非属于被检查的活体组织的组分。The image distortion could be due to an obstruction, such as a surgical metal clip, or to a problem with the imaging equipment.手术中使用的金属夹子、成像仪器的故障所致等都会导致最后图像的失真。

辽宁省县级重点高中2024届高三上学期期末考试英语试卷(含答案)

辽宁省县级重点高中2024届高三上学期期末考试英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、阅读理解Gabon, on the west coast of Africa, has numerous rainforests, open grasslands, white-sand beaches and rushing rivers. Here are four adventures that can let you have unforgettable experiences.The Wild Species AdventureThe site of this adventure is close to a national park, which has elephants, monkeys, leopards, red river hogs and so on. Visitors can go on a journey by jeep and have a chance to see the country's natural beauty and different birds in a nearby reserve.The Fishing AdventureGabon has some really big fish and miles of untouched coastlines, and the fishing spots are not packed, because they are wide apart. When fishing, visitors can find themselves in pleasant places, surrounded by palm trees during the adventure. Gabon's unique lagoon (环礁湖) system provides visitors with a range of fish, all ready for you to join in the fishing contest.The Private Island AdventureIt is difficult for visitors to find this private island on the sea on booking or a trip advisor, but it is known by locals. It offers small but comfortable rooms to rest. Visitors can try fun activities like wakeboarding and boating. During the whale season, visitors can also rent boats to take a close look at whales by following responsible viewing guidelines.The Whale Watching AdventureThere is a great diversity of marine mammals to see in this adventure, especially whales. Some of the whales can be found at all time, while others, for example, the humpback whales, only spend a few months from July to September. In this trip, visitors can take splendid pictures of these whales playing around and jumping above the surface of the sea under safety guidance.1．Which adventure attracts a lover of land animals most?A.The wild species adventure.B.The fishing adventure.C.The private island adventure.D.The whale watching adventure.2．What are the spots of the fishing adventure like?A.Noisy.B.Narrow.C.Uncrowded.D.Unpleasant.3．What do the last two adventures offer?A.Whale watching.B.Private trip advisors.C.Cost-free water sports.D.A photo-taking service.During World War Ⅱ, Duchess Nina Douglas-Hamilton played a vital role in looking after animals.As the war broke out, the government issued orders for the mass killing livestock (家畜) to prevent them from being captured or destroyed by the enemy. Duchess Nina launched a campaign to save as many animals as possible, and soon became known as the “animal heroine” for her effort s.Duchess Nina worked with local farmers and animal owners to relocate animals to safer areas, such as the Scottish Highlands. She also established a network of volunteers who helped to care for animals during the war. She organized feeding programs, medical care and transportation, ensuring that animals were well looked after even during the most difficult times. The most challenging aspect of her work was the shortage of food during the war. So she established a vegetable garden and used leftovers to create nutritious meals for animals. She also reached out to the public for donations of food and supplies, and was able to secure enough resources to keep animals healthy and fed.In addition to her work with domestic animals, Duchess Nina was also a strong advocate for wildlife conservation. She established a center for wild animals in Scotland, where she provided a safe place for deer, foxes and other animals that were threatened by the war. She also worked with local protection groups to protect natural habitats.Duchess Nina’s work during World War Ⅱwas not without its risks. She frequentlySadly, some people saw her efforts as a distraction from the war effort. However, she contin ued to work tirelessly for animals. After the war, Duchess Nina’s work was recognized by the government and she got an important award for her services to animals.4．How did Duchess Nina probably feel when she heard the government’s orders?A. Worried.B. Calm.C. Excited.D. Encouraged.5．What was the biggest problem that Duchess Nina faced?A. Nobody gave her any donations.B. She couldn’t find enough volunteers.C. The animals didn’t have enough food to eat.D. Local farmers didn’t give her enough support.6．Why did Duchess Nina start the center in Scotland?A. To keep domestic animals there.B. To attract local protection groups.C. To provide a home for wild animals.D. To offer a safe place for animal owners.7．What does the underlined word “perilous” in paragraph 5 mean?A. Urban.B. Dangerous.C. Faraway.D. Poor.Underwater travel is difficult and dangerous, but many people have to stay deep under the ocean. Thus, humans have come up with a few designs of vehicles to move around under the ocean. But what if there was a better way to travel?Hilary Bart-Smith, an engineer at the University of Virginia, thinks a vehicle that travels like a manta ray (魔鬼鱼) would be able to operate for long periods at sea. Manta rays which can grow up to 29 feet long are among the most efficient swimmers in the ocean. Different from animals and people pushing against water, manta rays swim by moving through the water with wing-like movements of their fins (鳍) . Efficiency means using less energy to move farther.Bart-Smith and other engineers at the University of Virginia had to find out what manta rays looked like on the inside to better understand how they move. They took X-rays to find out how a manta ray's fins are built. They found that a web of cartilage (软骨) stretches across each fin.Once the engineers knew how a manta ray's fin was constructed, they could build one of their own. They made a long row of metal struts with many hinges to imitate the manta ray's web of cartilage. The engineers put their design inside a flexible cover, shaped like a manta ray's fin. Then they tested it in the university swimming pool. They were happy to see that it swam just like a manta ray in the ocean.Engineers and scientists are still learning and experimenting with how to imitate these amazing animals. For now, engineers study their movements and learn from the most efficient swimmers in the ocean. Perhaps someday engineers will be able to build manta ray robots that are big enough to transport people.8．How do manta rays swim?A.By moving like birds.B.By swimming like humans.C.By swimming like other fishes.D.By pushing against water like animals. 9．What can we learn from the second and third paragraphs?A.Manta rays look like travel vehicles.B.Manta rays are the fastest swimmers.C.Manta rays can grow at least 29 feet long.D.Manta rays'fins consist of a web of cartilage.10．Why do the engineers study manta rays?A.To learn about their habits.B.To control manta ray robots.C.To protect marine creatures.D.To design undersea vehicles.11．What's the author's attitude towards the research?A.Supportive.B.Negative.C.Doubtful.D.Objective.The most obvious dog fetish (迷恋) today is the longing for cuteness. Almost every day you can see adorable pictures of dogs and other animals that will make you smile and say, "How cute! "It is a cultural phenomenon that the media scholar James Meese calls the "cute economy' which exists primarily on social media, is user-generated, and is heavily dominated by pictures of animals, especially pets. The goal is to generate a positive response, probably followed by a tap on the screen to “like” and “share”. We can click through image after image of cute animals doing cute things, feeling a little boost of good cheer.The marketing researchers have identified some of the most common categories of cuteness in online pet content: animals doing silly things；animals of extreme size；animals with unusual looks；and animals behaving in ways that seem human-like. Dogs and other animals in the "cute economy" are often further humanized by being dressed in clothing and accessorized (装饰) with hats, jewellery, nail polish and fur dyed a rainbow of colors. Users who post successfully and with some strategies can make money by doing so. Thus, certain dogs have become cuteness celebrities, with millions of devoted followers and paid content from advertisers.Unfortunately, the price of the "cute economy" comes at a serious cost. The cutest and most popular breeds tend to be those with the most significant risk of health and behavioral problems. Cuteness is often coupled with their discomfort. People are drawn to the cuteness of dogs with extremely foreshortened skulls and extremely short legs and awkwardly long bodies, such as the French bulldog and the corgi.Actually, there are well-established health issues. We should treat the "cute economy' with caution, like resisting the commodification (商品化) of appearance by opting out of social media channels promoting the "cute economy". We can also choose not to "like" or"share" images of dogs whose cuteness is linked with discomfort. Although we are biologically attracted to dogs that are super cute, we should be mindful in our "impulses". 12．What is the key to the "cute economy" according to the text?A.Cute animals' attractive appearance.B.Taking pictures of different animals.C.Pet owners' liking adorable pictures.D.Posting cute animals' pictures on social media.13．Which kind of cuteness is most likely to be the online pet content?A.A normal-sized dog is eating bones.B.A white cat is quietly lying next to its owner.C.A monkey is attentively taking care of its baby.D.A parrot dressed in a suit is singing and dancing.14．What is the side effect of the "cute economy"?A.It will change the animals' nature.B.It may make the animals not so cute.C.It may cause health problems to the animals.D.It will result in a decline in animal population.15．What may be the best title for the text?A.Marketing Strategy-CutenessB.The Cute Economy and Its PriceC.Happiness from PetsD.Share Pictures or Not二、七选五16．Anyone experiences a failure occasionally. But how do you deal with it when it occurs? Blaming yourself makes no sense. Faced with a failure, try to find proper ways, which is the key to success.①______If you can't realize what the problem is and don't process failures clearly, you'll find yourself unable to sail along elegantly like a boat through the water ahead. So it is of great importance to spare some time to analyse the relevant causes of the failures.Practise self-acceptance and self-compassion (自我同情) . ②______ Self-acceptance does not mean believing that you are perfect. It means accepting yourself for who you really are. Self-compassion does not mean giving up on growth and self-improvement, but it means showing kindness to yourself. Practise them, decide what to do differently next time and move on.Reframe positively. Positive reframing requires viewing things in a new way that allows youto recognize and appreciate positive aspects of your situation. ③______ As a result, failures can be transformed into challenges and new possibilities to experience life more fully.Laugh it off. Laughing at yourself about a mistake you made is a great gift, which requires a shared understanding of humanity. The point is that once you can laugh at a failure, it is no longer terminal. Instead, you are ready to go ahead. ④______Of course, failures are actually not fun. ⑤______ Finally, you'll make fewer mistakes, experience fewer failures and naturally develop yourself into the being you are destined to become.A.Understand what has gone wrong.B.Save every minute to avoid failures.C.They are the basics of moving on from failures.D.If you can laugh it off, then you can forgive yourself.e the above ways, learn from failures and move forward.F.Similarly, if you can laugh at yourself, others will laugh at you.G.It helps you take advantage of opportunities rather than avoid problems.三、完形填空（15空）Fiona liked to sing at home. One summer day when she was singing, her father said upstairs, “Baby, I really need 1 , so I can take a rest.” Fiona felt upset and had to go2 .It was a 3 day, and many people were riding bikes and walking their dogs in the sun. Fiona went to a nearby park and sat on a bench. She looked around to make sure she wasn’t4 anyone. Then she started to hum (哼)5 . But soon humming turned to loud singing.Feeling very hot, Fiona took off her 6 , laid it on the sidewalk and kept singing. Just as she 7 one of her favorite songs, a man stopped in front of her and dropped a 8 into her hat. Before she could say anything, the man left. Looking at his 9 ,Fiona really wasn’t sure how to 10 the money, but she did want to 11 singing. As a result, a 12 stream of sound rang in the parkWhen she enjoyed herself and stopped to relax, Fiona’s hat was full, and some money fell to the floor because there was no 13 for it. At that time, Mrs Maudslay, her neighbor, suddenly passed by and saw Fiona, “Are you busking, Fiona?” Fiona asked, “What’s busking?” “Busking is when a street performer 14 a hat to collect money People drop some money to show that they like the performance,”Mrs Maudslay answered It 15 on Fiona, and she eventually donated her windfall (意外之财) to charity with theadvice of Mrs. Maudslay.17．A. comfort B. apology C. light D. quiet18．A. outside B. upstairs C. eagerly D. merrily19．A. cloudy B. misty C. clear D. freezing20．A. assessing B. disturbing C. witnessing D. observing21．A. angrily B. unwillingly C. loudly D. softly22．A. mask B. hat C. shoe D. glove23．A. finished B. recalled C. composed D. forgot24．A. medal B. flower C. dollar D. toy25．A. coming B. situation C. face D. back26．A. handle B. claim C. donate D. earn27．A. improve B. keep C. advocate D. quit28．A. temporary B. terrible C. steady D. silent29．A. argument B. praise C. time D. room30．A. hands in B. puts out C. folds up D. tears down31．A. dawned B. depended C. counted D. fed四、短文填空32．The Liangzhu Culture, ①_____ can date back thousands of years, was the last Neolithic jade (新石器时代玉器) culture in the Taihu Basin of the Yangtze River Delta. From many of the unearthed Liangzhu relic sites so far, relevant experts ②_____ (conclude) that the ancient culture boasted advanced rice agriculture and handicraft industry.③_____ (cover) an area of more than 30 square kilometers, the Liangzhu relic site fir④_____ (discover) in 1936 is in reality a general name for some sites found in Liangzhu, Pingyao and Anxi, three places in Yuhang District, East China's Zhejiang Province. The archaeological ⑤_____ (significant) of the Liangzhu relic site has gained worldwide attention. British archaeologist Colin Renfrew visited it several years ago and thought ⑥_____importance of findings in China's Neolithic Period was greatly underestimated.The Liangzhu Culture is⑦_____ (good) known as a jade culture than others. More than 40 various⑧_____ (type) of jade containers have been unearthed. Do you dream ⑨_____experiencing more of the Liangzhu Culture up close? Consider visiting the Liangzhu New Town, a scenic spot which offers many places for tourists⑩_____ (learn) about theLiangzhu Culture and relax as well.五、书面表达33．假定你是李华，交换生George对你所在的书法社(Chinese Calligraphy Club)很感兴趣,想要加入。

