新东方白易礼语法笔记7 0
新东方白易礼语法笔记11
语法系列讲座29例如：It is five kilometers from my home to the school.从我家到学校有五公里。
It is very near from this factory to that one.从这个工厂到那个工厂非常近。
It is a long way to the sea. 离海很远。
Is it well with you? 你身体好吗？二、it作形式主语动词不定式、动名词短语起、从句在句子中起主语作用，而这一部分用词较多时，可以用it作为形式主语，放在句首代表其后所说的事实上的、真正的主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
1．It +谓语＋动词不定式。
It 作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。
例如：It is difficult to climb a mountain. 爬山是很艰难的。
It’s a good habit to do morning exercises. 作早操是个好习惯。
It’s important to do proper memory work in the study of a foreign language. 在学习外语时适当地做一些有助于记忆的练习是很重要的。
It is right to do so. 这样做是对的。
2．It＋谓语＋动名词短语。
It 作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语。
例如：It is dangerous playing with fire. 玩火是危险的。
It is no use learning without thinking. 学而不思则罔。
It’s useless arguing with a silly boy. 和笨孩子争论是没有用的。
3．It ＋谓语＋名词性从句。
It 作形式主语，以that 引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。
例如：It is a pity that you didn’t see such a good film.你没看这么好的电影，真可惜。
新东方白易礼语法笔记9
语法系列讲座25What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。
如：That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。
I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。
Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。
He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。
Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。
如：He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。
Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。
I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。
And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。
As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。
（注意时态）She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
新东方白易礼语法笔记12
当主句的have不表示“拥有”而表示其他意思时，附加疑问要用do,如：You had a cold yesterday, didn’t you?They don’t have coffee with breakfast, do they?8.There be句型的反意疑问句，用there 作主语。
如：There is something wrong, isn’t there?There won’t be any trouble, will there? 不会有任何麻烦，是吗？9.陈述部分的主语是everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody等不定代词时，其疑问部分的主语可用he, 也可用they.如：Everyone knows it, doesn’t he/don’t they?英语反意疑问句的回答有点和汉语的相反。
但一定要记住：只要回答是肯定的，都用yes，只要回答是否定的，都用no。
这在主句是否定句的时候要特别注意。
例如：Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ？No, he can’t.琼斯先生不会讲法语，对吗？？对，他不会讲法语。
Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ？Yes, he can.琼斯先生不会讲法语，对吗？？不，他会讲法语。
This is not a door, is it? －Yes, it is. It is an iron door.这不是门，对吗？？不，这是门。
是扇铁门。
练习完成下列反意疑问句，并译出后面的回答。
1)There is a dog under the tree, _____? 是的，有。
→isn’t there? Yes, there is.2)They are laughing at me, ____? 不，没有。
/ 对，是的。
→aren’t they? No, they aren’t. / Yes, they are.3)We haven’t visited that college, _____? 对，还没有。
新东方白易礼语法笔记
新东方白易礼语法笔记新东方语法讲座主讲人白易礼（共30.25课时）Hello, everyone. Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。
First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”对你来说，学习英语最大的困难是什么？对于这个问题，许多同学的回答是“语法”。
中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误，从而觉得英语语法难学，甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢？这主要有两个原因：一是汉语的语法相对简单，而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维，在运用英语时套用汉语的语法；二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够：学习英语要多阅读、多听，对于一个英语句子，要分析其所以然，这样就能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点。
汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。
其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。
著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。
因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
希望大家对英语语法充满信心，对学好英语充满信心。
下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心？动词？开始英语语法的学习。
一、英语动词的时态（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。
英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。
有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。
例如：在“中国是个伟大的国家。
新东方白易礼语法笔记6 (1)
语法系列讲座20(6) 革命意味着解放生产力。
误：Revolution means to liberate the productive farces.正：Revolution means liberating the productive farces.析:mean后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”，后面跟动名词表示“意味着”(7))他在看通知时有了一个主意。
误：When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正：When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正：Reading (When reading) the notice, he had an idea.析：分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致(8)依据他的说法，这个答案是对的。
误：Judge from what he said, the answer is right.正：Judging from what he said, the answer is right.析：“Judging”在这里是插入语，作独立成分。
类似的用法还有to tell, the truth, considering, generally speaking等。
(9)我们尽快地走，希望及时赶到误：We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.正：We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.析：根据句意，希望hope不表示目的，而表示伴随状况，所以用hoping.(10)这封需要马上回复。
误：The letter demanded answering immediately.正：The letter demanded an immediate answer.正：The letter required (needed) answering immediately.析：require，need，want作“需要”解时，可跟动名词做宾语。
新东方白易礼语法笔记5
语法系列讲座181．作定语。
作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
如果被修饰的词是something，anything，everything，nothing等，则分词放在这些词之后。
分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如：This is an interesting book。
