Argumentation-and-Exposition
(argumentation议论文
Group Competition
Find out the key words of the sentences. Bicycles are very popular around the world nowadays. People ride bicycles for exercise and enjoyment.
Summary of Argumentation
Exercise: 1. Read Text 1 and find out the topic sentences or summarize the main idea of each paragraph Para 1 : Honesty is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. Para 2: With the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Para 3: Dishonest people can get benefit sometimes, but they will surely be disclosed and punished. Para 4: Dishonest people will become infamous, while only honest people will earn respect and trust.
Summary of Argumentation
Step 2: Writing a Summary Read the passage and decide what kind of article it is. (argumentation议论文 议论文, (argumentation议论文, narration 记叙文,exposition说明文) 记叙文,exposition说明文) ,exposition说明文 Find out the topic sentences or summarize the main idea of each part Write it in the third person
专业读写(unit2)
Psychology in daily life
What is psychology?
Psychology is the study of human behavior and thinking.
Psychology is important
ourselves teachers patients athletes
When you have a question about your emotional
health, psychologists can be a great resource.
When you want to ask about your emotional health, psychologists are the right people you can turn to for help.
Part 3(para8-9) the meaning of good psychological health Part 4(para10-11) the ways to maintain good mental health Part 5 (para12-13) the relationship between good psychological health and good physical health
quotations
A positive attitude will have positive results because attitudes are contagious.
If you are always looking at the bright side of things, this attitude will have good results because
Argumentation and Exposition
What is argumentation?
Argumentative essay is a text that establishes a claim or position which aims to convince the reader that its ideas are true, or, at least, worth considering.
convincing or persuading.
While exposition does not always contain argumentation, argumentation always contains exposition!
Strategies for argumentation
Lecture 4
Understanding Paragraphs
Beggars do not envy millionaires, though of course they will envy other beggars who are more successful.
"Hope is the poor ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้an's bread."
What is exposition?
It is a type of writing in which the writer communicates to the reader his opinion about a topic or an issue and provides material to inform or explain the opinion.
Exposition is further divided into Examples, process, definition, classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect
英文写作课件：议论文写作
How to write conclusion
议论文的结尾要重申作者的观点，以加强论证效 果。以下是套路：
1).Since there are so many advantages to do A /B, it is not difficult to understand why I… (因为做有A/B这么 多好处，所以不难理解我为什么选A/B) 例如：
14
When asked about where to spend the leisure time, some people prefer to spend their free time outdoors; others, however, prefer to spend their leisure time indoors. As to me, I choose the second way / method / approach. The following reasons can account for my inclination.
Since there are so many advantages to live in a city, it is not difficult to understand why I prefer city life.
3
a. There are many benefits to have a good breakfast. (Mere statements of facts)
b. Is it important to have a good breakfast?
a. Ba Jin is my favorite author (not to lead to dispute( Statements of personal preference)
英文写作,如何写散文
Chapter 6 Composing Essays6.2 Types of WritingThere are four types of writing: description, narration, exposition and argumentation.1. DescriptionGenerally, description is concerned with people, places and things. It is the art of translating the mental image (意象)of some object , person, place, or scene into words. It is a way of painting images in a certain logical pattern. The writer intends to tell how something looks like, sounds like, smells like, tastes like, or how one feels.2. Basic Elements of DescriptionAll descriptions involve two elements: the object –that which is seen or heard, and the observer— he who also sees or hears it.描写性文章有两大要素——描写对象和观察主体。
3. Basic Types of DescriptionDescriptions can be divided into two basic types: the objective and the subjective. Objective description attempts to report accurately the appearance of the object as a thing in itself, independent of the observer’s perception of it or feeling about it.(描写文可以分为两种：客观描写和主观描写。
八种英文写作手法具体
八种英文写作手法具体English Answer:1. Narration: The chronological recounting of events through the use of descriptive language and dialogue.2. Description: The vivid portrayal of a person, place, thing, or event using sensory details and figurative language.3. Exposition: The explanation and clarification of a topic or concept through the use of facts, examples, and evidence.4. Argumentation: The logical presentation of a claim or thesis, supported by evidence and reasoning.5. Persuasion: The attempt to convince the reader to adopt a specific point of view or take a particular action.6. Comparison and Contrast: The examination of similarities and differences between two or more subjects.7. Analogy: The comparison of two different things to highlight a common feature or principle.8. Metaphor: The implicit comparison of two unlikethings to create a vivid image or convey a hidden meaning.中文回答：1. 记叙文，通过使用描述性语言和对话来按时间顺序记述事件。
怎样如何用英语怎么写作文
怎样如何用英语怎么写作文英语作文的形式有说明文（exposition），议论文（argumentation），叙述文（narration）和描写文（description）四种。
不论写哪一种作文，你都必须首先选词（word），造句（sentence），然后组段（paragraph），成文（composition）。
因此，中学生学习用英语写作文最好不要一开始就忙于追究说明文怎么个写法，议论文怎么个写法等等，而应该花一定的时间和精力练习写作文的基本功，也就是学习和获取选词、造句、组段、谋篇的知识和能力。
一、遴选词汇（wording） 1、分辨语体。
英语词有书面语体和口语体之分。
写作文时，应多用书面语词为主，少用口语词，以便使作文的语体和用词的色彩和谐一致。
2、识别词义。
英语里面有许多同义词，还有一词多义的情况。
选词造句的时候必须注意自己在使用词语的哪一个意思，以及能不能那样用。
3、明确词性。
英语有一词多性的现象，也有同一个词根派生出几个单词，它们的含义大致相同，但词性各不相同。
4、注意拼写。
5、使用词典。
写作文应当勤查词典。
对拼写、移行、发音、词性，词义或用法有疑问，都可以向词典求教。
词典有两大类，汉英词典和英汉词典。
同学们应该试用一下英汉双解词典，并逐渐过渡到使用英-英词典，即用英语解释英语的词典，这对准确掌握词义，学习多种表达方式很有好处。
二、组织语句sentence-making 句子是表达意思相对完整的语言单位。
尤其是书面语言，起码是句子作为表述单位。
造句首先要注意语法问题。
1、主谓齐全。
作为一个句子，在一般情况下都应具备主语和谓语尤其是谓语动词是必不可少的。
2、关系一致。
英语的谓语动词是手主语支配的。
因此，主谓关系要一致。
同时，代词指代关系的一致，句子前后时态关系的一致等等。
3、词序恰当。
英语词的词序有些是有规则可循的。
即： who + do + what + how + where + when+ why. 有些要根据作者强调的重点调整位置。
argumentation 议论文特征
ArgumentationAims：1．Knowing to define the term,2．Comparing this style of writing with exposition, description, and narration3．Knowing requirements of a GOOD argumentative essay4．Knowing how to outline an augmentative essay: three parts.Procedure: （theory-practice）The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related --- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.Although they can take different shapes, argumentative essays have certain basic features in common. If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:(1) A debatable pointIt is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something which can be viewed from more than one angle and is therefore open to dispute. Generally speaking, the following are not good themes.1) Mere statements of facts“Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations”is a fact that cannot be debated. But if it is changed into “acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations”, it becomes debatable.2) Statements of personal preference“Ba Jin is my favorite author” expresses personal preference which does not lead to dispute. But a statement like “Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of the 20th century” is disputable and sufficient evidence should be provided.3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verifiedIt is universally known that “noise pollution is harmful to people’s health”, but it is not generally accepted that “noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution”. The former viewpoint can be proved, but the later is arguable.(2)Sufficient evidenceSince the point of your paper is not a fact, a statement of personal taste, or a viewpoint universally accepted, you will have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities. Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the point to be proved.