ModelTestAnswer

ModelTestAnswerModel Test 1快速阅读1.答案为Y；题目意思是：汽车尽管在生活中必不可少，但给城市生活的各个方面带来了负面影响。

根据全文，尤其是小标题，不难得出答案为Y。

2. 答案为N；题目意思是：汽车产生的社会隔离问题在郊区并不存在，因为汽车在郊区不普及。

而原文第二段第二句表明这一问题不仅在郊区存在，而且更为突出，所以题目错误。

3. 答案为Y；题目意思是：人们步行、骑车或是乘坐公交车辆时，会更关注环境。

与原文第三段第四句中“feel a sense of responsibility for the environments”的意思相同，因此本句答案为Y。

4. 答案为Y；题目意思是：汽车交通引起的噪音、危险和污染是街区生活和社会交往减少的原因。

原文第四段开头两句话就指出，街区生活随着车辆在街道上的增加而消失，并指出直接原因是噪音、危险和污染，因此题目正确。

5. 答案为Y；题目意思是：欧洲将对汽车制定更严格的标准以减少与交通相关的污染。

根据原文第十段最后一句的内容判断本句答案为Y。

6. 答案为N；题目意思是：由于更高的汽车技术，在美国，汽车所消耗的国民收入在减少。

而文章第十四段指出，每年随着驾车人数和行驶距离的增加，汽车所消耗的国民收入随之增加，所以题目错误。

7. 答案为NG；题目意思是：在南亚，将近一半的市区土地被用来建造汽车公路。

而原文第十五段谈论汽车公路的占地问题是以美国为例，没有提到亚洲的情况。

8. 答案为the car；题目意思是：造成美国年轻人死亡最主要的原因是什么?根据原文第八段第三句话指出汽车是造成美国年轻人死亡最主要的原因。

9. 答案为community；题目意思是：消除城市车辆将有助于社区感的恢复。

根据第七段第一句话，可直接找到答案为community。

10. 答案为family life；题目意思是：由于交通拥挤，父母没有时间与孩子相处，对家庭生活造成不良影响。

新高考英语题型精析精练与话题拓展：话题拓展02.人工智能(解析版)

02.人工智能养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

一、阅读理解1Some are concerned that AI tools are turning language learning into a weakening pursuit. More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps’ conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours.Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of on-going contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti without incident.Douglas Hofstadter, an expert in many languages, has argued that something profound (深刻的) will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a broken, difficult speech in Chinese, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of satisfaction at the end.As AI translation becomes an even more popular labor-saving tool, people can be divided into two groups. There will be those who want to stretch their minds, expose themselves to other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This group will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, as they might with extreme endurance (耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.”But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analysing the benefits of close relationships to heart-health but overlooking the inherent (固有的) value of those bondsthemselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or ruin a joke in broken German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put delicate differences on an argument, that connection is more profound still. The best relationships do not require a medium.1. What is the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. Communicating through apps is simple.B. Apps provide a one-way interactive process.C. Using apps becomes more and more popular.D. AI tools weaken the needs of language learning.2. What is Douglas’ attitude to language learning?A. Favorable.B. Objective.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear3. What do we know about the second group mentioned in paragraph 4?A. They are keen on foreign culture.B. They long to join in endurance sports.C. They find Al tools too complex to operate.D. They lack the motivation to learn language.4. How does the author highlight his argument in the last paragraph?A. By providing examples.B. By explaining concepts.C. By stating reasons.D. By offering advice.【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。

小学上册第7次英语第三单元期中试卷

小学上册英语第三单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. Empire was known for its ________ (治理). The Roma2.My uncle is a . (我叔叔是一位。

)3.How many players are there in a soccer team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 124.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. Solar SystemD. ConstellationD5.What is the name of the famous mountain in Japan?A. Mount FujiB. Mount K2C. Mount KilimanjaroD. Mount Elbrus6.I like to _______ (play) the drums.7.My grandmother tells great _______ (名词). 我喜欢听她的 _______ (名词).8.Which ocean is the smallest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. PacificC9.The country known for its Samurai culture is ________ (以武士文化闻名的国家是________).10.What do we call the study of weather?A. GeologyB. MeteorologyC. EcologyD. BiologyB Meteorology11.The cat watches the _______ (猫看着_______).12.We are _____ (going/coming) home now.13.We analyze ________ (trends) in the market.14.I enjoy ________ (画画) in my free time.15.I can create my own characters with my ________ (玩具名称).16.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. BlueB. PinkC. PurpleD. GreenB17.What do you call a large animal that lives in the ocean?A. SharkB. WhaleC. DolphinD. All of the aboveD18.What is the capital of Luxembourg?A. Luxembourg CityB. Esch-sur-AlzetteC. DifferdangeD. DudelangeA19.What is 50 + 25?A. 65B. 70C. 75D. 80C20.__________ can be found in deserts, forests, and oceans.21.The color of light can be changed by using a ______.22.My mom loves to _______ (动词) on holidays. 她总是 _______ (形容词).23.I _____ (want/wanted) to go to the park.24.ts grow better in _____ (阴凉) places. Some pla25.My dog has a loud _______ (叫声).26. A ____ is a small mammal that loves to scamper around.27.The __________ (文化遗产) of a country is important to preserve.28.What do we call a group of musicians?A. BandB. ChoirC. OrchestraD. Ensemble29.What do you call a person who flies an airplane?A. PilotB. EngineerC. MechanicD. NavigatorA30.An exothermic reaction ______ energy to the surroundings.31. A ______ is a substance that can donate an electron.32. A _____ (水果) tree takes years to mature.33.We have _______ for breakfast.34.In a chemical reaction, the substances you start with are called ______.35.An electric circuit needs a ______ to flow.36.When it’s chilly, I drink ______ (热饮).37.Many _______ can be enjoyed in various forms.38.The squirrel's bushy tail helps it maintain ______ (平衡).39.We have a ______ (精彩的) plan for the weekend.40.What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. RapidB41.What is the name of the famous statue in New York?A. Statue of LibertyB. DavidC. Venus de MiloD. ThinkerA42.I like _______ (养宠物) at home.43.What is the name of the fairy in Peter Pan?A. TinkerbellB. CinderellaC. ArielD. BelleA44.I have a toy _______ that can glow in the dark.45.I like to play with my ________ under the sun.46.The city of Yaren is the capital of _______.47.The garden has many ______ (flowers) blooming.48.n Wall was a symbol of the __________ (冷战). The Berl49.The ______ (小鸭子) swims in the pond.50.The teacher is ______ the students to behave. (reminding)51. A ______ is a substance that can exist in multiple states.52.I love learning about different ________ around the world.53.What do we call the part of a plant that produces flowers?A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. BlossomD54.I can ______ (认真) consider different perspectives.55.The Earth's crust is essential for sustaining ______.56.What is the name of the first human to walk on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. Michael CollinsD. Yuri Gagarin57.Plants need _______ to grow strong.58. A ______ (温室气候) is controlled for optimal plant growth.59.What is the freezing point of water in Celsius?A. 0B. 100C. 32D. 50A60._____ (kelp) is a type of sea plant.61.The teacher gives us ___ (homework/assignments).62._____ (lavender) is often used in perfumes.63.We are going to the ________ today.64.The ________ was a famous leader in the fight for justice.65.ts can grow rapidly under the right ______. (某些植物在适当的条件下可以迅速生长。

