Remote sensing of the cryosphere 冰冻圈遥感
2023-2024学年广东省深圳市名校高二上学期10月联考英语试题
2023-2024学年广东省深圳市名校高二上学期10月联考英语试题Here are four beautiful lakes in the world, each of which can be your next destination.Lake Bled, SloveniaFew lakes in Europe come as postcard-ready as Slovenia's Lake Bled. Located in the snow-capped Julian Alps about a 45-minute drive outside of the capital city of Ljubljana, it’s best known for the fairytale-like Church of the Assumption, which sits on a pocket-sized island in the lake and has been attracting visitors for centuries.Lake Annecy, FranceThanks to strict environmental rules set in place in the 1960s, Lake Annecy is an undamaged body of water that's often called the cleanest lake in Europe. As a home base, you can't beat Annecy, which has been called the Venice of the Alps for its series of canals, and the Imperial Palace, which has more than 100 years.Lake Vattern, SwedenDuring a Swedish summer, there are few better places to enjoy the endless summer nights than sitting by the nation's lakes. Among the lakes, the most charming is this finger-shaped lake about a 3-hour drive southwest of Stockholm, surrounded by historic settlements like Hjo ,a beautifully preserved town on the lake's western shore.Qinghai Lake, ChinaLocated in northwest China, Qinghai Lake enjoys a climate with low rainfalls. When looking into the distance from a high place, you can enjoy a photographic view of the revolving evergreen mountains, clear and glittering water, beautiful grassland and groups of sheep.1. What can we learn about Lake Annecy?A．It is under good protection.B．It is located on an island.C．It's the cleanest globally.D．It is known for an old church.2. What does Lake Vattern look like?A．A circle. B．A pocket. C．A finger. D．a foot.3. Which can give you the view of the attractive grassland and groups of sheep?A．Lake Bled. B．Lake Annecy.C．Lake Vättern. D．Qinghai Lake.It takes Sanduk Ruit about five minutes to change someone's life. The Nepalese doctor can make a small incision（切口）in his patient＇s eye，remove the cataract（白内障）damaging the patient's vision and replace it with an inexpensive artificial lens. He said, “Some of our younger doctors even do it faster than that.”In the past decades, Ruit has personally restored the sight of more than 100,000 people across Asia and Africa, and taught his rapid-fire technique to countless other eye doctors in parts of the world. His patients suffer from eye conditions that are mostly preventable. But because of poverty and limited access to public health services, they have been unable to seek treatment. Their stories are all too common in the developing world.Driven by a belief that the world's poorest people deserve safe, affordable and high-quality eye care just as much as anyone else, Ruit has made it his mission to root out avoidable blindness.In 1994,he joined the late Australian eye doctor Fred Hollows, who was his mentor and close friend, in establishing Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology-an eye hospital in Kathmandu devoted to providing world-class eyecare for the people of Nepal. The hospital makes the state-of-the-art lens that is commonly used in treating cataracts or myopia, and exports it to more than 30 countries worldwide.For the patients who cannot reach urban areas, Ruit and his team conduct mobile eye camps in remote parts of Nepal and neighboring countries. They often trek for days to those areas and clean out structures like tents, classrooms or even stables for use as temporary operating rooms. When the eyepatches（眼罩）come off the day after an operation，it’s an extremely moving moment for all relevant persons. Ruit said that he was so grateful that he could make a difference in so many people's lives.4. What do we know about Ruit?A．He refused to do operations for the rich.B．He wasn't mean with his excellent technique.C．He joined Fred Hollows in the nineteenth century.D．He restored more than a million people's sight in person.5. What inspires Ruit to fight against avoidable blindness?A．Making a lot of money.B．Obtaining relevant data to write scientific papers.C．The desire to make his technique well-known.D．The idea that all sick people should get proper treatment.6. Which of the following could best describe Ruit?A．Kind-hearted and responsible.B．Friendly and energetic.C．Open-minded and outgoing.D．Clever and brave.7. In which section of a newspaper can we find the text?A．Science. B．Sports. C．Education. D．Figures.As climate change causes ocean temperatures to rise, one of Greenland's previously most stable glaciers is now reducing at an unheard-of rate, according to a new study.The study was led by researchers at The Ohio State University. The team found the truth. Between 2018 and 2021, Steenstrup Glacier in Greenland reduced about 5 miles, thinned by about 20% and doubled in the amount of ice that went into the ocean. According to the study, such a rapid change is so extraordinary among Greenland's ice formations that it now places Steenstrup Glacier in the top 10% of glaciers that contribute to the entire region's total ice discharge.Steenstrup Glacier is part of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a body of ice that covers nearly 80% of the world's largest island, which is also the single largest contributor to the global sea rise from the cryosphere（冰冻圈），the portion of Earth＇s ecosystem that includes all of its frozen water. While the region plays a crucial part in balancing the global climate system, the area is steadily reducing as it loses hundreds of billions of tons of ice each year because of global warming.As far as scientists knew, Steenstrup Glacier had been stable for decades. It was hardly influenced by the rising temperatures that had influenced so many other regional glaciers, likely because of its special position in shallow water. It wasn't until Thomas Chudley ,lead author of the study, and his colleagues collected observational and modeling data from previous remote sensing analyses on the glacier that the team realized Steenstrup Glacier was likely experiencing melting due to anomalies （反常现象）in deeper Atlantic water.According to Chudley, the current situation in Greenland serves as an early warning sign for possible future events in West Antarctica within the next few centuries. He also expressed the importance of conducting direct observations in the fjord to understand the reasons behind the changes observed in Steenstrup Glacier,8. Why does the author mention the figures in paragraph 2?A．To count the number of global glaciers.B．To show the severity of melting glaciers.C．To tell people the percentage of glacier water.D．To stress the consequence of global warming.9. What possibly makes Steenstrup Glacier stable for a long time?A．Its location. B．Its content. C．Its sort. D．Its big coverage.10. What is Chudley's attitude to the current situation in Greenland?A．Optimistic. B．Concerned. C．Disappointed. D．Confident.11. What is the main idea of the text?A．A once-stable glacier in Greenland is now rapidly disappearing.B．The Steenstrup Glacier is the largest contributor to the global sea rise.C．Researchers try to enter Greenland to observe how it has changed.D．