(3)Good logicIt is obvious that good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other typesof writing. All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. Any fallacy in logic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument.There are generally two ways of reasoning:1)Inductive reasoning (from specific facts to a general conclusion)Inductive reasoning is the more common way. When you use induction, you start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.2)Deductive reasoning (from a general statement to a specific conclusion)The process is just the opposite of inductive reasoning --- it moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. It works on the model of syllogism --- a three-part argument in which there are two statements, known as the major premise and the minor premise, and a conclusion.Here is an example of a syllogism:A.All human beings make mistakes. (a general statement)B.X is a human being.C.Therefore, X makes mistakes. (a specific conclusion)From the above example we can see that the major premise must be an accepted generalization, and the minor, a factual example of that generalization. If A and B are true, C, the conclusion, is bound to be true.You must be very careful about your premises, especially your major premise, such statements as “all students love to study” and “women are more imaginative than men” are not generally accepted, and therefore cannot be used as major premises.(4)Clear logicA typical argumentative essay consists of three parts:an introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion; a body which presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed.In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views. Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arrangedA.from the least important to the most important,B.from the most familiar to the least familiar, andC.from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult.(5)Good use of the other three types of writing --- description, narration, andespecially the various methods of exposition(6)An honest and friendly attitudeTo argue is not to quarrel or fight. The force of an argument does not come from abuse, sarcasm, exaggeration, or fierce attack, but from solid evidence, logical reasoning, and careful analysis. A domineering or hostile tone could only raise doubts about your good faith and impair the credibility of your argument, whereas an honest and friendly attitude will help win the trust of your readers.Take care that you neither overstate or understate, and avoid overuse of such words and phrases as “perhaps”, “maybe”, “sometimes”, “more often”, “nearly always”, “I think”, or “in myopinion”, which invariably weaken the force of your argument.ModelsThe Harmful Effects of the Multiple-Choice TestThe multiple-choice test is a common examination form that is widely used as a standard international testing method in various academic fields, especially in language testing. Some educators and teachers embrace it as a most scientific test form for its objectivity, accuracy and high efficiency of grading test papers. However, after many years of application, investigation and research, other teachers and educators have admitted that to judge students’ real and practical abilities, such testing method has many limitations and drawbacks. In my opinion, for all its efficiency, objectivity and validity, the multiple-choice test should not be widely used for the examinations of academic courses on campus.Those who argue for the advantages of the multiple-choice test believe that such tests can greatly improve the accuracy and speed of test paper grading. The standardized answer sheets of such test make it possible for computers to replace men to grade the papers. Undoubtedly, the computerization of test paper grading not only improve the speed of grading test papers, but also eliminates the subjective factors of bias or preference that can not be totally avoided by those who grade them. Here, computers or electronic devices are considered as the norm for scientific testing method. It may be safe to check manufactured products by electronic devices for their qualities. Yet, to check the real abilities and potentials of complex human beings, such devices and such testing method are far from enough. In fact, many problems from such testing do exist.First of all, it is convenient for students to cheat in the multiple-choice test. The standardization of answer sheets makes it easier for students to plagiarize others’ answers. The choices of A. B. C. D. are most clearly printed on the answer sheets or test papers. With only a quick glance, any student who attempts to cheat in the exam can surely steal the correct choice from whoever is nearby and whoever is considered as a good student. What’s more, some students may have some secret deal among themselves in the exam, delivering generous service to the needed. In this case, even when they are separated from each other with considerable distance by the proctor/invigilator, they can still succeed. The proctor may feel quite helpless because even though they sometimes see or feel students cheating, they cannot pinpoint or prove how the students are cheating in the exam. This in a way encourages the students’ misconduct and leads to their ethical degradation.Secondly, the multiple-choice test is often like a gambling. Doing well in such an exam is in some way becoming a matter of chance. According to the law of probability, if a question has four choices, then the probability of the right answer will be as high as 25%. Even is a person, absolutely ignorant of knowledge of that subject, take part in the multiple-choice test, he will have 25% chances of getting the right answer, just by guess. Because of this characteristic, some students’ attitude and attention to study may be quite misled and their capability and flexibility may be weakened. For example, we used to answer the multiple-choice tests at middle schools. When we come to college and face a problem of answering various questions in more details by writing or by speaking, we are at a loss, not to mention our difficulty in writing Englishcompositions.Thirdly, the multiple-choice test fails to evaluate the students’ abilities thoroughly, especially their potential abilities. Owing to the nature of such a test form, the four letters on the answer sheet cannot reveal the thought process of the students who take the exams. We all know that thought process is the reflection of one’s abilities and potentials in many different ways, and that process is often much more important than the test results themselves in telling the real abilities of the students. Therefore, the answers chosen on the answer sheet do not truly correspond to the students’ practical abilities.Fourthly, such a method of testing can seriously affect the students’ way of studying. Since the multiple-choice test demands no writing, students tend to develop a very passive way of receiving knowledge and responding to the questions related to the knowledge, and therefore neglect the abilities of actively and creatively using what they have learned. This is especially harmful for language study that requires constant actual practice. It may lower the students’interest and intelligence in their studies and lead to the failure of our educational purposes. After all, how can we meet the complex challenge of modern society with simple “A. B. C. D.” ?From the above cases of evidence and analysis, it is clear that the multiple-choice test should not dominate the examinations of our academic courses. It may be used partially for some specific purposes for some courses, but extensive use of the multiple-choice test at various levels of our educational institutions will surely impoverish the quality of our education and of our students.Is English Writing Necessary for English Majors?English writing is generally the most difficult one in the language competence required for the students majoring in English, considering the great pains student writers take and the slight progress they make in their practice. Most of the beginners think there is no need to practice writing English compositions since their writing skills in Chinese are quite sufficient, and English writing is after all not quite practical for their future work. However, English writing, as a very important part of students’ general language competence and as a means of expressing oneself andof spreading knowledge and information, is necessaryand essential for English majors.1)T he difficulty