Critical Period Hypothesis关键时期假设

张红珍15级4班Critical Period HypothesisIn 1967, Lenneberg, a pscho-biologist, who was inspired by findings from ethological studies and insights from the work of his contemporaries( e.g., Penfield & Roberts, 1959), suggested that there is a period during the human life span from infancy to puberty( age 2 to 13 ) that is critical to language learning, during which learning is successful and after which it is marginal. Such a period is thought to be neurologically determined with a series of neurological processes-lateralization of cognitive, linguistic, and perceptual functions, myelination, the proliferation of neurons in the cerebral cortex, to name a few-that take place during the first years of life and that taper off and plateau by puberty( Scovel, 1988 )The critical period hypothesis is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age. The hypothesis claims that there is an ideal time window to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which further language acquisition becomes much more difficult and effortful.The critical period hypothesis states that the first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language if presented with adequate stimuli. If language input does not occur until after this time, the individual will never achieve a full command of language—especially grammatical systems.The evidence for such a period is limited, and support stems largely from theoretical arguments and analogies to other critical periods in biology such as visual development, but nonetheless is widely accepted. The nature of such a critical period, however, has been one of the most fiercely debated issues in psycholinguistics and cognitive science in general for decades. Some writers have suggested a "sensitive" or "optimal" period rather than a critical one; others dispute the causes (physical maturation, cognitive factors). The duration of the period also varies greatly in different accounts.In second-language acquisition, the strongest empirical evidence for the critical period hypothesis is in the study of accent, where most older learners do not reach a native-like level. However, under certain conditions, native-like accent has been observed, suggesting that accent is affected by multiple factors, such as identity and motivation, rather than a critical period biological constraint.SyntaxIn linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/) is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes. The goal of manysyntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules common to all languages.In mathematics, syntax refers to the rules governing the behavior of mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic.●Definition of syntax1 a : the way in which linguistic elements (such as words) are put together to form constituents (such as phrases or clauses)b : the part of grammar dealing with this2 : a connected or orderly system : harmonious arrangement of parts or elements the syntax of classical architecture3 : syntactics especially as dealing with the formal properties of languages or calculi.●Examples of syntax in a SentenceEveryone has good days and bad days. Her syntax is sometimes a world unto itself. But George H.W. Bush occasionally sounded as though English were more foe than friend, and he was an astute president who managed complexity with skill and balance.—Jon Meacham, Newsweek, 13 Oct. 2008Coming from a great distance and wholly unrelated to the Teutonic, Latin and Slav languages that fence it in, Hungarian has remained miraculously intact. Everything about the language is different, not only the words themselves, but the way they are formed, the syntax and grammar and above all the cast of mind that brought them into being. —Patrick Leigh Fermor, Between the Woods and the Water, 1986“I saw that she a cookie ate” is an example of incorrect syntax.●Recent Examples of syntax from the WebAll over the world, interpreters (spoken word) and translators (written word) have struggled mightily with Trump’s mangled syntax, leaps of logic, and vulgar language.—David Scharfenberg, , "How do you translate Donald Trump into Kim Jong Un’s Korean?," 16 Mar. 2018Years ago some parents were concerned about Cookie Monster’s vocabulary and syntax.—Jared Cowan, Los Angeles Magazine, "What Frank Oz Learned From Jim Henson: Just Shut the F*ck Up," 15 Mar. 2018Many languages over the years have aimed to smooth the programming process by offering syntax that's easier to read or building in features that programmers otherwise commonly write from scratch.—Klint Finley, WIRED, "Apple's Swift Programming Language Is Now Top Tier," 8 Mar. 2018Her empathy unfolds in short lines and clear syntax, a spaciousness of language and thought.—Diana Whitney, San Francisco Chronicle, "Poetry by Evie Shockley, Nicole Sealey, James Crews," 26 Feb. 2018Guitarist Brown, bassist Miller and drummer Rummage thoroughly bought into the classic-swing syntax, providing chugging backbeats in some works, forward thrust in others.—Howard Reich, , "Scott Hamilton and Harry Allen celebrate swing," 9 Feb. 2018While some may consider ASL a corrective for a hearing deficiency, Cummins said deaf people and interpreters generally believe ASL is its own unique language, with varying sentence structure, syntax and grammar.—Ben Brazil, , "James Cummins uses sign language skills to interpret theater performances at South Coast Repertory," 9 Feb. 2018Usually cautious in his public comments and often clumsy in his syntax, the Delaware County Republican also declined offers to help prepare for the high-pressure interviews, according to one of the sources.—Jonathan Tamari, , "Before 'soul mate' comment, Rep. Pat Meehan ignored advice against interviews," 27 Jan. 2018Martinson's outrageous letter seems almost a parody of itself, boasting 41 uses of the F-word and syntax that is equally bubbleheaded and homicidal.—Amanda Montell, Woman's Day, "University of Maryland Sorority Girl Forced to Resign After "Unacceptable" Email," 26 Apr. 2013PragmaticsPragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time, etc. of an utterance.The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence.●What is pragmatics?A Definition of Pragmatics●the study of the practical aspects of human action and thought.●the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations. Pragmatics outlines the study of meaning in the interactional contextIt looks beyond the literal meaning of an utterance and considers how meaning is constructed as well as focusing on implied meanings. It considers language as an instrumentof interaction, what people mean when they use language and how we communicate and understand each other.Jenny Thomas says that pragmatics considers:●the negotiation of meaning between speaker and listener.●the context of the utterance.●the meaning potential of an utterance.Metalinguistic awarenessMetalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as an artifact. The concept of metalinguistic awareness is helpful in explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals). Metalinguistics can be classified as the ability to consciously reflect on the nature of language, by using the following skills:1)an awareness that language has a potential greater than that of simple symbols (it goesbeyond the meaning)2)an awareness that words are separable from their referents (meaning resides in themind, not in the name, i.e. Sonia is Sonia, and I will be the same person even if somebody calls me another name)3)an awareness that language has a structure that can be manipulated (realizing thatlanguage is malleable: you can change and write things in many different ways (for example, if something is written in a grammatically incorrect way, you can change it)).Metalinguistic awareness is also known as "metalinguistic ability", which can be defined similarly as metacognition ("knowing about knowing"). Metalinguistic awareness can also be defined as the ability to reflect on the use of language. As metalinguistic awareness grows, children begin to recognize that statements may have a literal meaning and an implied meaning. They begin to make more frequent and sophisticated use of metaphors such as the simile, "We packed the room like sardines". Between the ages of 6 and 8 most children begin to expand upon their metalinguistic awareness and start to recognize irony and sarcasm. These concepts require the child to understand the subtleties of an utterance's social and cultural context.。

学术英语习题及部分答案

Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。

起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。

由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。

过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。

起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。

In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life o n Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), an d (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。

(2024年高考真题含解析)2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷新课标Ⅰ卷(含解析)

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标Ⅰ卷英语试卷姓名________________ 准考证号________________全卷共12页，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。

考生注意：1. 答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题纸规定的位置上。

2. 答题时，请按照答题纸上“注意事项”的要求，在答题纸相应的位置上规范作答，在本试题卷上的作答一律无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。

1．What is Kate doing?A．Boarding a flight. B．Arranging a trip. C．Seeing a friend off.2．What are the speakers talking about?A．A pop star. B．An old song. C．A radio program.3．What will the speakers do today?A．Go to an art show. B．Meet the man's aunt. C．Eat out with Mark.4．What does the man want to do?A．Cancel an order. B．Ask for a receipt. C．Reschedule a delivery.5．When will the next train to Bedford leave?A．At 9:45. B．At 10:15. C．At 11:00.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

Diastereoselecti...

