The electromagnetic dipole operator effect on B - Xs gamma at O(alpha_s^2)
磁共振(磁谐振耦合)无线充电技术鼻祖级文章-英文原文
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic ResonancesAndré Kurs,1* Aristeidis Karalis,2 Robert Moffatt,1 J. D. Joannopoulos,1 Peter Fisher,3Marin Soljačić11Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 2Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 3Department of Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: akurs@Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, we experimentally demonstrate efficient non-radiative power transfer over distances of up to eight times the radius of the coils. We demonstrate the ability to transfer 60W with approximately 40% efficiency over distances in excess of two meters. We present a quantitative model describing the power transfer which matches the experimental results to within 5%. We discuss practical applicability and suggest directions for further studies. At first glance, such power transfer is reminiscent of the usual magnetic induction (10); however, note that the usual non- resonant induction is very inefficient for mid-range applications.Overview of the formalism. Efficient mid-range power transfer occurs in particular regions of the parameter space describing resonant objects strongly coupled to one another. Using coupled-mode theory to describe this physical system (11), we obtain the following set of linear equationsIn the early 20th century, before the electrical-wire grid, Nikola Tesla (1) devoted much effort towards schemes to a&m(t)=(iωm-Γm)a m(t)+∑iκmn a n(t)+F m(t)n≠m(1)transport power wirelessly. However, typical embodiments (e.g. Tesla coils) involved undesirably large electric fields. During the past decade, society has witnessed a dramatic surge of use of autonomous electronic devices (laptops, cell- phones, robots, PDAs, etc.) As a consequence, interest in wireless power has re-emerged (2–4). Radiative transfer (5), while perfectly suitable for transferring information, poses a number of difficulties for power transfer applications: the efficiency of power transfer is very low if the radiation is omnidirectional, and requires an uninterrupted line of sight and sophisticated tracking mechanisms if radiation is unidirectional. A recent theoretical paper (6) presented a detailed analysis of the feasibility of using resonant objects coupled through the tails of their non-radiative fields for mid- range energy transfer (7). Intuitively, two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off- resonant objects. In systems of coupled resonances (e.g. acoustic, electro-magnetic, magnetic, nuclear, etc.), there is often a general “strongly coupled” regime of operation (8). If one can operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer is expected to be very efficient. Mid-range power transfer implemented this way can be nearly omnidirectional and efficient, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, and with low interference and losses into environmental objects (6).Considerations above apply irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances. In the current work, we focus on one particular physical embodiment: magnetic resonances (9). Magnetic resonances are particularly suitable for everyday applications because most of the common materials do not interact with magnetic fields, so interactions with environmental objects are suppressed even further. We were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in the system of two coupled magnetic resonances, by exploring non-radiative (near-field) magnetic resonant induction at MHzfrequencies. where the indices denote the different resonant objects. The variables a m(t) are defined so that the energy contained in object m is |a m(t)|2, ωm is the resonant frequency of thatisolated object, and Γm is its intrinsic decay rate (e.g. due to absorption and radiated losses), so that in this framework anuncoupled and undriven oscillator with parameters ω0 and Γ0 would evolve in time as exp(iω0t –Γ0t). The κmn= κnm are coupling coefficients between the resonant objects indicated by the subscripts, and F m(t) are driving terms.We limit the treatment to the case of two objects, denoted by source and device, such that the source (identified by the subscript S) is driven externally at a constant frequency, and the two objects have a coupling coefficient κ. Work is extracted from the device (subscript D) by means of a load (subscript W) which acts as a circuit resistance connected to the device, and has the effect of contributing an additional term ΓW to the unloaded device object's decay rate ΓD. The overall decay rate at the device is therefore Γ'D= ΓD+ ΓW. The work extracted is determined by the power dissipated in the load, i.e. 2ΓW|a D(t)|2. Maximizing the efficiency η of the transfer with respect to the loading ΓW, given Eq. 1, is equivalent to solving an impedance matching problem. One finds that the scheme works best when the source and the device are resonant, in which case the efficiency isThe efficiency is maximized when ΓW/ΓD= (1 + κ2/ΓSΓD)1/2. It is easy to show that the key to efficient energy transfer is to have κ2/ΓSΓD> 1. This is commonly referred to as the strongcoupling regime. Resonance plays an essential role in thisDS S D'' power transfer mechanism, as the efficiency is improved by approximately ω2/ΓD 2 (~106 for typical parameters) compared to the case of inductively coupled non-resonant objects. Theoretical model for self-resonant coils. Ourexperimental realization of the scheme consists of two self- resonant coils, one of which (the source coil) is coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit, while the other (the device coil) is coupled inductively to a resistive load (12) (Fig. 1). Self-resonant coils rely on the interplay between distributed inductance and distributed capacitance to achieve resonance. The coils are made of an electrically conducting wire of total length l and cross-sectional radius a wound into Given this relation and the equation of continuity, one finds that the resonant frequency is f 0 = 1/2π[(LC )1/2]. We can now treat this coil as a standard oscillator in coupled-mode theory by defining a (t ) = [(L /2)1/2]I 0(t ).We can estimate the power dissipated by noting that the sinusoidal profile of the current distribution implies that the spatial average of the peak current-squared is |I 0|2/2. For a coil with n turns and made of a material with conductivity σ, we modify the standard formulas for ohmic (R o ) and radiation (R r ) µ0ω l a helix of n turns, radius r , and height h . To the best of our knowledge, there is no exact solution for a finite helix in the literature, and even in the case of infinitely long coils, the solutions rely on assumptions that are inadequate for our R o = 2σ 4πa µ πωr 42 ωh 2 (6)system (13). We have found, however, that the simple quasi- R =0 n 2 + (7)static model described below is in good agreementr ε 12 c3π3 c(approximately 5%) with experiment.We start by observing that the current has to be zero at the ends of the coil, and make the educated guess that the resonant modes of the coil are well approximated bysinusoidal current profiles along the length of the conducting wire. We are interested in the lowest mode, so if we denote by s the parameterization coordinate along the length of the conductor, such that it runs from -l /2 to +l /2, then the time- dependent current profile has the form I 0 cos(πs /l ) exp(i ωt ). It follows from the continuity equation for charge that the linear charge density profile is of the form λ0 sin(πs /l ) exp(i ωt ), so the two halves of the coil (when sliced perpendicularly to its axis) contain charges equal in magnitude q 0 = λ0l /π but opposite in sign.As the coil is resonant, the current and charge density profiles are π/2 out of phase from each other, meaning that the real part of one is maximum when the real part of the other is zero. Equivalently, the energy contained in the coil is 0The first term in Eq. 7 is a magnetic dipole radiation term(assuming r << 2πc /ω); the second term is due to the electric dipole of the coil, and is smaller than the first term for our experimental parameters. The coupled-mode theory decay constant for the coil is therefore Γ = (R o + R r )/2L , and its quality factor is Q = ω/2Γ.We find the coupling coefficient κDS by looking at the power transferred from the source to the device coil,assuming a steady-state solution in which currents and charge densities vary in time as exp(i ωt ).P =⎰d rE (r )⋅J (r ) =-⎰d r (A&S (r )+∇φS (r ))⋅J D (r ) at certain points in time completely due to the current, and at other points, completely due to the charge. Usingelectromagnetic theory, we can define an effective inductance L and an effective capacitance C for each coil as follows:=-1⎰⎰d r d r ' µJ &S(r ')+ρS(r ') 4π |r -r |ε0≡-i ωMI S I Dr '-r|r '-r |3⋅J D (r )(8)L =µ04π |I 0 |⎰⎰d r d r 'J (r )⋅J (r ')|r -r '|where the subscript S indicates that the electric field is due to the source. We then conclude from standard coupled-mode theory arguments that κDS = κSD = κ = ωM /2[(L S L D )1/2]. When 1 1 ρ(r )ρ(r ') the distance D between the centers of the coils is much larger= C 4πε 0 |q 0 | ⎰⎰d r d r ' |r -r '|(4)than their characteristic size, κ scales with the D -3dependence characteristic of dipole-dipole coupling. Both κ and Γ are functions of the frequency, and κ/Γ and the where the spatial current J (r ) and charge density ρ(r ) are obtained respectively from the current and charge densities along the isolated coil, in conjunction with the geometry of the object. As defined, L and C have the property that the efficiency are maximized for a particular value of f , which is in the range 1-50MHz for typical parameters of interest. Thus, picking an appropriate frequency for a given coil size, as we do in this experimental demonstration, plays a major role in optimizing the power transfer.1 2Comparison with experimentallydeterminedU =2 L |I 0 |parameters. The parameters for the two identical helical coils built for the experimental validation of the power 1 2 transfer scheme are h = 20cm, a = 3mm, r = 30 cm, and n = =2C|q 0 | (5)5.25. Both coils are made of copper. The spacing between loops of the helix is not uniform, and we encapsulate theuncertainty about their uniformity by attributing a 10% (2cm) uncertainty to h . The expected resonant frequency given these22dimensions is f0 = 10.56 ± 0.3MHz, which is about 5% off from the measured resonance at 9.90MHz.The theoretical Q for the loops is estimated to be approximately 2500 (assuming σ = 5.9 × 107 m/Ω) but the measured value is Q = 950±50. We believe the discrepancy is mostly due to the effect of the layer of poorly conductingcopper oxide on the surface of the copper wire, to which the current is confined by the short skin depth (~20μm) at this frequency. We therefore use the experimentally observed Q and ΓS= ΓD= Γ = ω/2Q derived from it in all subsequent computations.We find the coupling coefficient κ experimentally by placing the two self-resonant coils (fine-tuned, by slightly adjusting h, to the same resonant frequency when isolated) a distance D apart and measuring the splitting in the frequencies of the two resonant modes. According to coupled-mode theory, this splitting should be ∆ω = 2[(κ2-Γ2)1/2]. In the present work, we focus on the case where the two coils are aligned coaxially (Fig. 2), although similar results are obtained for other orientations (figs. S1 and S2).Measurement of the efficiency. The maximum theoretical efficiency depends only on the parameter κ/[(L S L D)1/2] = κ/Γ, which is greater than 1 even for D = 2.4m (eight times the radius of the coils) (Fig. 3), thus we operate in the strongly- coupled regime throughout the entire range of distances probed.As our driving circuit, we use a standard Colpitts oscillator whose inductive element consists of a single loop of copper wire 25cm in radius(Fig. 1); this loop of wire couples inductively to the source coil and drives the entire wireless power transfer apparatus. The load consists of a calibrated light-bulb (14), and is attached to its own loop of insulated wire, which is placed in proximity of the device coil and inductively coupled to it. By varying the distance between the light-bulb and the device coil, we are able to adjust the parameter ΓW/Γ so that it matches its optimal value, given theoretically by (1 + κ2/Γ2)1/2. (The loop connected to the light-bulb adds a small reactive component to ΓW which is compensated for by slightly retuning the coil.) We measure the work extracted by adjusting the power going into the Colpitts oscillator until the light-bulb at the load glows at its full nominal brightness.We determine the efficiency of the transfer taking place between the source coil and the load by measuring the current at the mid-point of each of the self-resonant coils with a current-probe (which does not lower the Q of the coils noticeably.) This gives a measurement of the current parameters I S and I D used in our theoretical model. We then compute the power dissipated in each coil from P S,D=ΓL|I S,D|2, and obtain the efficiency from η = P W/(P S+ P D+P W). To ensure that the experimental setup is well described by a two-object coupled-mode theory model, we position the device coil such that its direct coupling to the copper loop attached to the Colpitts oscillator is zero. The experimental results are shown in Fig. 4, along with the theoretical prediction for maximum efficiency, given by Eq. 2. We are able to transfer significant amounts of power using this setup, fully lighting up a 60W light-bulb from distances more than 2m away (figs. S3 and S4).As a cross-check, we also measure the total power going from the wall power outlet into the driving circuit. The efficiency of the wireless transfer itself is hard to estimate in this way, however, as the efficiency of the Colpitts oscillator itself is not precisely known, although it is expected to be far from 100% (15). Still, the ratio of power extracted to power entering the driving circuit gives a lower bound on the efficiency. When transferring 60W to the load over a distance of 2m, for example, the power flowing into the driving circuit is 400W. This yields an overall wall-to-load efficiency of 15%, which is reasonable given the expected efficiency of roughly 40% for the wireless power transfer at that distance and the low efficiency of the Colpitts oscillator.Concluding remarks. It is essential that the coils be on resonance for the power transfer to be practical (6). We find experimentally that the power transmitted to the load drops sharply as either one of the coils is detuned from resonance. For a fractional detuning ∆f/f0 of a few times the inverse loaded Q, the induced current in the device coil is indistinguishable from noise.A detailed and quantitative analysis of the effect of external objects on our scheme is beyond the scope of the current work, but we would like to note here that the power transfer is not visibly affected as humans and various everyday objects, such as metals, wood, and electronic devices large and small, are placed between the two coils, even in cases where they completely obstruct the line of sight between source and device (figs. S3 to S5). External objects have a noticeable effect only when they are within a few centimeters from either one of the coils. While some materials (such as aluminum foil, styrofoam and humans) mostly just shift the resonant frequency, which can in principle be easily corrected with a feedback circuit, others (cardboard, wood, and PVC) lower Q when placed closer than a few centimeters from the coil, thereby lowering the efficiency of the transfer.When transferring 60W across 2m, we calculate that at the point halfway between the coils the RMS magnitude of the electric field is E rms= 210V/m, that of the magnetic field isH rms= 1A/m, and that of the Poynting vector is S rms=3.2mW/cm2 (16). These values increase closer to the coils, where the fields at source and device are comparable. For example, at distances 20cm away from the surface of the device coil, we calculate the maximum values for the fields to be E rms= 1.4kV/m, H rms= 8A/m, and S rms= 0.2W/cm2. The power radiated for these parameters is approximately 5W, which is roughly an order of magnitude higher than cell phones. In the particular geometry studied in this article, the overwhelming contribution (by one to two orders of magnitude) to the electric near-field, and hence to the near- field Poynting vector, comes from the electric dipole moment of the coils. If instead one uses capacitively-loaded single- turn loop design (6) - which has the advantage of confining nearly all of the electric field inside the capacitor - and tailors the system to operate at lower frequencies, our calculations show (17) that it should be possible to reduce the values cited above for the electric field, the Poynting vector, and the power radiated to below general safety regulations (e.g. the IEEE safety standards for general public exposure(18).) Although the two coils are currently of identical dimensions, it is possible to make the device coil small enough to fit into portable devices without decreasing the efficiency. One could, for instance, maintain the product of the characteristic sizes of the source and device coils constant, as argued in (6).We believe that the efficiency of the scheme and the power transfer distances could be appreciably improved by silver-plating the coils, which should increase their Q, or by working with more elaborate geometries for the resonant objects (19). Nevertheless, the performance characteristics of the system presented here are already at levels where they could be useful in practical applications.References and Notes1. N. Tesla, U.S. patent 1,119,732 (1914).2.J. M. Fernandez, J. A. Borras, U.S. patent 6,184,651(2001).3.A. Esser, H.