ofEnglish writing baffles(=confuses) some students so much that they turn to their Chinese skills for help. That is natural. In fact, their Chinese writingskills do help their English writing, especially in generating and organizing ideas and details. Meanwhile, Chinese writing is different from English writing in sentence structure and paragraph organizations and their differences in expressions are certainly even bigger. Simply translating Chinese word for word into English cannot make good English writing. Other students hold a wrong view of English learning. They think to learn English is just to memorize a large vocabulary, to master the grammar and to speak fluent English. Once they are proficient in those areas of English, they can naturally handle English writing well. To correct such a one-sided view, one thing must be kept in mind, that is, spoken English is not equal to written English. Oral speech is often rather loose and flexible withoutprecise and proper arrangement. Oral English uses simple everydaylanguage while written English comprises complicated words andsentence structures. Therefore, written English is more demanding,and it requires intentional and intensive practice. English writingcourse can serve this purpose.The students’laziness in observing and thinking partly accounts for their reluctance to practice writing. Writing sharpens and improves thinking. English writing canhelp students develop the habit and ability of thinking in English and become generally more competent in English. Composition topics can be varied yet close to life. If students have a good habit of observing life and thinking constantly, they won’t bump into (=accidentally meet) topics with empty heads. Keen observation and deep thoughts are necessary for good English writing, and they are also signs for well-educated people.Writing can also strengthen students’abilities in comprehension and oral English. Writing is creative work. After brainstorming, various ideasand pictures may pop into their minds and some beautiful sentences may be written down on a piece of paper, which will last long in their memory. Their written English skills may help to polish and beautify their spoken English and make their oral expression precise and elegant. Writing involves lots of reading. When reading others’ writing, they will be sensitive to various styles and that will quicken their reading speed and comprehension.Furthermore, English writing is in fact a most practical tool in students’future career. It willbe used in writing telexes, business letters, research papers and public speeches. Every kind of writing has its special style, which needs a careful study and strenuous practice. yet all those are based on essential skills in English writing that will be covered in an English writing course.Finally, the required competence forEnglish majors differs from other English learners. English majors are not limited to the command of anyparticular sphere of the English language, but they must have all-round competence in terms of listening and reading comprehension, spoken abilities and writing skills in English, so that they can adopt themselves to various situations in their future work.No one is born capable of everything. Hard work is the premise of success. To be able to use English freely, we do not only have to read a lot, speaka lot, but also write a lot. English writing practice consolidates(=strengthen)students’overall English competence and enables them to express their ideas and feelings in a more precise, graceful and permanent form.。
Writing Review(整理打印版)
Writing ReviewⅠ. Writing Process——Chapter 1z Prewritingz Draftingz Revisingz Editingz A final draftGood essay writing is a flexible process usually consisting of at least five main non-linear stages,usually called prewriting, drafting, revising,editing, and producing a final draft.Ⅱ. Thesis statement——Chapter 2For the writing process, the thesis statement, even when it’s implied and not openly stated, is the most important idea of your composition; it outlines the central purpose of your writing in one place.Ⅲ. Rhetorical Patterns of Writing——Chapter 3z Descriptionz Narrationz Exposition---Exemplification, Comparison, and Contrast, Cause and Effect, Process, Classification and Division, Definitionz Argumentation and Persuasion1. Description——Chapter 5z Pure description is like a painting, where time stands still; while skillful descriptive is like shooting a scene, and it can appeal to all our five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch.z Description is the record of our five senses in vivid language.z Order: Space, Time(Chronological), Order of importance2.Narration——Chapter 6z Narration, along with description and exposition(writing that explains), is one of the three classes of writing.---Narration means telling of an event/incident or a series of events/incidents.z Order: straightforward (chronological order), flashback (a jump back in time), flash-forward (a jump forward in time)---Compressing (speeding up of time gone by) and expanding (slowing down of time) are two more tactics that writers use to create the desire effect for certain portions of their story.z Purposez Dialogue/conversation---Dialogue or conversation lends realism to narration passage.z Point of view---Generally narrative essays are written from the first person point of view.---Biographies and histories have to use the third person.---Fiction embraces both points of view.3. Exposition/Expository writingNarration, description and exposition (writing that explains) are the three general classes of writing.3.1 Exemplification——Chapter 7z Exemplification, sometimes called illustration, or writing with examples, is a very common and powerful form of expository writing that presents and elaborates on an idea or opinion through memorable examples.z Types of examples:---Qualitative Examples①extended examples or anecdotes(传闻，逸事)；An anecdote is a brief, sometimes entertaining narrative, or a brief and concise accountof a person experience unconnected to any larger narrative.②analogies(类比)；An analogy is an extended comparison, usually between two things which are verydifferent, but which share a common quality.③allusions(暗喻，隐喻)；Allusions are references to things outside of the essay.④hypothetical examples(假想例子).Oftentimes hypothetical examples are used in scientific writing as a way of generalizing the qualities of a variety of specific cases.---Quantitative Examples①descriptive examples②lists3.2 Comparison and Contrast—— Chapter 8z Comparison and contrast is a rhetorical pattern which presents either the similarities or the differences between two objects or ideas.z In a comparison and contrast composition, the significance or value of the presentation lies in the reason for doing the comparison and contrast.3.3 Cause and Effect——Chapter 9z A cause and effect pattern of organization presents the reasons and factors that contribute toa particular event or phenomenon, or the results of an event or phenomenon that has occurred,or is likely to occur.z The thesis of a cause and effect presentation focuses on the importance, or relevance, of those results. For this reason, a cause and effect composition usually follows non-linear or indirect patterns of organization.3.4 Process——Chapter 10z A process rhetorical pattern of organization explains methods in sequential order. Process writing explains to readers how something is done, how it works, or how it occurs.z There are two types of process compositions——directional or prescriptive and informational.3.5 Classification and Division——Chapter 11z A classification and division pattern of organization is a rhetorical pattern which divides an object into several types and classifies each one of them into a particular group or category.3.6 Definition——Chapter 12z A definition pattern of organization presents an extended definition or explanation of a concept or idea.4. Argumentation and Persuasion——Chapter 13z Persuasion is based on three appeals, logos, pathos and ethos, perfected by Greek classical scholars. Logos refers to reason; Pathos is an attempt to manipulate your emotions; Ethos refers to the character of the person making the appeal.z Argumentation/Persuasion attempts to convince readers to follow the ideas or views of a writer.