Diastereoselective α‑Alkylation of Metallo Enamines Generated from N −C Axially Chiral Mebroqualone DerivativesMizuki Matsuoka,†Mitsuhiro Goto,†Alicja Wzorek,‡Vadim A.Soloshonok,§and Osamu Kitagawa *,††Department of Applied Chemistry,Shibaura Institute of Technology,3-7-5Toyosu,Kohto-ku,Tokyo,135-8548,Japan ‡Institute of Chemistry,Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce,S wi ętokrzyska 15G,25-406Kielce,Poland §Department of Organic Chemistry I,Faculty of Chemistry,University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,Paseo Manuel Lardiza b al 3,20018San Sebastia n ,SpainJKERBASQUE,Basque Foundation for Science,Maria Diaz de Haro 3,48013Bilbao,Spain*Supporting Informationhiral phenomena,generated by the rotational restriction of an N −C single bond,have recently attracted considerable attention.1Catalytic asymmetric syntheses of various N −C axially chiral compounds and their applications to asymmetric transformations have been reported by many groups.2,3It has also been well-known that quinazolinone derivatives,bearing an ortho -substituted phenyl group at N3position,are con ﬁgurationally stable N −C axially chiral compounds possessing various bioactivities such as anticonvul-sant,sedative hypnotic,and antitumor actions.4Quite recently,we succeeded in the enantioselective synthesis of mebroqu-alone (GABA agonist)and its derivatives via chiral Pd-catalyzed reductive asymmetric desymmetrization (Scheme 1).5The reported method represents the ﬁrst catalytic asymmetric synthesis of bioactive N −C axially chiral quinazolinone derivatives.6the viewpoint of synthetic application of N −C axially chiral quinazolinone to asymmetric transformations,as well as a part of our continuing interest in N −C axially chiral compounds,we were excited with the unexplored methodo-logical potential of chiral metallo enamines generated from optically active mebroqualone derivatives.In particular,we envisioned that the reaction of mebroqualone enamines with alkyl halides would a ﬀord the corresponding α-alkylation products representing a virtually unknown type of biologically interesting compounds (Scheme 1).To the best of our knowledge,only two previous literature reports can be related to this topic.7Thus,one example of the reaction with bromine and another with aldehyde were conducted with racemic quinazolinone substrates bearing an ortho -chlorophenyl or (ortho -ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl group at the N3position.However,the diastereoselectivity in these reactions was not high (dr =1.5/1and 3/1).Moreover,the stereochemical assignment of the diastereomers was not described,leaving the issue of the nature of stereocontrol in the reactions completely unanswered.Thus,the reactions of electrophiles with metallo enamines generated from N −C axially quinazolinones still remain an unexplored area of research.In addition,the con ﬁgurational stability of the N −C chiral axis in the quinazolinone enamines is an open question,as the reaction of optically active derivatives has never been investigated.In this Letter,we report diastereoselective α-alkylation of the chiral metallo enamines generated from racemic and optically pure N −C axially chiral mebroqualone derivatives (Scheme 1).The disclosed data,including the stereochemical assignment of the α-alkylation products,the origin of the diastereoselectivity,Received:April 2,2017Published:May 1,2017Scheme 1.Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N −C axially chiral quinazolinones and their applicationand stability of the axial chirality in the mebroqualone enamines,constitute a signiﬁcant advance in this area providing a reliable access to a new structural type of biologically interesting compounds.Initially,we optimized the reaction conditions ofα-alkylation through the reaction of allyl bromide with the metallo enamines prepared from racemic mebroqualone derivative1(Table1).When1.5equiv of LiHMDS[LiN(TMS)2]was added to1in THF at0°C,the colorless solution was changed to a wine red colored solution,indicating successful formation of the desired quinazolinone enamine.The addition of1.5equiv of allyl bromide to the solution at rt led to the formation of anα-allyation product along with the disappearance of the wine red color.In this case,diastereomeric products2a and2a′were obtained in good yield(87%)and in a ratio of7.5:1(entry1). The reaction in di-isopropyl ether also aﬀorded2a and2a′in a similar yield and diastereoselectivity(entry2),while the reaction in1,4-dioxane and the use of NaHMDS[NaN-(TMS)2]as a base resulted in a slight decrease in the diastereoselectivity(entries3and4).The enamine formation andα-allyation proceeded smoothly at−20°C to give2a and 2a′in almost the same yield and diastereoselectivity as those at rt(entries1and5).Under the optimized conditions(1.5equiv of LiHMDS,1.5 equiv of alkyl halide in THF at−20°C),the reactions with various alkyl halides were further investigated(Table2).The reaction with reactive alkyl halides such as benzyl bromide, methallyl bromide,and para-methoxybenzyl chloride gaveα-alkylation products2b−d and2b′−d′in good yields(81−99%, entries2−4).Importantly,the present reaction can be applied to the less reactive alkyl halides.That is,with ethyl iodide and isopropyl iodide,products2e−f and2e′−f′were also obtained in good yields(90%and86%,entries5and6).Especially,it is noteworthy that theα-isopropylation proceeds at−20°C (entry6),while a longer reaction time(5h)was required in comparison with the reaction of entries1−5(1h).The diastereoselectivity was found to strongly depend on the alkyl halides and showed increasing values as the bulkiness increased.Although the diastereoselectivity of the reaction with ethyl iodide was not high(2e/2e′=3.8,entry5),in the reaction with allyl bromide,an increase in the selectivity was observed(2a/2a′=7.5,entry1).The reaction with more bulky benzyl,methallyl,and para-methoxybenzyl halides aﬀorded the products with synthetically attractive diastereoselectivities(2b−d/2b′-d′=13.0−15.1,entries2−4).The best selectivity was observed in the reaction with isopropyl iodide.In this case,the product was obtained in a ratio of2f/2f′=25.6(entry6).The allylation and para-methoxybenzylation with another mebroqu-alone derivative3(racemate)bearing a2-bromo-4-methyl-phenyl group at the N3position were also examined.In these reactions,similar reactivity and selectivity to those with1were observed(entries7and8).The relative conﬁguration of the major diastereomer in the presentα-alkylation was determined to be(P*,S*)by the X-ray crystal structure of allylation product2a(Figure1).8The conﬁgurations of the other major diastereomers2b−h were also assigned as(P*,S*)on the basis of the chemical shifts of the Me group in1H NMR.That is,the Me group in minor diastereomer2a′appeared at higher magneticﬁeld than that in major diastereomer2a(Figure1).Such a higherﬁeld shift of the Me group in the minor diastereomer was also observed in the cases of all other compounds2b′−h′.These diﬀerences in chemical shifts can be rationally explained as follows.In both diastereomers2and2′,conformers II(2-II and2′-II)show direct exposure of the Me group to the anisotropy eﬀect of the bromophenyl group and the Me group appears at higher magneticﬁeld with increasing the contribution(proportion)of the conformers II.Since2-II in major diastereomer2is disfavored in comparison with2′-II in minor diastereomer2′by the repulsion between R′and ortho-bromo groups,the contribution of conformer II increases in minor diastereomer 2′more than in major diastereomer2to bring about a higher ﬁeld shift of the Me group in2′.On the basis of the stereochemical assignment,the origin of the diastereoselectivity should be rationalized as follows.The E-enamine is preferentially formed through the reaction of1and 3with LiHMDS(the Z-enamine is rendered much lessTable1.Optimization of Reaction Conditions forα-Allylation Reaction with Mebroqualone Enamineentry M-HMDS temp solvent 2a,2a′yield(%)a2a/2a′b1LiHMDS0°C−rt THF877.5 2LiHMDS0°C−rt i-Pr2O827.2 3LiHMDS0°C−rt1,4-dioxane83 5.1 4NaHMDS0°C−rt THF quant 5.5 5LiHMDS−20°C THF857.5 a Isolated yield.b The ratio of2a and2a′was determined by1H NMR analysis.Table2.α-Alkylation of Mebroqualone Derivatives1and3 with Various Alkyl Halidesentry1or3R′−X2,2′yield(%)a2/2′b 1c1allyl-Br2a,2a′857.5 2c1PhCH2-Br2b,2b′9913.0 3c1methallyl-Br2c,2c′8113.1 4c1PMB-Cl2d,2d′8815.1 5c1C2H5-I2e,2e′90 3.8 6d1Me2CH-I2f,2f′8625.6 7c3allyl-Br2g,2g′937.6 8c3PMB-Cl2h,2h′8815.8 a Isolated yield.b The ratio was determined by1H NMR analysis of the mixture of2and2′.c The reaction completed within1h.d The reaction completed within5h.favorable because of the obvious steric repulsion between the Me and the bromophenyl groups),and an alkyl halide selectively attacks from the opposite site of the ortho-bromo group in the E-enamine to give(P*,S*)-products2as a major diastereomer(Figure2).With these results in hand we were in position to investigate the asymmetricα-alkylation using optically pure mebroqualone derivatives(+)-1and(+)-3.9After forming the enamine from (+)-1(99%ee)at0°C(30min),ally bromide was added and then the mixture was stirred for30min at rt.Although the products2a and2a′were obtained with diastereoselectivity similar to that for allylation with racemic1,quite unexpectedly, the ee of major diastereomer2a was noticeably lowered(88% ee,Scheme2).The observed decrease in the ee of2a was found to be due to the low rotational barrier of the mebroqualone enamine.That is,when the enamine from(+)-1(99%ee)was protonated after standing for30min at0°C and30min at rt, the ee of(+)-1decreased to58%(Scheme2).The signiﬁcantly lower rotational barrier of the enamine may be caused by the preferential formation of the corresponding O−Li intermediate rather than the expected N−Li intermediate.The wine red color in the enamine solution may indicate the existence of the O−Li intermediate possessing a1,2-quinoid skeleton.In the O−Li intermediate bearing a nitrogen atom(N3)of sp3 character,10the steric repulsion during the N−C bond rotation is remarkably alleviated in comparison with mebroqualone derivatives1and3bearing an sp2nitrogen(N3).11As a result, the rotational barrier of the mebroqualone enamine is signiﬁcantly decreased.We should emphasize that the observed preferences for the enamine structure were unexpected and contribute to the newly gained knowledge from this research.On the other hand,we were fortunate to discover that the racemization of the enamine does not take place at−20°C (Scheme2).Following thisﬁnding the formation of the enamine and the reaction with alkyl halides were conducted at −20°C.The results are shown in Table3.The allylation of(+)-1(99%ee)at−20°C proceeded without any racemization to aﬀord the product2a of99%ee(entry1).In the reaction with less reactive isopropyl iodide,although a longer reaction time was required(5h),the product2f was obtained without any decrease in the ee(entry2).In the allylation and para-methoxybenzylation of(+)-3(99%ee),also no racemization was observed(entries3and4).Thus,the alkylation at−20°C was found to proceed without racemization.In conclusion,we successfully developed a new approach for the diastereoselectiveα-alkylation process using the metallo enamine prepared from N−C axially chiral mebroqualone derivatives.The mebroqualone enamines have high reactivity, and theα-alkylation with various alkyl halides proceeded with a synthetically attractive stereochemical outcome.It was also found that the diastereoselectivity was strongly inﬂuenced by the bulkiness of alky halides favoring the major diastereomers possessing the(P,S)-conﬁguration.Furthermore,the applica-tion of these asymmetric reactions with optically pure mebroqualone derivatives allowed us to discover the formation and conﬁgurational instability of the corresponding O−Li enamine.This problem was solved by the enamine formationFigure1.Stereochemical assignment of diastereomers2and2′. Figure2.Origin of the diastereoselectivity.Scheme2.Enamine Prepared from Optically Pure Mebroqualone Derivative(+)-1Table3.Asymmetricα-Alkylation with Optically Pure Mebroqualones1or3entry1or3R′−X2,2′yield(%)a2/2′b%ee of2c 1d1allyl-Br2a,2a′807.3992d1Me2CH-I2f,2f′7426.4993d3allyl-Br2g,2g′968.4994e3PMB-Cl2h,2h′7914.599a Isolated yield.b The ratio was determined by1H NMR analysis of the mixture of2and2′.c The ee was determined by HPLC analysis using chiral column.d The reaction completed within1h.e The reaction completed within5h.and the alkylation conducted at −20°C.In this case,the α-alkylation products were obtained without any decrease in the original ee.These results show unique stereocontrol exerted by the N −C axial chirality and provide a new methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of optically active quinazolinone derivatives bearing various carbon side chains.■ASSOCIATED CONTENT*Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI:10.1021/acs.or-glett.7b00998.Experimental details and spectroscopic data (PDF )■AUTHOR INFORMATIONCorresponding Author*E-mail:***********************.jp .ORCIDOsamu Kitagawa:0000-0001-7964-1879NotesThe authors declare no competing ﬁnancial interest.■ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENNHI (C 17K08220).■REFERENCES(1)For reviews,see:(a)Takahashi,I.;Suzuki,Y.;Kitagawa,O.Org.Prep.Proced.Int.2014,46,1.(b)Kumarasamy,E.;Raghunathan,R.;Sibi,M.P.;Sivaguru,J.Chem.Rev.2015,115,11239.(2)For representative papers on catalytic asymmetric synthesis of N −C axially chiral compounds,see:(a)Kitagawa,O.;Kohriyama,M.;Taguchi,.Chem.2002,67,8682.(b)Terauchi,J.;Curran,D.P.Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 2003,14,587.(c)Kitagawa,O.;Takahashi,M.;Yoshikawa,M.;Taguchi,T.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2005,127,3676.(d)Brandes,S.;Bella,M.;Kjærsgaard,A.;Jørgensen,K.A.Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.2006,45,1147.(e)Tanaka,K.;Takeishi,K.;Noguchi,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2006,128,4586.(f)Duan,W.;Imazaki,Y.;Shintani,R.;Hayashi,T.Tetrahedron 2007,63,8529.(g)Oppen-heimer,J.;Hsung,R.P.;Figueroa,R.;Johnson,.Lett.2007,9,3969.(h)Clayden,J.;Turner,H.Tetrahedron Lett.2009,50,3216.(i)Ototake,N.;Morimoto,Y.;Mokuya,A.;Fukaya,H.;Shida,Y.;Kitagawa,O.Chem.-Eur.J.2010,16,6752.(j)Shirakawa,S.;Liu,K.;Maruoka,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2012,134,916.(k)Kamikawa,K.;Arae,S.;Wu,W.-Y.;Nakamura,C.;Takahashi,T.;Ogasawara,M.Chem.-Eur.J.2015,21,4954.(3)For representative papers on application of rotationally stable N −C axially chiral compounds to asymmetric reaction,see:(a)Ohno,A.;Kunitomo,J.;Kawai,Y.;Kawamoto,T.;Tomishima,M.;Yoneda,.Chem.1996,61,9344.(b)Dai,X.;Wong,A.;Virgil,.Chem.1998,63,2597.(c)Kitagawa,O.;Izawa,H.;Sato,K.;Dobashi,A.;Taguchi,T.;Shiro,.Chem.1998,63,2634.(d)Hughes,A.D.;Price,D.A.;Simpkins,N.S.J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans.11999,1295.(e)Curran,D.P.;Liu,W.;Chen,C.H.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1999,121,11012.(f)Kitagawa,O.;Yoshikawa,M.;Tanabe,H.;Morita,T.;Takahashi,M.;Dobashi,Y.;Taguchi,T.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2006,128,12923.(g)Brandes,S.;Niess,B.;Bella,M.;Prieto,A.;Overgaard,J.;Jørgensen,K.A.Chem.-Eur.J.2006,12,6039.(h)Mino,T.;Asakawa,M.;Shima,Y.;Yamada,H.;Yagishita,F.;Sakamoto,M.Tetrahedron 2015,71,5985.(i)Nakazaki,A.;Miyagawa,K.;Miyata,N.;Nishikawa,.Chem.2015,2015,4603.(4)(a)Grishina,V.M.Trudy Permskogo Farmastevticheskogo Instituta 1967,2,9.(b)Shelenkova,S.A.Nauch.Tr.Perm.Farm.Inst.1971,4,29.(c)Mannschreck,A.;Koller,H.;Stu h ler,G.;Davis,M.A.;Traber,J.Eur.J.Med.Chem.Chim.Ther.1984,19,381.(d)Dolma,S.;Lessnick,S.L.;Hahn,W.C.;Stockwell,B.R.Cancer Cell 2003,3,285.(e)Stockwell, B.R.PCT Int.Appl.2006,WO 2006081337A220060803.(5)Hirai,M.;Terada,S.;Yoshida,H.;Ebine,K.;Hirata,T.;Kitagawa,.Lett.2016,18,5700.(6)The ﬁrst paper on catalytic enantioselective synthesis of nonbioactive N −C axially chiral qunazolinone derivatives:Diener,M.E.;Metrano,A.J.;Kusano,S.;Miller,S.J.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2015,137,12369.(7)(a)Chenard,B.L.;Welch,W.M.;Blake,J.F.;Butler,T.W.;Reinhold,A.;Ewing,F.E.;Menniti,F.S.;Pagnozzi,M.J.J.Med.Chem.2001,44,1710.(b)Witt,A.;Bergman,J.J.Heterocycl.Chem.2002,39,351.(8)CCDC-1533911(2a )contains the supplementary crystallo-graphic data for this paper.These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via /data_request/cif .(9)Optically pure (+)-3(99%ee)was prepared through the reductive asymmetric desymmetrization shown in Scheme 1.6(+)-1(99%ee)was obtained via the asymmetric desymmetrization and subsequent optical puri ﬁcation by self-disproportionation of enan-tiomers (SDE)using MPLC.6For a review on SDE via achiral chromatography:Soloshonok,V. A.;Roussel, C.;Kitagawa,O.;Sorochinsky,A.E.Chem.Soc.Rev.2012,41,4180.(10)It was reported that nitrogen of amide Li enolates adopts a tetrahedral ube,T.;Dunitz,J.D.;Seebach,D.Helv.Chim.Acta 1985,68,1373.(11)In the N −C axially chiral lactams,the enolate formation was found to bring about the decrease in the rotational barrier around the N −C chiral axis.Fujita,M.;Kitagawa,O.;Yamada,Y.;Izawa,H.;Hasegawa,H.;Taguchi,.Chem.2000,65,1108.。