Glaciers play a crucial part in balancing the global climate system.Many international students studying abroad in America have several supposed ideas about American culture. After visiting the country, many international students showed the culture shock they received in America. Here are some culture shocks in America that most of the international students came across.It's surprising to note that kids, the youth and adults refer to each other with their first names, This is a very uncommon sight. Many international students might find it surprising and take time to adjust to this tradition.Another culture shock is that, in America, there could be only one or two classes a day. Usually, they’re conducted in the afternoon or in the evening. This means the students get enough time to sleep late， wake up around noon and have time for different chores（琐事）.Besides, having convenience in the schedule of classes, students also enjoy long hours of breaks.Among the many culture shocks in America, multiple languages are quite common there. Many international students would move to America, believing that the only language is English. However, that's not the case. The citizens commonly speak languages such as Spanish, French, German, Chinese and others, So if you're comfortable with any of the above-mentioned languages, you might get surprises.Many international students are used to using kilograms, metres, litres, degrees centigrade as the units of weight, length, volume, temperature. But they might be perplexed to see a different metric system in America. There, pounds, feet and Fahrenheit are usually used as units for measurements. This system is quite puzzling to comprehend at the beginning for many international students.Many international students might find various culture shocks in America depending on the background they come from. Thus, they may need a long time to adjust themselves to the unfamiliar environment.12. What may make international students surprised at school?A．Adults are often referred to with their titles.B．The number of classes is fewer than expected.C．Kids refer to adults with their family names.D．Students can freely do different chores in class.13. Why do international students care little about language barriers in America?A．English there is easy to understand.B．All of them can speak English fluently.C．There are several other official languages.D．They may be able to use their native languages there.14. Wat does the underlined word “perplexed” mean in paragraph 5?A．Interested. B．Frightened. C．Confused. D．Excited.15. What is the best title for the text?A．Multicultural Experiences Are Waiting for YouB．International Students Are Welcome to AmericaC．Culture Shocks International Students May Experience in AmericaD．Reasons Why There Are a Large Number of Culture Shocks in AmericaHow to plan a graduation party step by stepIs someone in your life about to graduate from school? 16 So It is very important to get started by studying this party planning list.Determine your budget17 Determine how much you'd like to spend on food and drinks per person, plus the cost of the decorations, entertainment, and location rental. You can use an online party budget calculator to help you easily estimate your costs. If possible, co-host a party and share expenses with two or three families, all of whom have a graduate from a similar school or situation.18Determine if you or the guest-of-honor want to invite the entire graduating class to attend, a large bash of your closest friends and family, or whether it will be a more intimate family party. It's perfectly acceptable to invite a few special guests to a graduation party, such as beloved teachers, coaches, or other faculty members. It's also up to the host whether or not children of guests can attend.Choose a locationThrowing a party at home may save you money, it's easy to personalize, and it can be a welcoming and comforting place for others to gather. On the other hand, having a party at home is the labor and time that goes into cleaning your house before and after the party. The advantage of having a party at a restaurant or other venue is the ease of relying on an on-site manager or planner to handle the details, including the clean-up, which lets you have plenty of time to socialize. 19Pick a party timeTiming can be tricky when it comes to graduation parties. May and June are often the busiest months for most families of graduates. 20 One solution can be to combine a summer holiday with agraduation party when your family might be traveling to get together, such as on Memorial Day weekend, Father's Day, or July 4th.Three years ago, I spotted a video of someone making resin (树脂) art. He _________ poured and mixed colors together. I could n’t _________ thinking about its beauty for nights. Less than a month later, I ordered a beginner’s resin kit to _________.When I was a kid, my artist grandmother taught me to _________, and I’ve always enjoyed getting _________ and making things with my hands. The resin art videos _________ me to relight the childhood creativity that I had lost while working in London.But it’s more _________ than it looks. Resin s a heavy liquid that when applied can’t be completely controlled. It was in those tougher moments that I _________ my artist grandmother, and our valuable moments spent painting together. Resin art was a _________ for me to honor her.After I first ________________ a picture of my work on my phone, my friends began________________ me for resin art. So I had an idea to make my artworks to be sold to the public and developed a resin art website. After ________________ the first ones, I quickly sold out of them. Within a year, I had made over $2,600 ________________, which I donated to charity. I even had my first display in Devon. I never thought it would turn into a life-changing ________________. As long as there are people who’d like to buy my work, I’d like to make it. I pour colors from memories of beautiful places into my art, and I hope my grandmother would be ________________ that I chose a life filled with more creativity.21.A．abnormally B．unwillingly C．expertly D．doubtfully22.A．risk B．help C．suggest D．allow23.A．identify B．assess C．design D．start24.A．paint B．sing C．dance D．swim25.A．comparative B．sensitive C．creative D．passive26.A．warned B．inspired C．ordered D．begged27.A．helpful B．worthwhile C．necessary D．complex28.A．understood B．remembered C．supported D．ignored'29.A．way B．picture C．deal D．problem30.A．recorded B．observed C．found D．posted'31.A．appealing to B．answering to C．objecting to D．apologizing to 32.A．clarifying B．adopting C．buying D．uploading33.A．sales B．services C．tasks D．blogs34.A．theory B．benefit C．career D．tendency35.A．curious B．proud C．patient D．surprised阅读下面短文，在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
遥感类英文期刊、与GIS相关的SCI(EI)期刊
遥感类英文期刊、与GIS相关的SCI（EI）期刊遥感类英文期刊[1]. REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENTISSN： 0034-4257版本： SCI-CDE出版频率： Monthly出版社： ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY, 10010-1710出版社网址：http://www.elsevier.nl/期刊网址：http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/5/0/5/7/3/3/index.htt影响因子： 1.697(2001),1.992(2002)主题范畴： REMOTE SENSING; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; IMAGING SCIENCE & PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY[2]. International Journal of Remote Sensing国际遥感杂志,这是英国出版的一本专业遥感杂志，由Taylor & Francis出版社出版，我看得不多，不好多说，大家可以到/上查该杂志目录和摘要，全文可以到系资料室复印。