-C. Skudelny, IEEE Trans. Indust. Appl. 27,872(1991).4.J. Hirai, T.-W. Kim, A. Kawamura, IEEE Trans. PowerElectron. 15, 21(2000).5.T. A. Vanderelli, J. G. Shearer, J. R. Shearer, U.S. patent7,027,311(2006).6.A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoul os, M. Soljačić, Ann. Phys.,10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017(2007).7.Here, by mid-range, we mean that the sizes of the deviceswhich participate in the power transfer are at least a few times smaller than the distance between the devices. For example, if the device being powered is a laptop (size ~ 50cm), while the power source (size ~ 50cm) is in thesame room as the laptop, the distance of power transfer could be within a room or a factory pavilion (size of the order of a fewmeters).8. T. Aoki, et al., Nature 443, 671 (2006).9.K. O’Brien, G. Scheible, H. Gueldner, 29th AnnualConference of the IEEE 1, 367(2003).10.L. Ka-Lai, J. W. Hay, P. G. W., U.S. patent7,042,196(2006).11.H. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics(Prentice- Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/1143254/DC1SOM TextFigs. S1 to S530 March 2007; accepted 21 May 2007Published online 7 June 2007; 10.1126/science.1143254 Include this information when citing this paper.Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental setup. A is a single copper loop of radius 25cm that is part of the driving circuit, which outputs a sine wave with frequency 9.9MHz. S and D are respectively the source and device coils referred to in the text. B is a loop of wire attached to the load (“light-bulb”). The various κ’s represent direct couplings between the objects indicated by the arrows. The angle between coil D and the loop A is adjusted to ensure that their direct coupling is zero, while coils S and D are aligned coaxially. The direct couplings between B and A and between B and S are negligible.Fig. 2. Comparison of experimental and theoretical values for κ as a function of the separation between coaxially aligned source and device coils (the wireless power transfer distance.) Fig. 3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical values for the parameter κ/Γ as a function of the wireless power transfer distance. The theory values are obtained by using the theoretical κ and the experimentally measured Γ. The shaded area represents the spread in the theoretical κ/Γ due to the 5% uncertainty in Q.Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental and theoretical efficiencies as functions of the wireless power transfer distance. The shaded area represents the theoretical prediction for maximum efficiency, and is obtained by inserting theHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984).12.The couplings to the driving circuit and the load donot theoretical values from Fig. 3 into Eq. 2 [with Γκ2/Γ2 1/2 W /ΓD= (1 +have to be inductive. They may also be connected by awire, for example. We have chosen inductive coupling in the present work because of its easier implementation. 13.S. Sensiper, thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(1951).14.We experimented with various power ratings from 5W to75W.15.W. A. Edson, Vacuum-Tube Oscillators (Wiley, NewYork,1953).16.Note that E ≠cμ0H, and that the fields are out of phaseand not necessarily perpendicular because we are not in a radiativeregime.17.See supporting material on Science Online.18.IEEE Std C95.1—2005 IEEE Standard for Safety Levelswith Respect to Human Exposure to Radio FrequencyElectromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz (IEEE,Piscataway, NJ,2006).19. J. B. Pendry, Science 306, 1353 (2004).20. The authors would like to thank John Pendry forsuggesting the use of magnetic resonances, and Michael Grossman and Ivan Čelanović for technical assistance.This work was supported in part by the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center program of the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR 02-13282, by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-99ER45778, and by the Army Research Officethrough the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies under Contract No. DAAD-19-02-D0002.) ]. The black dots are the maximum efficiency obtained from Eq. 2 and the experimental values of κ/Γ from Fig. 3. The red dots present the directly measured efficiency,as described in thetext.。
美军雷达命名规则和雷达英文词汇e
美军雷达命名标准按老美军用标准MIL-STD-196D规定，其军用电子设备〔包括雷达〕根据联合电子类型命名系统〔JETDS〕。
名称由字母AN〔陆军-海军联合命名系统〕,一条斜线和另外三个字母组成。
三个字母表示设备安装位置，设备类型和设备用途。
比方AN/SPS-49表示舰载警戒雷达。
数字49标识特定装备，并且表示该设备时JETDS规定的SPS类的第49种。
经过一次修改就在原型后附加一个字母如ABC，名称后加破折号，T和数字表示丫是用来训练的。
名称后的括号内V表示丫是可变系统，就是通过增加或减少设备来完成不同功能的系统。
处于试验和研制中的系统有时在紧随正式名称后的括弧内用特殊标志来表示，他们用来指明研究单位。
比方XB表示海军研究实验室，XW表示罗姆航空开展中心。
下面就把AN/***后面的三个字母的意思祥加说明。
JETDS设备符号安装位置〔第一个字母〕A 机载B 水下移动式，潜艇D 无人驾驶运载工具F 地面固定G 地面通用K 水陆两用M 地面移动式P 便携式S 水面舰艇T 地面可运输式U 通用V 地面车载W 水面或水下Z 有人和无人驾驶空中运输工具设备类型〔第二个字母〕A 不可见光，热辐射设备C 载波设备D 放射性检测，指示，计算设备E 激光设备G 电报，电传设备I 内部通信和有线播送J 机电设备K 遥测设备L 电子对抗设备M 气象设备N 空中声测设备P 雷达Q 声纳和水声设备R 无线电设备S 专用设备，磁设备或组合设备T 〔有线〕设备V 目视和可见光设备W 武器特有设备X 和电视设备Y 数据处理设备设备用途〔第三个字母〕A 辅助装置B 轰炸C 通信〔发射和接受〕D 测向侦查或警戒E 弹射或投掷G 火控或探照灯瞄准H 记录K 计算M 维修或测试工具N 导航〔测高，信标，罗盘，测深，进场〕Q 专用或兼用R 接收，无源探测S 探测或测距，测向，搜索T 发射W 自动飞行或遥控X 识别Y 监视和火控有源滤波器Active filter有源校正网络Active corrective network 有源干扰Active jamming机载引导雷达Airborne director radar 机载动目标显示Airborne MTI机载雷达Airborne radar 机载截击雷达Airborne-intercept radar机载警戒雷达Airborne warning radar模拟信号Analog signal天线抗干扰技术Antenna anti-jamming technique天线增益Antenna gain反辐射导弹Anti-radiation missile背射天线Backfire antenna回差Backlash 轰炸雷达Bombing radar 平衡电感Balancing inductor选频放大器Bandpass amplifier战场侦察雷达Battle-field search radar 盲区Blind zone闪烁干扰Blinking jamming击穿功率Breakdown power体效应二极管本地振荡器Bulk effect diode local oscillator宽带中频放大器Broad band intermediate frequency amplifier机柜、分机结构Cabinet, subassembly标定误差Calibrated error电子束管(阴极射线管) Cathode-ray tube(CRT)空腔型振荡器Cavity Oscillator谐振腔Cavity Resonator空腔稳频本地振荡器Cavity-Stabilized Local Oscillator干扰偶极子Chaff Dipole信道化接收机Channelized receiver圆极化平面波Circularly polarized plane wave闭环控制系统〔反应控制系统〕Close-loop control system (feed-back control system)杂波抑制Clutter suppression同轴电缆Coaxial cable 同轴谐振腔Coaxial cavity同轴定向耦合器Coaxial directional coupler 同轴滤波器Coaxial filter相干振荡器Coherent oscillator 相干动目标显示Coherent MTI复调制干扰Complex modulated jamming圆锥扫描雷达Conical scan radar圆锥扫描天线Conical Scanned Antenna连续波雷达接收机Continuous-wave radar receiver比照度Contrast 卷积器Convolutor变频损耗Conversion loss 相关时间Correlation time抗反辐射导弹措施Counter anti-radiation missile measures 正交场器件〔M型器件〕Crossed-field devices(M-type devices)截止式衰减器Cut-Off Attenutor截止波长Cut-off wavelength连续波雷达发射机CW Radar Transmitter直流阻抗D.C. impedance直流谐振充电D.C. resonant charging 直流谐振二极管充电D.C. resonant diode charge 数据处理Data processing偏转线圈Deflection coil延时充电电路Delayed charging circuit介质移相器Dielectric phase shifter介质干扰杆Dielectric chaff rod数字滤波器Digital filter数字匹配滤波器Digital matched filter数字测距Digital ranging引导雷达Director radar多普勒雷达Doppler Radar双门限检测器Double threshold detector 双T接头Double T-junction等效负载Dummy load 天线收发开关DuplexerE面〔H面〕折叠双T E plane (H plane) magic-T天线的有效面积Effective area of an antenna 有效辐射功率Effective radiation power(E.R.P.)电液伺服阀Electro-hydraulic Servo value电磁兼容性Electromagnetic compatibility 电子抗干扰Electronic anti-jamming电扫描天线Electronic Scanned antenna电扫描雷达Electronically Scanned Radar椭圆极化场矢量Elliptically Polarized Field Vector末制导雷达End-guidance radar鼓励器〔预调器、触发器〕Exciter(premodulator, trigger)极窄脉冲雷达Extra-short pulse radar快速付里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform馈电网络Feed network 相控阵馈电网络Feed networks For Phased Array铁氧体移相器Ferrite phase shifter火控雷达Fire control radar 频率捷变雷达Frequency agile radar调频雷达发射机Frequency modulation radar transmitter引信干扰Fuse jamming齿轮传动误差Gear transmission error图形失真校正Graphic distortion correction 格雷戈伦天线Gregarain antenna制导雷达Guidance radar炮瞄雷达Gun directing radar 盘旋管Gyrotron测高雷达Height-finding radar水平极化场矢量Horizontally polarized field vector喇叭天线Horn antenna 环行电桥Hybrid ring液压泵Hydraulic pump阻抗匹配Impedance match 天线阻抗匹配Impedance match of antenna输入阻抗Input impedance 天线罩插入相移Insertion phase of a radome阵列单元的孤立阻抗Isolated impedance of an array element天线间的隔离Isolation between antennas干扰压制系数Jamming blanket factor干扰调制样式Jamming modulation type干扰信号带宽Jamming signal band width速调管Klystron激光雷达Laser radar 线阵天线Linear array antenna 负载阻抗Load impedance低空搜索雷达Low altitude surveillance radar主振放大式发射机M.O.P.A. transmitter磁脉冲调制器Magnetic pulse modulator 磁控管Magnetron磁控管灯丝电压控制电路Magnetron filament voltage controlling Circuit主瓣零点宽度Main (major) lobe zero beamwidth航海雷达Marine radar 矩阵阵列Matrix array 气象雷达Meteorological radar微波带通滤波器Microwave band-pass filter 微波场效应晶体管放大器Microwave field effect transistor amplifier微波全息雷达Microwave hologram radar微波低通滤波器Microwave low-pass filter 副瓣电平Minor (side) lobe level机动雷达Movable radar 阵列天线的互耦Mutual coupling of an array antenna多模馈电器Multimode feed 多基地雷达Multistatic radar多端网络Multiport network导航雷达Navigation radar 噪声调幅干扰Noise AM jamming噪声调幅调相干扰Noise AM-PM jamming 归一化差斜率Normalized difference slope 单通道单脉冲雷达One-channel Monopulse Radar开环系统频率特性Open-loop system frequency characteristic运算放大器Operational Amplifier超视距雷达Over-the-horizon radar过压保护电路Overvoltage protection circuit 抛物柱面天线Parabolic cylindrical antenna 参量检测器Parameter detector无源雷达Passive radar相位检波器Phase detector 移相器Phase detector相控阵天线Phased array antenna 锁相接收机Phase-locked receiver相位扫描雷达Phase-scanned radar脉冲压缩雷达Pulse compression radar 脉冲雷达接收机Pulse radar receiver相控阵的量化误差Quantization error of a phased array雷达精度Radar accuracy 雷达反侦察Radar anti-reconnaissance天线罩Radome采样频率Sampling frequency 舰载雷达Shipbased radar船用雷达Shipboard radar 侧视雷达Side-looking radar旁瓣对消Sidelobe Cancellation固体微波振荡器Solid state microwave oscillator合成孔径雷达Synthetic radar目标识别雷达Target-identification radar三通道单脉冲雷达接收机Three-channel monopulse radar receiverT型〔Y型〕环行器〔结环行器〕T-type(Y-type) circulator (junction circulator)静电控制超高频电子管〔栅控管〕UHF electronstatic control tubeV形波束雷达V-beam radar压控晶体振荡器V oltage controlled oscillator 波导谐振腔Waveguide cavity天气雷达Weather radar X-Y型天线座X-Y type antenna pedestal八木天线Yagi antenna雷达覆盖范围Zone of radar coverage零轴漂移Zero-axsis drift雷达工作模式：目标捕获系统：The tention action system(该系统配备有嵌入式惯性导航系统和全球定位系统，可在雷达快速展开时提供雷达位置坐标。
电磁场微波词汇汉英对照表
电磁场微波词汇汉英对照表二画二端口网络two port network二重傅立叶级数double Fourier series入射场incident field入射波incident wave三画小波wavelet四画无功功率reactive power无限（界）区域unbound region无源网络passive network互易性reciprocity互阻抗mutual impedance互耦合mutual coupling互连interconnect天线antennas天线方向性图pattern of antenna匹配负载matched load孔aperture孔（缝）隙天线aperture antennas内阻抗internal impedance介电常数permittivity介质dielectric介质波导dielectric guide介质损耗dielectric loss介质损耗角dielectric loss angle介电常数dielectric constant反射reflection反射系数reflection coefficient分离变量法separation of variables五画主模dominant mode正交性orthogonality正弦的sinusoidal右手定则right hand rule平行板波导parallel plate waveguide平面波plane wave功率密度density of power功率流（通量）密度density of power flux 布魯斯特角Brewster angle本征值eigen value本征函数eigen function边值问题boundary value problem四端口网络four terminal network矢量位vector potential电压voltage电压源voltage source电导率conductivity电流元current element电流密度electric current density电荷守恒定律law of conservation of charge 电荷密度electric charge density电容器capacitor电路尺寸circuit dimension电路元件circuit element电场强度electric field intensity电偶极子electric dipole电磁兼容electromagnetic compatibility矢量vector矢径radius vector失真distortions平移translation击穿功率breakdown power节点node六画安培电流定律Ampere’s circuital law传播常数propagation constant亥姆霍兹方程Helmholtz equation动态场dynamic field共轭问题conjugate problem共面波导coplanar waveguide （CPW）有限区域finite region有源网络active network有耗介质lossy dielectric导纳率admittivity同轴线coaxial line全反射total reflection全透射total transmission各向同性物质isotropic matter各向异性nonisotropy行波traveling wave光纤optic fiber色散dispersion网格mesh全向天线omnidirectional antennas阵列arrays七画串扰cross-talk回波echo良导体good conductor均匀平面波uniform plane wave均匀传输线uniform transmission line近场near-field麦克斯韦方程Maxwell equation克希荷夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law 环行器circulator贝塞尔函数Bessel function时谐time harmonic时延time delay位移电流electric displacement current芯片chip芯片组chipset远场far-field八画变分法variational method定向耦合器directional coupler取向orientation法拉第感应定律Faraday’s law of induction 实部real part空间分量spatial components波导waveguide波导波长guide wave length波导相速度guide phase velocity波阻抗wave impedance波函数wave function波数wave number泊松方程Poisson’s equation拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation坡印亭矢量Poynting vector奇异性singularity 阻抗矩阵impedance matrix表面电阻surface resistance表面阻抗surface impedance表面波surface wave直角坐标rectangular coordinate极化电流polarization current极点pole非均匀媒质inhomogeneous media非可逆器件nonreciprocal devices固有（本征）阻抗intrinsic impedance单位矢量unit vector单位法线unit normal单位切线unit tangent单极天线monopole antenna单模single mode环行器circulator驻波standing wave驻波比standing wave ratio直流偏置DC bias九画标量位scalar potential品质因子quality factor差分法difference method矩量法method of moment洛伦兹互易定理Lorentz reciprocity theorem 屏蔽shield带状线stripline标量格林定理scalar Green’s theorem面积分surface integral相对磁导率relative permeability相位常数phase constant相移器phase shifter相速度phase velocity红外频谱infra-red frequency spectrum矩形波导rectangular waveguide柱面坐标cylindrical coordinates脉冲函数impulse function复介电常数complex permittivity复功率密度complex power density复磁导率complex permeability复矢量波动方程complex vector wave equation贴片patch信号完整性signal integrity信道channel寄生效应parasite effect指向天线directional antennas喇叭天线horn antennas十画准静态quasi-static旁路电流shunt current高阶模high order mode高斯定律Gauss law格林函数Green’s function连续性方程equation of continuity耗散电流dissipative current耗散功率dissipative power偶极子dipole脊形波导ridge waveguide径向波导radial waveguide径向波radial wave径向模radial mode能量守恒conservation of energy能量储存energy storage能量密度power density衰减常数attenuation constant特性阻抗characteristic impedance特征值characteristic value特解particular solution勒让德多项式Legendre polynomial积分方程integral equation涂层coating谐振resonance谐振长度resonance length十一画混合模hybrid mode部分填充波导partially filled waveguide 递推公式recurrence formula探针馈电probe feed接头junction基本单位fundamental unit理想介质perfect dielectric理想导体perfect conductor唯一性uniqueness虚部imaginary part透射波transmission wave透射系数transmission coefficient 球形腔spherical cavity球面波spherical wave球面坐标spherical coordinate终端termination终端电压terminal voltage射频radio frequency探针probe十二画涡旋vortices散度方程divergence equation散射scattering散杂电容stray capacitance散射矩阵scattering matrix斯托克斯定理Stoke’s theorem斯涅尔折射定律Snell’s law of refraction阴影区shadow region超越方程transcendental equation超增益天线supergain antenna喇叭horn幅角argument最速下降法method of steepest descent趋肤效应skin effect趋肤深度skin depth微扰法perturbational method等相面equi-phase surface等幅面equi-amplitude surface等效原理equivalence principle短路板shorting plate短截线stub傅立叶级数Fourier series傅立叶变换Fourier transformation第一类贝塞耳函数Bessel function of the first kind第二类汉克尔函数Hankel function of the second kind解析函数analytic function激励excitation集中参数元件lumped-element场方程field equation场源field source场量field quantity遥感remote sensing振荡器oscillators滤波器filter十三画隔离器isolator雷达反射截面radar cross section （RCS）损耗角loss angle感应电流induced current感应场induction field圆波导circular waveguide圆极化circularly polarized圆柱腔circular cavity铁磁性ferromagnetic铁氧体陶瓷ferrite ceramics传导电流conducting current传导损耗conduction loss传播常数propagation constant传播模式propagation mode传输线模式transmission line mode传输矩阵transmission matrix零点Zero静态场static field算子operator输入阻抗input impedance椭圆极化elliptically polarized微带microstrip微波microwave微波单片集成电路microwave monolithic integrated circuit MMIC毫米波单片集成电路millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuit M3IC十四画漏电电流leakage current渐进表示式asymptotic expression模式mode模式展开mode expansion模式函数mode模式图mode pattern截止波长cut off wavelength截止频率cut off frequency鞍点saddle频谱spectrum线性极化linearly polarized线积分line integral磁矢量位magnetic vector potential磁通magnetic flux 磁场强度magnetic intensity磁矩magnetic moment磁损耗角magnetic loss angle磁滞损耗magnetic hysteresis磁导率permeability十五画辐射radiate增益gain横电场transverse electric field横电磁波transverse electromagnetic wave 劈wedge十六画雕落场evanescent field雕落模式evanescent mode霍尔效应Hall effect辐射电阻radiation resistance辐射电导radiation conductance辐射功率radiation power辐射方向性图radiation pattern谱域方法spectral method十七画以上瞬时量insaneous quantity镜像image峰值peak value函数delta function注：本词汇表参考了《正弦电磁场》（哈林顿著孟侃译）。
【原创1.11】南京邮电大学专业英语词汇释义精选
medium // 介质 metallic // 金属的 method of moments // 矩 量法
MF/ // 中频 MIC/ // 微波集成电路 microstrip // 微带 minority carrier // 少数载 流子
第1页共2页
南京邮电大学 电磁场与无线技术 专业英语词汇释义 精选
net power // 净功率 newsletter // 通讯 N-LOS/ / 非视距 nonconductive // 不导电 nonresonant // 非谐振 nonthermal // 非热的 nonuniform plane // 非均 匀平面
ohm // 欧姆 ohmic // 阻值 Ohm's law // 欧姆定律 open-circuited // 开路 optics // 光学 orientation // 定向 orthonormal bases // 正交 基
oscillator // 振荡器 oscilloscope // 示波器
C
cable // 电缆 capacitance // 电容 cathode // 阴极 cavity // 空穴 空腔 ceiver // 接收器 cellular // 蜂窝网 channelization // 信道化
charge // 电荷 circuit // 电路 circulator // 环行器 coaxial probe // 同轴探针 coil // 线圈 cold cathode // 冷阴极管 compatibility // 兼容性 component // 元件 compound // 化合物的 conductance // 电导 conductivity // 电导率 conductor // 导体 conformal // 共形 conjugate // 共轭 constitutive relationship // 本构关系
ELECTROMAGNETIC
Some of the advantages of eddy current inspection include:
• • • • • • • • Sensitive to small cracks and other defects Detects surface and near surface defects Inspection gives immediate results Equipment is very portable Method can be used for much more than flaw detection Minimum part preparation is required Test probe does not need to contact the part Inspects complex shapes and sizes of conductive materials
•
The maximum value of eddy current located on the surface. The eddy current is reduced inside the object control
TYPES OF CONTROLLED DEFECTS
• • • • • Discontinuities; Cracks; The bundles (violation of structure); Sinks; Non-metallic inclusions.
The method is non-contact.
Test result does not depend on the humidity, pressure, dust, radioactive radiation, contamination of non-conductive surface layer.