小学上册第10次英语第2单元测验试卷

小学上册英语第2单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 How many hours are there in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48答案:B2 I call my pet . (我称呼我的宠物为)3 The chemical symbol for nihonium is ______.4 My mom enjoys writing ____ (letters).5 What is the opposite of 'dark'?A. LightB. BrightC. ClearD. Sunny答案:A6 I enjoy _______ in the pool.7 The ______ of a plant helps it absorb water and nutrients from the soil. (根部帮助植物从土壤中吸收水分和养分。

)8 The _____ (抗旱) plants survive in arid climates.9 What is the process of water turning into vapor called?A. CondensationB. EvaporationC. PrecipitationD. Sublimation答案: B10 A _______ is a chemical that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed.11 The continent with the most countries is ________ (非洲).12 The dog is _______ (running) after the ball.13 The _____ (植物分布) is influenced by climate and geography.14 environmental monitoring) tracks ecosystem health. The ____15 Did you ever watch a _______ (小蜻蜓) hover?16 The pH scale measures how ______ or basic a solution is.17 What is the main food eaten by pandas?A. BambooB. FruitsC. MeatD. Fish答案:A18 My aunt has two ____.19 The __________ (历史的意义) can vary across cultures.20 Organic chemistry studies compounds that contain _______.21 My cousin is a wonderful __________ (朋友) who always supports me.22 __________ are used to measure the amount of a substance.23 The ____ has a unique tail and likes to climb trees.24 An atom is stable when its outer shell is ______.25 The chemical formula for alpha-linolenic acid is ______.26 What is the capital of Montserrat?A. PlymouthB. BradesC. Little BayD. Salem答案: B27 What is 9 - 6?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 428 What do you call a place where you can borrow books?A. BookstoreB. LibraryC. ClassroomD. Office29 I enjoy painting pictures of ______ (风景) in my free time.30 What is the main ingredient in salad?A. RiceB. LettuceC. BreadD. Pasta31 The celestial sphere is useful for visualizing ______.32 Which animal is known as " man's best friend"?a. Catb. Dogc. Birdd. Fish答案:b33 What is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid called?a. Meltingb. Freezingc. Boilingd. Evaporating答案:a34 I enjoy playing ________ (视频游戏) on my console.35 What do you call a person who studies history?A. GeologistB. HistorianC. BiologistD. Archaeologist答案:B36 My sister has a collection of ____.37 He is ________ (playing) video games.38 My _____ (姑姑) gave me a beautiful plant for my birthday. 我的姑姑在我生日时送了我一盆美丽的植物。

小学上册第4次英语第五单元测验试卷

小学上册英语第五单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I want to plant a ________ in my garden.2.The seabird can be seen soaring over the ______ (海洋).3.Which shape has four equal sides?A. TriangleB. CircleC. SquareD. RectangleC4. A gas can be liquefied under ______ pressure.5.Which fruit is typically yellow?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. Orange6.What is the opposite of ‘big’?A. LargeB. SmallC. HugeD. Tall7.What do we breathe?A. WaterB. AirC. FoodD. FireB8.What is the opposite of "happy"?A. AngryB. SadC. ExcitedD. JoyfulB9.I see a _____ (bird/fish) in the tree.10.The fish has bright _______ (颜色).11.She likes to ________ in the park.12.What is the capital of Kyrgyzstan?A. BishkekB. OshC. Jalal-AbadD. TalasA13.She is wearing a ________ jacket.14.What is the capital of Norway?A. OsloB. CopenhagenC. StockholmD. HelsinkiA15.The chemical reaction that produces heat is called an _______ reaction.16.The __________ (历史研究) can influence current events.17.The __________ (历史的启程) begins a journey.18.The capital of Mexico is _____ (69).19.What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. HammerD. ScissorsB20.I love to hear stories from my _______ (长辈). They have so much wisdom to share.21.I like to ride my ______ (摩托车) through the countryside to enjoy the ______ (风景).22.The __________ is a famous river in Europe. (多瑙河)23. A ___ (小狐) has a bushy tail.24.My brother loves __________ (看电影).25.What is the name of the famous mountain in North America?A. Mount RushmoreB. Rocky MountainsC. Appalachian MountainsD. Sierra NevadaB26. A ____(community vision statement) articulates collective aspirations.27.The chemical symbol for gold is _______.28.The ________ (conference) gathers experts.29.The elephant is the largest ________.30.My neighbor, ______ (我的邻居), has a big garden.31.My classmate prefers to be called . (我的同学更喜欢被称为)32.What do we call a person who creates comic books?A. CartoonistB. IllustratorC. AuthorD. Graphic NovelistD33.The __________ (历史的广度) encompasses diversity.34.How do you spell "cat"?A. KatB. CatC. KattD. CattB35.What is the capital of Colombia?A. BogotaB. CaracasC. QuitoD. Lima36.I love my ________ (玩具名称) because it’s so cute.37.What is the name of the fairy tale character with long hair?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Snow WhiteD. Sleeping BeautyB38.Which instrument is played by blowing air into it?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. FluteD. PianoC39.The ________ was a notable treaty that fostered peace and stability.40.She has a ___ (happy/sad) face.41.The _____ (小鸟) is chirping.42. A _______ can help to measure the intensity of sound in different environments.43.What is the opposite of 'love'?A. LikeB. HateC. AdmireD. Respect44.I want to create a ________ to share with others.45.Which animal is known for its speed on land?A. CheetahB. LionC. ElephantD. HorseA46.My cousin enjoys __________ (参加) science fairs.47.My toy _______ can make sounds (我的玩具_______可以发声).48. A ______ (蟋蟀) makes chirping sounds to attract mates.49.An alkali is a type of _____ that is soluble in water.50.The _______ of sound can be affected by the materials used to produce it.51.The _______ of light can be tested with a spectrometer.52.What is the main ingredient in French fries?A. PotatoB. CornC. RiceD. WheatA53.What do we call a group of animals that live together?A. ColonyB. PackC. HerdD. FlockC54.Chemical changes often involve the formation of _____ or new substances.55.How many months are there in a year?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 13C56. A telescope helps us to observe ______.57. A solution with a pH of is considered _____.58.What do you call a group of lions?A. PackB. FlockC. PrideD. SchoolC59.I have a toy _______ that can bounce and roll.60.What do we call a sweet food made from sugar and butter?A. FudgeB. CaramelC. ToffeeD. All of the above61.The chemical structure of DNA contains ______.62.The celestial sphere is useful for visualizing ______.63.My aunt loves to __________. (陪伴)64.The _____ (猫头鹰) is wise and watches over the forest.65.What is the opposite of fast?A. QuickB. SlowC. RapidD. Speedy66.The duck swims in the _______ (湖).67.The ________ (生态影响监测) keeps track of changes.68.What is the main ingredient in a smoothie?A. MilkB. IceC. FruitD. All of the above69.The sun is ___ in the sky. (bright)70.What color is a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. BrownB71.My dad helped me fix my broken ____. (玩具名称)72.Many _______ have specific care requirements.73.I like to collect _____ from different places. (postcards)74.They are going to the ___ (supermarket/library).75.The caterpillar becomes a ________________ (蝴蝶).76.The ________ (植物智能) helps in care.77.The ________ (果蔬种植) is rewarding.78.What is the name of the ocean that is the largest?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Pacific OceanD79.What do we call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting CharacterD. NarratorA80.We have a ______ in the garden. (pool)81.Which animal can fly?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. FishC Bird82.I have a _____ collection of stamps. (huge)83.The ____ has four legs and likes to chase mice.84.What is the main ingredient in tomato soup?A. CreamB. TomatoesC. BrothD. Vegetables85.What do we call the person who teaches us in school?A. PrincipalB. TeacherC. StudentD. Janitor86.sustainable community) prioritizes environmental well-being. The ____87.My favorite thing to do in winter is ______.88.Certain plants can be grown indoors or ______. (某些植物可以在室内或室外生长。