Taylor&Francis注册邮箱为cumtlp#.[3]. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSINGISSN： 0099-1112版本： SCI-CDE出版频率： Monthly出版社： AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY, 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD, 20814-2160出版社网址：/期刊网址：/publications.html影响因子： 0.841(2001);1.176(2002)主题范畴： GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL; GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; REMOTE SENSING; PATHOLOGY美国摄影测量与遥感协会的会刊，摄影测量工程与遥感(Photogrametry Engineering and remote sensing)杂志,网址，网上可看论文摘要，全文可去系图书室复印，该杂志南大很全，过去50年的都有,同时你可以发现测绘学报、遥感学报、武测学报甚至国外的文章中参考文献许多来自该刊，在2000年SCI地学类杂志排名中该刊名列第三，相当地不容易，南大校友美国 berkeley加州大学副教授宫鹏就曾三次获得该刊的年度最佳论文奖，由此奠定其在国际遥感学界的地位。
2023年上海市英语高考二轮专题复习精讲精练(含真题与一二模题)7 语篇型填空含详解
专题7 语篇型填空【考情分析】“语篇型语法填空”符合新课标倡导的语言学习理念，这一题型主要在语篇层面上考查学生的语言知识，符合语言真实性的要求，让学生在更加真实的语境中应用自己学到的语言知识。
【考点梳理】一、有提示词试题的解题技巧考点一：动词——谓语动词例：Our hosts shared many of their experiences and（recommend）wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit. （2019年全国Ш卷）Key：recommended.Skill 1：若句中没有谓语v.，或者虽已有谓语v.，但需填的v.与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语v.;若是谓语v.，考虑时态语态及主谓一致。
考点二：动词——非谓语动词例：We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call______（say）she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.（2019全国Ⅱ卷）Key：saying.Skill 2：若句中已有谓语v.，又不是并列谓语v.时，所给v.就是非谓语v.。
若是非谓语v.则确定用-ing形式、-ed 形式，还是用to do. 确定非谓语的形式一定要考虑它与其逻辑主语之间的关系。
Attention：有时给出的v.既不是谓语v.也不是非谓语v.，而是要求词性转换。
考点三：词类、形、义转换题例1：When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting___________（compete）to watch，together with the story behind it. （2019年全国Ш卷）Key：competition.Skill 3：所填单词作S.或O.或者在article，prep.，adj.，形容词性物主pron.或名词所有格后，考虑填n.，注意单复数形式。
地理科学专业论文 基于遥感的城市热岛效应研究
西安交通大学毕业设计（论文）基于遥感的城市热岛效应研究学院名称地理与规划学院专业名称地理科学学生学号12345678学生姓名学生姓名指导教师教授姓名助理指导老师老师姓名202X年X月摘要本文利用丰城市2010年landsat5 TM影像数据，运用遥感数据温度反演和监督分类等数据分析手段，综合研究丰城市地面温度分布与城市土地利用类型间的相关性。
得出城市下垫面及人工热源等因素与城市地面热力场分布息息相关，而水体及城市绿化面积对城市热效应有积极缓解作用等结论。
最后将之与北方大城市的城市热岛效应研究情况相比较，总结出南方中小城市的热岛效应的特点，即热岛效应相对较轻，市中心与郊区温差存在但相对较小，河流与植被对其的影响非常显著。
由此可见，丰城市今后的城市规划发展，应直视城市热岛问题，合理布局城市各项工程用地建设，切实践行城市可持续发展所提倡的“生态城市”建设，制定合理的城市发展战略，力求人工环境与自然环境的统一。
关键词：遥感；热岛效应；土地利用；南方中小城市；丰城市AbstractThe Fengcheng City 2010 landsat5 TM image data, using remote sensing data of temperature inversion and supervised classification data analysis method, a comprehensive study of the Fengcheng City ground temperature distribution and urban land use types of correlation. That urban underlying surface and artificial heat sources and urban ground thermal field distribution have closely relation, and water and urban greening area of urban heat effect is positive the alleviation effect conclusion. Finally compared with the big cities of the north of the urban heat island effect research, summed up the characteristics of the urban heat island effect in medium-sized and small cities in the south.The heat island effect is relatively light, downtown and suburban temperature difference exists but is relatively small, rivers and vegetation on the effect is very significant. Thus, Fengcheng City Urban Planning in the future development should be open urban heat island, reasonable layout of urban projects in the construction, cut practice for urban sustainable development advocated by the "ecological city" construction, formulate rational urban development strategy, strive for the unity of the artificial environment and the natural environment.Key words: RS;urban heat effect;land use;Medium-Small-Sized Cities in the Southern China;Fengcheng City第1章绪论1.1 研究意义及背景在全球变暖和高速城市化的大背景下，世界上许多城市都出现了高强度的城市热岛效应，特别是城市局部地区温度居高不下，给城市居住人口的生产生活带来极大影响。
欧洲哥白尼计划的现状和未来
欧洲哥白尼计划的现状和未来文|李俊杰 陈卫荣 孙学娇中国资源卫星应用中心图1 哨兵家族卫星示意图（来自ESA）哨兵任务的目标如下：Sentinel-1：雷达观测任务，提供用于陆地和海洋服务的全天候昼夜雷达成像，同时可用于地表形变监测；Sentinel-1A于2014年4月发射，Sentinel-1B于2016年4月发射并在2022年8Sentinel-2：高分辨光学陆地观测任务，宽幅高分辨率双星多光谱成像，为美国陆地卫星（Landsat）和法国斯波特卫星（SPOT）任务的数据连续性和增强而设计，用于哥白尼计划的陆地和安全业务；Sentinel-2A于2015年6月发射，Sentinel-2B于月发射。
Sentinel-3：中分辨陆地和海洋观测任务，为这些数据将以高空间分辨率每小时生成一次；卫星预计2024年发射。
Sentinel-5P/5：近地轨道全球大气观测任务，提供大气成分数据产品（如臭氧、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、甲烷和气溶胶光学厚度等），提供全球空气质量监测服务；Sentinel-5P于2017年10 Sentinel-5预计2025年发射。
Sentinel-6：绘制海平面图任务，量化和监测全球和区域海平面变化和海平面上升率，以支持海洋气象学和海洋学业务服务；Sentinel-6A年11月发射，Sentinel-6B预计2025年发射。
2．贡献任务哥白尼计划除了专用的哨兵卫星提供数据外，图2 哥白尼计划贡献任务卫星概览图（来自ESA）三、数据和信息服务哥白尼计划的数据和信息是通过一组服务提供给用户，大多数用户可在线获取。
哥白尼计划目前每天可提供16TB的数据，是世界上最大的空间数据提供商。
哥白尼计划的数据和信息主要通过以下两种方式对外提供服务：一是哥白尼数据空间生态系统，主要提供对地观测数据产品，也提供基于数据衍生的信息；二是哥白尼服务，面向6大应用领域提供专业信息服务，包括土地、海洋、大气、应急、安全和气候变化。
IPCC《全球1.5℃增暖特别报告》冰冻圈变化及其影响解读
IPCC《全球1.5℃增暖特别报告》冰冻圈变化及其影响解读苏勃;高学杰;效存德【摘要】在气候系统五大圈层中,冰冻圈对气候变化高度敏感,近几十年来气候变暖已引起全球冰川、冻土、积雪和海冰等冰冻圈要素加速退缩,进而对区域水资源、生态环境、社会经济发展和人类福祉产生了深远影响.2018年10月,IPCC在韩国仁川公布了《全球1.5℃增暖特别报告》(SR1.5).报告较系统地呈现了关于全球1.5℃温升目标的基本科学认知,并探讨了可持续发展及消除贫困目标下加强全球响应的路径.在冰冻圈相关内容方面,报告呈现了有关全球1.5℃和2℃温升下冰冻圈(主要是海冰和多年冻土)变化及其对大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈和人类圈影响的一些亮点结论,还关注了全球1.5℃和2℃温升下冰冻圈相关的气候变化热点(区)和地球系统临界因素.报告指出,随着温度不断升高,冰冻圈及其相关要素和热点(区)面临的风险将不断增加,但将全球温升控制在1.5℃而不是2℃或更高时的风险将大大降低.【期刊名称】《气候变化研究进展》【年(卷),期】2019(015)004【总页数】10页(P395-404)【关键词】全球1.5℃增暖;冰冻圈;影响;可持续发展【作者】苏勃;高学杰;效存德【作者单位】北京师范大学地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室,北京 100875;中国科学院大气物理研究所气候变化研究中心,北京 100029;北京师范大学地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室,北京 100875【正文语种】中文引言随着全球气候系统持续变暖及其对社会-生态系统带来的风险不断增大，减缓和适应气候变化已成为人类可持续发展面临的必然选择。
2015年《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)近200个缔约方在法国巴黎一致通过《巴黎协定》，承诺各方将以“国家自主贡献”的方式，把全球平均温升较工业化前水平控制在2℃内，并努力争取把温升控制在1.5℃内。
为满足社会各界对全球1.5℃和2℃温升的科学认知需求，2016年4月IPCC接受UNFCCC邀请，开始准备《全球1.5℃增暖特别报告》(简称SR1.5)。
从昆明遥感创新高端论坛看今后遥感发展方向
遥感视野Remote Sensing从昆明遥感创新高端论坛看今后遥感发展方向文｜李志忠1,2,3 洪增林1,2 刘德长1 张晓团2 付垒1，2 韩海辉3 丁琳1 白鹏飞2 张文龙2 王智远21.中国遥感应用协会专家委员会2.上合组织地学卫星遥感中心3.中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心2023年3月26—27日，遥感技术创新应用高端论坛在昆明举办，多位院士专家亲临现场或云端交流，为遥感应用发展把关定向，站在国际前沿，探讨我国遥感技术及应用发展前景。
本文结合本次会议研讨情况，对我国遥感卫星及应用发展进行了思考。
一、昆明遥感创新高端论坛本次会议由中国遥感应用协会专家委员会、陕西省自然资源学会、中国地震学会对地观测委员会、核工业遥感国家级重点实验室等主办，全国遥感行业26家单位协办，来自国内外的300多位专家参加了本次会议。
会议六个主题报告围绕国家战略需求，在能源、矿产资源、土地、水、生态、粮食、城镇化、灾害、交通、元宇宙及新型遥感器研发等领域开展研讨，聚焦了新时代生态文明与绿色发展主题，以及天空地网立体遥感等前沿技术。
专家围绕五个板块开展了学术交流，内容涉及卫星传感器、机载传感器（包括无人机）研发、卫星数据传输处理及在各行业的应用，面向行业的大数据AI技术软硬件研发与集成。
在航天强国战略引领和大数据支撑下，遥感应用、智能图像分析、三维景观展示亮点纷呈。
会议学术交流体现了“四和”，即天空地大融合、通导遥大集合、老中青大结合、产学研大化合。
二、遥感发展方向截至2022年底，全球累计发射对地观测卫星3736颗；2022年底在轨运行的军、民、商卫星1165颗，占各类卫星总数的21%；2021年卫星产业3800多亿美元，增长势头非常强劲。
卫星遥感技术发展不断创新，体现在以下几方面：卫星数量和种类不断增多、卫星分辨率不断提高；组网联网和智能化不断提高；数据处理软硬件一体化、小型化、智能化趋势明显；遥感从业专家知识水平、认知能力不断提升，交叉融合人才不断增加。
陆地生态系统碳监测卫星多波束激光
航天返回与遥感第43卷第6期36SPACECRAFT RECOVERY & REMOTE SENSING2022年12月陆地生态系统碳监测卫星多波束激光雷达光学系统设计汤天瑾杨居奎伏瑞敏孙立孙欣王玉诏宋志清（北京空间机电研究所，北京100094）摘要为了最大限度地发挥大口径的优势，多波束激光雷达与高分辨率相机共孔径设计已成为激光雷达的发展趋势。
文章基于陆地生态系统碳监测卫星的需求，分析了大口径共孔径成像系统的特点和设计要点，给出了一种米级口径大视场的可见光多光谱相机与多波束激光接收、高倍率压缩大气探测三通道共孔径成像光学系统的设计思路和设计结果。
光学系统焦距8 000mm/2 667mm，大气探测实现40倍压缩并与后续的法布里-珀罗标准具衔接，光学系统结构紧凑，多光谱谱段在其耐奎斯特频率处的像质、大气平行光出射波前差、多波束激光能量集中度达到衍射极限。
共用三镜调焦可以有效保证各通道像质均达到衍射极限，对于大气通道尤为有利。
该设计方案不仅适用于多波束激光雷达多功能共孔径光学系统，也可用于其它大口径多通道共孔径光学系统中。