倒f天线辐射原理
倒f天线辐射原理Antenna radiation principle is an important concept in the field of telecommunications and electronics. 天线辐射原理是通信和电子领域中的重要概念。
It refers to the mechanism through which an antenna converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves that are radiated into the surrounding space. 它指的是天线将电能转换成电磁波并辐射到周围空间的机制。
Understanding the radiation principles of antennas is crucial for designing and optimizing wireless communication systems. 理解天线辐射原理对于设计和优化无线通信系统至关重要。
From a technical perspective, the radiation principle of antennas can be explained through the fundamental theory of electromagnetics. 从技术角度来看，天线的辐射原理可以通过电磁学的基本理论来解释。
When an alternating current flows through an antenna, it generates a time-varying electric field and a magnetic field around the antenna structure. 当交流电流流经天线时，在天线结构周围产生了时变的电场和磁场。
These fields interact with each other and propagate as an electromagnetic wave, carrying the information being transmitted. 这些场相互作用并作为电磁波传播，携带着被传输的信息。
材料科学专业英语词汇（E）
材料科学专业英语词汇(E)e.b.m (electron beam machining)电子束加工，电刻e.c.m. (electrochemical machining)电化加工e.d.m (electrical discharge machining)放电加工earing 成耳(冲压)early-strenghth cement 早强水泥earth bar/grounding bar 接地棒earthenware 陶器；瓦器easy fired 易烧easy glide plane 易滑面easy-flo 易流硬焊料(含ag50%,cd18%,su16.5%,cu15.5% 之四元共晶)eaves tile 詹瓦ebonite 硬橡胶(皮)eccentric converter 偏心转炉eccentric upset forging 偏心锻粗eccentric upsets 偏心锻粗件eccentric upsetting 偏感锻粗法economizer[ 锅炉]节热器eddy current 涡[电]流eddy current loss 涡[电]流损失eddy current method 涡电流法eddy current test 涡[电]流试验edge bead removal /e.b.r 边缘球状物去除edge bending 侧向弯曲edge crack 边缘裂纹edge dislocation 刃差排edge exclusion 周边除外范围edge lining 钩边edge polisher 边缘抛光机edge runner 混砂机edge sensor 边缘感测器edge-runner mill 轮辗机edger 磨边器，成边器edging 磨边，成边edging impression 成边型edging stone 磨边路eds testeds 测试effective aperture 有效孔径effective case depth 有效硬化深度effective strain 有效应变effective stress 有效应力efferrescing steel (同rimming steel)赤静钢efficiency of target utilization 靶子利用效率efflorescence 粉化；吐霜efflorwick test 吓霜试验effluent 流出物eggert'stube 爱格特管(快速比色，测钢中之碳用) eggshell porcelain 蛋壳簿瓷eggshelling 蛋壳耳(搪瓷)(陶)einsteinium (es,99)金爱ejecter 拆卸器ejection 顶出ejector1 顶出器2.喷射器ejector plate 顶出板elastic after-effect 弹性余效elastic constant 弹性常数elastic constraint 弹性抑制elastic deflection 弹性挠曲elastic deformation 弹性变形elastic emission machining 弹性碰撞机械加工elastic fatigue 弹性疲劳elastic hardness 弹性硬度elastic hysteresis 弹性迟滞elastic limit 弹性限elastic medium 弹性媒质elastic modulus 弹性模数，弹性系数elastic reactance 弹性抗elastic strain 弹性应变eldred's wire 爱瑞得导线(镀铜，镍铁心封於玻璃内之导线) electret 驻极[电介]体electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric arc welding 电弧熔接electric flame off 电火炬electric furnace 电炉electric furnace iron 电炉生铁electric furnace steel 电炉钢electric furnace steel making 电炉炼钢electric induction 电感应electric induction furnace 感应电炉electric micrometer 电测分厘卡electric porcelain 电瓷electric precipitation 电力析出electric resistance furnace 电阻炉electric resistance heater 电阻加热器electric resistance strain gage 电阻应变计electric resistance thermometer 电阻温度计electric resistance welding 电阻溶接electric spark maching 放电加工(同e.d.m)electric steel 电炉钢electric welding 电熔接，电焊electric-arc cutting 电弧切割electric-furnace ferrosilicon 电炉矽铁electrical dipole 电隅极electrical discharge machine (edm)电蚀机，放电加工机electrical heating 电加热electrical resistivity 电阻率electrical rule check 电器法则查验electro graphy 电蚀刻electro hydralic forming 电液成型electro striction 电致伸缩electro-deposited coating 电积层electro-deposition 电 [淀]积electro-forming 电铸electro-luminescence method 场致发光法electro-migration check 电性选移查检electro-migration test 电性迁移试验electro-osmosis 电渗electro-osmosis (或electro smose)电渗透作用electro-phoresis 电泳electro-plating 电镀electro-slag refining (esr)电渣精炼electro-type metal 电铸版合金electrocast refractory 电铸耐火材料electroceraimcs 电用陶瓷electrochemical corrosion 电化腐蚀electrochemical cyaniding 电解氰化electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical grinding 电化研磨electrochemical series 电化序electrocoating 电咏护膜，电着护膜electrode materials 电极材料electrode potential 电极电位electrode ring 电极环electrodeposition 电[淀]积electroformed diamond blade 电铸钻石刀片electrofusion 电熔electrokinetics 动电常electroless plating 无电镀金electrolysis 电解electrolysis treatment 电解处理electrolyte 电解质electrolytic cell 电解电池electrolytic cleaning 电解清洁法electrolytic copper 电解铜electrolytic de-rusting 电解去锈electrolytic deflash 电解树脂残渣去除electrolytic discharge aided grinding machine 电解放电辅助研磨机electrolytic dissociation 电[解]离解electrolytic etching 电 [解]浸蚀electrolytic hardening 电[解]硬化electrolytic ionized water /electrolysis-ionized water 电解电离水electrolytic iron 电解铁electrolytic pickling 电解浸洗electrolytic polishing 电解抛光electrolytic powder 电解粉未electrolytic protection 电解防蚀法electrolytic refining 电解精炼electrolytic solution tension 电解溶压electrolytic toughpitch copper 电解勒炼铜electrolytical series 电解序列electromagnet 电磁体，电磁铁electromagnetic forming 电磁成形electromagnetic lens 电磁透镜electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromechanical polishing 电解机械抛光electrometallurgy 电化冶金，电冶学electromotive force series 电动势序electron alloy 伊兰镁合金(含铝锌镁基合金)electron balance 电子天秤electron beam 电子束electron beam annealer 电子波束退火处理机红electron beam cell mask 电子束功能电路胞光罩electron beam control 电子束控制electron beam evaporation system 电子束蒸镀系统electron beam exposure system 电子波束曝光系统electron beam melting furnace 电子束熔解炉electron beam prober 电子波束探针electron beam test system 电子波束测试系统electron beam welding 电子束熔接electron beam zone-refining 电子束区带精炼electron cloud 电子云electron compound 电子化合物electron configuration 电子组态electron coupling resonance (ecr)plasma enhanced cvd systemecr 等离子体增强型cvd 系统electron coupling resonance (ecr)sputtering system 电子耦合谐振溅镀系统electron cyclotron resonance 电子回旋加速器共振electron cyclotron resonance etching system 电子回旋加速器共振蚀刻系统electron diffraction pattern 电子绕射图electron diffratction 电子线绕射electron flood gun 淹没式电子枪，电子流枪electron furnace iron 电炼生铁electron gun 电子枪electron lens 电子透镜electron microscope 电子显微镜electron negative potential 电子负电位electron optics 电子光学electron pair 电子隅electron photomicrograph 电子显微照片electron probe micro analysis 电子探针微分析electron probe microanalysis 电子探针分析electron probe microanalyzer 电子探测显微分析仪electron ratio 电子比electron shading effect 电子遮掩效应electron spin 电子自旋electron suppressor 电子抑制器electron volt 电子伏特electron wave 电子波electronic charge 雯子电荷electronic design automation（eda）电子设计自动化electronic design interchange format（edif）电子电路设计互换格式electronic polarization 电子极化electronic system design automation tool 电子系统自动设计工具electrophoresis 电咏electrophoretic plating 电咏镀electropositive potential 正电位electroslag remelting process 电渣再熔法electroslag welding 电渣熔接electrostatic chuck 静电夹头，静电夹盘electrostatic discharge protection 静电放电保护electrostatic fluidized bed 静电浮床electrostatic mineral separation 静电矿物分离机electrostatic precipitation 静电沉积electrostatic scan 静电扫描electrostatic separation 静电分离electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂electrothermal equivalent 电热当量electrothermic method 电热法electrotype 电铸板electrotyping 电铸版术electrovalent compound 电价化合物electrowinning 湿式电冶eletrode1. 电极2.熔接条eletrum 白黄金(40-50%au, 其余为ag)elevator kiln 升降窑elevator unit 升降机单元elinvar [steel] 恒弹性钢elphal 依尔花法，钢皮差面沉积纯铝法eluant solution 洗涤液elutriation 淘析(液体中分离大小，粉未颗粒的方法)email sur bisque 素三彩emaillieuen 插画珐琅embeded array 埋入行阵列embeded system 埋入型系统embossing 浮花压制法压凸embrittlement 脆性emerg colth[ 金钢]砂布emerg paper[ 金钢]砂纸emergizer 促进剂(渗碳)emery 钢砂，钢石粉emission electrton microscope 发射电子显微镜emissivity 发射率emissivity correction 发射率校正emitter 射极empirical proportioning 经验配合emulator 模拟除错器emulsified oil quenching 乳化油卒火emulsion 乳液，乳胶emulsion cleaner 乳化清洁剂enamel1. 搪瓷2.瓷漆enamel coating 搪瓷护膜enamel color 珐琅色彩enamel glaze 珐琅釉enamel paint 瓷漆enameled iron ware 搪瓷[铁]器enameled wire 漆包线enamelling 施珐琅；搪瓷enamelling iron 搪瓷胎铁encapsulation 封装enclosure 夹杂物，包壳encoustic tile 彩纹瓦end arch 端拱砖end chipping 最终结晶屑end skew 端斜砖end wall 端墙end-station 终端站endless band saw 环型条带锯endothermic gas 叹热型气体(热处理保护气) endothermic reaction 吸热反应endurance limit (fatingue limit)疲劳限endurance ratio 疲劳比endurance strength 疲劳强度endurance test 疲劳试验enduron 安久乐(一悝含铬钼矽之铁系耐蚀合金) energy band 能带energy contamination 能量污染，杂质能量energy gap 能隙energy level 能阶，能准位energy packet 能，束enfield rolling mill 恩菲德巴钢机engine-turning lathe 机动车床engineering change order 工程变更次序engineering work station（ems）工程工作站english 中文english bond 英式砌法english crystal 高铅水晶玻璃english white 白垩engobe 化粧土；釉底料engravers brass 刻版黄铜(一种含铅黄铜) engraving 刻花enhanced global alignment 增强型全晶圆调准enriched uranium 浓缩铀enrichement 浓缩enthalpy 焓entrained air 输气(混凝土)entrapped air 陷入空气(混凝土)entropy 熵environment control 环境控制environmental scanning electron microscope 环境控制扫描型电子显微镜epitaxial growth 叠晶生长，同轴生长(晶体)epitaxial growth system 磊晶生长系统epitaxial wafer 磊晶晶圆epithermal neutrons 超热中子(具有在分裂中子与热中子间能量之中子)epoxy resin 环氧树鲁epsilon carbideε 碳化物epsilon compoundsε 佮合物(电子比为7:4，例如cuzn3)equations of state 状态方程式equi-blast cupola 等吹熔铁炉equiaxial polytggonal grain 等轴多角形晶粒equicohesive temperature 等结合温度(晶粒内晶粒界强度相等时之温度)equigranular 等粒状equilibrium (phase)平衡equilibrium diagram 平衡图equilibrium potential 平衡电位equilibrium segregation 平衡偏析equilibrium segregation coefficient 平衡偏析系数equilibrium state 平衡状态equivalence factors 当量因素equivalent fault 等效故障equivalent section 比量断面equivalent weight 当量equlibrium 平衡erase error 删除错误erase error allowance 删除错误容限erase fail 删除失误erbium (er,68)铒erichsen [cupping] test 爱理逊压凹试验ermalite 艾马来铁(高延性铸铁)ernst hardness tester 恩氏硬度计erosion 冲蚀erosion-corrosion 阵蚀，腐蚀erosion-resistrance 耐冲蚀性erubescite 硫铜石，斑铜矿(cu2fes3)ester 酯estimated wire length 估计布线长度etch back 回蚀etch bands 浸蚀带etch fiqure 蚀迹etch pit density 腐蚀坑密度etch rate 蚀刻速率etch residue 蚀刻残余物etch selectivity raito 蚀刻选择比，蚀刻选择性etch uniformity 蚀刻均质性etchant 浸蚀液，蚀刻液etched wafer 经蚀刻晶圆etching1 蚀刻2浸蚀etching chamber 蚀刻处理室etching end point detection 蚀刻终点检测etching pit 蚀乙etching system 蚀刻系统etching wafer 刚蚀刻晶圆ethyl silicate 矽乙酯ettinghausen effect 埃丁赫逊效应(晶体之一种物理效应) eucryptite 锂霞石eureka 尤瑞卡铜(电阻线之一种，近似康史登铜) europium (eu, 63)铕eutectic 共晶eutectic alloy 共晶合金eutectic bonding 共晶接合eutectic carbide 共晶碳化物eutectic cast iron 共晶铸铁eutectic cell 共晶单胞eutectic cementite 共晶雪明碳体(铁)eutectic colong 共晶集团eutectic graphite 共晶石墨eutectic mixture 共晶混合物eutectic reaction 兆晶反应eutectic temperature 共晶温度eutectoid 共析eutectoid alloy 共析合金eutectoid cementite 共析雪明碳体(铁)eutectoid composition 共析成分eutectoid ferrite 共析肥粒体(铁)eutectoid hardening 共析硬化eutectoid line 共析线eutectoid point 共析点eutectoid reaction 共析反应eutectoid steel 共析钢eutectoid structure 共析组织eutectoid temperature 共析温度eutectoid transformation 共析变态evacuated wet etching system 减压抽气浸渍式蚀刻系统evanohm 艾文姆台金(一种镍铬铝铜合金) evaporation coefficient 蒸发系数evaporation loss 蒸发损失evaporation material 蒸发材料evaporation ratio 蒸发比evaporation source 蒸发源event driven simulator 事件驱动模拟器everdur 艾未狄合金(一种矽青铜)ewald chart 厄互特图(x-ray)exb magnetron sputtering system 直交电磁场型溅镀系统excavator 挖掘机exchange energy 互换能exchange force 互换力exchange-cunent density 交换电流密度excimer laser stepper 准分子雷射步进机excitation 激发，激励exciting level 激励准位excluding backside deposition 防止背面沉积exclusing backside deposition 防止背面沉积exfoliation 表皮脱落exhaust for developer 显影剂排放exhaustion creep 耗竭潜变exogenous metallic inclusion 外来金属夹杂物exothermic reaction 放热反应exothermic-base atmosphere 放热式蒙气，放热式炉器expand stage 黏胶片扩展夹片台expanded metal 展成金属(网)expanded r-field 扩张r 区expanding metals 胀大金属(铋合金)expansion 展开expansion coefficient 膨胀系数expansion ratio 晶圆黏胶片扩展率expansion scab 膨胀剥砂expectation value pattern 期待值图案expected pattern 预期图案explosibility 爆炸性explosion testing 爆炸试验explosion welding 爆炸熔接explosive antimony 爆炸锑explosive bonding 爆炸接合explosive forming 爆炸成形explosive pressing 爆炸压制exposed area ratio 蚀刻面积率，曝光面积率exposure 曝光extended dislocation 扩展差排extension board 延伸接线板；扩张接线板extensometer 伸长计external gettering 外部吸器external torch unit 外界火炬装置external upset 向外锻粗锻件external upset forging 向外锻粗external upsetting 向外锻粗法extra dense flint 特火石玻璃extra light flint 特轻火石玻璃extra-hard cold work 特硬级冷加工(冷巴至断面缩小50.0%) extra-spring-hared cold work 特弹簧硬冷加工(冷巴至断面缩小68.7%)extraction electrodes 提取电极extraction replica 萃取印模(电子显微镜)extraction voltage 提取电压extractive metallurgy 提炼冶金学extrapolation of creep data 潜变数据外推法extrinsic gettering 非本徵吸器extrinsic semi-conductor 他激半导体，他半导体extrudability 挤制性extruding 挤延extrusion1 凸出（疲劳滑动面）2挤裂extrusion cold 冷挤制extrusion, backward 逆向，挤制extrusion, forward 顺向，挤制extrusion, hydrostatic 液压挤制extrusion, impact 冲击，挤制extrusion, reducing 减缩，挤制eyelet 小孔eyeleting 小眼圈eyepies 目镜。
激光专业英语
2011年技术物理学院08级（激光方向）专业英语翻译重点！！！作者：邵晨宇Electromagnetic电磁的principle原则principal主要的macroscopic宏观的microscopic微观的differential微分vector矢量scalar标量permittivity介电常数photons光子oscillation振动density of states态密度dimensionality维数transverse wave横波dipole moment偶极矩diode 二极管mono-chromatic单色temporal时间的spatial空间的velocity速度wave packet波包be perpendicular to线垂直be nomal to线面垂直isotropic各向同性的anistropic各向异性的vacuum真空assumption假设semiconductor半导体nonmagnetic非磁性的considerable大量的ultraviolet紫外的diamagnetic抗磁的paramagnetic顺磁的antiparamagnetic反铁磁的ferro-magnetic铁磁的negligible可忽略的conductivity电导率intrinsic本征的inequality不等式infrared红外的weakly doped弱掺杂heavily doped重掺杂a second derivative in time对时间二阶导数vanish消失tensor张量refractive index折射率crucial主要的quantum mechanics 量子力学transition probability跃迁几率delve研究infinite无限的relevant相关的thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡（动态热平衡）fermions费米子bosons波色子potential barrier势垒standing wave驻波travelling wave行波degeneracy简并converge收敛diverge发散phonons声子singularity奇点（奇异值）vector potential向量式partical-wave dualism波粒二象性homogeneous均匀的elliptic椭圆的reasonable公平的合理的reflector反射器characteristic特性prerequisite必要条件quadratic二次的predominantly最重要的gaussian beams高斯光束azimuth方位角evolve推到spot size光斑尺寸radius of curvature曲率半径convention管理hyperbole双曲线hyperboloid双曲面radii半径asymptote渐近线apex顶点rigorous精确地manifestation体现表明wave diffraction波衍射aperture孔径complex beam radius复光束半径lenslike medium类透镜介质be adjacent to与之相邻confocal beam共焦光束a unity determinant单位行列式waveguide波导illustration说明induction归纳symmetric 对称的steady-state稳态be consistent with与之一致solid curves实线dashed curves虚线be identical to相同eigenvalue本征值noteworthy关注的counteract抵消reinforce加强the modal dispersion模式色散the group velocity dispersion群速度色散channel波段repetition rate重复率overlap重叠intuition直觉material dispersion材料色散information capacity信息量feed into 注入derive from由之产生semi-intuitive半直觉intermode mixing模式混合pulse duration脉宽mechanism原理dissipate损耗designate by命名为to a large extent在很大程度上etalon 标准具archetype圆形interferometer干涉计be attributed to归因于roundtrip一个往返infinite geometric progression无穷几何级数conservation of energy能量守恒free spectral range自由光谱区reflection coefficient（fraction of the intensity reflected）反射系数transmission coefficient（fraction of the intensity transmitted）透射系数optical resonator光学谐振腔unity 归一optical spectrum analyzer光谱分析grequency separations频率间隔scanning interferometer扫描干涉仪sweep移动replica复制品ambiguity不确定simultaneous同步的longitudinal laser mode纵模denominator分母finesse精细度the limiting resolution极限分辨率the width of a transmission bandpass透射带宽collimated beam线性光束noncollimated beam非线性光束transient condition瞬态情况spherical mirror 球面镜locus（loci）轨迹exponential factor指数因子radian弧度configuration不举intercept截断back and forth反复spatical mode空间模式algebra代数in practice在实际中symmetrical对称的a symmetrical conforal resonator对称共焦谐振腔criteria准则concentric同心的biperiodic lens sequence双周期透镜组序列stable solution稳态解equivalent lens等效透镜verge 边缘self-consistent自洽reference plane参考平面off-axis离轴shaded area阴影区clear area空白区perturbation扰动evolution渐变decay减弱unimodual matrix单位矩阵discrepancy相位差longitudinal mode index纵模指数resonance共振quantum electronics量子电子学phenomenon现象exploit利用spontaneous emission自发辐射initial初始的thermodynamic热力学inphase同相位的population inversion粒子数反转transparent透明的threshold阈值predominate over占主导地位的monochromaticity单色性spatical and temporal coherence时空相干性by virtue of利用directionality方向性superposition叠加pump rate泵浦速率shunt分流corona breakdown电晕击穿audacity畅通无阻versatile用途广泛的photoelectric effect光电效应quantum detector 量子探测器quantum efficiency量子效率vacuum photodiode真空光电二极管photoelectric work function光电功函数cathode阴极anode阳极formidable苛刻的恶光的irrespective无关的impinge撞击in turn依次capacitance电容photomultiplier光电信增管photoconductor光敏电阻junction photodiode结型光电二极管avalanche photodiode雪崩二极管shot noise 散粒噪声thermal noise热噪声1.In this chapter we consider Maxwell’s equations and what they reveal about the propagation of light in vacuum and in matter. We introduce the concept of photons and present their density of states.Since the density of states is a rather important property，not only for photons，we approach this quantity in a rather general way. We will use the density of states later also for other(quasi-) particles including systems of reduced dimensionality.In addition,we introduce the occupation probability of these states for various groups of particles.在本章中，我们讨论麦克斯韦方程和他们显示的有关光在真空中传播的问题。
ECE 10号法规