Ⅳ. Common Writing errors1. Its / It’s confusionIts time to go home. →It’s time to go home.Every idea has it’s own idea. →Every idea has its own idea.2. Possessive apostrophe errorThey--- her’s, their’s your’s →Hers, theirs, yours3. Missing comma in a series of thingsHong Kong, Macao, Zhongshan and Guangzhou are all cities in the prosperous Canton Delta. →Hong Kong, Macao, Zhongshan, and Guangzhou are all cities in the prosperous Canton Delta.4. Missing comma after an introductory phrase.After two weeks of rail the West River flooded several cities in the South.→After two weeks of rain, the West River flooded several cities in the South.5. Comma sliceI really enjoyed my trip to Yunnan, it was so beautiful and peaceful there.→I really enjoyed my trip to Yunnan; it was so beautiful and peaceful there.The young waiter saved money, and went to evening classes.→The young waiter saved money and went to evening classes.6. Missing comma in compound sentences with different subjects.Mr. Chen spent a good deal of time with the Indian businessman in Shanghai and the two of them talked a lot about economic development.→Mr. Chen spent a good deal of time with the Indian businessman in Shanghai, and the two of them talked a lot about economic development.7. Student writers must distinguish between an essential (restrictive) clause and a non-essential (non-restrictive) clause.My cousin, who is in the blue uniform, likes coffee.My cousin who is in the blue uniform likes coffee.8. ArticlesComputer is useful. →A computer is (Computers are) useful.She is student. →She is a student.Give me idea. →Give me an idea.He gave me an information. →He gave me some information.The nature is an asset to Yunnan tourism. →Nature is an asset to Yunnan tourism.9. Not knowing the distinction between countable and uncountable nouns causes problems.I gave him many advices. →I gave him much advice.The transportations in China are efficient. →The transportations in China is efficient.She wears many expensive jewelries. →She wears much expensive jewelry.10. Unclear pronoun referenceThe girl and her friend knew that she should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that she herself should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that her friend herself should leave.→The girl and her friend knew that Helen should leave.11. Wrong / Missing prepositionsDifferent fromDifferent thanWhich one is more correct?12. There is no distinction between gerunds and infinitives in Chinese, so they are often used incorrectly with certain verbs.I agreed doing this. →I agreed to do this.I expect graduating in June. →I expect to graduate in June.She delayed to go home. →She delayed going home.He practiced to drive a car. →He practiced driving a car.13. Wrong or missing endings (inflections)Who & WhomWho is the speaker today?To whom am I speaking to?14. The verb to be.He good. →He is good.They here yesterday. →They were here yesterday.We going now. →We are going now.15. Inappropriate word choiceGeorge is a very strong and pretty man. Helen is an attractive and handsome woman.→George is a very strong and handsome man. Helen is an attractive and pretty woman.16. Nouns and adjectives often have the same form in Chinese, but not in English.He is very success. →He is very successful.To go there at night is danger. →To go there at night is dangerous.That is a beauty painting. →That is a beautiful painting.17. Subjects, pronouns in particular, are often omitted in Chinese, whereas they are rarely omitted in English sentences.Came early yesterday afternoon. →He came early yesterday afternoon.Good for us to be here. →It is good for us to be here.Is an excellent university in Hong Kong.→It / The Chinese University is an excellent university in Hong Kong.18. Tense shift (Tense in Chinese is not usually indicated by verb inflections or endings. Adverbs or adverbial phrases of time or the discourse context are generally sufficient markers of tense.)I traveled to Hunan last year. I eat much delicious and spicy food when I am there.→I traveled to Hunan last year. I ate much delicious and spicy food when I was there.19. Wrong tenseLast week I fly to Beijing. →Last week I flew to Beijing.I give you the money back next week. →I will give you the money next week.Last year we go to Singapore. →Last year we went to Singapore.He visit me yesterday. →He visited me yesterday.20. Subject-verb agreement (Chinese does not require noun-verb agreement for person, number, and gender, so it is often ignored in English.)The audience need to have a tea break. →The audience needs to have a tea break.She study science right now. →She studies science right now.David seek a job in Beijing. →David seeks a job in Beijing.Angela is the boss; he is in charge. →Angela is the boss; she is in charge.21. Unnecessary shift in personWhen one reads the daily English newspaper, you should not always use the dictionary.→When one reads the daily English newspaper, he (or she) should not always use the dictionary.22. Pronoun agreement errorEveryone is entitled to their own opinion. →Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion.23. Plural forms in Chinese are optional.Many time he came to see me. →Many times he came to see me.I’ve got fifty dollar. →I’ve got fifty dollars.I’ve completed several lab assignment. →I’ve completed several lab assignments.24. In Chinese, adjective clauses precede the nouns they modify, producing some incorrect word order in English.He is a getting wise person. →He is a person who is getting wise.It is the left-side book. →It is the book on the left-side.The from America fast food is unhealthy to eat on a daily basis.→The fast food from America is unhealthy to eat on a daily basis.25. Sentence fragmentsEating rice daily. →I eat rice daily.26. Run-on sentencesResearchers investigated several possible vaccines for the avian flu virus then they settled on the one developed in the laboratory of Guangzhou Respiratory Research Institute a very prestigious medical research institute located in the heart of Guangzhou.→ Researchers investigated several possible vaccines for the avian flu virus, and then they settled on the one developed in the laboratory of Guangzhou Respiratory Research Institute, a very prestigious medical research institute located in the heart of Guangzhou.Ⅴ. Rhetoric/Figures of Speechz simile(明喻)Simile: like, as, as~ as, as if , as thoughMy brain was powerful as dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as scalpel.as sharp as a needleas tight as a drumas cool as a cucumberz metaphor（暗喻）Metaphor: be, get, turn, becomeThe empress of natural science is mathematics. The crown of mathematics is number theory.And Goldbach’s conjecture is the most precious jewel on the crown.Laws are like cobwebs, they catch flies but let hornets go free.z Personification（拟人）A widow bird sat mourning for her love.z hyperbole（夸张）His legs bestride the ocean; his reared arm crested the world.z understatement（保守陈述）--- litotesIt isn’t very serious, I have this tiny tumor on the brain.z synecdoche（提喻、举隅）A hungry stomach has no ears.China beat Italy in the football match.A mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French person.The law came to catch the armed robber.She made her living by her needle.A weak creatureThe knight plunged his steel into the bandit’s throat.z metonymy（转/ 换喻）The kettle boils.The chair is calling for order.Only the knife can save him.Grey hairs--- old ageA complete Shakespeare--- worksMinds--- brainPaper and ink--- written wordsz euphemism（委婉）Die , W.C.亡，故，卒，弱，逝，殪，毙，殂，陨，薨，崩，殁，殒perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, croak, depart, drown, fall, hang, demisez parallelism（排比）The first degree of folly is to hold one’s self wise, the second to profess it, the third to despise counsel.z antithesis（对偶）That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.一孤舟，二客商，三四五六水手，扯起七八叶风蓬，下九江，还有十里十里运，九里香，八七六五号轮，虽走四三年旧道，只二日，胜似一年z alliteration（头韵）Apt alliteration’s artful aid is often an occasional ornament in prose.sink or swimweal and woehem and hawForewarned, forearmed.z oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）--- Paradox（精警）A deafening silencea mournful optimistsweetest bitternessAll great truths begins as blasphemies.z transferred epithet（移就）Jubilant bonfiressleepless nights酒入愁肠，化作相思泪。
英语议论文argumentation
In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views.