关键词多波束激光雷达共孔径大口径能量集中度陆地生态系统碳监测卫星航天遥感中图分类号: 0439文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1009-8518(2022)06-0036-14DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-8518.2022.06.004Optical Design Used in Multi-beam LiDAR for Monitoring of TECIS TANG Tianjin YANG Jukui FU Ruimin SUN Li SUN Xin WANG Yuzhao SONG Zhiqing（Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China）Abstract To exert the maximum benefit of large-diameter, common-aperture optical design of multi-beam LiDAR and high resolution camera has become a trend. Based on the request of monitoring satellite of carbon dioxideterrestrial biosphere, design key points and characteristics of common-aperture optics with large-aperture are analysed in this paper, optical design ideas and results for the three-channel common-aperture imaging system is given, which can realize high-resolution imaging, multi-beam laser reception and atmospheric detection with high rate compression. The optical system has the focal length of 8 000mm and 2 667mm, the compression rate is 40 for atmospheric detection, the parallel light will join to the Fabry-Perot Etalons. The optical system has the advantages of compact structure, diffraction limit for high resolution multispectral imaging, high-quality parallel light, diffraction encircled energy limit for multi-beam laser detection. The shared third mirror works as the shared focusing system, which can ensure the optimum quality for three channels especially the atmospheric detection with a fixed field diaphragm on the position of its secondary image. The optics proposed in this paper is not only suitable for the common-aperture optical收稿日期：2022-10-20基金项目：国家重大科技专项工程引用格式：汤天瑾, 杨居奎, 伏瑞敏, 等. 陆地生态系统碳监测卫星多波束激光雷达光学系统设计[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 2022, 43(6): 36-49.TANG Tianjin, YANG Jukui, FU Ruimin, et al. Optical Design Used in Multi-beam LiDAR for Monitoring of第6期汤天瑾 等: 陆地生态系统碳监测卫星多波束激光雷达光学系统设计37system of multi-beam LiDAR, but also fit for other optics with large common aperture.Keywords multi-beam; LiDAR; common-aperture; large-diameter; diffraction encircled energy; terrestrial ecosystem carbon inventory satellite; space remote sensing0 引言星载激光雷达作为一种主动探测的有效手段，可以实现全天时、高精度获取全球地表信息，同时利用全波形回波数据，可以进一步反演地表的房屋、树木等高度，获得大空间尺度持续的四维大气信息[1-2]。
云南省昆明市第八中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月月考英语试卷(平行、文科)
云南省昆明市第八中学2023-2024学年高二上学期12月月考英语试卷（平行、文科）学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读选择From hawk hikes to private sleepovers at the zoo, there is a great selection of animal-related experiences available to groups. Here are some top options to get closer to various wonderful wildlife.Chester ZooThe newest attractions here are the Madagascar Lemur Walkthrough experience, which gives visitors the opportunity to walk alongside ring-tailed and red-ruffed lemurs, and the interactive American Wetland Aviary, which is home to birds like scarlet ibises and flamingos. Group rates are available for parties of 15 or more and there are various catering options, including sit-down meals at the restaurant at the heart of the zoo.ZSL Whipsnade ZooUntil September 2022, it is offering groups of up to 60 the opportunity to experience a private Nature Night, on which they’ll get to explore the zoo privately after the public has left, take part in activities like quizzes, camp overnight, and get up early for a private tour along the green trail before it reopens to the public again.West Midland Safari ParkThe latest attraction at the park is the new African Walking Trail. Opened in May, the trail features three viewpoints that allow visitors to see the park’s African animals on foot. There’s also a four-mile drive-through safari area with red panda, penguin and lorikeet areas. Groups of ten plus, arriving in the same vehicle, can save more than 40%.Knowsley Safari ParkThe five-mile safari drive through the site takes you past free roaming lions, rhinos and more than 100 cheeky baboons. There’s a foot safari area, where the highlight is the Amur Tiger Trail with transparent walled viewing areas where you can get nose to nose with 450-pound tigers. Groups of 15 people and more, arriving in one vehicle, qualify for special ticket rates.1．Who are the intended readers of passage?A．Daily forest hikers.B．Animal-loving kids.C．Group-tour planning guides.D．Wildlife conservationists.2．Which park is good for camping fans?A．Chester Zoo B．ZSL Whipsnade ZooC．West Midland Safari Park D．Knowsley Safari Park3．What does the four zoos have in common?A．They provide meals for tourists.B．They offer private tours.C．They allow cars to drive through.D．They have walking trails.In a long-sleeved shirt and jeans, Dieudonne Twahirwa looks nothing like the traditional African farmer. The 30-year-old owner of Gashora Farm knows what a difference that makes.“You need more role models,” he said, standing among knee-high rows of chilli (辣椒) plants. “If you have young farmers, they have land and they drive to the farm, others may think, ‘Why can’t I do that?’”Mr. Twahirwa, a university graduate, bought a friend’s tomato farm six years ago for $ 150. He made $ 1, 500 back in two months. “You have to link farming with entrepreneurship and real numbers,” he said.Many young Africans are abandoning areas in the countryside, choosing not to work hard and for a long time in fields — a job made tougher by climate change.But Twahirwa is one of the growing band of successful farmers working to make agriculture’s image on the continent more attractive. Some 1, 000 farmers now produce chillies for him. He is starting a fourth farm of his own, and exports fresh and dried chillies and oil to Britain, the United States, India and Kenya.Africa has the world’s youngest population and 65 percent uncultivated arable land (耕地后备资源).Yet accessing land and loans is difficult, and African productivity is low with crop yields just 56 percent of the international average.“Agriculture is mainly associated with suffering and no young person wants to suffer,” said Tamara Kaunda. She believes African agriculture needs a change to get rid of its old-fashioned image of very hard and tiring work with a hoe. “Show young people with tractors, green fields, nice irrigation systems smartphones,” she said.Getting young people involved in agriculture does not mean they have to work on a farm. For example, in coffee production, the beans go from the farm to the washing station , then to be separated from the husks (外壳).4．What does “Why can’t I do that?” in Paragraph 2 mean?A．Why can’t I drive to the farm?B．Why can’t they farm?C．They follow the example of those farmers.D．They bought a friend’s tomato farm.5．What makes it harder for farmers to work?A．Poor land.B．Climate.C．Low income.D．Long working hours.6．What can we learn about Twahirwa according to Paragraph 5 ?A．He made a fortune by growing chillies.B．His chillies are try growing chillies.C．Farmers working for him live a simple life.D．The locals aren't willing to buy his chillies.7．When it comes to agriculture in Africa, what do people think about it?A．Loans are difficult.B．Most land is uncultivated.C．Crop yields are rather lowD．Farming methods are out of dateAs climate change causes ocean temperatures to rise, one of Greenland’s previously most stable glaciers is now reducing at an unheard-of rate, according to a new study.The study was led by researchers at The Ohio State University. The team found the truth. Between 2018 and 2021, Steenstrup Glacier in Greenland reduced about 5 miles, thinned by about 20% and doubled in the amount of ice that went into the ocean. According to the study, such a rapid change is so extraordinary among Greenland’s ice formations that it now places Steenstrup Glacier in the top 10% of glaciers that contribute to the entire region’s total ice discharge.Steenstrup Glacier is part of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a body of ice that covers nearly 80% of the world’s largest island, which is also the single largest contributor to the global sea rise from the cryosphere (冰冻圈), the portion of Earth’s ecosystem that includes all of its frozenwater. While the region plays a crucial part in balancing the global climate system, the area is steadily reducing as it loses hundreds of billions of tons of ice each year because of global warming.As far as scientists knew, Steenstrup Glacier had been stable for decades. It was hardly influenced by the rising temperatures that had influenced so many other regional glaciers, likely because of its special position in shallow water. It wasn’t until Thomas Chudley, lead author of the study, and his colleagues collected observational and modeling data from previous remote sensing analyses on the glacier that the team realized Steenstrup Glacier was likely experiencing melting due to anomalies (反常现象) in deeper Atlantic water.According to Chudley, the current situation in Greenland serves as an early warning sign for possible future events in West Antarctica within the next few centuries. He also expressed the importance of conducting direct observations in the fjord to understand the reasons behind the changes observed in Steenstrup Glacier.8．