E/ECE/324 )Add.9/Rev.2/Amend.2E/ECE/TRANS/505 )October 1, 2004STATUS OF UNITED NATIONS REGULATIONECE 10UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF:VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY Incorporating:02 series of amendments Date of Entry into Force: 03.09.97 Corr. 1 to the 02 series of amendments Date of Entry into Force: 11.03.98 Supplement 1 to the 02 series of amendments Date of Entry into Force: 04.02.99 Corr. 2 to the 02 series of amendments Date of Entry into Force: 10.11.99 Supplement 2 to the 02 series of amendments Date of Entry into Force: 12.08.04E/ECE/324 )Add.9/Rev.2/Amend.2E/ECE/TRANS/505 )October 1, 2004UNITED NATIONSAGREEMENTCONCERNING THE ADOPTION OF UNIFORM TECHNICAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR WHEELED VEHICLES, EQUIPMENT AND PARTS WHICH CAN BE FITTED AND/OR BE USED ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND THE CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCAL RECOGNITION OF APPROVALS GRANTED ON THE BASIS OF THESE PRESCRIPTIONS (*)(Revision 2, including the amendments entered into force on October 16, 1995)Addendum 9: Regulation No. 10Revision 2 - Amendment 2Supplement 2 to the 02 series of amendments − Date of entry into force: August 12, 2004UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITHREGARD TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY(*)Former title of the Agreement:Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts, done at Geneva on March 20, 1958.REGULATION NO. 10UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLESWITH REGARD TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITYCONTENTSREGULATION1. Scope2. Definitions3. Application for approval4. Approval5. Markings6. Specifications7. Amendment or extension of a vehicle type approval following electrical/electronic sub-assembly(ESA) addition or substitution8. Conformity of production9. Penalties for non-conformity of production10. Production definitely discontinued11. Modification and extension of type approval of a vehicle or ESAprovisions12. Transitional13. Names and addresses of technical services conducting approval tests, and of administrativedepartmentsANNEXESAnnex 1:Examples of arrangements of approval marksAnnex 2A:Model of information document for type approval of a vehicle, with respect to electromagnetic compatibilityAnnex 2B:Model of information document for type approval of electrical/electronic sub-assembly, with respect to electromagnetic compatibilityAnnex 3A:Model of communication form for vehicle type approvalAnnex 3B:Model of communication form for type approval of electrical/electronic sub-assemblies Annex 4:Method of measuring broadband electromagnetic disturbances generated by vehicles Annex 5:Method of measuring narrowband electromagnetic disturbances generated by vehicles Annex 6:Method of testing vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiationAnnex 7:Method of measuring broadband electromagnetic disturbances generated by electrical/electronic sub-assembliesAnnex 8:Method of measuring narrowband electromagnetic disturbances generated by electrical/electronic sub-assembliesAnnex 9:Method of testing immunity of electrical/electronic sub-assemblies to electromagnetic radiationREGULATION NO. 10UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLESWITH REGARD TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY1. SCOPEThis Regulation applies to the electromagnetic compatibility of L, M, N and O categories ofvehicles (hereinafter referred to as vehicle(s)) as supplied by the vehicle manufacturer and tocomponents or separate electrical/electronic technical units intended for fitment in vehicles.2. DEFINITIONSFor the purposes of this Regulation:2.1."Electromagnetic compatibility" means the ability of a vehicle or component(s) or separateelectrical/electronic technical unit(s) to function satisfactorily in an electromagneticenvironment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in thatenvironment.2.2."Electromagnetic disturbances" means any electromagnetic phenomenon which maydegrade the performance of a vehicle or component(s) or separate electrical/electronictechnical unit(s). An electromagnetic disturbance may be electromagnetic noise or a changein the propagation medium itself.2.3."Electromagnetic immunity" means the ability of a vehicle of component(s) or separatetechnical unit(s) to perform without degradation of performance in the presence of specifiedelectromagnetic disturbances.2.4."Electromagnetic environment" means the totality of electromagnetic phenomena existingat a given location.2.5."Reference limit" means the nominal level to which the type approval and conformity ofproduction limit values are referenced.2.6."Reference antenna" for the frequency range 20 to 80 MHz: means a shortened balancedresonant dipole at 80 MHz, and for the frequency range above 80 MHz: means a balancedhalf-wave resonant dipole tuned to the measurement frequency.2.7."Broadband electromagnetic disturbances" means electromagnetic disturbances whichhave a bandwidth greater than the passband of the receiver used.2.8."Narrowband electromagnetic disturbances" means electromagnetic disturbances whichhave a bandwidth less than the passband of the receiver used.2.9."Electrical/electronic system" means an electrical and or electronic device or set of devicestogether with any associated electrical wiring which forms part of a vehicle but which is notintended to be type approved separately from the vehicle. (The vehicle is type approved as acomplete unit, See Paragraph 3.1 of this Regulation.)2.10."Electrical/electronic sub-assembly" (ESA) means an electrical and/or electronic device orset of devices intended to be part of a vehicle, together with any associated electrical wiring,which performs one or more specialised functions. An ESA may be approved at the requestof a manufacturer as either a "component" or a "separate technical unit (STU)".2.11."Vehicle type" in relation to electromagnetic compatibility, means vehicles which do not differessentially in such respects as:2.11.1.The overall size and shape of the engine compartment;2.11.2.The general arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components and the generalwiring arrangement;2.11.3.The primary material of which the body or shell (if applicable) of the vehicle is constructed (forexample, a steel, aluminium or fibreglass body shell). The presence of panels of differentmaterial does not change the vehicle type provided the primary material of the body isunchanged. However, such variations must be notified.2.12. An "ESA type" in relation to electromagnetic compatibility, means ESAs which do not differ insuch essential respects as:2.12.1.The function performed by the ESA;2.12.2.The general arrangement of the electrical and/or electronic components.3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL3.1.Approval of a Vehicle Type3.1.1.The application for approval of a vehicle type, with regard to its electromagnetic compatibility,shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer.3.1.2. A model of information document is shown in Annex 2A.3.1.3.The vehicle manufacturer shall draw up a schedule describing all projected combinations ofrelevant vehicle electrical/electronic systems or ESAs, body styles (where applicable),variations in body material (where applicable), general wiring arrangements, enginevariations, left-hand/right-hand drive versions and wheelbase versions. Relevant vehicleelectrical/electronic systems or ESAs are those which may emit significant broadband ornarrowband disturbances and/or those which involve the driver's direct control (SeeParagraph 6.4.2.3. of this Regulation) of the vehicle.3.1.4. A vehicle representative of the type to be approved shall be selected from this schedule bymutual agreement between the manufacturer and the competent authority. The choice ofvehicle shall be based on the electrical/electronic systems offered by the manufacturer. Oneor more vehicles may be selected from this schedule if it is considered by mutual agreementbetween the manufacturer and the competent authority that different electrical/electronicsystems are included which are likely to have a significant effect on the vehicle'selectromagnetic compatibility compared with the first representative vehicle.3.1.5.The choice of the vehicle(s) in conformity with Paragraph 3.1.4 above shall be limited tovehicle/electrical/electronic system combinations intended for actual production.3.1.6.The manufacturer may supplement the application with a report on tests which have beencarried out. Any such data provided may be used by the approval authority for the purpose ofdrawing up the communication form for type-approval.3.1.7.If the technical service responsible for the type approval test carries out the test itself, then avehicle representative of the type to be approved according to Paragraph 3.1.4. shall beprovided.3.2. ESA Type Approval3.2.1.The application for approval of a type of ESA with regard to its electromagnetic compatibilityshall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by the manufacturer of the ESA.3.2.2. A model of information document is shown in Annex 2B.3.2.3.The manufacturer may supplement the application with a report on tests which have beencarried out. Any such data provided may be used by the approval authority for the purpose ofdrawing up the communication form for type-approval.3.2.4.If the technical service responsible for the type approval test carries out the test itself, then asample of the ESA system representative of the type to be approved shall be provided, ifnecessary, after discussion with the manufacturer on, e.g., possible variations in the layout,number of components, number of sensors. If the technical service deems it necessary, itmay select a further sample.3.2.5.The sample(s) must be clearly and indelibly marked with the manufacturer's trade name ormark and the type designation.3.2.6.Where applicable, any restrictions on use should be identified. Any such restrictions shouldbe included in Annexes 2B and/or 3B.4. APPROVAL4.1. Type Approval Procedures4.1.1. Type Approval of a VehicleThe following alternative procedures for vehicle type approval may be used at the discretionof the vehicle manufacturer.4.1.1.1. Approval of a Vehicle InstallationA vehicle installation may be type approved directly by following the provisions laid down inParagraph 6 of this Regulation. If this procedure is chosen by a vehicle manufacturer, noseparate testing of electrical/electronic systems or ESAs is required.4.1.1.2. Approval of Vehicle Type by Testing of Individual ESAsA vehicle manufacturer may obtain approval for the vehicle by demonstrating to the approvalauthority that all the relevant (See Paragraph 3.1.3. of this Regulation) electrical/electronicsystems or ESAs have been approved in accordance with this Regulation and have beeninstalled in accordance with any conditions attached thereto.4.1.1.3. A manufacturer may, if he wishes, obtain approval for the purposes of this Regulation if thevehicle has no equipment of the type which is subject to immunity or emission tests. Thevehicle shall have no systems as specified in Paragraph 3.1.3 (immunity) and no sparkignition equipment. Such approvals do not require testing.4.1.2. Type Approval of an ESAType approval may be granted to an ESA to be fitted either to any vehicle type or to aspecific vehicle type or types requested by the manufacturer. ESAs involved in the directcontrol of vehicles will normally receive type approval by agreement with the vehiclemanufacturer.4.2. Granting of Type Approval4.2.1. Vehicle4.2.1.1. If the representative vehicle fulfils the requirements of Paragraph 6 of this Regulation, typeapproval shall be granted.4.2.1.2. A model of communication form for type approval is contained in Annex 3A.4.2.2. ESA4.2.2.1. If the representative ESA system(s) fulfil(s) the requirements of Paragraph 6 of thisRegulation, type approval shall be granted.4.2.2.2. A model of communication form for type approval is contained in Annex 3B.4.2.3.In order to draw up the communication forms referred to in Paragraph 4.2.1.2. or 4.2.2.2.above, the competent authority of the Contracting Party granting the approval may use areport prepared or approved by a recognised laboratory or in accordance with the provisionsof this Regulation.4.3.Approval, or refusal of approval, of a type of vehicle or ESA in accordance with thisRegulation shall be notified to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation on a formconforming to the model in Annex 3A or 3B of this Regulation, accompanied by photographsand/or diagrams or drawings on an appropriate scale supplied by the applicant in a format notlarger than A4 (210 x 297 mm) or folded to those dimensions.5. MARKINGS5.1.An approval number shall be assigned to each vehicle or ESA type approved. The first twodigits of this number (at present 02) shall indicate the series of amendments corresponding tothe most recent essential technical amendments made to the Regulation at the date ofapproval. A Contracting Party may not assign the same approval number to another type ofvehicle or ESA.Markingsof5.2. Presence5.2.1. VehicleAn approval mark described in Paragraph 5.3. below shall be affixed to every vehicleconforming to a type approved under this Regulation.5.2.2. Sub-assemblyAn approval mark described in Paragraph 5.3. below shall be affixed to every ESAconforming to a type approved under this Regulation.No marking is required for electrical/electronic systems built into vehicles which are approvedas units.5.3.An international approval mark must be affixed, in a conspicuous and easily accessible placespecified on the approval communication form, on each vehicle conforming to the typeapproved under this Regulation. This mark shall comprise:5.3.1. A circle containing the letter "E", followed by the distinguishing number of the country grantingthe approval. (1)5.3.2.The number of this Regulation, followed by the letter "R", a dash and the approval number tothe right of the circle specified in Paragraph 5.3;1.5.4.An example of the type-approval mark is shown in Annex 1 to this Regulation.5.5.Markings on ESAs in conformity with Paragraph 5.3. above need not be visible when the ESAis installed in the vehicle.6. SPECIFICATIONSSpecifications6.1. General6.1.1. A vehicle (and its electrical/electronic system(s) or ESAs) shall be so designed and fitted as toenable the vehicle, in normal conditions of use, to conform to the requirements of thisRegulation.6.2.Specifications Concerning Broadband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated byVehicles Fitted with Spark Ignition.6.2.1. Method of MeasurementThe electromagnetic disturbances generated by the vehicle representative of its type shall bemeasured using the method described in Annex 4 at either of the defined antennadistances. The choice shall be made by the vehicle manufacturer.(1)1 for Germany,2 for France,3 for Italy,4 for the Netherlands,5 for Sweden,6 for Belgium,7 for Hungary,8 for the CzechRepublic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Yugoslavia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland,15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for theRussian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 (vacant), 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33(vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35-36 (vacant), 37 for Turkey, 38-39 (vacant), 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol) and 43 for Japan. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.6.2.2.Reference limit for broadband electromagnetic disturbances generated by the vehicle.6.2.2.1. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 4 using a vehicle-to-antennaspacing of 10.0 ± 0.2 m, the radiation reference limit shall be 34 dB micro-Volts/m(50 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, increasing logarithmically (linearly) from34 to 45 dB micro-Volts/m (50-180 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band, (asshown in Appendix l to this Regulation), and remaining constant at 45 dB micro-Volts/m(180 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.2.2.2. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 4 using a vehicle-to-antennaspacing of 3.0 ± 0.05 m, the radiation reference limit shall be 44 dB micro-Volts/m(160 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, increasing logarithmically (linearly)from 44 to 55 dB micro-Volts/m (160-562 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band,(as shown in Appendix 2 to this Regulation), and remaining constant at 55 dB micro-Volts/m(562 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.2.2.3. On the vehicle presented for approval, the measured values, expressed in dB micro-Volts/m,(micro-Volts/m), shall be at least 2.0 dB, (20 %) below the reference limit.6.3. Specifications Concerning Narrowband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated byVehicles.6.3.1. Method of MeasurementThe electromagnetic disturbances generated by the vehicle type presented for approval shallbe measured using the method described in Annex 5 at either of the defined antennadistances. The choice shall be made by the vehicle manufacturer.6.3.2. Reference Limit for Narrowband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated by the Vehicle.6.3.2.1. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 5 using a vehicle-to-antennaspacing of 10.0 ± 0.2 m, the radiation reference limit shall be 24 dB micro-Volts/m(16 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, increasing logarithmically (linearly) from24 to 35 dB micro-Volts/m (16-56 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band, (asshown in Appendix 3 to this Regulation), and remaining constant at 35 dB micro-Volts/m(56 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.3.2.2. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 5 using a vehicle-to-antennaspacing of 3.0 ± 0.05 m, the radiation reference limit shall be 34 dB micro-Volts/m(50 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, increasing logarithmically (linearly) from34 to 45 dB micro-Volts/m (50-180 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz frequency band, (asshown in Appendix 4 to this Regulation), and remaining constant at 45 dB micro-Volts/m(180 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.3.2.3. On the vehicle presented for approval, the measured values, expressed in dB micro-Volts/m(micro-Volts/m), shall be at least 2.0 dB, (20 %) below the reference limit.6.3.2.4. Notwithstanding the limits defined in Paragraphs 6.3.2.1., 6.3.2.2. and 6.3.2.3. of thisRegulation, if, during the initial step described in Annex 5, Paragraph 1.3, the signal strengthmeasured at the vehicle radio antenna is less than 20 dB micro-Volts (10 micro-Volts) overthe frequency range 76-108 MHz, then the vehicle shall be deemed to conform to the limitsfor narrowband electromagnetic disturbances and no further testing will be required.576.4. Specifications Concerning Immunity of Vehicles to Electromagnetic Radiation.6.4.1. Method of TestingThe immunity to electromagnetic radiation of the vehicle presented for approval shall betested by the method described in Annex 6.6.4.2. Vehicle Immunity Reference Limits.6.4.2.1. If tests are made using the method described in Annex 6, the field strength reference limitshall be 24 Volts/m r.m.s. in over 90 % of the 20 MHz to 1,000 MHz frequency band and20 Volts/m r.m.s. over the whole 20 MHz to 1,000 MHz frequency band.6.4.2.2. The vehicle representative of its type shall be considered as conforming to immunityrequirements if, during the tests performed in accordance with Annex 6, and subjected to afield strength, expressed in Volts/m, of 25% above the reference level, no abnormal change inthe speed of the driving wheels of the vehicle, no degradation of performance which wouldcause confusion to other road users, and no degradation in the driver's direct control of thevehicle can be observed by the driver or other road users.6.4.2.3. Thedirect control of the vehicle is exercised by means of, for example, steering, driver'sbraking, or engine speed control.S pecifications Concerning Broadband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated by 6.5.ESAs.6.5.1. Method of MeasurementThe electromagnetic radiation generated by the ESA representative of its type shall bemeasured by the method described in Annex 7.6.5.2. ESA Broadband Reference Limit6.5.2.1. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 7, the radiation referencelimit shall decrease logarithmically (linearly) from 64 to 54 dB micro-Volts/m(1,600-500 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, and increase logarithmically(linearly) from 54 to 65 dB micro-Volts/m (500-1,800 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz band,(as shown in Appendix 5 to this Regulation) and remain constant at 65 dB micro-Volts/m(1,800 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.5.2.2. On the ESA representative of its type, the measured values, expressed in dB micro-Volts/m,shall be at least 2.0 dB (20 %) below the reference limit.6.6. Specifications Concerning Narrowband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated byESAs.6.6.1. Method of MeasurementThe electromagnetic disturbances generated by the ESA representative of its type shall bemeasured by the method described in Annex 8.6.6.2. Reference Limits for Narrowband Electromagnetic Disturbances Generated by ESAs.6.6.2.1. If measurements are made using the method described in Annex 8, the radiation referencelimit shall decrease logarithmically (linearly) from 54 to 44 dB micro-Volts/m(500-160 micro-Volts/m) in the 30-75 MHz frequency band, and increase logarithmically(linearly) from 44 to 55 dB micro-Volts/m (160-560 micro-Volts/m) in the 75-400 MHz band,(as shown in Appendix 6 to this Regulation), and remain constant at 55 dB micro-Volts/m(560 micro-Volts/m) in the 400-1,000 MHz frequency band.6.6.2.2. On the ESA representative of its type, the measured values, expressed in dB micro-Volts/m,shall be at least 2.0 dB (20 %) below the reference limit.6.7. Specifications Concerning Immunity of ESAs to Electromagnetic Radiation.6.7.1. TestMethod(s)The immunity to electromagnetic radiation of the ESA represented for approval shall be testedby the method(s) chosen from among those described in Annex 9.6.7.2. ESA Immunity Reference Limits6.7.2.1. If tests are made using the methods described in Annex 9, the immunity test reference levelsshall be 48 Volts/m for the 150 mm stripline testing method, 12 Volts/m for the 800 mmstripline testing method, 60 Volts/m for the TEM cell testing method, 48 mA for the bulkcurrent injection (BCI) test method and 24 Volts/m for the free field test method.6.7.2.2. On the ESA representative of its type at a field strength or current, expressed in appropriatelinear units, 25 % above the reference limit, the ESA shall not exhibit any malfunction whichwould cause any degradation of performance which could cause confusion to other roadusers or any degradation in the driver's direct control of a vehicle fitted with the system.6.8. Exceptions6.8.1.Where a vehicle or electrical/electronic system or ESA does not include an electronicoscillator with an operating frequency greater than 9 kHz, it shall be deemed to conform toParagraphs 6.3.2. or 6.6.2. above and to Annexes 5 and 8.6.8.2.Vehicles which do not have electrical/electronic systems or ESAs involved in the direct controlof the vehicle need not be tested for immunity and shall be deemed to conform toParagraph 6.4. above and to Annex 6.6.8.3.ESAs whose functions are not essential to the direct control of the vehicle need not be testedfor immunity and shall be deemed to conform to Paragraph 6.7. above and to Annex 9.Discharge6.8.4. ElectrostaticFor vehicles fitted with tyres, the vehicle body/chassis can be considered to be an electricallyisolated structure. Significant electrostatic forces in relation to the vehicle's externalenvironment occur only at the moment of occupant entry into or exit from the vehicle. As thevehicle is stationary at these moments, no type approval test for electrostatic discharge isnecessary.6.8.5. ConductedTransientsSince during normal driving, no external electrical connections are made to vehicles, noconducted transients are generated in relation to the external environment. The responsibilityof ensuring that equipment can tolerate the conducted transients within a vehicle, e.g. due toload switching and interaction between systems, lies with the manufacturer. No type approvaltest for conducted transients is deemed necessary.7. AMENDMENT OR EXTENSION OF A VEHICLE TYPE APPROVAL FOLLOWING ESAADDITION OR SUBSTITUTION7.1.Where a vehicle manufacturer has obtained type approval for a vehicle installation andwishes to fit an additional or substitutional electrical/electronic system or ESA which hasalready received approval under this Regulation, and which will be installed in accordancewith any conditions attached thereto, the vehicle approval may be extended without furthertesting. The additional or substitutional electrical/electronic system or ESA shall beconsidered as part of the vehicle for conformity of production purposes.7.2.Where the additional or substitutional part(s) has (have) not received approval pursuant tothis Regulation, and if testing is considered necessary, the whole vehicle shall be deemed toconform if the new or revised part(s) can be shown to conform to the relevant requirements ofParagraph 6 or if, in a comparative test, the new part can be shown not to be likely toadversely affect the conformity of the vehicle type.7.3.The addition by a vehicle manufacturer to an approved vehicle of standard domestic orbusiness equipment, other than mobile communication equipment, which conforms to otherregulations, and the installation, substitution or removal of which is according to therecommendations of the equipment and vehicle manufacturers, shall not invalidate the vehicleapproval. This shall not preclude vehicle manufacturers fitting communication equipment inaccordance with suitable installation guidelines developed by the vehicle manufacturer and/ormanufacturer(s) of such communication equipment. The vehicle manufacturer shall provideevidence (if requested by the test authority) that vehicle performance is not adverselyaffected by such transmitters. This can be a statement that the power levels and installationare such that the immunity levels of this Regulation offer sufficient protection when subject totransmission alone i.e. excluding transmission in conjunction with the tests specified inParagraph 6. This Regulation does not authorise the use of a communication transmitterwhen other requirements on such equipment or its use apply.8. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTIONThe conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the Agreement,Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2), with the following requirements:8.1.Vehicles or components or ESAs approved under this Regulation shall be so manufacturedas to conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set forth in Paragraph 6above.8.2.Conformity of production of the vehicle or component or separate technical unit shall bechecked on the basis of the data contained in the communication form(s) for type approval setout in Annex 3A and/or 3B of this Regulation.。
【精品】电磁学词汇汉英文对照表
【关键字】精品电磁学词汇汉英文对照表A阿伏伽德罗常量Avogadro number安培ampère安培电流ampère – current安培(分子电流)假说ampère hypothesis安培环路定理ampère circuital theorem安全电压safe current安全电流safe currentB百分比（率，数）percent, percentage百万伏特megavolt, megV半波长half – wavelength半导体semiconductor饱和磁化强度saturated magnetization保守力conservative force保障丝fuse wire毕奥一萨伐尔定律Biot一Savart law边界条件boundary condition；比率ratio闭合电路closed circuit避雷针arrester并联电路parallel circuitC场梯度fied gradient充电charging畴domain串联电路series参考系reference system超导体superconductor超导转变温度superconducting transition temperature磁场强度magnetic field intensity磁畴magnetic domain磁单极子magnetic monopole磁导率permeability磁感应强度magnetic induction磁感应线magnetic induction line磁感应管magnetic induction tube磁菏magnetic charge磁化magnetization磁化电流magnetization current磁化率 magnetic susceptibility磁化强度magnetization磁极magnetic pole磁介质magnetic medium磁矩magnetic moment磁通量magnetic flux磁性magnetism磁致伸缩magnetostriction磁滞回线histeresis loopD电磁场electromagnetic field电磁感应electromagnetic induction单位矢量unit vector单位制system of units等势面equipotential surface等势体equipotential body电场electric field电场强度electric field strength电场线electric field line电导conductance电导率conductivity电动势electromotive force电负性electronegativity电功率electric power电荷electric charge电荷量子化charge quantization电荷守恒定律law of conservation of charge 电介质dielectric电矩electric moment电离能energy of ionization电量electric quantity电流electric current电流管current tube电流密度current density电流线lines of current电流元current element电偶极子electric dipole电容capacity电容器capacitor电容率permittivity电势electric potential电势差electric potential difference电势能electric potential energy电通量 electric flux电位移electric displacement电源source电晕electric corona电致伸缩electrostriction电中性electric neutrality电子electron电阻resistance电阻率resistivity叠加原理superposition principleF发电机generator法拉第电磁感应定律Faraday law of electromagnetic induction 分子磁矩molecular magnetic moment分子电流molecular currentG感生电动势induced electromotive force高斯定理Gauss theorem高斯面Gauss surface功work功率power共振resonance轨道磁矩orbital magnetic moment国际单位制（SI）system of international units (SI)过阻尼overdampingH恒流源constant current source恒压源voltage source恒定电流steady current静电力 electrostatic force静电能electrostatic energy静电屏蔽electrostatic screening静电平衡electrostatic equilibrium居里点Curie point绝缘体insulator抗磁性diamagnetism库仑定律Coulomb lawL临界阻尼critical dampingM麦克斯韦速率分布律Maxwell speed distribution摩擦起电electrification by frictionN耐压的voltage-proofO欧姆定律Ohm law偶极子dipoleP匹配match频率frequencyR剩磁remanent magnetismW位移电流displacement current涡流eddy current涡流损耗eddy current loss涡旋电场eddy electric field无功功率reactive powerY压电效应piezoelectific effect有功功率active powerZ自感` self-induction自感`电动势self-induction electromotive force自旋磁矩 spin magnetic moment自由电荷free charge阻尼振动damped vibration附录一科学家中英文姓名对照表安培Ampere, A.M. (1775-1836) 法国培根Bacon,Roger 英国库柏Cooper, L. N.库仑Coulomb, C.A. (1736-1806) 法国居里Curie, P. (1859-1906) 法国爱因斯坦Einstein, Aibert. (1879-1955) 德国法拉第Faraday, M. (1791-1867) 英国菲聂耳Fresnel, A . J. (1788-1827) 法国傅立叶Fourjer, J. B. J. (1768-1830) 法国富兰克林Franklin, B (1706-1790) 美国高斯Gauss,K. F. (1777-1855) 德国盖利克Guoricke, OttoVou (1602-1685) 德国霍耳Hall,E.H. (1855-1938) 美国哈密顿Hamilton, W.R. (1805-1865) 英国亨利Henry, J. (1797-1878) 美国赫姆赫兹Hejmholtz, H. V. (1821-1894) 德国赫兹Hertz, H. R. (1857-1894 德国焦耳Jouje, J. P. (1818-1889) 英国开尔文Kelvin (William Thomson) (1824-1907) 英国朗道Landao, L. D. 俄国拉普拉斯Laplace, P. S. (1749-1827) 法国愣次Lenz, H. F. E. (1804-1865) 法国洛伦兹Lorentz, H. A. (1853-1928) 荷兰麦克斯韦Maxwell, J. C. (1831-1879) 英国迈斯纳Mwissner, W.密立根Millikan, R. A. (1868-1953) 美国奥斯特Oersted, H. G.(1777-1851) 丹麦欧姆Ohm, G. s. (1787-1854) 德国昂纳斯Onnes, H. K. (1853-1926) 荷兰帕尔帖Peltier, J. C. A. (1785-1845) 法国泊松Poisson, S. D. (1781-1840) 法国坡印廷Poynting, J. H. (1852-1914) 英国西门子Siemens, W.斯托克斯Stokes, G. G. (1819-1903) 英国范德格喇夫Van der Graff, R. J. (1901-1967) 美国伏打Volta, C. A. (1745-1827) 意大利瓦特Watt, J. (1736-1819) 英国韦伯Webber, W. E. (1804-1891) 德国此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。
为什么天空是蓝色的
hy is the sky blue?A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.The white light from the sun is a mixture of all colours of the rainbow. This was demonstrated by Isaac Newton, who used a prism to separate the different colours and so form a spectrum. The colours of light are distinguished by their different wavelengths. The visible part of the spectrum ranges from red light with a wavelength of about 720 nm, to violet with a wavelength of about 380 nm, with orange, yellow, green, blue andindigo between. The three different types of colour receptors in the retina of the human eye respond most strongly to red, green and blue wavelengths, giving us our colour vision.Tyndall EffectThe first steps towards correctly explaining the colour of the sky were taken by John Tyndall in 1859. He discovered that when light passes through a clear fluid holding small particles in suspension, the shorter blue wavelengths are scattered more strongly than the red. This can be demonstrated by shining a beam of white light through a tank of water with a little milk or soap mixed in. From the side, the beam can be seen by the blue light it scatters; but the light seen directly from the end is reddened after it has passed through the tank. The scattered light can also be shown to be polarised using a filter of polarised light, just as the sky appears a deeper blue through polaroid sun glasses. This is most correctly called the Tyndall effect, but it is more commonly known to physicists as Rayleigh scattering—after Lord Rayleigh, who studied it in more detail a few years later. He showed that the amount of light scattered is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength for sufficientlysmall particles. It follows that blue light is scattered more than red light by a factor of (700/400)4 ~= 10.Dust or Molecules?Tyndall and Rayleigh thought that the blue colour of the sky must be due to small particles of dust and droplets of water vapour in the atmosphere. Even today, people sometimes incorrectly say that this is the case. Later scientists realised that if this were true, there would be more variation of sky colour with humidity or haze conditions than was actually observed, so they supposed correctly that the molecules of oxygen and nitrogen in the air are sufficient to account for the scattering. The case was finally settled by Einstein in 1911, who calculated the detailed formula for the scattering of light from molecules; and this was found to be in agreement with experiment. He was even able to use the calculation as a further verification of Avogadro's number when compared with observation. The molecules are able to scatter light because the electromagnetic field of the light waves induces electric dipole moments in the molecules. Why not violet?If shorter wavelengths are scattered most strongly, then there is a puzzle as to why the sky does not appear violet, the colour with the shortest visible wavelength. The spectrum of light emission from the sun is not constant at all wavelengths, and additionally is absorbed by the high atmosphere, so there is less violet in the light. Our eyes are also less sensitive to violet. That's part of the answer; yet a rainbow shows that there remains a significant amount of visible light coloured indigo and violet beyond the blue. The rest of the answer to this puzzle lies in the way our vision works. We have three types of colour receptors, or cones, in our retina. They are called red, blue and green because they respond most strongly to light at those wavelengths. As they are stimulated in different proportions, our visual system constructs the colours we see.Response curves for the three types of cone in the human eyeWhen we look up at the sky, the red cones respond to the small amount of scattered red light, but also less strongly to orange and yellow wavelengths. The green cones respond to yellow and the more strongly scattered green and green-blue wavelengths. The blue cones are stimulated by colours near blue wavelengths, which are very strongly scattered. If there were no indigo and violet in the spectrum, the sky would appear blue with a slight green tinge. However, the most strongly scattered indigo and violet wavelengths stimulate the red cones slightly as well as the blue, which is why these colours appear blue with an added red tinge. The net effect is that the red and green cones are stimulated about equally by the light from the sky, while the blue is stimulated more strongly. This combination accounts for the pale sky blue colour. It may not be a coincidence that our vision is adjusted to see the sky as a pure hue. We have evolved to fit in with our environment; and the ability to separate natural colours most clearly is probably a survival advantage.A multicoloured sunset over the Firth of Forth in Scotland. SunsetsWhen the air is clear the sunset will appear yellow, because the light from the sun has passed a long distance through air and some of the blue light has been scattered away. If the air is polluted with small particles, natural or otherwise, the sunset will be more red. Sunsets over the sea may also be orange, due to salt particles in the air, which are effective Tyndallscatterers. The sky around the sun is seen reddened, as well as the light coming directly from the sun. This is because all light is scattered relatively well through small angles—but blue light is then more likely to be scattered twice or more over the greater distances, leaving the yellow, red and orange colours.A blue haze over the mountains of Les Vosges in France. Blue Haze and Blue MoonClouds and dust haze appear white because they consist of particles larger than the wavelengths of light, which scatter all wavelengths equally (Mie scattering). But sometimes there might be other particles in the air that are much smaller. Some mountainous regions are famous for their blue haze. Aerosols of terpenes from the vegetation react with ozone in the atmosphere to form small particles about 200 nm across, and these particles scatter the blue light. A forest fire or volcanic eruption may occasionally fill the atmosphere with fine particles of 500—800 nm across, being the right size to scatter red light. This gives the opposite to the usual Tyndall effect, and may cause the moon to have a blue tinge since the red light has been scatteredout. This is a very rare phenomenon, occurring literally once in a blue moon.OpalescenceThe Tyndall effect is responsible for some other blue coloration's in nature: such as blue eyes, the opalescence of some gem stones, and the colour in the blue jay's wing. The colours can vary according to the size of the scattering particles. When a fluid is near its critical temperature and pressure, tiny density fluctuations are responsible for a blue coloration known as critical opalescence. People have also copied these natural effects by making ornamental glasses impregnated with particles, to give the glass a blue sheen. But not all blue colouring in nature is caused by scattering. Light under the sea is blue because water absorbs longer wavelength of light through distances over about 20 metres. When viewed from the beach, the sea is also blue because it reflects the sky, of course. Some birds and butterflies get their blue colorations by diffraction effects.Why is the Mars sky red?Images sent back from the Viking Mars landers in 1977 and from Pathfinder in 1997 showed a red sky seen from the Martian surface. This was due to red iron-rich dusts thrown up in the dust storms occurring from time to time on Mars. The colour of the Mars sky will change according to weather conditions. It should be blue when there have been no recent storms, but it will be darker than the earth's daytime sky because of Mars' thinner atmosphere.。
The Relevance of the Dipole Penguin Operators in $epsilon'epsilon$
which account for the magnetic and electric dipole part of, respectively, the QCD and electromagnetic penguin operators. In eq. (2), ta are the SU (3)c generators normalized as Tr(ta tb ) = (1/2)δ ab , while in eq. (3) Qd = −1/3 is the charge of the down quarks; σµν = (i/2)[γµ , γν ]. These operators have been left out in the past, together with Z penguins and electroweak box diagrams, because their Wilson coefficients exhibit, for light quark masses, a power-like GIM suppression [6], to be compared with the leading soft logarithmic behavior of the “monopole” component of the gluonic and photonic penguins. However, for a heavy top quark, there is no reason a priori to discard these contributions, which should be considered on the same grounds as Z penguins and electroweak box diagrams. In addition, Q11 and Q12 receive a large QCD renormalization due to the mixings with the other operators, as has been shown in the case of b → sγ [7]. The potential relevance of the dipole components of the gluonic and photonic penguins for ǫ′ /ǫ has been emphasized by one of us a few years ago [8]. Only recently has a quantitative attempt to estimate the relevance of Q11 appeared [9]. However, in ref. [9], only the multiplicative renormalization—which is by no means the leading effect—is taken into account. We also disagree on the evaluation of the hadronic matrix element that, we believe, is overestimated in ref. [9] by more than one order of magnitude (by a factor 8 using their method). The evaluation of the matrix elements is in fact the crucial point in determining the relevance of the two additional operators. As we shall see, while the contribution of the electromagnetic penguin Q12 seems to be vanishingly small, that of the gluonic Q11 should not be neglected. In fact, its Wilson coefficient turns out to be sizeably enhanced by mixing and the matrix element is not dramatically suppressed with respect to the other ten operators. 2. In order to compare meaningfully the relevance of the new contributions with the traditional ones, from now on we strictly follow the analysis presented in ref. [3]. The parameter ǫ′ /ǫ can be obtained by means of the Hamiltonian in eq. (1), which yields [3] Im λt ǫ′ (4) = 10−4 P (1/2) − P (3/2) , ǫ 1.7 × 10−4 where P (1/2) = r r P (3/2) = ω yi 2π, I = 0| Qi |K 0 (1 − Ωη+η′ ) yi 2π, I = 2| Qi |K 0 . 2 (5) (6)