(=This is a book。
It is interesting。
)这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the news。
(=There is something in the news。
It is interesting。
)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。
(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。
)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。
(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。
)那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。
(=Most of the students who were singing…)唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。
(=Many of the villagers who were questioned…)被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。
动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。
新东方白易礼语法笔记10
语法系列讲座27尽管原子很小，我们可以击碎它。
Tired as/though he was, he went on working.(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)虽然他很累，他还是接着工作。
Cold as/though it was, we went out. 虽然天气冷，我们还是出去了。
Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.她虽然是个孩子，但她懂得很多。
Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.尽管他是个老师，但不懂什么教学。
Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.尽管他声称是个飞行员，但谁也没见过他非飞机。
注意后四句是可数名词单数作表语并提前，习惯上不用冠词。
翻译练习：尽管他自己受伤了，但他还是尽力帮助别人脱险。
→Wounded as he himself was, he still tried to help others to safety.尽管他很有名，但他很平易近人。
→Famous as he is, he is easy going.尽管他是囚犯，他行为举止仍像个国王。
→Captive as he is, he still behaves as if he were a king/behaves like a king. 4．虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时，要把从句中的were, had 或should 移到主语之前。
（if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should这三个词时。
）例如：If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.如果我在你的位置，我不会这样早放弃。
新东方白易礼：英语四级考试语法笔记4
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?(英国浪漫主义诗⼈雪莱的名句。
) Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。
(英国浪漫主义诗⼈济慈的名句。
) 3)少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的⼀般现在时可以表⽰按规定、计划或安排预计要发⽣的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七⽉初开始。
4)在时间和条件状语从句中可⽤⼀般现在时代替⼀般将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him. 我⼀接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天⽓好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
5)在某些以here, there 开头的句⼦中⽤⼀般现在时表⽰现在发⽣的动作。
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
Here they come. 他们来了。
6)在进⾏体育⽐赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时，可⽤⼀般现在时表⽰正在进⾏的或刚刚发⽣的动作。
例如： Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明，姚明投篮，好球! 7)在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图⽚的说明⽂字中，可⽤⼀般现在时表⽰动作。
英语语法 实用英语语法笔记(1)
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里实用英语语法笔记参考资料：《英语语法大全》、《新东方白易礼：大学英语语法笔记》、《英语语法讲义》(高丕永,上海工商外国语学院英语系)第一部分词法Chapter 1. 主谓一致一、概念：主谓一致是指：1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
例如：There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二、相关知识点精讲1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如：Reading and writing are very important. 注：当主语由and连结时,如果表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
2、主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
新东方白易礼：英语四级考试语法笔记3
动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答： 动词be 与 have(表⽰“拥有”)：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：否定式疑问式HaveBeHaveI have not (haven’t)…Am i…?Have I …?You have not (haven’t)…Are you …?Have you…?He has not (hasn’t)…Is he …?Has he …? 动词have(表⽰“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答：否定疑问式肯定回答否定回答Have I not (haven’t i)…?Yes, you have.No, you haven’t.Have you not (haven’t you)…?Yes, I have.No, I haven’t.Has he not (hasn’t he)…?Yes, he has.No, he hasn’t. 注意：have 作为⾏为动词则只能按照⾏为动词的规则变化。
⾏为动词(以study为例)⼀般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)否定式疑问式I do not (don’t) studyDo I studyYou do not (don’t) studyDo you studyHe does not (doesn’t) studyDoes he study否定疑问句式简单回答（肯定/否定）Do I not (Don’t I) study…?Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you not (Don’t you) study…?Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…?Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. (2)⽤法： 1)⼀般现在时表⽰现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。
新东方白易礼语法笔记4
语法系列讲座16Since returning from Xi’an, he has been busy.从西安回来后，他一直很忙。
He warned me against swimming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
改为不定式短语：He warned me not to swim in this lake.We came out without being seen. 我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your homework, yo u’d better not go out.做完作业之前，你最好别出去。
改为用before 作连词：Before you finish your homework, you’d better not go out.（四）动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语，就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。
带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语，宾语，表语等。
在非正式文体当中，经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词，把名词所有格简化为名词。
例如：I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me. 我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
I can hardly imagine Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Linda’s coming will do you good.（主语）林达的到来对你有好处。
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.（表语）使他生气的是他们笑。