Why does the author mention the figures in paragraph 2?A．To count the number of global glaciers.B．To show the severity of melting glaciers.C．To tell people the percentage of glacier water.D．To stress the consequence of global warming.9．What possibly makes Steenstrup Glacier stable for a long time?A．Its location.B．Its content.C．Its sort.D．Its big coverage. 10．What is Chudley’s attitude to the current situation in Greenland?A．Optimistic.B．Concerned.C．Disappointed.D．Confident. 11．What is the main idea of the text?A．A once-stable glacier in Greenland is now rapidly disappearing.B．The Steenstrup Glacier is the largest contributor to the global sea rise.C．Researchers try to enter Greenland to observe how it has changed.D．Glaciers play a crucial part in balancing the global climate system.bread products, fruit, coffee, etc. And the meal is typically presented in a buffet (餐饮部), from which guests can help themselves.13 However, the continental breakfast doesn’t refer to the English breakfast,which often includes meat, cereals, fruit and even vegetables in addition to bread products, juice and hot drinks. A “continental breakfast” describes the type of breakfast you’d meet in Europe, especially France. It is lighter, cheaper and more delicate (精致的).Nowadays, many hotels worldwide are offering continental breakfasts. 14 They don’t need much staff to prepare them. Besides, a continental breakfast is convenient for travelers who might not have much time for a meal in the morning.A continental breakfast is usually provided in hotels for a specific period of time during the morning. The food is typically placed on a large table. Objects like forks and knives are put beside. There might be tables and chairs where guests can sit and eat. 15 Most hotels that offer continental breakfasts will tell guests the time period when the food will be available. 16 Thus, guests who wait until near the end of the availability time period should expect that the supply of some items might be gone. Also, it is considered to be impolite for a guest to take very large amounts of the food that is provided.A．Such meals become more popular.B．Continental breakfasts are common.C．A continental breakfast means a light breakfast.D．Firstly, these items are more cost-effective for hotels.E．The term “continental breakfast” had its beginning in Britain.F．Many times, a limited amount of food will be provided each day.G．They can also take their breakfast back to their rooms or elsewhere.二、完形填空I’ve been working as a UN Peacekeeper in the Central African Republic for the past twoand help bring supplies of food and medicine. We are a 25 that can keep people in conflict apart.In this role, I, as a woman, take charge of various tasks as men do. Thus, I am 26 by many local women and girls who face limited job opportunities. Through our collective efforts, I made them realize that they also 27 to be respected and treated equally to man.Despite the important work we do, my life is not 28 in every aspect! I usually work overtime in a very tough environment, living in basic 29 with just a bed in a shared room. Certainly, being separated from my family and friends can be 30 difficult at times. However, knowing that our collective efforts contribute to a safer Central African Republic makes all the sacrifices 31 .17．A．hated B．enjoyed C．assigned D．changed 18．A．probed into B．signed up with C．kept up with D．looked up to 19．A．treatment B．inspiration C．technology D．independence 20．A．conflicts B．connections C．relationships D．wars 21．A．flee B．return C．sweep D．destroy 22．A．In return B．In response C．In addition D．In surprise 23．A．investigation B．association C．mission D．business 24．A．report B．prove C．ensure D．predict 25．A．bridge B．barrier C．castle D．shelter 26．A．protected B．respected C．surrounded D．doubted 27．A．deserve B．prefer C．plan D．fail 28．A．boring B．rewarding C．difficult D．fancy 29．A．interaction B．installation C．accommodation D．adaptation 30．A．slightly B．emotionally C．repeatedly D．previously 31．A．worthwhile B．available C．permanent D．educational三、语法填空(be) an essential part of Chinese culture, playing a vital role in preserving knowledge and 34 (provide) a source of inspiration for generations.The first major development in Chinese book culture was the invention of woodblock printing by Bi Sheng in the 11th century. This revolutionized book production, making it much 35 (easy) to produce and distribute books. During China’s Ming Dynasty there was a great booming of books and it 36 (see) the birth of China’s best-known book, Journey to the West by Wu Cheng’en, which is still 37 (wide) read and studied today.In modern times, new genres such as science fiction and fantasy have grown in 38 (popular), while electronic books are becoming increasingly popular. The development of book culture has had a profound impact 39 Chinese society, with many books becoming cultural touchstones and inspiring people to think about their lives and the world around them.With its rich history and diverse genres, Chinese book culture provides a window into Chinese society. From ancient classics to modern bestsellers, Chinese books can open up 40 new world of ideas and knowledge for readers around the globe. As such, it is an important part of our collective global culture, and one 41 should be learned more about.四、单词拼写insights into the world. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)43．If offered the chance to be a volunteer, I will do it well and live up to your e .(根据首字母单词拼写)44．Peter g his nephew by the arm and led him away. (根据首字母单词拼写) 45．When we are asleep, the rate of breathtaking is at a (最小量) because the need for oxygen is then very small. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)46．R of your choice of course, you’ll develop your language ability quickly and effectively. (根据首字母单词拼写)47．As a result of destroying the forests, large (数量) of desert have covered the land. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)48．There are many serious health problems a with smoking. (根据首字母单词拼写)49．Listening is an active behavior c of hearing, understanding and remembering (根据首字母单词拼写)50．My sister is (乐观的) about her chance of winning the English speech contest. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)51．This will enable the audience to sit in (舒适) while watching the shows. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)五、书面表达52．假定你是李华，你校英语报开辟了“Readers’ V oice”专栏，邀请读者针对一些热点问题发表自己的看法。
冰冻圈科学概论 教材 特等奖