电磁辐射和频率（Electromagneticradiationandfrequency）
电磁辐射和频率（Electromagnetic radiation and frequency）Two. Electromagnetic wave emissionElectromagnetic fields are formed when the electromagnetic field changes at a certain speed.The radiation energy of the electromagnetic wave is proportional to the four power of frequency,Improve the electromagnetic radiation method: reduce the L and C valuesThe electric field near the oscillating electric dipole at different times:1. the greater the frequency of electromagnetic waves, the greater the energy? What is the relationship between energy and wavelength?E=hvThe greater the frequency, the greater the energy is proportional to.2. what is the relationship between the wavelength and the frequency of electromagnetic waves?The velocity of electromagnetic wave is determined by the medium, vacuum is equal to the speed of light, air and slightly lower than the velocity of light and velocity = * frequency, the longer wavelength lower frequency and higher frequency andshorter wavelength.3. why is electromagnetic energy related to frequency and wavelength independent?Regardless of mechanical waves or electromagnetic waves, the total energy only and amplitude (proportional to the square of the amplitude) (electromagnetic wave equation by Maxwell launched S=E*H, Poynting vector, E H electric field magnetic field are proportional to Yu Zhenfu)The energy of each photon in an electromagnetic wave depends on frequency, but for a beam of light, energy is the sum of n of the energy of these photons, and N depends on the amplitude and frequency, which can counteract the frequency exactly.4. the energy of the electromagnetic wave depends on the frequency, the greater the frequency, the greater the energy,Proportional to the frequency four times5. what is the formula for calculating the energy of electromagnetic waves?From the wave theory of light, the electromagnetic energy density vector is E * H (both vectors)6. what is electromagnetic wave? What is electromagnetic field? What's radiation?Electromagnetic wave is a kind of motion form ofelectromagnetic field. Electricity and magnetism are two sides of one side. Currents produce a magnetic field, and a magnetic field produces an electric current. The change of the electric field and the magnetic field changes form a unified, can not be separated from the field of [1], which is the spread of electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field changes in the space form of electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic changes as the breeze ripples the surface, so called electromagnetic waves, is often referred to as waves.NatureWhen the electromagnetic wave is low, it is mainly transmitted by a visible conductor. The reason is that in the low frequency electric oscillation, mutual change between the magnetoelectric is relatively slow, almost all the energy return circuit and no energy radiated electromagnetic wave; frequency is high, which can transfer in free space, can also transfer the conductive body physical restraint. Transmission in free space is in the high frequency electric oscillation, magnetoelectric tautomerism is very fast, all the energy cannot be returned to the original oscillation circuit, power, and energy with the periodic change of electric field and magnetic field in the form of electromagnetic waves spread out into space, without medium can also transfer outward energy, this is a radiation. For example, the distance between the sun and earth is very distant, but in the outdoors, we can still feel the light and heat of warm sunshine, it is like "electromagnetic radiation by principle of energy transfer by radiation phenomenon.Electromagnetic wave is transverse wave. The magnetic field, electric field and the direction of the electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other, and the three are perpendicular to each other. The amplitude varies periodically along the vertical direction of propagation, and its strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. The wave itself is the driving force of energy, and the energy of any position is proportional to the square of the amplitude.Its speed is equal to the speed of light C (3 * 10 8 meters per second). The electromagnetic wave propagating in space is the same as the nearest electric field (magnetic field), and its magnitude is the largest. The distance between two points is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. The number of electromagnetic changes per second is the frequency f. The relation between the three can be obtained by formula c= lambda F.Refraction, reflection, diffraction, scattering and absorption occur when passing through different mediums. Electromagnetic waves carry ground waves that propagate along the ground, as well as airborne waves and sky waves. The longer the wavelength, the less attenuation, and the longer the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, the more likely it is to bypass the obstacles and continue to propagate.The mechanical and electromagnetic waves can \ \ \ refraction reflection diffraction interference occurs, because all of the waves with the wave particle two like reflection refraction. \ belongs to particle; diffraction interference for \ volatility.energyThe size of electromagnetic wave is determined by the Poynting vector, S=E * H, where s is the slope of India court vector, E H magnetic field strengthField strength. The E, H and S are perpendicular to each other to form the right-handed spiral relationship, i.e., the electromagnetic energy of the unit area in which S represents the unit time flowing perpendicular to it, in watts / m2.The internal and external fields of electric field and magnetic field are the unity and general term of electromagnetic field. The electric field with time changes the magnetic field, and the magnetic field with time changes the electric field. Electromagnetic fields can be caused by electrically charged particles that change at a speed, or by a strong or weak current. For whatever reason, the electromagnetic field travels around the speed of light to form electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic field is the carrier of electromagnetic action. It has energy and momentum, and it is a form of material existence. The properties and characteristics of electromagnetic field and the law of its motion change are determined by Maxwell equations.All objects in nature, as long as the temperature is above zero degrees of absolute temperature, in the form of electromagnetic waves constantly send heat to the outside world, this way of transmitting energy is called radiation. The energy emitted by an object through radiation is called radiant energy, orradiation. The radiation was calculated by roentgen / hour (R)One important feature of radiation is that it is "peer"". A body can radiate radiation to a second object, and at the same time a radiation to a target, regardless of the temperature of the object (gas). This is different from conduction, and conduction is one-way. Anyone who has been exposed to radiation has washed the whole body with soap and a lot of water and immediately sought the help of a doctor or specialist (a warning sign of "radioactive material danger, caution radiation")All objects in nature, as long as the temperature is above zero degrees of absolute temperature, in the form of electromagnetic waves constantly send heat to the outside world, this way of transmitting energy is called radiation. The energy emitted by an object through radiation is called radiant energy, or radiation. The radiation was calculated by roentgen / hour (R)One important feature of radiation is that it is "peer"". A body can radiate radiation to a second object, and at the same time a radiation to a target, regardless of the temperature of the object (gas). This is different from conduction, and conduction is one-way. Anyone who has been exposed to radiation has washed the whole body with soap and a lot of water and immediately sought the help of a doctor or specialist (a warning sign of "radioactive material danger, caution radiation")。
地球物理专业英语通用单词
Accuracy 准确度AGC: Automatic gain control. 自动增益控制。
Airy Hypothesis艾里假说alias:假频amplitude spectrum振幅谱antiroots反山根Bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格改正continuation延拓density密度density contrast密度差depth of compensation补偿深度dot chart布点量板double Bouguer correction双重布格改正downward continuation向下延拓elevation correction高程改正field continuation位场延拓figure of the earth大地水准面free-air anomaly自由空间异常free-air correction自由空间改正free oscillation of the earth:地球自由震荡gal伽geodesy:大地测量学geoid大地水准面gradiomanometer压差密度计：gradiometer梯度仪gravimeter重力仪gravitational constant万有引力常数gravity重力gravity anomaly:重力异常gravity meter比重计：gravity reduction:重力改正gravity survey重力调查gravity unit重力单位Gutenberg discontinuity:古登堡不连续面horizontal cylinder水平圆柱体isostasy:地壳均衡说：isostatic correction:均衡改正：latitude correction:纬度改正local gravity局部重力值normal gravity正常重力：Poisson's equation：泊松方程：Pratt hypothesis:普拉特假说second-derivative map:二次微商图：topographic correction地形改正torsion balance扭秤Worden:沃尔登重力仪aeromagnetic航空磁测Airborne magnetometer:航空磁力仪alternating-field demagnetization:交变场退磁：Curie point:居里点declination:磁偏角diurnal variation:日变ferrimagnetism:亚铁磁性：ferromagnetic:铁磁性的field intensity:场强fluxgate magnetometer:磁通门磁力仪gamma:伽马gauss:高斯：geomagnetic pole:地磁极geomagnetic reversal: 地磁极倒转：geomagnetic-variation method:地磁变化法：geometric sounding:电磁几何测深：inclination:倾角inductivity:感应率：local magnetic anomalies:局部磁异常magnetic basement:磁性基底：magnetic dip:磁倾角magnetic disturbance磁扰magnetic equator:地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux:磁通量magnetic intensity:磁场强度：magnetic interpretation methods磁测资料解释法magnetic meridian:地磁子午线：magnetic moment:磁矩：magnetic permeability:磁导率：magnetic polarization:磁极化：Magnetic pole:磁极：magnetic storms:磁暴：magnetization:磁化强度magnetometer:磁力仪：nanotesla:纳特斯拉：normal magnetic field:正常磁场oersted:奥斯特paleomagnetism:古地磁学：paramagnetic: 顺磁性的：permeability:磁导率，渗透率：polarity:极性：polarization:极化度，极化，偏振：reduction to the pole化向地磁极归极法：secular variation:长期变化：tesla:特斯拉weber:韦伯apparent resistivity: 视电阻率：conductivity:电导率：current electrode:供电电极：dielectric constant:介电常数：dielectric polarization:电介质极化：dipole array:偶极排列dipole-dipole array:偶极-偶极排列：electrical profiling:电剖面法：electrical sounding电测深electrical survey电法勘探，电测井electric field:电场electric susceptibility:电极化率：electrochemical SP:电化学自然电位：electrode电极：electrode equilibrium potential:电极平衡电位：electrode polarization:电极极化：electrode potential:电极电位electrode resistance:电极电阻：electrolyte:电解质：electromagnetic method:电磁法：electromagnetic spectrum:电磁波谱：electronic电子的ELF:极低频：EM:电磁的：emu:电磁单位：equipotential-line method:等位线法equipotential surface:等位面：far-field:远场：fixed-source method:定源法：free-space field:自由空间场：galvanometer:电流计heat flow unit:热流单位HFU:热流单位：horizontal-dipole sounding水平偶极测深induced polarization:激发极化：infinite electrode:无穷远电极：NMR核磁共振permittivity:电容率：polarization ellipse:极化椭圆：pole-dipole array:单极-偶极排列：pole-pole array:单极-单极排列：Primary field: 一次场：secondary field:二次场：self-potential:自然电位self-potential method:自然电位法skin depth:趋肤深度skin effect:趋肤效应sky wave:天波：sky-wave interference:天波干扰：SP:自然电位：spontaneous potential:自然电位：transient electromagnetic method:瞬变电磁法：abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用：acoustic声学的，声的acoustic impedance:声阻抗，波阻抗：acoustic wave: 声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave:空气波：angle of incidence:入射角：apparent velocity:视速度：apparent wavelength:视波长：arrival:波至：arrival time波至时间：attenuation:衰减average velocity:平均速度azimuth:方位角binary gain:二进制增益blind zone: 盲区：body waves:体波：break:波跳：buried focus effect:地下焦点效应：cable:电缆：chirp:线性调频脉冲:coefficient of anisotropy:各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的：common-depth-point:共深度点：common-depth-point stack:共深度点叠加：common-offset gather:共偏移距道集：common-offset stack:共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：common-range gather:共炮检距道集（选排）：Common reflection point: 共反射点：compressional wave:压缩波：configuration:排列形式：converted wave:转换波critical angle:临界角critical reflection:临界反射：curved path:弯曲射线路径deconvolution:反褶积：deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：diffraction: 绕射：diffraction stack:绕射叠加：dilatational wave:膨胀波dispersion:扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：Dix formula:Dix公式DSS:深地震测深：dynamic corrections动校正：earthquake:天然地震：earthquake seismology: 天然地震测震学：elastic:弹性的：elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance:弹性阻抗：elastic wave:弹性波：electrodynamic geophone:电动检波器：epicenter:震中：event:同相轴：expanding spread: 扩展排列：extended spread:纵排列fathometer:水深计：Fermat’s principle:费马原理：first arrival:初至：first break:初至波：floating datum: 浮动基准面flute槽focus:震源fold: 覆盖次数format:数据格式：Gardner method:加德纳法：gather:道集：geophone:地震检波器：geophone interval:检波距：ground roll:地滚波：group interval:组合间距：group velocity:群速度：guided wave:导波：hammer冲击锤：head wave:首波：：hodograph:矢端线：Hooke's law:虎克定律：horizontal stacking:水平叠加：Huygens principle:惠更斯原理：impedance:阻抗incident angle:入射角：interval velocity:层速度：Kirchoff diffraction equation:基尔霍夫绕射方程：law of reflection:反射定律：law of refraction:透射定律：least-time path:最短时程：Lg-wave: Lg-波：longitudinal wave:纵波：long-path multiple:全程多次反射波：long wave长波：love wave:勒夫波low-velocity layer:低速层：marker bed:标准层：migration: 偏移，运移：minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage:多次覆盖：multiplex:多路传输，多倍仪multiplexed format:多路编排格式：mute:切除：NMO: Normal moveout.正常时差。
Dipole Approximation(偶极近似)
Dipole ApproximationConsider an electrical field in the form of a linearly polarised, monochromatic plain wave withwave vector ,(114)Describe the interaction of the atom with the electrical field in dipole approximation: the energy ofa dipole in a field is given by . Treating the field classically, we obtain the time-dependent dipole Hamiltonian(115)where we used in the overlap integral (wave length dimension of atom, `dipole approximation'), and introduced(116)and the Rabi frequency(117) which in general is a complex number. The total system Hamiltonian therefore is(118)One usually assumes real , in this case we can formally writewith(119)补充：Expanded as a series, the exponential factor describing the x-ray radiation field at theabsorbing atom or molecule has the form1 + O(k) + O(k2) + ...,where k is the x-ray wave vector (2π/λ) and O(k n) comprises terms proportional to the nth powerof k. The dipole (or electric dipole) approximation refers to keeping only the 1, so it is also thezeroth-order approximation.MORE TROUBLE FOR THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATIONA multi-institutional collaboration comprising both theorists and experimentalists working at the ALS has mademeasurements of second-order nondipole effects in the angular dependence of the cross section for neon valen The finding potentially applies to a wide variety of x-ray photoemission studies, including gas-phase, surface-s materials-science work, where researchers may now need to account for the influence of higher-order nondipole standard dipole approximation conventionally applied to the interaction of x rays with matter.Expanded as a series, the exponential factor describing theFinding the Devil x-ray radiation field at the absorbing atom or molecule hasthe form1 + O(k) + O(k 2) + ...,where k is the x-ray wave vector (2π/λ) and O(k n ) comprises terms proportional to the nth power of k. The dipole (or electric dipole) approximation refers to keeping only the 1, so it is also the zeroth-order approximation.Within the dipole approximation, the differential cross section (cross section per unit solid angle) for angle-resolved photoemission with linearly polarized x rays is described by three quantities: the partial cross section, σ(h ν), the angular-distribution parameter, β(h ν), and the angle (θ) of the photoelectron trajectory relative to the polarization vector. When extracted from angular distributionmeasurements, σ(h ν) and β(h ν) provide information about the electronic structure of the atom and the molecule and the dynamics of the photoionization process. For example, at the "magic angle" θ = 54.7º, the angular term disappears and σ(h ν) is obtained.In the dipole approximation, a single termdescribeselectronangulardistributions as a function of the angle θ relative to the polarization, E, of the radiation.Higher-orderphotoninteractions lead to nondipole effects, which in the experiments reported here canbedescribedby twonewparameters and a second angle, φ, relative to the propagation direction, k, of the radiation.in the DetailsScientists studying atoms and molecules use x rays to determine the "electronic structure" comprising the electron orbitals and their characteristics. Photoemission is a good example. From the spectrum of kinetic energies and directions of travel of photoelectrons emitted from the atom or molecule after absorbing x rays, investigators can work backwards to reconstruct the electronic structure. However, this process requires theoretical models that not only accurately describe the interaction of the x ray with the atom or molecule but that are also solvable in a practical way. For this reason, scientists use as much as possible a simplification of the x-ray interaction called the dipole approximation. However, in the last few years, scientistsconducting very careful measurements at the ALS and elsewhere have found that in surprising circumstances the dipole approximation is not sufficiently accurate. A more accurate approximation with extra "first-order" corrections helped but did not eliminate the discrepancies between theory and experiment in every case. Now a collaboration of theorists and experimentalists working at the ALS has both calculated theeffects of even moresophisticated "second-order"corrections and experimentallyverified their importance atunexpectedly low energies.Researchers in several fieldsmay now need to take thesenondipole effects into account.It has long been known that this approximation is not valid for high photon energies (e.g., above 5 keV), where the photon wavelength is smaller than the size of the atom or molecule. In the last few years, groups working at the ALS and elsewhere have shown that additional first-order nondipole (specifically, electric quadrupole) terms are needed in the rare gases at lower photon energies and close to an ionization threshold. These terms involve two first-order energy-dependent parameters, δ(hν) and γ(hν), and a new angle variable (φ).At this level of approximation, the recent rare-gas experiments showed significant modifications of the photoelectron angular distributions compared to those expected within the dipole approximation, modifications that were in generally good agreement with the first-order calculations. However, when conducting