A
17
Sufficient evidence
Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities.
way to collect funds for social welfare projects. language is a tool for communication. My favorite food is fish. Pollution is harmful to people’s health.
narration , and exposition作文类型
narration , and exposition作文类型narration 记叙文、argumentation 议论文、exposition 应用文、description说明文等。
在英语中议论文和说明文都属于说明性的写作,两者的区别在于前者旨在阐明观点,而后者在于阐释明理。
1英语中四种体裁
1、narration 记叙文：
记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。
2、argumentation 议论文：
议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。
作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。
3、exposition 应用文：
应用文是人类在长期的社会实践活动中形成的一种文体，是国家机关、政党、社会团体、企业事业单位在日常工作、生活中处理各种事物时，经常使用的具有明道、交际、信守和约定成俗的惯用格式文体。
4、description 说明文：
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。
它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的
概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识，从而获得有关的知识。
Narration & Exposition
• Argumentation: cause and proof (原因和证据)
3. Patterns of development within exposition
decided by the length of the story. A long story such as a novel may have many characters.
3 Basic Elements
Plot
What’s the difference between story and plot?
A form of composition by means of which we give explanations of facts, ideas, methods and principles. The purpose of exposition is to make our meaning clear to the understanding of our hearers and
show that “apple” refers to a combination of
features possessed by no other thing.
a symbol: a combination of sounds made by the vocal apparatus or a certain combination of letters that stand for these sounds.
• Purpose
英#文写作名词解释
What is a summary?A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary?It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own.It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas.It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea.The goal of a summary?It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc)Paragraph unityA unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it.How to achieve paragraph unity?Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence.Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point.Prove or develop the point;don’t merely repeat it.Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow.How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story?Divide the story into smaller parts.Summarize each part in one sentence.Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story.What is a narrative paragraph?A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet?Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end.It includes as little conversation as possible.Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions.Here are some common time linking words/expressions.Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection )A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer’s train of thought(= a related series of thoughts)An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way.How to achieve paragraph coherence?Arrange sentence in a clear order.Use correct pronounsUse correct linking words and expressions.What is exposition?Exposition is explanatory writing.Its purpose is to explain or clarify a point.Patterns of expositionExemplificationProcess analysisCause-Effect analysisComparison and contrastClassificationDefinitionAnalogyWhat is exemplification?Exemplification is a method of supporting a thesis statement with a series of specific examples or sometimes,with a single extended example.It is one of the most common and most useful means of developing a paragraph or an essay.What is an essay?An essay is a related group of paragraphs written for some purpose.Types of essaysEssays can be classified into types,or modes,according to their purposes.Narrative essays relate a sequence of events,whether factual or not.Descriptive essays create a word picture of a scene,a person,or an object.Expositive essays explain--to inform,instruct,clarify,illustrate,or define.Argumentative essays state an opinion and defend it logically.Basic structure of an expositive essayAn expositive essay has three parts:A beginning called the introduction.A middle called the body.An end called the conclusion.Elements of the expositive essayOutliningThesis statementTitleTransitionWhat is an outline?An outline is a method of organizing materials in logical order.It is a list that shows the main ideas and the structure of something you are planning to write.In other words,it is a plan for a piece of writing.Constructing an outline makes the writing of your essay easier.Types of outline1.Topic outline,which uses only key words and phrases.2.Sentence outline,which uses complete sentence.Format(the arrangement ,design,or organization of something)A topic outline looks like this:Thesis:In my first year at college,I learned to spend my money wisely.What is process analysis?A process analysis is a step-by-step explanation of how to do something,or how somethingworks/done or made,or something happened.What is process analysis used for?1.To give directions to people who want or need to perform the process.(giving instructions )2.To give information to those who want to understand the process but may not actually perform it.(giving information)3.To explain how something happened.(giving the history)What are the major types of process analysis?1.Directive process analysis which is aimed at explaining how to do or make something.rmative process analysis which is aimed at explaining how something is done/works or how something took place/happened.What is comparison/contrast?Comparison/contrast is a method of developing a paragraph or an parison shows similarity while contrast shows difference.The word comparison is sometimes used to mean both comparison and contrast.What is comparison/contrast used for?1.To clarify something unknown or not well understood.2.To lead a new way of viewing something familiar.3.To bring one or both of the subjects into sharper focus.4.To show that one subject is better than the other.What is classification?Classification is the method of grouping objects,people,or ideas systematically.It is one of the most useful organizational strategies in writing.What is classification used for?1.To organize and perceive the world around us.2.To present a mass of material by means of some orderly system.3.To deal with complex or abstract topics by breaking a broad subject into smaller,neatly sorted categories.What is definition?1.Definition is the explanation of the meaning of a word or concept.2.Definition is also a method of developing an essay.What is analogy?Analogy is an extended comparison based on the similar features of two things of different classes,one familiar one easily understood,the other unfamiliar ,abstract,or complicated.It is an important method of exposition.What are transition?Transition,also called”transitional devices”,are words,phrases,and even whole sentences that link sentence to one another.What is a journal?A journal is a record of experiences,ideas,or reflections kept regularly for private use.It is something “for you eye only ”.So you can write from your heart and let ideas and feelings flow freely.Journal writing is a form of free-writing,which involves writing whatever comes to your mindabout what happens around you and what you observe and think about.Argumentation and persuasion defined.Argumentation-persuasion is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue.In argumentation ,writers use objectives,logical reasoning,facts,and hard evidence to demonstrate the soundness of a position.Their purpose is to encourage readers to accept their point of view.In persuasion,writers use emotional language and dramatic appeals to readers' concerns,beliefs and values,often in the hope of encouraging then to take a specific action,besides,encouraging acceptance of an opinion.Argumentation and persuasion are frequently used together in an essay.Also,the two terms are often used interchangeably.The claim definedClaims,or propositions,represent answers to what you are trying to prove in an argumentative essay.Although they are the conclusions of your arguments,they often appear as these statements. Abstract&concrete wordsConcrete words identify persons and things that can be perceived by the senses--seen,heard,tasted,felt,smelled,e.g.table,boy,rose,etc.Abstract words denote qualities,concepts,relationships,acts,conditions,ideas that we can’t perceive directly through our five senses,e.g.honesty,friendship,life,etc.Most words are neither wholly abstract nor concrete.They are between the two extremes,e.g.exercise,rest,answer,etc.General&specific wordsSpecific words identify individual items in a group,e.g.BuickGeneral words relate to categories,an overall group,e.g.carMost words are neither wholly general nor specific.They are between the two extremes,e.g.child,student,flower,etc.The support definedThe ideas and information intended to convince readers that the claim is sound or believable. What is conciseness?Conciseness means being direct and to the point.Redundant words or wordy writing is not concise.Do not over-use words to deliver the message in your writing.Refutation definedRefutation is attempts to prove views against the writer’s position wrong or false.It is often an indispensable part of an argumentative essay,for it shows that the writer is aware of opposing viewpoints and has thought about both sides.Essays that mainly refute opposing views are known as rebuttal arguments.Fallacies definedFallacies are statements that may sound reasonable or true but are not logically defensible and may actually be deceptive.The emotional appeal definedEmotional appeal is a strategy writers and public speakers use to persuade,which is to arouse the reader’s/audience’s feelings to reinforce an argument.真题：What is the research paper?What is the process of writing it?A research paper is usually a formal,fairly long and well-documented composition.Process：1.choosing a topic2.Collecting information3.Analyzing the information,organizing ideas and working out an outline4.Writing the first draft5.Revising the draft and finalizing the paper.What is the sentence?What is the effective sentence?A sentence contains at least a subject and a predicate verb:if the verb is transitive,there must be an object,if the verb is a link verb,there must be a predicative or complement.They are unity,coherence,conciseness,emphasis and variety.How many types of sentences according to the use?What are they?There are four.They are declarative,interrogative,imperative and exclamatory sentence.How many types of sentences according to the structure?What are they?There are four.They are simple,compound,complex and compound-complex sentence.倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (argumentation)