冰冻圈科学概论一、概述1.1 冰冻圈的定义冰冻圈是指地球极地地区以及高山地区的冰雪覆盖区域，包括南北极冰盖、冰川、冻土以及高山上的积雪等。
这些区域的冰雪覆盖对地球气候、水循环等起着重要作用。
1.2 冰冻圈研究的意义冰冻圈研究不仅能够帮助人们更好地了解地球气候变化的规律，还对水资源、自然灾害等方面具有重要意义。
冰冻圈科学概论作为一门重要的学科，在教学和科研中有着不可忽视的地位。
二、冰冻圈科学概论教材2.1 教材的编写背景随着人们对地球气候变化和环境问题的关注日益增加，对冰冻圈科学的需求也日益凸显。
冰冻圈科学概论教材的编写具有十分重要的现实意义。
通过系统、全面地介绍冰冻圈的基本知识和研究进展，可以帮助学生和科研人员更好地掌握冰冻圈科学的理论和方法。
2.2 教材的内容安排冰冻圈科学概论教材包括对冰冻圈基本概念、地理分布、气候影响、物理特征、生态环境等方面的介绍，并重点介绍冰川、冻土的形成过程、演化规律以及与全球气候变化的关系，使学生能够全面了解冰冻圈的相关知识。
2.3 教材的特点冰冻圈科学概论教材具有系统性、权威性和前沿性等特点，既包括对冰冻圈科学的基本概念进行全面解读，又围绕热点问题展开讨论，同时还介绍了国内外最新研究成果和科技进展。
三、冰冻圈科学概论教材的意义3.1 对学生的意义冰冻圈科学概论教材的编写和使用，有助于提高学生对冰冻圈科学的认识和理解，培养学生对环境保护和气候变化的责任感和使命感，为未来从事相关科研和工作打下坚实的基础。
3.2 对科研人员的意义冰冻圈科学概论教材的出版和应用，能够促进冰冻圈科学研究的进一步发展，激发科研人员的工作热情和创新精神，为解决全球气候变化等重大问题提供有力的知识和技术支持。
四、冰冻圈科学研究的特等奖4.1 特等奖设立的背景为了进一步推动冰冻圈科学的发展，呼吁更多的科研人员和机构关注和支持冰冻圈科学研究，特等奖的设立具有十分重要的意义。
通过对冰冻圈科学研究的成果进行认可和奖励，可以激励科研人员积极投身冰冻圈科学研究中，并产生更多的创新成果。
基于GOCI数据的胶州湾水体透明度遥感反演及日变化研究
国土资源遥感
REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND & RESOURCES
Vol. 33,No.2 Jun. ,2021
doi: 10. 6046/eeyye. 2020216 引用格式：周燕，禹定峰,刘晓燕，等.基于GOCI数据的胶州湾水体透明度遥感反演及日变化研究# J］.国土资源遥感,2021,33 （2） : 108 -115. （Zhou Y,Yu D F,Lin X Y,et al. Research on remote sensing retrieval and diurnal variation of Secchi disk depth of Jiaozhou Bay based on GOCI［ J］. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2021,33（2） ： 108 - 115.）
2017年5月16日，天气晴朗，海况较好，在胶 州湾海域布设采样点（图1），获取18组水体透明度 数据,各采样点现场同步测量水深、风速、海表温度
图1胶州湾海域采样点站位置分布 Fig. 1 Location of sampling stations in Jiaozhou Bay
和海表盐度等气象水文要素，并采集海水样品，放置 -40 J低温冷冻柜带回实验室处理分析，获得叶绿 素浓度（［Chi-a］）、总悬浮物浓度（［TSM］）和有色 可溶性有机物吸收系数（竹（400））等水质要素。海 水透明度测量采用直径为30 cm的白色塞克盘测量 按照GB 17378.4-2007第四部分的相关规定执行, 现场测量数据最大值为3.3 m,最小值为0.7 m,平均 值为1.49 m,标准差为0.87 m,变异系数为58.1%。
地表冻融过程被动微波遥感机理研究进展
摘 要：地表冻融过程及参数特征是陆表过程、气候模式、全球变化等研究的重要方面。被动微波 遥感由于具有对土壤水分敏感、高时间分辨率等特点，非常适合用于地表冻融过程的监测和相关参 数的反演。在分析地表冻融过程被动微波遥感机理研究发展现状的基础上，面向全球范围内大尺 度陆表冻融过程微波遥感算法发展的需求，针对由土壤、积雪和植被组合的复杂地表，从基础研究 角度，总结凝练了存在的科学问题，为研究工作的深入开展提供了参考思路。 关 键 词：冻融过程；微波遥感；复杂地表 中图分类号：Ｐ６４２．１４；ＴＰ７２２．６ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１００１８１６６（２０１１）１０１０２３０７
被动微波遥感早期主要集中在土壤水分和雪水 当量的反演研 究 方 面 ［６～９］，冻 融 过 程 微 波 遥 感 研 究 相 对 比 较 薄 弱。 进 入 ２０ 世 纪 ９０ 年 代 以 后［１～３，１０～１２］，利用被 动 微 波 遥 感 监 测 地 表 冻 融 状 态 的研究工作逐步加强。早期的研究工作主要集中于 Ｎｉｍｂｕｓ７卫 星 携 带 的 扫 描 式 多 通 道 微 波 辐 射 计 ＳＭＭＲ提供的微波辐射亮温数据的应用。通过对卫 星数据的分析发现，ＳＭＭＲ的 １８和 ３７ＧＨｚ的负亮 温谱梯度 对 土 壤 的 冻 结 有 良 好 的 指 示 作 用［１，２］，结 合对土壤水分不甚敏感的 ３７ＧＨｚ的亮温作为附加 指标可以对地表冻融进行判别。ＳＳＭ／Ｉ成为业务化 的被动微 波 资 料 来 源 后，Ｊｕｄｇｅ等［３］对 原 有 的 算 法 加以调整，使用 ＳＳＭ／Ｉ的 ３７ＧＨｚ以及 １９和 ３７ＧＨｚ 垂直极化的亮温谱梯度来进行冻融分类，并分析了
分布及相关的物理参数就显得十分重要。监测冻融 过程，可以归结为对表层冻土发育状况和参数的监 测。多年来，受观测技术的制约，近地表冻融时空分 布特征始终没有令人信服的监测数据。例如，无法 确定北半球的某个冬季哪一天地表冻结达到了最大 面积，冻结 面 积 是 多 大，表 层 有 多 少 水 分 发 生 了 相 变，一天中冻融交替的区域多大、深度多少等，这些 数据是陆表过程模式、区域气候模式、沙尘暴预报模 式、分布式水文模式、冻融侵蚀区土壤侵蚀模式，以 及其他水热模式等非常关注的数据。由于有效监测 数据的缺失或不足，大部分模式中多采用经验数据 或做简单假设，或者完全忽略，由此造成的不明误差 只能通过调整参数予以回避，大大淡化了模型的机 理属性。遥感技术的发展，特别是对土壤水分变化 敏感的微波遥感的发展，为实现冻融循环这种面积 广、动态性强的陆表过程的高时效监测提供了独特 的手段。已有 研 究 结 果 表 明 ［１～５］，微 波 遥 感 用 于 冻
基于过渡区特征的全色遥感图像冰雪识别
基于过渡区特征的全色遥感图像冰雪识别陈婷;汪爱华;王智勇【摘要】针对全色图像的冰雪识别问题,以过渡区理论为基础,提出基于过渡区特征的冰雪识别方法.首先利用K-均值聚类方法分离云、雪与其他地物,再通过SUSAN(smallest univalue segment assimilating nucleus)边缘检测提取过渡区图像;然后设立描述过渡区大小的特征量——厚度,并与过渡区的均值和方差特征量组合成特征向量,用以分析过渡区特征,识别具有冰雪过渡区特征的点,构成冰雪边界;最后经过边界生长和区域填充,实现冰雪识别.以“北京一号”小卫星全色图像为遥感数据源,应用该方法及过渡区阈值法、迭代自组织法和面向对象纹理分析法分别提取冰雪覆盖区.该方法的冰雪识别精度达到97.39％,明显高于其他识别方法,表明该方法能获得较高精度的冰雪识别结果和丰富的边缘信息,可为云雪分离及雪线提取等方法研究提供参考.【期刊名称】《国土资源遥感》【年(卷),期】2013(025)002【总页数】6页(P27-32)【关键词】冰雪识别;过渡区;过渡区特征;全色遥感图像【作者】陈婷;汪爱华;王智勇【作者单位】北京宇视蓝图信息技术有限公司,北京100096;北京宇视蓝图信息技术有限公司,北京100096;北京宇视蓝图信息技术有限公司,北京100096;二十一世纪空间技术应用股份有限公司,北京100096【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP237;TP7510 引言20世纪30年代，研究者提出了过渡区的概念［1］。
1979 年 Weszka等［2］首次将过渡区理论引入图像处理领域。
章毓晋［3］在20世纪90年代后期比较全面地研究了过渡区的理论，且明确指出图像的过渡区像点是由背景和目标之间的部分像点构成的，过渡区的空间位置位于背景与目标之间，过渡区的灰度范围处于背景灰度均值与目标灰度均值之间。
地表现象所固有的模糊性证明了对地观测遥感图像中过渡区的存在［4－5］，而地表的复杂性则反映了遥感图像中不同地物过渡区特征的差异性。
高分一号遥感数据在冰川变化监测中的应用
高分一号遥感数据在冰川变化监测中的应用支瑞荣;谷延群;李战【摘要】针对冰川遥感监测研究工作中存在的数据源选择问题,首次将国产高分一号卫星数据应用于祁连山系青海境内冰川动态变化监测工作.通过国产高分遥感数据与同尺度的Landsat历史数据对比,从变化面积、变化率、空间变化、类型变化、结构变化等方面阐述祁连山系冰川变化规律.研究对比表明:国产高分卫星遥感数据在采集、处理、监测冰川变化中的应用效果完全可以满足1∶10万尺度的遥感调查和监测,不管是光谱信息还是纹理信息都优于ETM等中低分辨率数据;国产高分卫星的多光谱数据与Landsat、Aster等历史数据可以形成对比数据集;祁连山系冰川总体变化不大,但在内部结构与时空分布存在较大差异,冰川面积和数量呈双降态势;针对冰川的特殊性,能保证在每年的最佳季节获取最优质的遥感数据,对于时间跨度大的遥感监测目标监测具有重要意义.%The China-made GF-1 satellite datais first selected in glacier change monitoring in Qilian Mountains of Qinghai Province for data sources.The change of glaciers is described by comparing the GF-1 remote sensing data with previous Landsat data of the same scale in terms of area,space,type and structure changes as well as change rates.The comparative study indicates that the GF-1 satellite remote sensing data,superior to medium-low resolution data like ETM in either spectral or textural information,can completely meet the needs of 1∶100 000 remote sensing investigation and monitoring incollecting,processing and monitoring the glacier change information.The multispectral data of GF-1 satellite can form correlation data set together with the historical data of Landsat and Aster.The glaciers in QilianMountains did not change significantly as a whole,but varied greatly in internal structures and spatial-temporal distribution,with a decreasing trend in both area and number.Considering the specificity of glaciers,it is necessary to get the best remote sensing data in the best season annually.【期刊名称】《地质与资源》【年(卷),期】2017(026)006【总页数】5页(P616-619,624)【关键词】遥感;高分1号卫星;冰川;地理信息;祁连山【作者】支瑞荣;谷延群;李战【作者单位】河北省地质矿产勘查局水文工程地质勘查院,河北石家庄050021;河北省地质矿产勘查局水文工程地质勘查院,河北石家庄050021;河北省地质矿产勘查局水文工程地质勘查院,河北石家庄050021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P6270 引言20世纪90年代以来，冰川的大幅度退缩已成为现代冰川变化的主导趋势［1-3］.冰川为人类的生存提供了宝贵的淡水资源.因此，冰川在不同时空尺度的变化对气候、流域社会经济发展、生态与环境产生重要的影响.高山的冰川变化是气候变化的天然指示剂［4］.IPCC（政府间气候变化专业委员会）第四次评估报告［5］指出，过去100 a来全球地表温度升高0.74℃.全球变暖幅度自1990年以来明显加速，未来100 a全球气温可能会升高1.1～6.4℃.气候情景预测表明，未来气候变暖将导致冰川进一步消退［6-8］.因此，对于冰川的调查监测提出更高的现势性、准确性和可靠性要求.借助遥感手段研究冰川的性质和特征、监测冰川的动态变化是20世纪70年代以来冰川学研究的重要手段之一［9-12］.但是前人的工作均是以国外的ETM等中低分辨率遥感数据为主，国产卫星数据的应用还比较欠缺.对于国产高分数据在冰川研究领域的应用还有待推进，以便为今后国产多源数据、多维监测以及更高分辨率数据应用提供详实的应用论据.1 研究区概况工作区位于祁连山系青海省东北部，北东邻河西走廊，南靠柴达木盆地，由一系列北西西平行走向的褶皱－断块山脉与谷地组成，东西长达1200 km，南北宽250～400 km，面积11×104km2，西端及北缘伸入甘肃境内（图1）.一般海拔在4000 m以上，景观垂直分异显著，格状水系发达，5000 m以上山峰很多.西面地势高，平行岭谷紧密相间.4500 m以上的山峰和山谷常年被积雪覆盖，现代冰川广泛发育.从北向南有黑河等6个谷地，谷宽20～30 km.除南部有沙漠、戈壁外，多为4200 m以下的坡地.牧草生长良好，是重要的天然牧场.东段平行岭谷少，山势较低，海拔4000 m左右，仅冷龙岭有冰川分布.谷地海拔2500 m上下，主要有青海湖盆地、共和盆地、西宁盆地和大通河谷地、湟水谷地、黄河谷地.谷地周围的山脉高度多在4000 m左右，除少数山头常年积雪外，大都有牧草生长.河谷两岸均有较宽的阶地，气候湿暖，土壤肥沃.图1 工作区位置图Fig.1 Location map of the work area2 数据源及预处理第一期遥感数据为Landsat ETM合成影像数据，数据获取时间为1999年左右，分辨率为15 m（图2a）.2015年期选择高分一号影像数据.时间为2015年，空间分辨率为16 m，采用1、2、3波段组合方式，HIS变换增强处理（图2b）.根据遥感影像波谱特征，增强处理使得冰川在遥感影像上以最明显的方式表现出来（图3）.两期遥感数据的数学基础相同，数据均采用UTM投影和WGS－84基准面.图2 冰川在不同数据源上的影像特征Fig.2 Images of glacier processed with different data sourcesa—ETM 影像（ETM image）；b—高分一号影像（GF-1 image）图3 山谷冰川遥感影像（a）及实地照片（b）Fig.3 Remote sensing image and field photograph of valley glacier中国第二次冰川编目以分辨率较高的Landsat TM/ETM＋遥感卫星数据为主要冰川边界提取数据源，主要参考影像时间是2007—2009年❶郭万钦，等.中国第二次冰川编目数据说明.冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室“中国冰川资源及其变化调查”项目成果数据集.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，2014..由于冰川本身变化较小，所以我们采用二次编目为中间节点，向前追溯10 a，向后推迟到2015年分时间段来监测冰川变化以便于进行各时间段内冰川变化速率研究.采用国产高分一号数据16 m多光谱数据是为了与ETM数据保持空间尺度和光谱设置方面的一致便于对比分析.相对于同类卫星10天以上的重放周期，高分一号卫星4天重放周期使得高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率得到完美的结合，完全可以满足高山冰川区监测工作对遥感数据的高要求.3 监测方法根据收集到的第二次冰川编目成果，首先以1999年ETM数据为基准对冰川编目成果进行了时间节点的还原.采用最原始的人机交互方式以保证提取精度.1999—2015年度变化信息的提取主要是在修正完善的冰川解译成果基础上进行变化信息的勾绘，这样能最大限度防止技术误差（数据校正、配准）引起的成果精度误差.