the analysis for neon in terms of the γ(hν) for 2s photoemission and ζ(hν) (where ζ = 3δ + γ) for 2p photoemission, experimenters at the ALS noticed that some discrepancy remained, particularly for neon 2p photoemission.Theorists among the group calculated a general expression for the angle-resolved photoemission cross section including second-order contributions, which introduced four new energy-dependent nondipole factors dominated by electric-octupole and pure electric-quadrupole effects. Since no new angles were involved, the second-order corrections could then be recast in terms of effective values of γ(hν) and ζ(hν) for comparison with their measurements on neon.The group made this comparison for four geometries, two with θ at the magic angle where only nondipole terms are important, and two on a "nondipole cone" at an angle of 35.3ºaround the direction of the x-ray beam. Comparison of experiment with first-order theory yielded good agreement for both neon 2s and 2p photoemission for detectors on the nondipole cone, but in the magic-angle geometry, second-order corrections were needed, especially for neon 2p.Experimental and theoretical values of the first-ordercorrection terms γ2s and ζ2p for neon 2s and 2pphotoemission determined in "magic-angle" and"nondipole-cone" geometries.The complex angular dependence of the differential cross section means that which corrections to the dipole approximation are needed depends on the experimental geometry, but the new results demonstrate that researchers need to be ready to include nondipole effects through at least the second order in analyzing their results.Research conducted by A. Derevianko and W.R. Johnson (University of Notre Dame); O. Hemmers, S. Oblad, and D.W. Lindle (University of Nevada, Las Vegas); P. Glans (Stockholm University); H. Wang (Uppsala University); S.B. Whitfield (University of Wisconsin); R. Wehlitz (University of Wisconsin); and I.A. Sellin (University of Tennessee, Knoxville).Research funding: National Science Foundation, EPSCoR Program of the U.S. Department of Energy, and University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Operation of the ALS is supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.Publication about this experiment: A. Derevianko, O. Hemmers, S. Oblad, P. Glans, H. Wang, S.B.Whitfield, R. Wehlitz, I.A. Sellin, W.R. Johnson, and D.W. Lindle,"Electric-Octupole and Pure-Electric-Quadrupole Effects in Soft-X-Ray Photoemission,"Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2116 (2000).ALSNews Vol. 170, February 14, 2001The electric dipole approximationIn general, the wave-length of the type of electromagnetic radiation which induces, or is emitted during, transitions between different atomic energy levels is much larger than the typical size of a light atom. Thus,(845)can be approximated by its first term, unity (remember that ). This approximation is known as the electric dipole approximation. It follows that(846) It is readily demonstrated that(847) so(848) Using Eq. (844), we obtain(849)where is the fine structure constant. It is clear that if the absorption cross-section is regarded as a function of the applied frequency, , then it exhibits a sharp maximum at.Suppose that the radiation is polarized in the -direction, so that . We have already seen, from Sect. 6.4, thatunless the initial and final states satisfy(850)(851)Here, is the quantum number describing the total orbital angularmomentum of the electron, and is the quantum number describing the projection of the orbital angular momentum along the -axis. It is easilydemonstrated that and are only non-zero if(852)(853)Thus, for generally directed radiation is only non-zero if(854)(855)These are termed the selection rules for electric dipole transitions. It is clear, for instance, that the electric dipole approximation allows a transition from astate to a state, but disallows a transition from a to a state. Thelatter transition is called a forbidden transition.Forbidden transitions are not strictly forbidden. Instead, they take place at a far lower rate than transitions which are allowed according to the electric dipole approximation. After electric dipole transitions, the next most likely type of transition is a magnetic dipole transition, which is due to the interaction between the electron spin and the oscillating magnetic field of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Magnetic dipole transitions are typically about times moreunlikely than similar electric dipole transitions. The first-order term in Eq. (845) yields so-called electric quadrupole transitions. These are typically about times more unlikelythan electric dipole transitions. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions satisfy different selection rules than electric dipole transitions: for instance, the selection rules forelectric quadrupole transitions are . Thus, transitions which are forbidden as electric dipole transitions may well be allowed as magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole transitions.Integrating Eq. (849) over all possible frequencies of the incident radiation yields(856)Suppose, for the sake of definiteness, that the incident radiation is polarized in the -direction. It is easily demonstrated that(857) Thus,(858) giving(859) It follows that(860) This is known as the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule. According to this rule, Eq. (856) reduces to(861)Note that has dropped out of the final result. In fact, the above formula isexactly the same as that obtained classically by treating the electron as an oscillator.Electric Dipole Approximation and Selection RulesWe can now expand the term to allow us tocompute matrix elements more easily. Since and the matrix element issquared, our expansion will be in powers of which is a small number. The dominant decays will be those from the zeroth order approximation which isThis is called the Electric dipole approximation.In this Electric Dipole approximation, we can make general progress on computation of the matrixelement. If the Hamiltonian is of the form and, thenand we can write in terms of the commutator.This equation indicates the origin of the name Electric Dipole: the matrix element is of the vector which is a dipole.We can proceed further, with the angular part of the (matrix element) integral.At this point, lets bring all the terms in the formula back together so we know what we are doing.We will attempt to clearly separate the terms due to for the sake of modularity of the calculation.The integral with three spherical harmonics in each term looks a bit difficult, but, we can use a Clebsch-Gordan series like the one in addition of angular momentum to help us solve the problem. We will write the product of two spherical harmonics in terms of a sum of sphericalharmonics. Its very similar to adding the angular momentum from the two s. Its the same series as we had for addition of angular momentum (up to a constant). (Note that thingswill be very simple if either the initial or the final state have , a case we will work out below for transitions to s states.) The general formula for rewriting the product of two spherical harmonics (which are functions of the same coordinates) isThe square root and can be thought of as a normalization constant in anotherwise normal Clebsch-Gordan series. (Note that the normal addition of the orbital angular momenta of two particles would have product states of two spherical harmonics in different coordinates, the coordinates of particle one and of particle two.) (The derivation of the above equation involves a somewhat detailed study of the properties of rotation matrices and would take us pretty far off the current track (See Merzbacher page 396).)First add the angular momentum from the initial state and the photonusing the Clebsch-Gordan series, with the usual notation for the Clebsch-Gordancoefficients.I remind you that the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients in these equations are just numbers which are less than one. They can often be shown to be zero if the angular momentum doesn't add up. The equation we derive can be used to give us a great deal of information.We know, from the addition of angular momentum, that adding angular momentum 1 tocan only give answers in the range so thechange in in between the initial and final state can only be . For other values, all the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients above will be zero.We also know that the are odd under parity so the other two spherical harmonics musthave opposite parity to each other implying that , thereforeWe also know from the addition of angular momentum that the z components just add like integers, so the three Clebsch-Gordan coefficients allowWe can also easily note that we have no operators which can change the spin here. So certainlyWe actually haven't yet included the interaction between the spin and the field in our calculation, but, it is a small effect compared to the Electric Dipole term.The above selection rules apply only for the Electric Dipole (E1) approximation. Higher order terms in the expansion, like the Electric Quadrupole (E2) or the Magnetic Dipole (M1), allow other decaysbut the rates are down by a factor of or more. There is one absolute selection rule comingfrom angular momentum conservation, since the photon is spin 1. No totransitions in any order of approximation.As a summary of our calculations in the Electric Dipole approximation, lets write out the decay rate formula.。
电磁冲击探测器说明书
Electromagnetic Impulse Detectorn Indicates direction of faultn Works under all weather conditionsn Survives rough handling and transportn Long-lasting 9-volt batteryn Converts to voltage gradient tester withoptional earth frameDESCRIPTIONThe Electromagnetic Impulse Detector is composed of an amplifier module, a sheath coil and a carrying case. An optional earth frame and surface coil are available. The amplifier, sheath coil and surface coil fit into the carrying case.Sheath CoilThis coupler is placed directly on the surface of the cable under test to sense the magnitude and direction of the net electromagnetic field produced by the impulse current from an impulse generator.Amplifier ModuleThis module accepts output signals from either the sheath coil described above or either of the two optional sensors (surface coil and earth frame). It amplifies signals with a unique “stretching circuit.” A zero-center meter receives the amplifier output and indicates both magnitude and, more importantly, the direction of the fault. The gain of the amplifier (0 to 10,000) is controlled by a continuously variable control knob located on the right side panel.The three-position mode switch, located on the front panel, has selectable positions of IMPULSE AND TRACE for fault locating and cable route tracing. The LOW-HIGH EARTH VOLTAGE settings are used to locate cable faults usingthe earth gradient method. A BATTERY TEST switch also appears on the front panel.Optional Earth FrameThis is an earth gradient tester accessory that uses the above amplifier module for its readout. When impulse current or burn current leaking through the fault bypasses the shield or concentric neutral, the earth frame detects the direction and magnitude of the resulting voltage gradientin the earth. This valuable information is displayed on the meter.APPLICATIONSGeneralThe electromagnetic detector system is used primarily to localize faults on cable buried in conduit. It may also be used to localize faults on non-buried and direct-buried cable.When used with the optional surface coil, it is also possible to trace cable. When used with the optional earth frame, it is possible to pinpoint faults on direct-buried cable. Sheath CoilFor localizing faults on cable in conduit, a thumper must first be connected to the cable to provide impulse current surges. These surges produce momentary electromagnetic fields around the outside of the cable that may be detected by a sensitive coupler known as a sheath coil.The sheath coil is directional sensitive. It is marked with a large arrow which is always pointed toward the impulse generator. Its output is amplified and stretched by the amplifier unit and displayed on a zero-center meter. The user can readily see the direction in which the fault is located.These measurements with the sheath coil are made at access points such as manholes, cabinets and pull boxes. Comprehensive applications assistance is available from Megger, and is recommended for best results on complex conduit circuits.Optional Earth FrameFor pinpointing faults on direct-buried cable, a thumper must first be connected to the cable to provide impulse current. When this impulse current leaks through the fault in the cable under test, some or all of it passes through the adjacent earth on its way back to the impulse generator. This returning current generates a voltage gradient along the earth’s surface which can be detected by a sensitive voltmeter. The voltage detected near the fault is much stronger than at points farther away. Also, because the impulse current is in one direction only, it can readily determine whether the operator is ahead of or beyond the fault.Because of irregularities in the earth, the magnitude of the voltage detected along the route of the cable is sometimes deceptive. Consequently, it is advisable to look for the sharp reversal that occurs when the fault is passed.The earth frame provides a convenient means for contacting the earth’s surface at two in-line points along the route of the cable, evenly spaced. Magnitude and polarity are read on the amplifier unit. The low range is usedfor strong signals and the high range is used for weaker signals, providing all the flexibility usually required.The earth frame may also be used to detect a 60-Hertz signal through the cable under test, but only magnitude is detected to guide the operator to the fault.FEATURES AND BENEFITSn Exclusive output level meter with zero center shows both magnitude and polarity of impulse current.n Wide-range calibrated gain control adjusts to any application.n Compact, rugged, and weather resistant.n Optional surface coil for tracing route of underground cable from the impulse or burn signalSPECIFICATIONSDimensions: 14 H x 19 W x 8.75 D in. (36 H x 49 W x 23 D cm) Weight: 11.5 lb (5.2 kg)Optional Earth FrameWeight: 6 lb (2.7 kg)ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR FAULT LOCATING Megger PinpointerThe MPP2000 has beenin shielded, direct buriedcables by detecting boththe electromagnetic andacoustic pulses emittedfrom an arcing fault whenit is surged. The MPP2000provides detectionof acoustic emission,measurement of timedelay between acousticand electromagneticsignals, and distance anddirection to the fault.The MPP2000 can be used with any surge generator.UKArchcliffe Road, Dover CT17 9EN EnglandT +44 (0) 1 304 502101 F +44 (0) 1 304 207342 ******************UNITED STATES4271 Bronze WayDallas, TX 75237-1019 USAT 1 800 723 2861 (USA only)T +1 214 333 3201F +1 214 331 7399******************OThER TEChNICAL SALES OFFICESValley Forge USA, College Station USA,Täby SWEDEN, Sydney AUSTRALIA,Ontario CANADA, Trappes FRANCE,Oberursel GERMANY, Mumbai INDIA,Johannesburg SOUTh AFRICA, AargauSWITZERLAND, Chonburi ThAILAND,and Dubai UAEISO STATEMENTRegistered to ISO 9001:2000 Cert. no. 10006.01ELEC_IMP_DETECTOR_DS_en_V03Megger is a registered trademark。
微波辅助合成英语
微波辅助合成英语Microwave-Assisted SynthesisMicrowave-assisted synthesis, a revolutionary technique in the field of organic chemistry, has gained widespread recognition for its efficiency, versatility, and environmentally friendly nature. This powerful methodology has revolutionized the way chemists approach the synthesis of various organic compounds, offering significant advantages over traditional heating methods.At the core of microwave-assisted synthesis is the utilization of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This radiation interacts directly with the reaction mixture, causing the molecules to vibrate and generate heat through molecular friction and dipole rotation. This targeted heating approach leads to a rapid and uniform rise in temperature, dramatically accelerating the reaction kinetics and often resulting in higher yields and increased selectivity compared to conventional heating methods.One of the primary benefits of microwave-assisted synthesis is the significant reduction in reaction times. Whereas traditional heatingmethods can take hours or even days to complete a reaction, microwave irradiation can often complete the same process in a matter of minutes or even seconds. This time-saving advantage is particularly valuable in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries, where rapid optimization and scale-up are crucial for efficient and cost-effective production.Another compelling aspect of microwave-assisted synthesis is its ability to promote the formation of novel and complex molecular structures. The intense and localized heating generated by microwaves can drive the formation of products that may be difficult to obtain through conventional heating methods. This unique property has been exploited in the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds, including heterocyclic molecules, natural products, and pharmaceutically relevant compounds.Importantly, microwave-assisted synthesis also offers environmental benefits. By reducing reaction times and energy consumption, this technique contributes to a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to chemical synthesis. Additionally, the precise control over reaction conditions and the ability to use smaller reaction volumes can lead to a significant reduction in waste production, further enhancing the green credentials of this method.The versatility of microwave-assisted synthesis is another keyadvantage. It can be applied to a diverse range of organic transformations, including esterifications, oxidations, reductions, cycloadditions, and cross-coupling reactions, among others. This versatility has led to its widespread adoption in both academic and industrial settings, where it has become an indispensable tool in the arsenal of modern organic chemists.Furthermore, the development of specialized microwave reactors and instrumentation has further expanded the capabilities of this technique. These advanced systems allow for the precise control of temperature, pressure, and irradiation power, enabling researchers to fine-tune reaction conditions and optimize the synthesis of target compounds.In the field of medicinal chemistry, microwave-assisted synthesis has played a crucial role in the rapid development and optimization of drug candidates. The ability to quickly screen and synthesize large numbers of compounds has accelerated the drug discovery process, leading to the identification of promising lead compounds and the efficient exploration of structure-activity relationships.Beyond organic synthesis, microwave-assisted techniques have also found applications in a variety of other scientific disciplines, such as materials science, analytical chemistry, and even biology. The versatility and efficiency of this approach have made it an invaluabletool for researchers working in diverse fields.In conclusion, microwave-assisted synthesis has emerged as a game-changing technique in the world of organic chemistry. Its ability to dramatically reduce reaction times, promote the formation of novel structures, and contribute to more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices has cemented its place as an indispensable tool in the modern chemical laboratory. As research and development in this field continue to progress, the impact of microwave-assisted synthesis is poised to grow even further, revolutionizing the way we approach the synthesis of complex organic compounds.。