英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (exposition/argumentation)I. Two types of argumentII. How to write exposition: one-sided argumentative essaysAn exposition or argumentative essay is an essay in which the writer agrees or disagrees with an issue, using reasons to support his or her opinion. The goal is to convince the readers that his or her opinion is right. Exposition/Argumentation forces writers to take a stand on an issue, support their stand with solid reasons, and support their reasons with solid evidence.III. Structure of an exposition (or: an argumentative essay)Introduction Opening remarks to catch reader’s interestThesis statementPlan of development/Preview of main ideas (optional)Topic sentence 1 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceBody Topic sentence 2 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceTopic sentence 3(supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceConclusion Summary (optional)General closing remarks (e.g. Recommendation/prediction, etc.)IV. How to Write an Introduction1) Four objectives of an introduction:●Capture the attention of readers and make them read on.●Provide background or necessary information to help readers understand the essay’sthesis.●Reveal the essay’s central idea as expressed in the thesis statement.●Guide the reader to important ideas in the body of the essay.2) How to write good opening remarks:●Asking questions or present a problem●Stating the importance of the topic●Giving historical background●Using startling facts, remarks or statistics●Starting with an opposite opinion●Starting with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop●Telling a story, an anecdote, or an incident; or describe a scene●Citing quotations●Defining an important term or concept●Using comparison, contrast or an analogy●Starting with general, moving to specific like a funnelExercise 1: Reorder the following group of sentence to make the introduction start with being general to being specific.a.If done properly, a handshake gives the impression of strength and honesty, and ifdone improperly, it conveys weakness and dishonesty.b.In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.c.In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.d. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbalmessage.e.The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies fromculture to culture.f.How one shakes hands sends an important message about one’s character. Exercise 2: What kind of opening remarks is used in the following introductions? A.When students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done – andtheir teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft iscompleted, the job of writing can begin.B.―The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contaminationof air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials,‖ Rachel Carson wrote a quarter of a century ago in her celebrated book Silent Spring.Today there is little disagreement with her warnings in regard to such broad-spectrum pesticides as DDT, then widely used, now banned. But there is still hot debate over how to apply modem pesticides—which are designed to kill specific types of weeds or insects—in ways that do not harm people and their environment.C.Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of Americanchildren. In the postwar generation more than 80% of children grew up in a family with two biological parents who are married to each other. By 1980 only 50% could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout childhood. Most American children will spend several years ina single-mother family.D.Alcoholism is a disease whose horrible consequences go beyond the patient.Families of alcoholics often become dysfunctional; spouses and children areabandoned or endure physical and emotional abuse. Co-workers suffer too.Alcoholics have high rates of absenteeism (旷工，旷课), and their work is often unreliable, thereby decreasing office or factory productivity. Indeed, alcoholicsendanger the whole community. One in every two automobile fatalities isalcohol-related, and alcoholism is a major cause of violent crime.E. The Pilgrims (1620年移居美洲的英国清教徒) who arrived in Massachusetts in1620 came to find religious freedom. In the 17th and 18th centuries, large numbers of African men and women were brought as slaves to work on large plantations in the South. Immigrants from northern and southern Europe came in the early 19th century to escape poor economic conditions at home. Later in the 19th century, the firstimmigrants from China came as contract laborers to build the railroads connecting East and West. In the 20th century, political and economic refugees arrived from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Indeed, the United States has seenimmigrants come from many different parts of the world, and they have come for many different reasons. Their ability to adjust to life in their adopted land hasdepended on several factors.3) How to write the thesis statement (文章的论点句/中心句)The thesis statement is the most important sentence in the introduction.A. The thesis statement states the specific topic of the essay.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in mycountry.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects oncities.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness.B. Sometimes a thesis statement lists subtopics that will be discussed in the Body. In this case, it includes the preview of main points.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in my country in their choice of where they live, whom they marry, and what kindof job they choose.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects on a city’s ability to provide housing, employment, and adequate sanitationservice.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness by encouraging me to meet people, speak in front of people and take part in social activities.C. Sometimes a thesis statement also indicates the pattern of organization of the essay, such as chronological order, spatial order, order of importance (or emphatic order), comparison/contrast, topical order, etc.∙When shopping online, use these four strategies to buy satisfactory goods.∙When buying a used car, use these four steps to get the best price.∙French and English share some similarities in vocabulary and pronunciation. D. The thesis statement is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.V. How to Write the BodyNotebut for a short essay THREE body paragraphs are the best.2. How to Write a Good Body ParagraphA paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized in a coherent way, and are related to a single topic. A good paragraph should have a topic sentence and several supporting sentences. Sometimes a paragraph also has a concluding sentence, which summarizes the paragraph or leaves the reader with something to think about.A topic sentence presents the topic or the main idea of the paragraph, and it often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence should have a topic and a controlling idea.A body paragraph has several supporting sentences; they are organized by certain patterns. Common patterns of organization include listing/enumeration(列举), exemplification (举例), narration, description, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, classification and division, process analysis, and definition.Exercise 3: Read the paragraph and answer the questions:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian (马其顿的)coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated (镀) heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Questions:1.Underline the topic sentence. What’s the main point/idea? What are the sub-points?2.Does the paragraph have enough support? What is used as support?3.Do it have a concluding sentence?Exercise 4: Which is the topic sentence? Which sentence does not belong in this paragraph?1. (A) The campus in summer seems a more relaxed place than in the fall. (B) Fewerpeople are about, and the gardener works slowly in the heat. (C) Over by theclassrooms, several workmen hammer and saw without much energy. (D) Next to the library, even the fountains seem smaller and quieter. (E) Two hundred marathon runners came jogging rapidly past at that moment. (F) It feels as if vacation time is here already.2. (A) People usually travel for their pleasure. (B)However, visitors to Japan inevitablymeet with many problems during their stay. (C)Tourists find that social customs are different. (D)For example, on meeting someone, the Japanese usually bow slightly, even if they shake hands too. (E)Traffic rules may also be confusing, for cars drive on the left, while in many countries right-side drive is the custom. (F)England, as well, has this kind of problem. (G)The biggest problem, of course, is the difference in language: You can't translate word for word. (H)So, if you want to enjoy Japan, you should be prepared in advance to meet these difficulties.3. (A) There's nothing like a commercial to ruin an evening's TV entertainment.