以1999年冰川解译成果为基准，以2015年高分一号影像为监测期数据，对退缩、扩张、消失的冰川信息进行人工解译；对于因为影像之间不匹配引起的误差参照同名地物点、地形条件进行分析判断，将方法误差压缩到最小（图4）.图4 遥感监测技术路线图Fig.4 Flow chart of remote sensing monitoring technique为了解决准确的勾绘积雪和表碛覆盖区这两大难题，本研究借助Google Earth下SRTM数据的3D实景显示功能，实现自动提取和人工修订结果3D的实时检查，大大提高了冰川解译精度及效率，有效解决了基于冰川及其周围地区的地形地貌来区分积雪和表碛覆盖区的问题.4 监测结果与分析1999—2015年监测结果如表1.从表1可见，祁连山系1999年解译冰川共1522块，总面积为1183.12 km2，2015年解译冰川共1524块，总面积为1152.22 km2，2015年相对于1999年冰川减少面积为32.26 km2，相对于1999年冰川增长率为－2.16 km2/年.通过遥感调查发现，区内冰川类型主要有冰斗冰川、山谷冰川、悬冰川.主要变化特点是悬冰川和冰斗冰川消失得最多，山谷冰川退缩阳面强于阴面，扩张阴面强于阳面；冰川规模越小变化越大.表1 1999—2015年度冰川遥感监测成果一览表Table 1 Glacier changes from 1999 to 2015山系名称冰川类型冰川面积/km2冰斗冰川祁连山1999年冰川个数27 6 1256 233总计 1522 1150.76 53.56平顶冰川 22.85悬冰川 333.76山谷冰川 740.59冰川面积/km2 56.35 23.63 347.82 755.32 1183.12 2014年冰川个数27 6 1254 233 15205 结论1）通过国产高分一号数据监测，祁连山系1999年解译冰川共1522块，总面积为1183.12 km2；2014年解译冰川共1524块，总面积为1152.22 km2.2014年相对于1999年冰川减少面积32.26 km2，相对于1999年冰川增长率为－2.16 km2/a（图5）.祁连山系冰川总体变化以退缩为主，但在内部结构与时空分布上存在较大差异，冰川面积和数量呈双降态势.2）通过应用对比，国产高分卫星遥感数据在采集、处理、监测冰川变化中的应用效果完全可以满足1∶10万尺度的遥感调查和监测，无论是光谱信息还是纹理信息都优于ETM等中低分辨率数据.3）国产高分卫星的多光谱数据与Landsat，Aster等历史数据可以形成对比数据集，而在米级尺度又能与SPOT等数据形成对比，对于时间跨度大的遥感监测目标的监测具有重要意义.4）目前大范围调查监测冰川早期影像应用较多的是ETM＋，Aster等数据，但是时间分辨率低，受天气状况、区域地形影响较大.而冰川监测对数据要求比较苛刻.SPOT系列数据分辨率能达到米级，但重访周期较长，费用高昂，在一定程度上限制了其在大规模冰川调查监测中的应用.更高分辨率的IKONOS、Quickbird等数据在冰川变化研究中也有所应用，但多选择在面积较小，且低分辨率的遥感影像不足以监测其变化信息的区域［13］❶王宗太.中国冰川目录Ⅰ——祁连山区.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所，1981..同时亚米级商业数据价格高昂，导致其难以被用于大规模冰川变化研究中.图5 冰川变化遥感影像对比Fig.5 Comparison of the remote sensing imagesof glaciers in 1999 and 2015a—高分一号影像（GF-1 image）；b—ETM影像（ETM image）；黄线代表1999年冰川边界，红线为2015年冰川边界（The yellow line stands for the glacier boundary in 1999；while the red for 2015）国产高分一号数据在造价、空间分辨率、时间分辨率等方面均具有明显的优势，为日后进一步大范围研究、监测冰川提供了数据保障.国产高分数据对我国西部高原区的冰川及冰川湖遥感监测提供了可靠的基础数据保障，为多源国产数据在冰川冻土领域的应用研究奠定了基础.（/Continued on Page 624）（/Continued from Page 619）参考文献：［1］SHI Ya-feng， CHENG Guo-dong.Cryosphere and glacier climate change［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin，1991，6（4）：287－291.［2］Dyurgerov M B，Meier M F.Twentieth century climate change：Evidence from small glaciers［J］.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America，2000，97（4）：1406－1411. ［3］姚檀栋，刘时银，蒲健辰，等.高亚洲冰川的近期退缩及其对西北水资源的影响［J］.中国科学，2004，34（6）：535－543.［4］Oerlemans J.Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers ［J］.Science，1994，264（5156）：243－245.［5］IPCC.Impacts，adaptation，and vulnerability：Summary for policymakers（Report of Working GroupⅡ of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change）［C］//Climate Change 2001.Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2007.［6］Oerlemans J，Anderson B，Hubbard A，et al.Modelling the response of glaciers to climate warming［J］.Climate Dynamics，1998，14（4）：267－274.［7］SHI Ya-feng，LIU Shi-yin.Estimation of the response of glaciers in China to the global warming in the 21st century［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin，2000，45（7）：668－672.［8］施雅风.2050年前气候变暖冰川萎缩对水资源影响情景预估［J］.冰川冻土，2001，23（1）：333－341.［9］Dwyer J L.Mapping tide-water glacier dynamics in east Greenland using Landsat data［J］.Journal of Glaciology，1995，41（139）：584－595.［10］Casassa G，Katrine S，Andres R，et al.Inventory of glaciers in Isla Riesco，Patagonia，Chile，based on aerial photography and satellite imagery［J］.Annuals of Glaciology，2002，34（34）：373－378.［11］Paul F.Changes in glacier area in Tyrol，Austria，between 1969 and 1992 derived from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Austrian Glacier Inventory data［J］.International Journal of Remote Sensing，2002，23（4）：787－799.［12］Paul F，Ka¨a¨b A，Maisch M，et al.The new remote sensing derived Swiss glacier inventory I：Methods［J］.Annuals of Glaciology，2002，34（1）：355－361.［13］李震，孙文新，曾群柱.综合利用RS和GIS方法提取青藏高原冰川变化信息——以布喀塔格峰为例［J］.地理学报，1999，54（3）：263－268.。
几代冰雪遥感人的辛勤劳动结晶——《冰冻圈遥感》
几代冰雪遥感人的辛勤劳动结晶——《冰冻圈遥感》
高峰
【期刊名称】《遥感技术与应用》
【年(卷),期】2007(22)3
【总页数】1页(P338-338)
【关键词】遥感应用;冰冻圈;寒区旱区环境与工程研究所;结晶;劳动;冰雪;科学出版社;地理信息科学
【作者】高峰
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP79
【相关文献】
1.西北边境地区冰冻圈遥感调查与监测(2013-2015年)主要进展 [J], 燕云鹏;刘刚;李瑜;刘建宇;王怿飞;张博文;韩聪
2.西北边境地区冰冻圈遥感调查与监测（2013—2015年）主要进展 [J], 燕云鹏;刘刚;李瑜;刘建宇;王怿飞;张博文;韩聪;;;;;;;
3.2013—2017年班公湖地区冷季湖泊冰情变化分析\r——中国西部高寒高海拔地区冰冻圈遥感调查(一) [J], 燕云鹏;徐辉;刘刚;刘建宇
4.冰冻圈遥感:助力“三极”大科学计划 [J], 车涛; 李新; 李新武; 江利明
5.地球之外的冰雪世界——行星冰冻圈研究综述 [J], 胡永云; 杨军; 魏强
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一种利用ENVISAT RA2雷达高度计探测极地海冰的方法
一种利用ENVISA T RA2雷达高度计探测极地海冰的方法杨磊1,4常晓涛2郭金运1,3柯宝贵4（1.山东科技大学测绘学院，青岛266590；2.国家测绘地理信息局卫星测绘中心，北京100830；3.海岛（礁）测绘技术国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室，青岛266590；4.中国测绘科学研究院，北京100830）摘要了解极地海冰覆盖范围和表面湿度对于全球温度趋势估计和建立全球气候模型非常关键，严酷自然环境使得卫星测量成为极地海冰观测的主要方式。
本文利用海水和海冰的不同散射特征，给出一种使用ENVISAT雷达高度计（RA-2）后向散射系数数据，研究海冰月平均覆盖范围和表面属性变化的方法，通过与常规辐射计观测的海冰边界和面积比较，证明雷达高度计后向散射系数可准确断海冰覆盖范围，并可以反映海冰表面干湿程度，是一种有效的海冰探测方法。
关键词大地测量学；后向散射系数；海冰探测；ENVISAT RA2；雷达高度计A method of polar sea ice detection using backscattercoefficients byENVISAT RA-2 altimeterLei Yang1,4, Xiaotao Chang2, Jinyun Guo1,3, Baogui Ke4（1.College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590China；2. Satellite Surveying and Mapping Application Center of NASMG, Beijing 100830, China ；3. Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping on Island and Reef of NASMG, Qingdao 266590, China；4. Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing100830, China）Abstract：The changes in sea ice cover and surface humidity are crucial to the prediction of future temperature research and the establishment of global climate model. For the severely polar environment, satellite observations have been used as the main method to monitor sea ice. Considering the variations of scattering characteristics of the sea water and sea ice surface, we developed a method using backscatter coefficients of the ENVISAT satellite radar altimeter RA-2 over polar areas to detect the extent of sea ice and the changes of surface properties. Compared with the radiometer result, it proved to be a effective method to monitor sea ice cover and its variationsKey words：geoddecy, backscatter coefficient, sea ice detection, ENVISAT RA-2, radar altimetry1 引言海冰占据全球海洋总面积的5%-8%，可以反射85%的太阳辐射，消弱极地大气和海洋的热交换，在气候系统中占有重要位置，另外海冰分布对航海和海洋基础设施建设也有影响[1]。
青藏高原冰冻圈温度遥感观测、反演与应用
青藏高原冰冻圈温度遥感观测、反演与应用
周纪;王子卫;丁利荣;唐文彬;王伟;马晋;蒋蕙如;刘双;张涛;侯映旭
【期刊名称】《测绘学报》
【年(卷),期】2024(53)5
【摘要】冰冻圈是气候变化的灵敏指示器,地表温度和近地表气温则是指示器直接感测的信号,是回溯冰冻圈演化历史、监测当前状态、模拟未来变化的关键参量。
受恶劣环境、复杂地形、低可达性及众多特殊下垫面等因素的综合影响,当前青藏高原温度的地面观测困难、站点稀少,而遥感已成为温度获取的有效手段。
本文聚焦地表温度和近地表气温,阐明了地面观测、卫星和无人机等遥感反演估算的相关方法手段,梳理和总结了学术界围绕青藏高原冰冻圈取得的研究进展,介绍了遥感温度参量在青藏高原冻土、湖冰、冰川等方面的应用。
本文总结了青藏高原冰冻圈对温度遥感获取的挑战,探讨了未来值得着重开展的研究方向。
【总页数】13页(P835-847)
【作者】周纪;王子卫;丁利荣;唐文彬;王伟;马晋;蒋蕙如;刘双;张涛;侯映旭
【作者单位】电子科技大学资源与环境学院;中航(成都)无人机系统股份有限公司;同济大学测绘与地理信息学院;中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】P237
【相关文献】
1.应用自动气象观测站温度反演陆面温度的方法研究
2.青藏高原地区被动微波遥感反演地表温度算法验证
3.中国科学院青藏高原冰冻圈观测试验研究站
4.立足高原面向世界促进冰冻圈综合研究青藏高原冰冻圈观测试验研究站
5.中国科学院青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站
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作文七百字