小学上册第6次英语第三单元暑期作业

小学上册英语第三单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the tallest mountain in the world?A. K2B. KilimanjaroC. EverestD. McKinley2. (African) kingdoms were rich in resources and trade. The ____3.Water freezes at ______ degrees Celsius.4.What is the opposite of "thin"?A. SlimB. FatC. LeanD. Narrow5.What is the first month of the year?A. DecemberB. JanuaryC. MarchD. FebruaryB6. A light-year is a measure of ______.7.The tree is ______ (tall) and strong.8.I can ___ my grandparents. (visit)9.The __________ (北极) is very cold and icy.10.My sister likes to draw ______. (pictures)11.The state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape is _____.12.The teacher is _____ (kind/mean) to us.13.My _________ (玩具宇航员) goes on adventures in space.14. A solution with a low pH is considered ______.15.__________ reproduce by laying eggs on land or in water.16.The __________ makes everything look magical in winter. (雪)17.Some _______ can only grow in certain climates.18.The chemical formula for -nonanone is ______.19.This is a ___ (pen).20.Chemical equations must be balanced to follow the law of _____ of mass.21. A goldfish can recognize its own _______ (影子).bustion requires fuel and ______.23.I feel excited when I ______.24.The ancient Romans celebrated games in honor of their _______.25.The rabbit is _______ (在草地上).26.My uncle is a great ____.27.She is ________ (happy) today.28.My favorite color is _____. (purple)29.The _______ (The Scientific Method) transformed science and experimentation.30.What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed around the world?A. Ferdinand MagellanB. Christopher ColumbusC. Vasco da GamaD. Marco PoloA31.What is the name of the fairy in Peter Pan?A. TinkerbellB. CinderellaC. AuroraD. Belle32.The gas released during photosynthesis is _______.33.The dog is ______ (barking) loudly.34. A _______ is a graph showing how the concentration of a reactant changes over time.35.This ________ (玩具) allows me to express myself.36.What do you call a person who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistB37.The crow is often seen as a ______ (聪明的) bird.38.Where do fish live?A. TreesB. WaterC. GroundD. Sky39.The filmmaker produces amazing _____ (电影).40.The cake is ________ (特别).41.The __________ (历史的观察) offers valuable perspectives.42.The _______ (Age of Exploration) led to the discovery of new lands and trade routes.43.The birds are ______ in the trees. (singing)44.The chemical formula for lead(IV) oxide is _____.45.I call my neighbor ______ when I see him. (我见到我的邻居时称他为)46.The _____ (植物) needs water to survive.47.My favorite type of music is _______ (流行音乐).48.What do we call the study of human societies and cultures?A. SociologyB. PsychologyC. AnthropologyD. HistoryC Anthropology49.She is a dancer, ______ (她是一位舞者), who practices every day.50.My favorite game to play is _______ (游戏名). It’s very _______ (形容词) and entertaining.51.The __________ (历史的多样性表现) enriches society.52. A _______ can help to demonstrate the principles of buoyancy in action.53.The frog croaks by the _________. (水边)54.My sister and I built a ________ (帐篷) in the living room. We had a fun ________ (露营).55.What is the main source of energy for the Earth?A. The MoonB. The SunC. StarsD. Wind56. A __________ is a famous location for eco-tourism.57.How many continents are there?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 858.What do you call a baby horse?A. CalfB. PuppyC. FoalD. KittenC59.The chameleon changes color to _________. (隐身)60.The duck swims in the _______ (鸭子在_______中游).61.The _____ (面包) is fresh.62.The owl is a _______ (夜行性) creature.63.My aunt loves to paint ____ (murals).64.What do you call the process of converting food into energy?A. DigestionB. MetabolismC. AbsorptionD. Respiration65.What do you call the study of living things?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. GeographyB Biology66.Sarah is a ______. She enjoys writing stories.67. A chemical reaction may involve energy in the form of ______.68.The _______ (Lewis and Clark Expedition) explored the western territories of the US.69.What is the name of the famous waterfall located on the border of Canada and the USA?A. Victoria FallsB. Niagara FallsC. Angel FallsD. Yosemite FallsB70.What is the name of the popular animated film about a girl who becomes a princess?A. MoanaB. CinderellaC. FrozenD. Snow WhiteC71.She has long ___ (hair).72.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Mexico?A. TeotihuacanB. Chichen ItzaC. TulumD. CopanB Chichen Itza73.I think having a positive attitude can change our __________.74. Lakes are located in ________ (北美). The Grea75.The concept of carbon neutrality aims to balance carbon emissions with ______.76.The _______ (小熊) loves to play in the forest.77. A _____ (植物交流平台) can unite enthusiasts for collective action.78.The dog is ________ in the yard.79.The antelope can leap very ________________ (高).80.The ______ (小鸟) chirps in the morning.81.What is the largest desert in the world?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. ArabianA82.My mom is a __________ (心理咨询师).83. A wheel helps reduce ______.84.What is the capital of Italy?A. VeniceB. MilanC. FlorenceD. RomeD85.Cleopatra was the last active ruler of __________ (古埃及).86.What is 15 + 10?A. 20B. 25C. 30D. 3587.The ice cream is _____ melting. (slowly)88.He rides his bike in the ___. (park)89.The leaves change _______ in the fall, creating a lovely sight.90.Solids have a definite shape, while liquids take the shape of their ________.91.Which animal is known as the "king of the jungle"?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear92.Cratered surfaces indicate that an object has been impacted by ______.93.What do we call a scientist who studies living things?A. ChemistB. BiologistC. PhysicistD. GeologistB94.Which of these is a primary color?A. PurpleB. GreenC. RedD. Orange95. A diverging lens spreads out light rays, making objects appear ______ (smaller).96.I like to _______ (jump) rope.97.In a chemical equation, the substances on the left are the _______.98.What do we call the place where we see animals?A. ZooB. AquariumC. FarmD. Park99.The __________ is a region known for its scenic beauty.100.The __________ (历史的多样性) enriches our narratives.。

小学上册P卷英语第5单元期末试卷

小学上册英语第5单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My dad loves __________. (烹饪)2.He is drawing a ___. (map)3.The _______ is the center of our solar system.4.What is the hottest planet in our solar system?A. MarsB. VenusC. MercuryD. Jupiter5.I like to eat _____ (apples).6.The process of mixing a solute into a solvent is called ______.7.Indicators are substances that change color in the presence of an ______.8.What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. SpoonD. Scissors9.When I write a card to my friend, I start with "To my dear __." (当我给我的朋友写卡片时，我开始写“致我亲爱的。