Organic Chemistry
Organic ChemistryOrganische ChemieThis course is about the composition, structure, property and application of organic chemicals.Isomerism(同分异构体): are molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures.Hydrogen bond: is the electromagnetic attractive interaction between polar molecules, in which hydrogen (H) is bound to a highlyelectronegative atom, such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F). The name hydrogen bond is something of a misnomer, as it is not a true bond but a particularly strong dipole-dipole attraction, and should not be confused with a covalent bond.The hydrogen bond is stronger than a van der Waals interaction, but weaker than covalent orionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins.Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory. The fundamental concept of this theory is that an acid (or Brønsted acid) is defined as being able to lose, or "donate" a proton (the hydrogen cation, or H+) while a base (or Brønsted base) is defined as a species with the ability to gain, or "accept," a proton.Water is amphoteric and can act as an acid or as a base. In the reaction between acetic acid, CH3CO2H, and water, H2O, discussed in the above section, water acts as a base. CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO− + H3O+The acetate ion, CH3CO2−, is the conjugate base of acetic acid and the hydronium ion, H3O+, is the conjugate acid of the base, water.Water can also act as an acid, for instance when it reacts with ammonia. The equation given for this reaction is:H2O + NH3OH− + NH4+in which H2O donates a proton to NH3. The hydroxide ion is the conjugate base of water acting as an acid and the ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of the base, ammonia.Lewis acid refers to a definition of acid specifically: An acid substance is one which can employ an electron lone pair from another molecule in completing the stable group of one of its own atoms.A Lewis base, then, is any species that donates a pair of electrons to a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, OH− and NH3 are Lewis bases, because they can donate a lone pair of electrons.Saturated hydrocarbon(C n H2n+2)Chiral(手性): an object or a system is chiral if it is not identical to its mirror image, that is, it cannot be superposed(叠加) onto it.Unsaturated hydrocarbon: alkenes(烯烃) and alkynes(炔烃) have unsaturated bonds.trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane Alkenes hydrogenation reaction, example: CH2=CH2+H2→CH3-CH3Markovnikov's rule states that for HX+alkenes, the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogen atoms while the X component is added to the carbon with the fewer number of hydrogen atoms.Alkenes+Sulfuric acid to produce alcohol, example:CH3CH=CH2+H2SO4→CH3-CH2-OSO3HCH3-CH2-OSO3H+H2O—heat→CH3CH2OH + H2SO4Alkenes reacts with HOX(X can be H, F, Cl, I, -COR)CH2=CH2+HOX→CH3-CH2OXHalogen(卤素) additive reaction: when a hydrocarbon has both the double bond and the acetylenic(乙炔的) link, the additive reaction for the double bond is first than acetylenic link.How to make acetylene:CaO+3C→CaC2+CO, CaC2+2H－OH→Ca(OH)₂+CH≡CH↑Benzene:Halogen additive reaction(with catalyst):Many important chemicals are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group, e.g. Phenol(苯酚)When there are two same substituents on benzene ring, there are 3 types of configuration: O-benzene(邻), M-benzene(对), P-benzene(间)。
天线 翻译
天线翻译Antenna is a device that is used to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. The word "antenna" is derived from the Latin word "antenna", which means sailyard. It was first used in the late 19th century to describe a device used for radio transmission and reception.Antennas play a crucial role in communication systems, such as radio and television broadcasting, wireless communication, and satellite communication. They convert electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.There are various types of antennas, each designed for specific applications. The most common type of antenna is the dipole antenna, which consists of two conductive elements that are aligned parallel to each other and are fed by an electrical signal. Dipole antennas are widely used in radio and television broadcasting.Another common type of antenna is the parabolic reflector antenna, which consists of a curved reflective surface and a feed element at its focus. The curved surface reflects the incoming electromagnetic waves to the feed element, which converts them into electrical signals. Parabolic reflector antennas are used in satellite communication systems, where they provide high gain and directivity.Yagi-Uda antenna is another popular type of antenna, especially in the field of amateur radio. It consists of multiple linear elements, with one element acting as the driven element and the others asdirectors or reflectors. Yagi-Uda antennas are known for their high gain and directionality, making them suitable for long-range communication.In recent years, with the development of wireless communication technology, compact and portable antennas have become increasingly popular. These antennas, such as patch antennas and microstrip antennas, are designed to be small and lightweight, making them suitable for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.The design and optimization of antennas involve a combination of electromagnetic theory, physics, and engineering. The goal is to maximize the efficiency, gain, directivity, and bandwidth of the antenna while minimizing its physical size and interference with other components.In addition to their use in communication systems, antennas also have applications in other fields, such as radar systems, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, and wireless power transfer.In conclusion, antennas are essential components in communication systems. They enable the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves, allowing us to communicate over long distances wirelessly. With the advancement of technology, antennas have become more compact and portable, expanding their applications in various fields.。
等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在城镇地质灾害调查中的应用
等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在城镇地质灾害调查中的应用高远【摘要】受岩溶及采空区的影响,湖南某煤矿附近出现了几个塌陷坑,危及居民的生命财产安全.为了查明附近的岩溶分布范围,采用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法进行探测.通过在调查区开展了6条线的等值反磁通瞬变电磁法工作,发现已知塌陷坑在探测结果中为低阻异常,其探测结果与已知情况吻合.结果表明,该方法在城镇中的探测效果较好,能够为城镇地质灾害调查提供详实的资料.【期刊名称】《煤田地质与勘探》【年(卷),期】2018(046)003【总页数】5页(P152-156)【关键词】等值反磁通瞬变电磁法;地面塌陷;岩溶;采空区;城镇【作者】高远【作者单位】湖南省煤炭地质勘查院,湖南长沙410014【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P631目前，国家对地质灾害的防范与治理非常重视，特别是湖南省，近几年来相继投入了大量人力、物力对全省范围内开展地质灾害调查，主要地质灾害有滑坡、地面塌陷、地面沉降等。
而地面塌陷近几年来在湖南省内发生较多，大多发生在老矿山附近。
2016年7月4日，在连日暴雨后，湖南省某煤矿附近地面出现4个塌陷坑，最大坑口直径达18 m，造成一栋房屋倒塌，一名人员受重伤。
受当地国土资源局委托，湖南省煤炭地质勘查院承担了本次地面塌陷调查工作。
根据前期野外地质调查，塌陷区主要为灰岩地层，塌陷坑主要由地下岩溶引起的。
为了查明调查区的岩溶分布情况，需要在调查区开展一定的物探工作。
由于工作区内房屋密布，很多民用电线来往穿梭于工作区上方，工作区地面多为水泥路面或水泥坪，还有一条省道穿过，开展直流电法或地震方法则测线不好布置，特别是无法在水泥地面布置电极；开展常规频率域电磁法或瞬变电磁法则无法避开工作区内的电线干扰。
经过多次讨论与研究，决定采用等值反磁通瞬变电磁法(Opposing Coils Transient Electromagnetics Method, 简称 OCTEM)[1-5]，所用仪器为HPOCTEM-08型高精度瞬变电磁系统，该系统由湖南五维地质科技术有限公司研发研制的。
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a r X i v :h e p -p h /0506055v 1 6 J u n 2005Alberta Thy 01-05UVIC-THY-05-01IFT-12/2005The electromagnetic dipole operator effect on ¯B →X s γat O (α2s)I.Blokland 1,2,A.Czarnecki 1,M.Misiak 3,M.´Slusarczyk 1,4,and achov 51)Department of Physics,University of Alberta,Edmonton,AB T6G 2J1,Canada 2)Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of Victoria,Victoria,BC V8P 5C2,Canada3)Institute of Theoretical Physics,Warsaw University,00-681Warszawa,Poland 4)Institute of Physics,Jagiellonian University,30-059Krak´o w,Poland5)Institute for Nuclear Research,Russian Academy of Sciences,Moscow,117312,Russian FederationThe flavor-changing electromagnetic dipole operator O 7gives the dominant contribution to the ¯B →X s γdecay rate.We calculate two-loop QCD corrections to its matrix element together with the corresponding bremsstrahlung contributions.The optical theorem is applied,and the relevant imaginary parts of three-loop diagrams are computed following the lines of our recent t →X b W calculation.The complete result allows us to test the validity of the naive non-abelianization (NNA)approximation that has been previously applied to estimate the NNLO QCD correctionto Γ(¯B →X s γ)/Γ(¯B →X u e ¯ν).When both decay widths are normalized to m 5b,R in the samerenormalization scheme R ,the calculated O (α2s )correction is sizeable (∼6%),and the NNA estimate is about 1/3too large.On the other hand,when the ratio of the decay widths is written as S ×m 2b,(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p)(q)(r)(s)(t)(u)(v)(w)(x)(y)(z)(aa)(ab)(ac)(ad) FIG.1:Three loop self-energy diagrams required for the O α2s computation.Thick solid closed loops in(ab,ac,ad)depict massive(b quark)loops.Thin solid closed loops in(y),(z),(aa)denote massless fermions.From the latter diagrams wefind also the contributions of gluon and ghost loops,as explained in the text.α2sβ0effect found in Ref.[19]and also provide theα2s corrections that are not enhanced byβ0.With this result,we can check the extent to which theβ0effect is dominant.The conclusion turns out to depend very much on what renormalization scheme is used for the overall factor of m5b in the expression for the decay rate.Since the result obtained here is only a partial contribution to the future full NNLO correction,we present a number of intermediate results and describe in detail our renormalization procedure.We hope that this will simplify the utilization of our result when the remaining ingredients are known at the NNLO level.The paper is organized as follows.In Section II,we describe the calculation of the relevant diagrams as well as their renormalization.Section III is devoted to presenting our main results and discussing the large-β0approximation.We conclude in Section IV.Contributions from particular diagrams are listed in the Appendix.II.THE CALCULATIONThe decay rate of b into s ,γ,and up to two gluons or a light quark pair can be written asΓ(b →X partons γ)E γ>E 0=G 2F αem m 2b (µ)m 3bMS running mass of the b quark.The effective [20]Wilsoncoefficientsintherelevantlow-energy theory are denoted by C effi (µ).The photon energy cutoffE 0is assumed to be significantly below the endpoint,i.e.m b −2E 0≫ΛQCD .This is a necessary condition for the perturbative decay width (1)to bea good approximation for Γ(¯B→X s γ)E γ>E 0.In this paper,we focus on the contribution of the operatorO 7=em b (µ)4πX 1+αsMS schemes are omitted in Table I and in the remainder of this section.Diagrams with closed gluon or ghost loops are not shown explicitly in Fig.1,since their contribution can be found from the total contribution of the light fermions.To this end,after computing the light-fermion diagrams,we replace (see for example Ref.[25])T R N L →T R N L −C A 58ξ+ǫ18ξ+32+316ξ2 +O ǫ3 .(5)Let B 3denote the sum of all the three-loop diagrams from Table I,after performing the above replacement.Ourfinal result for G 77(0,µ)is found according to the following formulaG 77(0,µ)=1MS m Z 4πZ m 2ǫb B 2+(Z OS m −1)B m2 + αs m 4ǫbB 3 +O α3s ,(6)whereB 1=16+16ǫ+32−16ǫ+4963π2+ǫ 848−80π2−256ζ3 +O ǫ2(8)stand for the one-loop (Born)diagram and the sum of two-loop diagrams,respectively.TheMSm Z4πC F 4π 2CF36C A −199T R N f +12C F −113T R N f+O α3s(9)is found from the anomalous dimensions published in Ref.[26].The on-shell renormalization constant of the quark field can be written as [27]Z OSψ=1+αs (µ)4π2P 2+O α3s ,(10)whereP 1=C F −3µ+ǫ−8+8lnm bµ+O ǫ2,(11)P 2=C F (T R N L P L +T R N H P H +C F P A +C A P NA ),(12)andP L =−23ǫ+1133π2−76µ+8ln 2m bǫ−8µ+9473π2−44µ+24ln 2m b2ǫ2−12724+5π2−8π2ln 2+12ζ3+215µ−22ln 2m b2ǫ2+14−18lnm b8−13π2+16π2ln 2−24ζ3−51lnm bµ+O (ǫ).(16)Mass renormalization in the b quark propagators is accounted for by squaring these propagators in the two-loop diagrams,which turns B 2intoB m2=C F 14πP 1+O α2s.For completeness,theone-loop gauge coupling renormalization constant should also be mentionedZ 4π 43C A +O α2s.(18)III.RESULTSOur final results for the contributions to G 77(0,µ)readX 1=C F 16µ−427+−323 ln m b 3ln 2m b 27π2,X H =71269π2+8µ+16µ−1627π2,X NA =−13339π2+18ln m b 3ln 2m b 6ζ3−27π2ln 2+11990π4,X A =28253π2+50µ+8ln 2m b 3ζ3+54π2ln 2−31945π4.(19)The complete (logarithmic and constant)contribution of the light quark loops has already been foundinRef.[19].However,the decay width was normalized there with m 5b rather than with m b (µ)2m 3b as in Eq.(1)here.In order tocompare with that study,we multiply our result for G 77by m 2b (µ)/m 2b .In other words,we writeΓ(b →X partons γ)E γ>E 0=G 2F αem m 5b4πX 1+αs MS mass m b (µ)is now known to the three-loop order [28].Here,we only need it to two-loops [29]m b (µ)4π−4+6ln m b4π2 T R N L 713π2−52µ+8ln 2m b6−83lnm bµ+C F7µ+18ln 2m b24−4π2ln 2+43ln m bµ.(23)Using the above relation,we obtainX 1=C F−8µ−427−32µ+64µ+16ζ3+20081−32µ+64µ−1627π2, X NA =−213319π2+424µ−176µ+25108π2+4336− 643 ln m b µ−2892π2+53µ+64.0ln 2m bµ−163.6ln 2m b192π3|V ub |2G u .(27)From the results Ref.[31],one findsG u ≃1−9.65αs (µ)4π 2−340.7+148.0lnm b4π+ αsµ+O α3s .(29)Dividing our results by Γ(b →X partonu e ¯ν)and expanding up to O α2s,we obtainπV tb V ∗ts 2Γ(b →X parton s γ)E γ>E 0G u=m 2b (µ)G u,(30)andG77(0,µ)4π−11.45+21.33ln m poleb4π 2−325.5+278.6lnm bµ≃1+αs (µ)µ + αsµ+64.0ln 2m bG uNNA≃1+αs (µ)µ+αs µ−163.6ln 2m bG u≃1+αs (µ)µ+αsµ−26.7ln 2m b 4π−0.78+5.33lnm b (µ)4π 2−8.5+87.5lnm bµ,(33)G 774π−0.78+5.33lnm b4π2−39.9+100.6lnm bµ.(34)Note that (G 77/G u )NNA differs from (G 77)NNA /(G u )NNA .The latter quantity gives a worse approximation to thecomplete result.The same is true for G77.In order to indicate where the renormalization of m b matters in the above expressions,we have introduced the superscript “pole”for the pole mass.Actually,no renormalization of m b needs to be performed when evaluating the O α2sterms in the NNA approach.However,it is mandatory to identify the mass in this approach with the pole mass because it often originates from the square of the external momentum.Comparing the µ-independent terms in Eqs.(31)–(34)one concludes that the perturbation series converges muchbetter and the NNA gives a better approximation for G 77/G u rather than for G77/G u .This observation confirms that the normalization of the top quark contribution to the b →sγamplitude which was applied at the NLO in Ref.[30]indeed helped in reducing the NNLO contributions that were unknown at that time.As far as the charm-sector amplitude is concerned,no conclusion can be drawn yet,because several important NNLO ingredients are still missing.We have checked that the µ-dependent terms in the complete (i.e.,non-NNA)expressions for G77(0,µ)=G 77(0,µ)m 2b (µ)/m 2b cancel out (analytically)with the corresponding ones that originate from the Wilson coefficientC eff7(µ)=C (0)eff7(µ)+ αs (µ)4π 2C (2)eff7(µ)+O α3s .(35)Of course,it does not mean that the quantity C eff7(µ) 2G 77(0,µ)is µ-independent at O α2s —other operatorsneed to be included for a complete cancellation,for instance,O 8=gm b (µ)particular,setting the matching scaleµ0to m t(m t)and the low-energy scaleµto m b(m b),wefindC t eff7(m b(m b))=C t(0)eff7(m b(m b)) 1−7.25 αs(m b)4π 2+O α3s ,(37)C t eff8(m b(m b))=C t(0)eff8(m b(m b)) 1−5.21 αs(m b)4π 2+O α3s .(38)Thus,no large corrections to the Wilson coefficients are being observed,which means that the NNLO QCD corrections to C t eff7 2G77/G u are significantly smaller than to C t eff7 2 G77/G u.Among the dipole operator contributions,there are still missing two-loop matrix elements of O8and the O α2s corrections to the interference of amplitudes arising from O7and O8.The set of master integrals in the form available so far[24]is not sufficient for those calculations.The reason is that the imaginary parts of those integrals are presented as sums over all cuts,while in the case of O8we sometimes have cuts which do not correspond to the decay b→sγ. Thus,it would be desirable to recalculate the master integrals in such a way that each individual cut contribution is known separately.If that were done,one could apply the same algebraic reduction of all integrals to the set of master integrals,keeping track of the relevant cuts.This would give an analytic result for G78(0,µ).A calculation of G88(E0,µ)would be much more difficult because of the IR divergences at E0→0and collinear divergences at m s→0.Fortunately,the effect of G88on the decay rate is suppressed by the square of the down quark charge or, more precisely,by(Q d C8/C7)2∼0.03.Consequently,the O α2s corrections to G88(E0,µ)are negligible.IV.CONCLUSIONSWe have evaluated two-loop QCD corrections to the matrix element of O7together with the corresponding bremsstrahlung contributions.The size of the resulting(partial)O(α2s)correction toΓ(¯B→X sγ)/Γ(¯B→X u e¯ν). depends very much on the conventions for the factors of m b that normalize the decay rates.When both of them are 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2Fǫ232−32ξ+8ξ2+13−10483ξ2+296329ξ+4156(b)23ζ3−48π2ξ+22445π4+96ξ+16ξ2C FC F −C A1ǫ64−643π2+4163ξ2+17923π2ξ−32π2ξ2−144π2+1289ξ+4880(d)2ǫ2−16−32ξ−16ξ2+13−6643ξ2−47249ξ−5318(e)1ǫ−643ξ2+128−256ζ3ξ−3203π2+649ξ2C FC F −C A 19−512ζ3+96π2ξ−1123ξ−524(g)1ǫ3203ξ+3209−64π2ξ−32π2ξ2−32π2+100489ξ2C 2Fǫ28+16ξ+8ξ2+13+3443ξ2+28789ξ+2878(i)1ǫ−8563ξ+3209+32π2ξ−32π2ξ2+64π2−108449ξ2C 2Fǫ264ξ−32ξ2+13π2ξ−1283ξ−6403π2ξ+48π2ξ2−8969ξ−10192(k)23π2+64(l)1ǫ−32+643π2−4163ξ2−352+256ζ3ξ+256ζ3+4163π2−83369ξ2C 2Fǫ2−32ξ−32ξ2+13π2ξ+643ξ−6403π2ξ+64π2ξ2+3209ξ−10048(n)1ǫ−643ξ2−128−256ζ3ξ−3203π2ξ2+12845π4+368ξ+3920(o)2ǫ64+16ξ2+43603ζ3−48π2ξ−163π2ln 2−224π2+2243ξ2TABLE I:Imaginary parts of three-loop self-energy diagrams in a general covariant gauge.TopologyC 2Fǫ2736−400ξ+16ξ2+13−32483ξ2+1366409ξ+5024(q)2ǫ2128−32ξ−16ξ2+13+2243ξ2+142649ξ−5024(r)1ǫ−1280+643π2+18883ξ2−7184+256ζ3ξ−2048ζ3−5923π2+352969ξ2C FC F −C A1ǫ64−643π2+4163ξ2−200803π2ξ−16π2ξ2+384π2ln 2−3529π4+38729ξ2−11ǫ−96+32π2ξ+64π2−432ξ−176ξ2−1040+672ζ3ξ+768ζ3+256π2ξ+643π2−3523ξ−968ξ2−1272+288ζ3ξ−192ζ3+6445π4−320ξ−11ǫ−1424−8ξ+192ξ2−242003π2ξ−32π2ξ2+8483ξ2−11ǫ408+540ξ+168ξ2+74203ξ2−11ǫ−96+32π2ξ+64π2−432ξ−176ξ2−960+480ζ3ξ+1152ζ3+7843π2ξ2+432π2−7043ξ−968ξ2T R C Fǫ2[−32]+13+32(z)13T R C Fǫ264ǫ10249π2+129283ζ3+3968(ab)1ǫ−102415+64π2T R C Fǫ[16]+32(ad)13+19+256405+256ζ3−64。