作文七百字英文回答：Speaking of our beloved planet, Earth, it's a magnificent celestial sphere where life, in its diverse and awe-inspiring forms, thrives. From the towering mountains that pierce the heavens to the vast and enigmatic depths of the oceans, our planet is a symphony of geological wonders, teeming with an array of flora and fauna. Its majestic landscapes and vibrant ecosystems have captivated the human imagination for centuries, inspiring poets, artists, and scientists alike.Earth's unique position in the solar system, with its絶妙な均整 and distance from the sun, has allowed life to flourish. Its atmosphere, a protective envelope, shields us from the harmful radiation of space while regulating the planet's temperature. The planet's rotation and tilt provide us with the rhythm of day and night, as well as the changing seasons that bring about a kaleidoscope of naturalbeauty.Our planet is a dynamic system, constantly evolving and reshaping itself. Geological forces, such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, have shaped the Earth's surface, creating the mountains, valleys, and oceans that define its topography. Climate patterns, influenced by factors such as ocean currents andatmospheric circulation, determine the distribution of ecosystems and the diversity of life across the globe.The Earth's hydrosphere, consisting of all its water bodies, covers approximately 71% of the planet's surface. Oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers play a vital role in regulating the planet's climate, supporting aquatic life, and providing a source of freshwater for human communities. The cryosphere, which encompasses all frozen water on Earth, including glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost, is an important component of the global climate system and a source of valuable scientific information.The biosphere, the realm of living organisms on Earth,is a complex and interconnected network of ecosystems. From the lush rainforests of the Amazon to the icy tundras ofthe Arctic, the planet supports an astonishing variety of plant and animal life. Each organism, from the smallest bacteria to the largest whales, plays a unique role in the intricate tapestry of life.Earth's natural resources, such as minerals, fossil fuels, and fertile soils, have been essential to the development of human civilization. However, the planet's finite resources and the impact of human activities on the environment pose significant challenges. Climate change, pollution, and deforestation are just a few of the threats that we face as a global community.As stewards of this extraordinary planet, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve its natural beauty and ecological balance for future generations. By embracing sustainable practices, reducing our carbon footprint, and promoting environmental conservation, we can ensure thatour planet remains a thriving and vibrant home for all life.中文回答：说到我们深爱的地球，这是一个壮丽的天体球，那里有着各种令人敬畏的生命形式。
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The thermohaline circulation - THC
3
02/12/2015
All of these things of potential importance to local/world economies
Greenhouse gases (CO2) are increasing
If you dig some snowpits…..
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Autumn
Spring
Snow/firn varies seasonally in terms of density
Snowpit density structure - spring and autumn 2004
Depth Density Comparison T05 2004
e.g. CryoSat-2, a radar altimeter, for observing surface elevation change
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Why is it CryoSat-2?
The European Space Agency (ESA) built CryoSat for launch in 2005 at a cost of ~£100m
Spring and autumn 2004 pit depth relative to 2003 end summer surface
180 160 140
Pit depth (cm)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 T04 T05 E1 E2 E3 E4 S1 S2 S3 S4 T06
ARCTIC CLIMATE: IS THE CANARY IN TROUBLE?
Pete Nienow
(key contributions from Martin Sharp, Univ. of Alberta and Andy Shepherd, Univ. of Leeds)
Nov 2015
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Two potential issues with this plot: 2) Assuming elevation is measured accurately, how do we convert elevation change to mass change?
2003-2007 elevation change rate for the Greenland Ice Sheet
Which is very hard to measure!
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Antarctica is bigger than the USA
Which is where satellites come into their own
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Once in orbit, satellites can measure various properties, typically over large areas
Spring Autumn 2006
Location
Spring Mean SD %
139.1 10.4 7.5
Autumn
147.3 11.8 8.0
2006
101.3 8.1 9.6
2004 2004 autumn snowpack ~ 5% thicker c/w spring Parry et al, Annals of Glac., 2007
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Why the Cryosphere matters?
• Changes in ice volume affect sea level. • The cryosphere both responds to and drives climate change. • Changes in snow/ice cover critically impact on albedo. • Changes in meltwater fluxes and sea ice extent may impact on ocean circulation - the THC may be especially sensitive to melt in the Arctic.
Launched from northern Russia in October 2005
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but about 10 minutes later!
SPLAT!!
So ESA built another called CryoSat-2
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Launched again from northern Russia in April 2010
This time, the launch was successful (phew!)
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Examples of ‘ice’ relevant surface properties measured by satellites • Ice sheet elevation (mass change?) • Ice motion i.e. dynamics (mass change) • Surface melt-extent (mass change) • Ice sheet surface lakes (mass change?) • Sea ice extent
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Our planet is warming
IPCC 2013
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Photo – Andrew Sole
Photo – Dave Chandler
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If all the ice on earth melted, sea level would rise by about 70m
Airborne laser altimetry 1993-99
Krabill et al, 2000, Science
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2003-2007 elevation change rate for the Greenland Ice Sheet
Greenland losing mass due to substantial thinning around the ice sheet margin.
-1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
ASIRAS Spring 2004 Spring
Depth (m)
1
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Normalized Power Distance along profile (Km) Fall ASIRAS Fall 2004
Depth Density Comparison S1 2004
Pit height from summer 2003 surface (cm)
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Pit height from summer 2003 surface (cm)
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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Remote sensing of the Cryosphere
(from a field workers perspective!)
Pete Nienow
Background in glaciology
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Why is studying the cryosphere important?
Rest of lecture will give two examples of the use of satellite data but also why they are not the answer to understanding all our glaciological problems
Percolation zone – spring 2004
T03 – 1795 m
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Spring 2004 – strongest radar return is from depth in the snowpack
Summer 2003 layer
Percolation zone – autumn 2004
And the ice is melting – look at recent sea level rise
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Climate Change
UK today
Climate Change
UK today
No Polar Ice Sheets
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So politicians and society want, and need, to know how fast glaciers and ice sheets are melting
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10 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Depth (m)
1
Distance along profile (Km)
2
3
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10 0
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Normalized Power