(B)Before a show even starts, two or three commercials begin the viewing. (C)Thenas the action builds and tension mounts, another two or three minutes of ads break the mood. (D)And some TV shows are still very good at setting the mood. (E)At the end of the show, the announcer says, "We'll be right back," but it's just a trick to get you to stay tuned for still more advertisements. (F)The program is really already over.4. (A) A paragraph without a topic sentence is like a ship without a captain. (B) Shipsneed direction, and so do paragraphs. (C) The captain of a ship chooses the direction, and then uses the crew, wind, and rudder as support. (D) In bad weather, the ship rolls back and forth. (E) Similarly, the topic sentence establishes the direction for the paragraph. (F) Then the other sentences of the paragraph provide the support to stick to that course.Exercise 5: Which is a better paragraph? Why?A. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. I still remember how scary it was to call up a girl and ask her out. My heart would race, my pulse would pound, and perspiration would trickle down my face. I never knew whether my voice would come out deep and masculine, like a television anchorman’s, or squeaky, like a little boy’s. Then there were the questions: Would she be at home? If she was, would she want to talk to me? And if she did, what would I say? The one time I did get up the nerve to take a girl to a movie, I was so tongue-tied that I stared silently at the box of popcorn in my lap until the movie started. Needless to say, I wa sn’t very interesting company.B. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. Calling up a girl to ask her out was something I completelydreaded. I didn’t know what words to express or how to express them. I would have all the symptoms of nervousness when I got on the phone. I worried a great deal about how I would sound, and I had a lot of doubts about the girl’s reaction. Once, I managed to call up a girl to get out, but the evening turned out to be a disaster. I was too unsure of myself to act in a confident way. I couldn’t think of anything to say and just kept quiet. Now that I look back on it, I really made a fool of myself. Agonizing over my attempts at relationships with the opposite sex made adolescence a very uncomfortable time. VI. How to Write a ConclusionCommon techniques to write a memorable conclusion1) Make a prediction2) Suggest results or consequences3) Suggest a solution, make a recommendation, or call for action4) Quote an authority on the topicExercise 6: What technique is used in each of the following conclusion?A.It is clear that the US system of higher education is in trouble. For many students,four years of college is no longer possible because of increasing costs and decreasing financial aid. To reverse this trend, we must demand that government increase its financial support of colleges and universities and restore financial aid programs. Our future depends on it.B.To sum up, the costs of attending college are up and financial aid for students isdown. Fewer and fewer future members of the workforce are able to educatethemselves beyond high school. As a result, the nation will waste the intelligence, imagination, and energy of a large segment of the present college-age generation. C.In conclusion, costs are rising and financial aid is declining, with the result thatmany can no longer afford to go to college. If our nation is to prosper, increasedgovernment funding for education is essential, even if it requires higher taxes. As Horace Mann argued in his Fifth Annual Report, a nation’s economic wealth will increase through an educated public. It is therefore in the self-interest of business to pay the taxation for public education.D.We have seen how the costs of attending college have been rising while, at the sametime, sources of financial aid for students have been disappearing. If this trendcontinues, fewer and fewer families will be able to send their children through four years of college.VII.How to Evaluate a paragraph/essay1.UNITY (同一性): If every sentence in the paragraph sticks to ONE topic, theparagraph has unity. And if all paragraphs stick to the thesis of the essay, your paper has unity.2.COHERENCE (连贯性): All supporting ideas must be organized so that theycohere, or stick together. There are no sudden jumps in meaning. Sentences arelogically connected. Key techniques include:Repeat key words and phrases.●Use consistent pronouns.●Add transitions and other connecting words.●Arrange your contents logically. Often use a clear method of organization(such as time order; spatial order; emphatic order; cause and effect;comparison and contrast)3.SUPPORT(论据): Support your thesis with SPECIFIC evidence and details. Inother words, have a variety of specific details in your body paragraphs to support your thesis.4.SENTENCE SKILLS (语言技能): If you write clear, error-free sentences, yourpaper will demonstrate effective sentence skills.VIII. Sample EssayThe following is anexposition (or an argumentative essay)entitled “Teenagers and Part-time Jobs”by John Langan from ―College Writing Skills with R eadings‖ (1993:6). Read the essay and answer the following questions:―The pressure for a teenager to work is great, and not just because of the economic plight (困境) in the world today. Much of it is peer pressure to have a little bit of freedom and independence, and to have their own spending money. The concern we have is when the part-time work becomes the primary focus,‖ says Roxanne Bradshaw, educator and officer of the National Education Association. Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young. However, working more than 10 hours a week is harmful to adolescents because it reduces their involvement with school, encourages a materialistic and expensive lifestyle, and increases the chance of having problems with drugs and alcohol.Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to go by the wayside (被搁置) when adolescents work long hours. As more and more teens have filled the numerous part-time jobs offered by fast-food restaurants and mall store, teachers have faced increasing difficulties. They must both keep the attention of tired students and give homework to students who simply don’t have time to do it. In addition, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular events many consider healthy influences on young people. School bands and athletic teams are losing players to work, and sports events are poorly attended by working students. Those teenagers who try to do it all—homework, extracurricular activities, and work—may find themselves exhausted and prone to illness. A recent newspaper story, for example, described a girl in Pennsylvania who came down with mononucleosis as a result of aiming for good grades, playing on two school athletic teams, and working thirty hours a week.Another drawback of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle. Some parents say that work teaches adolescents the value of money. Undoubtedl y, it can, and it’s true that some teenagers work to help out with the family budget or save for college. However, surveys have shown that the majority of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries — iPhones, iPads, laptops, even cars. These young pe ople, some of whom earn $500 and more a month, don’t worry about spendingwisely. In many cases, experts point out, they are becoming accustomed to a lifestyle they won’t be able to afford several years down the road, when they’ll no longer have their parents to pay for car insurance, food and lodging, and so on.Finally, teenagers who work a lot are more likely than others to get involvedwith alcohol and drugs. Teens who put in long hours may seek a quick release from stress, just like the adults who need to drink a couple of martinis after a hard day at work. Stress is probably greater in our society today than it has been at any time in the past. Also, teens who have money are more likely, for various obvious reasons, to get involved with drugs.Teenagers can enjoy the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks simplyby limiting their work hours during the school year. As is often the case, a moderate approach will be the most healthy and rewarding.Questions:1.About unity: Which sentence in the body should be omitted because it is not related to the topic of the paragraph?2. About support:1) Where in the body are specific details needed?2) Which paragraph develops its point by citing and then refuting (反驳) anopposing point of view?3. About coherence: What transition words are used to introduce the three supportingparagraphs?4. About introduction: Which method of introduction is used?5. About conclusion: Does the essay briefly summarize the main ideas? What kind of closing remarks are used?Homework Assignment:●People have different opinions about whether cell phones (including laptopsand tablets) should be banned in class or not. What's your opinion?●Write an exposition essay of about 300 words to express your opinion.●Remember to follow the structure of an exposition/argumentative essay.●Remember to create a title for your exposition.●Use Times New Roman, 12-point font.●Double space your essay.●Print on both sides.●Indented format.●Submit your essay in Week 10.。
Narration1
Passage 3
It was full spring and in the shallow pool the frogs croaked [krəuk] drowsily ['drauzili] . The bamboos at the corner of the house swayed [swei] slowly under a gentle night wind and through the twilight he could see dimly the fringe [frindʒ] of trees at the border of the near field. They were peach trees, budded most delicately pink, and willow trees thrusting [θrʌst] forth tender green leaves.