”)10.The __________ is a major city known for its art and culture. (巴黎)11.The chemical symbol for magnesium is _____.12.The pencil is _______ (sharp).13.How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight14.Which planet is known for its Great Red Spot?A. EarthB. JupiterC. SaturnD. MarsB15.My sister is a ______. She loves creative writing.16.What do you call a person who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistB17. A _____ (植物管理) plan can optimize resources and efforts.18. A _______ helps us understand how energy is transferred from one form to another.19. A ____ is a small animal that loves to gather food for winter.20.The tortoise moves slowly but can live for a very ________________ (长) time.21.What do you call the season when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. WinterC22.What do we call the science of classifying living organisms?A. ZoologyB. TaxonomyC. BotanyD. EcologyB23.Which instrument has strings and is played with a bow?A. FluteB. GuitarC. ViolinD. DrumC24.The cat is ________ on the mat.25. A ______ (温室) helps protect plants from harsh weather.26.I enjoy planting ______ (种子) in the garden. I watch them ______ (成长).27. A ___ (小鳄鱼) lives in the swamp.28. gather ______ (坚果) for the winter. Squirrel29.My aunt has a cute __________. (小狗)30. A ____ can often be seen in gardens looking for food.31.______ are substances that can conduct electricity.32.The __________ (历史画作) depict important moments.33.Planets move around the sun in ______.34.The Earth's surface is constantly reshaped by natural ______.35. A _______ (小花猫) loves to play with string.36.What kind of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. AmphibianB37.We are going to ________ a picnic.38.What is the name of the event where people come together to celebrate a festival?A. GatheringB. PartyC. CeremonyD. FestivalD39.We decided to play together. We played tag and ran around the park. I felt so______ (7) because we laughed and enjoyed our time. After playing, we both got thirsty, so we went to buy some ice cream. It was so delicious and made us feel refreshed.40.She has a ________ (wonderful) idea.41.I enjoy ________ at the beach.42.The frog catches insects with its sticky ______ (舌头).43.The ________ (农业发展政策) guides growth.44.The _____ (仙人掌) can survive without much water.45.The _______ can help with soil erosion.46.Chemistry is involved in making _____.47.What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. FrenchB. ItalianC. SpanishD. Portuguese48.What shape is a stop sign?A. CircleB. TriangleC. SquareD. OctagonD49.We have ___ (art/music) class soon.50.I like to imagine what it would be like if my toys were real ________ (名词).51.The ______ (海龟) swims in the ocean.52.Which gas do plants need to perform photosynthesis?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. MethaneB53.In a chemical reaction, energy can be released in the form of _____ or sound.54.I planted some ______ (种子) in my garden. I hope they grow into beautiful ______ (花).55.My little sister has a _________ (跳跳球) that she loves to bounce around the house.56.What do you call the act of making something look nice?A. DecoratingB. DesigningC. BeautifyingD. ArrangingA57.I enjoy cooking ______ (健康) meals to share with my family and friends.58.The chemical symbol for lead is _____ (Pb).59.We will _______ (explore) the forest tomorrow.60.The __________ is a large lake located in Switzerland. (日内瓦湖)61. A bison can weigh over a ________________ (千克).62.What do you call a baby meerkat?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Cub63.What is the name of the famous bear at the San Diego Zoo?A. PandaB. Polar BearC. Grizzly BearD. KoalaA64.My ________ (玩具名称) has a special button to press.65.What is the opposite of 'light'?A. BrightB. DimC. DarkD. ClearC66. A ______ is a step in the scientific method.67.The ______ (金鱼) swims in circles in its bowl.68.I like to listen to ______ (故事) before I go to sleep.69.The __________ (历��的启示) guides our journey.70. A chemical reaction that releases heat is called an ______ reaction.71. A liquid that dissolves a solute is called a ________.72.What do you call the place where you go to borrow books?A. SchoolB. LibraryC. StoreD. Park答案:B73.I saw a _______ (bird/fish) in the tree.74.The chemical formula for manganese sulfate is _______.75. A _____ (植物园) showcases different species.76.How many strings does a guitar have?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven77.The dog is ___ his bone. (chewing)78.My sister is a _____ (学生) who loves reading.79.The flowers are blooming ___. (beautifully)80.At school, I enjoy __________. It allows me to express my creativity and learn new skills. My favorite project was __________ because I had so much fun working on it.81.Which season is known for flowers blooming?A. WinterB. SummerC. SpringD. Fall82.I enjoy _____ (painting/drawing).83.The flowers are _____ in the sunshine. (smiling)84.What do we call the time when leaves change color in fall?A. BloomB. HarvestC. AutumnD. WinterC85.What is the capital of South Korea?A. SeoulB. TokyoC. BeijingD. Bangkok86. A hawk uses its sharp ______ (爪子) to catch prey.87.The kitten likes to _______ (睡觉) on my lap.88.Energy changes can happen in many _______.89.Many plants have been cultivated for ______ (食物).90.The _____ (泳池) is cool.91.My sister has a pet _____ that likes to cuddle.92.The turtle is very _______ (耐心) and slow-moving.93.The breeze feels so __________ on a hot day. (凉爽的)94.When the weather is nice, I like to have a __________ outside. (烧烤)95.Astronomy helps us understand the ______ of the universe.96.The main use of hydrochloric acid is in _____.97.What do we call the process of creating energy from the sun?A. Solar powerB. PhotovoltaicsC. Solar energyD. All of the aboveD All of the above98.The _____ (iris) blooms in various colors.99.What do we call the study of fish?A. IchthyologyB. ZoologyC. Marine BiologyD. OceanographyA 100.The _______ of light can create various effects in nature and technology.。

小学上册第十次英语第4单元期中试卷

小学上册英语第4单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I can ______ (善于) managing my time effectively.2. A lunar _______ occurs when the Earth casts a shadow on the moon.3.The pH scale ranges from to ______.4.What is the name of the famous waterfall in Venezuela?A. Iguazu FallsB. Angel FallsC. Victoria FallsD. Niagara FallsB5.What do we call a baby elephant?A. CalfB. CubC. FoalD. KidA6.She is wearing a _____ (hat/shoe).7. A ________ (植物保护意识提升) encourages action.8.Emily is a ______. She loves animals.9.My _______ (狗) loves to chase its tail.10.What do we call the time of year when trees lose their leaves?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. WinterC11.Fruits grow on ______ (树) or bushes.12.What is the name of the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. HippopotamusC. ElephantD. Rhino13.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. WaxD. SilkB14.What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. RiceB. BreadC. DoughD. PastaC15.In nature, every plant has its own __________ (角色).16.What is the opposite of ‘cold’?A. WarmB. HotC. CoolD. Chilly17.My aunt, ______ (我的阿姨), works as a social worker.18.The __________ (社区建设) fosters connection.19.What is 8 x 7?A. 54B. 56C. 58D. 60B 5620.The _____ (cloud/sky) is clear today.21.s always turn towards the ________. Sunflowe22.In chemistry, the term "reactant" refers to a substance that _______.23.My sister loves __________ (学习历史).24.I can ________ very well.25. A base that is soluble in water is called an _____.26. A __________ is formed from the deposition of sediments in a coastal area.27.My brother is a great __________ (运动员) in baseball.28.The colonization of Africa led to significant ________ (变化).29.What is the name of the famous American author known for his short stories?A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. All of the aboveD30. A _______ is produced when acids and bases react together.31.The chemical formula for potassium chloride is _____.32. A reaction that requires energy is called an ______ reaction.33.What do we call the part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering?A. RetinaB. LensC. IrisD. PupilC34.The _____ (植物生物多样性) is essential for vibrant ecosystems.35.The chemical formula for glucose is _______.36.Pumice is a light, ______ rock that can float on water.37. A __________ is formed by the action of glaciers.38.Who is the main character in "Harry Potter"?A. HermioneB. RonC. HarryD. DracoC39.My sister loves to ________.40.I can ______ (swim) very well.41. A __________ can often be found building dams in rivers.42.The ________ (自然保护区) protects habitats.43.The first successful heart transplant was performed in ______ (1967年).44.Which planet is known as the "Blue Planet"?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Neptune45.What is the name of the famous beach destination in Florida?A. Myrtle BeachB. Miami BeachC. Waikiki BeachD. Bondi Beach46.This ________ (玩具) encourages learning through play.47.I enjoy ________ (参加) science fairs.48.Pine trees have ______ (针叶) instead of broad leaves.49.The capital city of Bhutan is __________.50.I enjoy ______ (参与) in learning sessions.51.The garden is ___. (green)52.I love to listen to the __________ when it rains. (雨)53.The ______ (小鱼) swims in the clear ______ (水).54.What do we call a plant that grows in water?A. Aquatic plantB. Terrestrial plantC. CactusD. Succulent55. A solid has a ______ shape.56.How many states are in the USA?A. 50B. 51C. 52D. 49A57.The Earth's crust is thickest under ______ and thinnest under the oceans.58.The _____ (植物细胞) help plants grow and stay healthy.59.What is 5 + 5?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 1360.The chemical symbol for neodymium is __________.61.I like to ___ (play) video games.62.The __________ (中国古代) civilization is one of the oldest in the world.63.What is the capital city of Indonesia?A. JakartaB. BaliC. BandungD. SurabayaA64. (Aztecs) built large temples in Mexico. The ____65.We enjoy ______ (户外活动) during the summer.66.The _____ (电视) is off.67.An underground layer of water-bearing rock is called an ______.68.The garden is full of colorful _______ (花园里满是五彩缤纷的_______).69.The __________ is a natural area with many trees.70.The chemical symbol for iodine is ______.71.The historian writes about important _____ (事件).72.The _____ (street/road) is busy.73. A raccoon is often seen at ______ (夜间) looking for food.74.I have _____ (five/ten) fingers.75.The Earth's surface is shaped by both natural and ______ factors.76.The _____ (window/door) is open.77.What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasíliaC. São PauloD. SalvadorB78.What is the capital of Mexico?A. CancunB. GuadalajaraC. Mexico CityD. TijuanaC79.What is the capital of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. OsloC. StockholmD. TallinnA80.Chemists study the properties of _____ and their interactions.81.I found a ___ (beautiful) shell.82.My toy _____ can move its arms and legs.83.The librarian, ______ (图书馆员), helps students with research.84.The Earth's crust is essential for supporting ______ life.85.I have a pet ________ that likes to dig.86. A ______ is a type of animal that can live in cold climates.87. A solution that contains a large amount of solute is said to be _______.88.What do you call a young female elephant?A. CalfB. PupC. KitD. Chick89.What do we call a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistB90. A neutralization reaction produces ______ and water.91. A ______ (植物分类) helps identify species.92.What do you call a diagram that shows the relationship between different organisms?A. Food chainB. Food webC. EcosystemD. HabitatA93.We are going to ___ a field trip. (have)94.What is the main language spoken in the UK?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German95.Creating a habitat for wildlife can enhance your ______. (为野生动物创造栖息地可以增强生态系统的多样性。