（五）动名词的完成式和被动语态：（1）完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
例如：I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言，我道歉。
新东方白易礼语法笔记8 0
语法系列讲座23如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。
（everybody believes 是插入语）At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable.在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。
5．关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一致：例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。
这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色房子里吗？So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception.就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。
6．非限定性定语从句不用that，只用who（whose, whom）和which代表人和物；例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。
她的兄弟们？？两个人都在美国工作？？每个星期都给她打电话。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd，那些公共汽车？？大多已经坐满了人？？被一群愤怒的人围着。
新东方白易礼语法笔记6
语法系列讲座1916) As he was going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.-----Going downstairs he tripped on the carpet.17) When I was learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.-----When learning English, I had much trouble in pronunciation.18) As he himself was one of the exploited Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.-----Being one of the exploited himself Pottier shared their bitterness and sufferings.19) The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe. -----Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.20) What is the book? It is being translated.-----What is the book being translated?21) As we did not know his address we could not get in touch with him.-----Not knowing his address we could not get in touch with him.22) As she had been there many times, she knew the place quit well.-----Having been there many times, she knew the place quite well.23) As we had not got a reply from them, we became quite worried.-----Not having got a reply from them, we became quite worried.24) Because they had been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork. -----Having been brought up in the city, they knew little about farmwork.25) He was a League member. He ought to take the lead in such activities.-----Being a League member, he ought to take the lead in such activities. such activities.2、改正下列句子中的错误(注意分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是否一致)。
新东方白易礼语法笔记8
语法系列讲座24注：④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导，偶尔，the same 后面也用that，如：He’s wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary’s wedding.他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
She works in the same office that I do.她和我在同一个办公室工作。
This is the same watch that I have lost.这块表和我丢的那块一样。
as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。
当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。
如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.As is known to all, the earth revolves round the sun.He is tired, as you can see.As I expected, he didn’t believe me.As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别：当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which。
如：He made a long speech, as was expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.Tom drinks a lot every day, which his w ife doesn’t like at all.（3）但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时，注：⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：by means of （用，依靠），as a result of （作为结果）等：例：I have three children, one daughter and two sons, all of whom graduated from the same university .我有三个孩子：一个女儿、两个儿子，他们都毕业于同一所大学。
白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记40
Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned about subjunctive mood: ⼀、单项选择： 1. The teacher demanded that the exam ___before eleven.a. must finishb. would be finishedc. be finishedd. must be finished 2. She made the demand that she ____ at once.a. leaveb. leavesc. leftd. to be left 3. He is talking so much about America as if he ____ there.a. had beenb. has beenc. wasd. been cn 4. Mother insisted that the child’s hands ___ before dinner.a. should washb. be washedc. would washd. had washed 5. The young man insisted that he ___ nothing wrong and ____ free.a. did; setb. had done; should be setc. do; be setd. had done; must be set 6. Mother suggested that I ___ my homework first before watching TV.a. didb. doc. shall dod. have done 7. My suggestion was that the meeting ____ off till next week.a. to putb. be putc. should putd. be putting 8. The suggestion has been made ___the basketball game ___ put off.a. for; tob. that; bec. which; should bed. to; being 9. The commander ordered that the wounded ___ to hospital right away.a. to be sentb. be sentc. sendd. should send 10. The order came that the medical suppliers ____ to the village without delay.a. would be sentb. should sendc. be sentd. must be sent 11. They requested that he ____ on the radioa. spokeb. speaksc. speakd. would speak 12. It is important that we ___ wild animals.a. will protectb. should protectc. shall protectd. are protecting 13. It is necessary that the problem ____ at once.a. solvesb. should solvec. should be solvedd. will be solved 14. It is strange that he ____ interest in much of his research.a. should have lostb. would losec. had lostd. will lose 15. Had you listened to the doctor, you ___ all right now.a. areb. werec. would bed. would have been 16. ___ I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.a. Couldb. Shouldc. Mightd. Must 17. ___ to do the work, I should do it some other way. a. If were I B. I were c. Were I d. Was I 18. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.a. Would he leaveb. Was he leavingc. Were he to leaved. If he leave 19. ____ your letter, I would have written back two days ago.a. If I receivedb. Should I receivec. Had I receivedd. If I could have received 20. ____, he would have passed the exam.a. If he were to studyb. If he studied hardc. Had he studied hardd. Should he study hard 21. Should it rain, the crops ___.a. would be savedb. would have been savedc. will be savedd. had been saved 22. You ___ earlier. The bus left a moment ago.a. would comeb. should have comec. may comed. have come。
新东方白易礼：英语四级考试语法笔记7
3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连⽤，但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连⽤。
例如： She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红⼀直是个好学⽣。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven’t seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
翻译练习： 1)他们已经答复了我们的信。
They have already answered our letter. 2)⾃去年以来我就未遇见过王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year. 3)他刚把他的名字告诉我。
He has just told me his name. 4)你到过杭州吗? 到过。
我⼀个⽉以前去过那⾥。
我去过两三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have. I went there a month ago. I have been there two or three times. 5)他在海外住了很长时间了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time. 4、现在完成进⾏时 (1)构成：第三⼈称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词;其他⼈称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。
白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记51
白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记5112)比尔好像并不明白。
Bill doesn't seem to understand it.13)你一定要记住，到七点钟你才能离开。
You must remember not to leave until seven o'clock.14)那些人不愿意留在这里。
Those men don't want to stay here.15)望你及时把它完成。
You are expected to finish it in time.16)登山的人没有到达山顶。
The climbers failed to reach the peak (top of the mountain).17)他认为(expect)我会等他吗? Does he expect me to wait for him?18)你没有告诉他在信上贴邮票吗? Didn't you tell him to put a stamp on the letter?19)你愿意帮我学习这一课吗? Will you help me (to) learn this lesson?20)为什么你不让她帮助你?Why not get her to help you?或Why don't you get her to help you?21)请你让前面那个人把帽子摘下来。
Please ask that man in front of you to take his cap off.22)你要我干什么呢? What would you like me to do?23)如果你的朋友们想留下，就让他们全呆在这里吧。
Let your friends all stay here if they want to.24)我们尽量设法使他明白。
We tried to make him understand.25)我不知道怎么开始。
白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记70
2、⽤独⽴主格结构改正下列句⼦: 1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat. ---It being cold, … 2) Being no bus, we had to walk home. --- There being no bus, ... 3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south. --- It getting colder, ... 4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang. --- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught.. 5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer. ---…，its size (area) being about 43…. 3、⽤独⽴主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空: 1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (⼿⾥拿着⼀个⼤苹果). ---- (with) a big apple in his hand. 2) _____(下课了)，the children ran out of the class room. ---The class being over 3) The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(⿐⼦冻得通红). ---her nose red with cold 4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (从福州来的⽕车) ---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later. 5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的⽗亲坐在旁边) 6) ____(谁也没有什么可说的), the meeting was closed. -----Nobody having any more to say ⼀致 英语的⼀致有三种:主谓⼀致，代词⼀致，肯定与否定⼀致 ⼀、主语与谓语的⼀致 英语语法要求，主语如果是单数，谓语动词也要⽤单数形式;主语若是复数，谓语动词也要⽤复数形式 例如: She likes to eat well.她好吃 We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。
白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记32
3、⽤被动语态翻译以下句⼦(做翻译时，⾸先要看⽤什么句型和结构，再看⽤什么谓语动词，然后看⽤什么时态。
这些是汉译英的关键。
) 1)没有⼈强迫你去做那项⼯作。
You are not forced/compelled to do the work. 2)这个班由布朗先⽣教英语。
The class is taught English by Mr. Brown. 3)那棵⼤树被风刮倒了。
That big tree was blown down by the wind. 4)这间教室靠两个⽕炉取暖。
This classroom is heated by two stoves. 5)这篇⽂章是汤姆写的吗? Was the article written by Tom? 6)你会得到⽼师们的帮助。
You will be helped by the teachers. 7)恐怕你要挨批评了。
I am afraid you will be criticized. 8)那封信已由王林写好。
The letter has been written by Wang Lin. 9)电影放映之前，票已全部售出。
All the tickets had been sold out before the film began. 10)试卷上所有的题⽬都必须做吗? Must all the questions on the paper be answered? 11)我们学校正在修建⼀个新的化学实验室。
A new chemistry lab is being built in our school. 12)电视机关上了。
The television has been turned off. 13)在⽣产中可以很好地利⽤原⼦能。
Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production. 14)⼤家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。
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语法系列讲座22作从句的宾语。
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，因此上句又可变成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.请同学们照上面的例子，把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可以省略):( 1 ) "The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."……The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs to the Browns。
(2) "The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."……The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.(3) "I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''……I' ve seen the film {which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in……I’ve seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.……His girl friend played the leading role in the film {which/that) I’ve seen.关系副词与此同理。
只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。
在被代替之前，这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the house甲I was barn and brought up in the house.在这两个句子中，in the house是句子里的地点状语，定语从句修饰的就是the house。
把后面这一句变成定语从句。
在将要被变成定语从句的句子中，in the house是地点状语，所以用where来代替它。
然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序来代替它。
然后再把where放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。
这时，就成了"where}was barn and brought up"。
再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”，定语从句就完成了，主句是陈述句，所以句末用句号。
Where代替的是原句中的状语，原句变成了从句，它就作从句的状语。
(4) The hotel is an artistic building. We' 11 stay in it.……The hotel where we' 11 stay is an artistic building.……The hotel (which/that) we' 11 stay in is an artistic building.……The hotel in which we' 11 stay is an artistic building.(5) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.定语从句请读者照上面的例子，把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来（括号里的可以省略）：（6）They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.那么，“介词+关系代词”是怎么回事呢？原来上面这个例句，还有一种做法：This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在这两个句子中，the house是相同的，定语从句修饰的就是the house 。
把后面这一句变成定语从句。
在将要被变成定语从句的句子中，the house表示物而且是介词in的宾语，所以用关系代词which或that来代替。
然后把which 或that放到本句的最前面，其它的词和语序一律不变。
这时，后面这一句就成了“which/that I was born and brought up in”。
再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面，就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”。
定语从句就完成了，主句是陈述句，所以句末用句号。
which/that代替的是原句中的宾语，原句变成了从句，它们就作从句的宾语。
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略，因此上句又可变成“This is the house I was born and brought up in.”但是，in可以提到关系代词的前面，不过这时不能用that，而且不能省略。
所以上句又可变为“This is the house in which I was born and brought up.”这就是“介词+关系代词”的来历。
定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内，对先行词起限定的作用、是先行词必不可少的修饰语，没有它，整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。
非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的作用，不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，只对先行词起补充说明的作用，没有它，整个句子的意思不会受到影响、仍然完整。
非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句，翻译时也是把它当作分句处理的。
非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开；而限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句中除了不用that以外，其它关系词都可使用，使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。
例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。
（限定）The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.那家超市现在已经倒闭了，那家超市两个月前开的。
（非限定）The book(which) you’re reading is mine .你正在读的那本书是我的。
（限定）The book, which you’re reading, is mine.那本书是我的，你正在读那本书。
（非限定）如果以上例子的差别不十分明显，再看下面的例句：I’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city。
我去过伦敦，那是个美丽的城市。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.你父亲是个很和善的老头，我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活过五年。
在以上三例当中，定语从句不就能是限定性的。
若变成限定性定语从句，其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。
你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。
我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。
”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
通过这几个例子我们可以看出，专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。
因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要对其进行限定。
另外，非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。
如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
（学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation，即平行写作和逆翻译。
所谓平行写作，就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。
而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语，或根据汉语的译文，再把汉语翻译成英语，再把英语译文同原文比较，分析差异。
这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。
）He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。
有的同学会翻译为：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 这句话错在什么地方呢？错在句法。
这句话有两个主谓结构，是两个并列的分句，但没有连词（this 是代词），这就成了串句。
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.他很咬文嚼字，而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.我什么也没说，这使她很生气。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.没去看演出，这很遗憾。
下面看看各个关系词的用法：1．指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：（1）作主语（who, that ）Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.那些参加比赛的人午饭后1：30在大门口集合。
在本句中，先行词是those；关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。