NarrationTy源自es of writingTraditionally, writing is classified into three forms as narration, exposition and argumentation(议论 文) in Chinese, or as narration, description, and exposition in English. We can also consider English writing four major genres (体裁), as narration, description, exposition, and argumentation.
Passage 1
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
Intermediate Writing 英语说明文写作指导
Sequence
Comparison The author explains how two or more different; in contrast;
Cause and Effect
Problem and The author states a problem and lists problem is; dilemma is; one or more solutions for the problem. puzzle is solved; Solution
Description
Description
The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples. The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order. things are alike and/or how they are different. The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects.
Exposition Essay Writing
Exposition is one of the simplest forms of essay writing. Its purpose is simply to describe or explain a specific topic to the reader, using factual information. You do not have to develop an argument or prove anything; you only have to understand your topic and present it to the reader in a logical and clear way.
新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U14 Argumentation
新时代
urriculum 核心英语教程
2 写 作
14 UNIT
Argumentation
Key Terms
analogy 类比 argumentation 论证 confirmation 证明 controversy 争议 deduction 演绎 hasty generalization 草率概括
Activity 2
Work in groups of six or eight and read the hypothetical scenario on p. 188 together. Then divide your group into two teams, one team representing “you,” and the other “your” parents. Each team shall write down the position and the arguments on the issue. Next, share your writing in your group and find overlap (common ground). Finally, write down the convincing arguments according to the common ground.
Hostile audience
Avoid emotional appeals which might seem irrational, sentimental, or even comical. Try to rely on logical reasoning and hard-to-dispute facts.
essay
Sample appreciation
英语写作Ⅱ-argumentative essays
Argumentation: thesis Examine samples on p86 Do exercises on p86
Argumentation—body 2. Body ◆ to provide support for thesis statement because others may or may not agree with it. ◆ convince readers by reasons or examples ◆ prove why your idea is acceptable
An argumentative or persuasive essay states a strong personal opinion for the purpose of influencing its readers.
Change reader’s mind;
Influence their decision; Win their support
2011年专四作文真题：Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? Direction： Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? You are to write in three parts: In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.
说明文与议论文技巧
Exposition
三）比较和对比说明文 比较对照是写说明文的常用方式。在大多数情况
下，比较与对照是不能分开的。一篇文章中既可 以比较对照两个或两个以上的事物，阐明它们所 存在的相同点，也可以用同样的方法阐明它们的 不同点。 写这类文章时应牢记以下原则：
18
1) 比较对照只能在同类的(通常是两个)事物之间进行； 2) 比较对照说明文有两种模式： 同时比较： A1/B1, A2/B2, A3/B3 … 先后比较: A1,A2,A3/B1,B2,B3… 3) 比较对照的事物各自占的篇幅应大致相同，比较对照
的项目也应一致； 4) 比较对照必须以有关的具体实例为依据； 5) 比较对照说明文通过指出两者的异同来阐明具体问题。
19
Exposition
The Elderly
Although old people in the United States and in Japan are treated the same in some way, in other ways they are treated differently.
In both countries the elderly are shown respect. Young people will give them a seat on a bus or train or will open a door for them. In both countries older people may ride the bus or go to a show for less money than the young have to pay.
说明文与议论文写作讲座
(Exposition &Argumentation)
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Making a point and then supporting it.
The difference here is that argumentation advances a controversial point, a point that at least some of your readers will not be inclined to accept.
Then…
Structure
Presenting your own arguments Present reasons Support your reasons logically with evidence Conclusion Restate your position Summarize your main arguments Suggest what actions should be taken Warn what might happen if your position is not accepted
Argumentation
Argumentation
In ordinary speech, the word argument is often associated with anger and conflict. But in writing, and especially in research papers, argument means a conflict of opinions, not of people.
The ability to put forth sound and compelling arguments is an important skill in everyday life. E.g. You can use argumentation to make a point in a class discussion, talk an employer into giving you a day off.
What is argumentation?
Argumentative essay is a text that establishes a claim or position which aims to convince the reader that its ideas are true, or, at least, worth considering. Logical reasoning and research are used to prove the claim.
It is important, therefore, not to anger them by referring to them or their opinions in rude or belittling terms. Stay away from sweeping statements like “Everybody knows that…” or “ People with any intelligence agree that …”
Strategies for argumentation
4 When appropriate, grant the merits of differing viewpoints To be able to prove that A is good, you must also see why others think it is bad.
Structure
Introduction
Identify the subject Indicate its importance State or imply your position on the subject Background information and definitions Acknowledgment of opposing points of view Summarize positions opposed to your own Acknowledge that certain aspects of the opposing argument have merit and also point out the weakness.
A Debatable Point
An issue that is both controversial and significant.
Forest Gump is my favorite movie. (personal preference) Many students use electronic dictionaries nowadays.
Any reasonable person would agree that … Undoubtedly, … Certainly, … Any fool can plainly see, … Even a five-year-old child knows …
Avoiding using words which
You will lose credibility if you argue against something that clearly makes sense. Admit the merit of one aspect of the other argument while making it clear that you will believe your argument to be stronger overall.
persuasive essay
What is the additional thing in the argumentative essay？
The essay contains refutation of the opposing arguments. The ultimate purpose of argumentation is to convince and persuade. Argumentation is exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.
make the reader lose his or her trust in your power.
Maybe … Perhaps … It seems … I think … In my opinion, …
Strategies for argumentation
2 point our common ground
While exposition does not always contain argumentation, argumentation always contains exposition!
Strategies for argumentation
1 use tactful, courteous language
It is a mistake to simply ignore points of view that conflict with yours.
It gives the impression that you are reasonable person, willing to look at an issue from all sides. One effective technique is to cite the opposing viewpoint in your statement. You do this by dividing your thesis into two parts. In the first part, you acknowledge the other side’s point of view; in the second, you state your opinion, suggesting that yours is the stronger viewpoint.
Keep the focus on the issue you are discussing , not on the people involved in the debate.
Avoiding using rude language
Using rude language can cause your audience to reject your position without carefully considering your claims.
Qualities of strong argumentation:
Balanced, well-supported and clear-stated view ( a debatable point) Solid evidence Sound logic (+Transition, coherence and cohesion) Powerful language
Find points on which people on all sides of the argument can agree. Perhaps you are arguing that there should be an 11 p.m. curfew for juveniles in your town. Before going into detail about your proposal, remind readers who oppose such a curfew that you and they share certain goals: a safer city, a lower crime rate, and fewer gang-related tragedies. Readers will be more receptive to your idea once they have considered the ways in which you and they think alike.