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A Biologically Inspired Ray-like Underwater Robot with Electroactive PolymerPectoral FinsAndres Punning, Mart Anton, Maarja Kruusmaa, Alvo AablooInstitute of TechnologyTartu UniveristyVanemuise 21 51014ESTONIA{Maarja.Kruusmaa, Alvo.Aabloo}@ut.eeAbstract – This paper describes an electroactive polymer robot with ray-like pectoral fins. Electroactive polymers are materials that change their geometry in response to electric field and can be used to replace electromechanical devices. The aim of this study is to show that these materials can be used to build more complicated devices and the behaviour of these devices can be coordinated to some extent. Both of the pectoral fins are built of eight electroactive polymer muscles. The experiments show that the fins are able to generate undulating motion and propel the body forward. The speed of the device is considerably slower than that of ray-like fishes but the device also has a smaller muscle mass and total mass ratio compared to aquatic animals.I. INTRODUCTIONElectroactive polymers (EAP) are materials that change their shape in response to electric field. Their working principle resembles closely the behaviour of biological muscles and therefore these materials are considered as a new emerging technology for robot actuators (see [1] for an overview).The advantages of EAP compared to traditional electromechanical devices are their low energy consumption, noiseless motion and continuous flexibility. Since the devices built on EAP actuators have low metal concentration, it is difficult to detect them by metal detectors or radars. Therefore they are promising candidates for reconnaissance, intelligence gathering and surveillance. EAP materials are lightweight and permit building small devices.Since EAP actuators are still in their early phase of development, they face difficulties characteristic to any emerging technology. Researchers still lack thorough understanding of the electrochemical processes taking place in these materials and their mathematical models are still an intensive research issue [2]. As a consequence EAP actuators lack efficient control methods. The applications reported so far (including the study at hand) drive the actuators in an open-loop manner. The manufacturing technology of EAPs is also in a developing phase. The properties of EAPs vary considerably and change in time (the muscles “get tired”). The devices reported so far use and off-board power supply because the lightweight materials are not able to carry the weight of the batteries.In our earlier work [3] we have described a device with four muscles (two pectoral fins of an underwater vehicle, both consisting of two muscles). The experiments with this preliminary prototype showed that since the properties of EAP muscles are not uniform and change over time their behaviour is rather difficult to coordinate. The purpose of this study was to elongate the fins to replicate undulating motion and thereby prove that we are able to coordinate the behaviour of a more complicated device. The long-term goal of this research is to build and experimental platform that can be used for future studies of EAP actuator control methods. We also aim at using this platform to investigate biomimetic underwater locomotion inspired by fish swimming [4].Applications of EAP reported so far include a dust wiper of a planetary rover [5], an application in an entertainment industry [6] and a hexapod robot [7]. Biomimetic EAP devices are inspired by a starfish [8], tadpole [9] or mimic a caudal fin [10] [11] and an annelid animal [12].Our device consists of 16 EAP muscles (8 muscles on both pectoral fins). The test results show that we are able to coordinate the behaviour of the muscles. The muscles generate undulating motion and propel the body forward. Considering the number of muscles used, this is to our knowledge the most complicated device built on electroactive polymers.This paper is organized as follows. In the rest of the introductory part we give an overview of electroactive polymers and a brief description of the biological background of ray-like swimming. In section II we describe the pectoral fin design, the robot and the experimental setup. Section III represents experimental results and compares them to biological evidence. The last section draws some conclusions about the experiment and describes the future work directions.A. Electroactive PolymersElectroactive polymer actuators change their geometry in response to electric field or current. Elasticity, damage tolerance and large actuation strains make them functionally similar to biological muscles.There are several kinds of electroactive polymers and the shape change mechanism is somewhat different in case of different types. Electronic polymers (polypyrrole, etc.) contract when an electric potential is applied. The conformational geometry of molecules will change when the electronic structure is excited. These polymers require high voltage (several kV) on very low current for operation. They are remarkably strong, but their contraction is only some percentage of they total length.In our application, we use another type of electroactive polymers, so called ionic polymer metallic composites (IPMC), which belong to the class of ionic conducting polymers. They bend in respond to electric current and their working principle is based on ion conduction.The IPMC material is highly porous liquid filled ion fluorinated polymer, like Nafion®, Flemion®, Teflon® andtheir modifications. During material fabrication the freeradical groups are replaced with metal ionic cations (Na, Li), so there is an excess of free cations in the material (see Fig.1.Error! Reference source not found.). The polymer film is covered with a metal coating, usually platinum.While applying electric current, the cations move to one side of the material causing expansion of the material from one side and contraction from the other side. Cations also capture some of the water molecules (Fig. 2.).The bent conformation is an imbalanced situation. Waterstarts to diffuse in an opposite direction and the polymer sheet relaxes after some time (Fig. 3.). These materials do not keep their position under direct current. However their action length is remarkable and they operate at low voltage (1.2 – 7V). At the same time they are not so strong and require from dozens up to several hundreds of mA of current.Fig. 4 represents a test with an EAP sheet manufactured by Musclesheet™.Fig. 1. EAP in an initial configurationFig. 2. EAP in a bent configuration.Fig. 3. EAP in a relaxing configuration. Fig. 4. A sample of an EAP sheet in an initial(left) and bent(right) configuration.B Biological Background of Fish-Like PropulsionCommon kinematic variables that fishes and other aquatic animals modify to change swimming velocity include fin-beat frequency, amplitude, wave number and wavespeed [13].Bottom-dwelling fishes like rays and stakes are characterized by a laterally compressed body (see Fig. 5 as an example). They propel themselves through water with large elongated pectoral fins. The swimming mode of rays is called rajiform swimming. In a rajiform swimming mode thrust is generated by passing vertical undulations along the pectoral fins. It is defined by having more than one wave present on the fins at the time.Fig. 5. African ray.To our knowledge, there is only one study that attempts to model undulating pectoral fins using pneumatic actuators [14]. Compared to our research this study has complementary advantages and disadvantages. Pneumatics is a well established technology that permits building large and powerful devises. In the contrary, EAP actuators are an emerging field with immature control methods. EAPs are also better suitable for building small scale devices.II. ROBOT DESIGNA. The Pectoral FinsThe pectoral fins are shown in Fig. 6. Both of the fins consist of 8 muscle sheets. The length of the fin is 110mm. Each bottle-shape muscle is 40 mm long, 13 mm wide from the widest end that is attached to the frame and 4 mm wide at the narrowest place. The muscles of one fin are mechanicallyconnected by a thin latex foil as shown in Fig. 6. The purposeof the bottle shaped form of the muscle is to prevent the latex foil from sliding over the tips of the muscles.The muscles are cut from a 0.2mm - 0.5mm thick IPMC sheets provided by Musclesheet™. The sheet is an electroactive polymer film covered with a platinum coating.Fig. 6. The outline of the robot.B. The RobotFig. 6 represents the design concept of the robot.The fins of the robot are attached to a 28mm ×140 mm frame. The frame consists of upper and lower parts made of organic glass. The fin muscles are fixed to the frame with the help of textolite contacts. A 0.15µm thin layer of cold is evaporated to the surface of the textolite in order to confirm a reliable contact with the muscle and to prevent ion exchange with the polymer through the platinum cover of the muscle. The contacts at the lower organic glass frame are for a ground signal and are connected to each other. The upper contacts are separated and permit driving each muscle independently. The upper part of the frame has 16 openings for the signal wires and 6 large openings for screws that press the upper and lower part of the frame tightly against each other.The device is attached under a piece of foamedpolystyrole to make it positively buoyant.Fig. 7 represents the photo of the robot floating in thetank.Fig. 7. The robot is floating in the tank. C. Experimental SetupThe experimental setup is represented in Fig. 8.The device lies in a tank filled with deionized water. Deionized water is used to prevent contamination of the polymer film through the platinum coating. Since deionized water does not conduct electricity, the contacts of the muscles do not have to be isolated.To test the performance of the robot we control the muscles and record the signals with an off-board computer running National Instruments LabView 7.The muscles of the fins oscillate with the period of 2.5s and with 40 degrees of a phase shift to generate thrust. Those signals are generated by NI PCI 6703 and measured by NI PCI 6304. The best shape of the signal was found during the experiments by trail and error. The wavelength is 144mm. The wave propagation speed is 50mm/s.Because of the high current intensity of the muscles the data acquisition board cannot control the muscles directly. Instead, we use an additional power supply (for 12V car batteries) and a current amplifier.Fig. 8. Experimental setup.III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSThe video clips of the experimental runs are available at http://simpol.mkem.uu.se/public/alvo/latest/DSCN0948.MOV.The voltage and current are measured on the contacts of a muscle by NI PCI6034 during the propulsion. The characteristics of a single muscle are represented in Fig. 9.The experiments show that the fins are able to propel the body forward.During the experiments it was observed that the stiffnessand torsional moment of the power supply wires considerably reduced the speed of the robot. We first planned to measure thethrust generated by the device but had to postpone these experiments until we have eliminated the influence of external forces.Other parameters that characterize the trials are thefollowing:1) Average speed of the robot was measured by visually inspecting the videotapes and is approximately 0.005 mm/s. For comparison, swimming speed of a plaice is 0.34 m/s [15].2) Speed with respect to the body length. The swimming speed of fishes is often measured with respect to their body length. The speed of this device is 0,038 BL/s. For comparison, typical swimming speed of a sting ray is 1-2 BL/s [16]. The swimming speed of this device is thus considerably lower than of the aquatic animals.3) Wave propagation speed. The average distance between two muscles is 13.6 mm. The phase shift of two muscles is 40 degrees. So the wavelength is (360/40)*13.6 mm = 122.4 mm. The period was 2.5 s. The wave propagation speed is thus 122.4 mm / 2.5 s = 48.96 mm/s ≈0.05 m/s. In comparison, the mean wave speed of a sting ray is 0.23 m/s, e.g. approximately an order of magnitude higher [16].4) Swimming efficiency is the ratio of the overall swimming speed and wave propagation speed [4]. The speed of the fish is 0.005 m/s. Thereby the swimming efficiency is (0.005 m/s) / (0.05 m/s) = 0.1.5) The wave amplitude is approximately 15mm.6) Total weight/ muscle weight ratio. The wet muscles with the latex foil device weight approximately 6 g while the robot weights approximately 60g (without wires). The device is thus able to carry about 10 % of its own weight. At the same time, in many fishes the muscle tissue comprises 50% - 60% of their body mass.7) Frequency of muscle oscillation was adjusted by trial and error to give the maximum actuation strain. The near-optimal frequency is 0.4 Hz. Frequency of a biological muscle at maximum power is 1.9Hz – 173Hz [17].8) The average power consumption of one muscle is 2.2W.9) The peak power consumption is 20.7W.reaches a phase, where they consume 3.5 A of current. Small oscillations on the current waveform are the outcome of that.IV. CONCLUSIONSThis paper describes an electroactive polymerunderwater robot with two pectoral fins. Both of the fins consist of eight EAP muscles that generate undulatingmotion. The test confirmed that the undulating fins can propel the body forward with the speed of 5 mm/s.The speed of the device is also decreased because of thestiffness of the power supply wires and we therefore did not manage to measure the force generated by the actuators. This remains a topic of our future experiments.The speed of the device and the swimming efficiency isconsiderably lower than that of aquatic animals. At the same time, the muscle mass and total mass ratio is considerably less than of animals.The further goal of our studies is to use this experimental platform in a future to develop more sophisticated control methods of EAP actuators.V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis research was supported by Estonian S cientific F oundation grant no. 5613.VI. REFERENCES[1] Y. Bar-Cohen. Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles - Reality, Potential and Challenges. ISBN 0-8194-4054-X, SPIE Press, Vol. PM98, 2001.[2] S. Tadokoro, M. Fukuhara, Y. Maeba, M. Konyo, T. Takamori. 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