gerunds&infinitives
新概念英语第四册知识点整理
新概念英语第四册知识点整理一、重点词汇1、verbals（动词）名词化动词：即是名词又是动词，如：survival，advice，crisis动名词：动词的ing形式，如：writing，reading不定式：动词的to do形式，如：to write，to read2、elliptical sentences（省略句）省略主语：常常是祈使句，如：Go to the window.省略宾语：常常是介词短语或名词，如：With the help of my teacher.3、inverted sentences（倒装句）疑问句：助动词在主语前，如：Do you like English？强调句：助动词在主语前，如：It is I.4、participles（分词）现在分词：表示正在进行的动作或状态，如：reading，writing过去分词：表示已经完成的动作或状态，如：written，read5、conditional sentences（条件句）if条件句：if+主语+动词+其他，如：If I have time，I will go.虚拟条件句：if+主语+had done+其他，如：If I had known，I would have told you.6、relative clauses（定语从句）who，whom，whose，that，which等引导的定语从句，如：The book which I read is called 'The Catcher in the Rye'.7、gerunds（动名词短语）动名词短语作名词用，如：Reading is an important skill.8、comparative and superlative（比较级和最高级）比较级和最高级形式的变化规则和普通形容词相同，如：more beautiful，most beautiful.9、impersonal passives（无人称被动语态）表示没有明确的主语或动作执行者的情况，如：It is said that…据说…10、reported speech（间接引语）转述别人的话或文字时使用间接引语的形式，如：He said that he would go to the party.他说他会去参加聚会。
名词的分类有哪些
名词的分类有哪些？名词是英语中的一个重要词类，用于表示人、事物、地方、概念等各种实体。
名词可以根据不同的特点和语义进行分类。
以下是名词的一些常见分类：1. 可数名词（Countable Nouns）：表示可以计数的实体，可以有单数和复数形式。
例如：book （书）、cat（猫）、apple（苹果）。
2. 不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）：表示不可数的实体，通常没有复数形式。
例如：water （水）、rice（米饭）、information（信息）。
3. 具体名词（Concrete Nouns）：表示可以通过感官观察或触摸来感知的实体。
例如：table （桌子）、dog（狗）、flower（花）。
4. 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示无法通过感官观察或触摸来感知的概念、状态或情感。
例如：love（爱）、happiness（幸福）、knowledge（知识）。
5. 集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示一组人、物体或动物的集合。
例如：team（团队）、family （家庭）、herd（兽群）。
6. 特有名词（Proper Nouns）：表示特定的人、地点、组织或品牌名称，通常以大写字母开头。
例如：John（约翰）、London（伦敦）、Google（谷歌）。
7. 动名词（Gerunds）：以-ing 结尾的动词形式，在句子中作为名词使用。
例如：Swimming is my favorite sport.（游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
）8. 物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示物质或材料的名词。
例如：wood（木材）、gold（黄金）、glass（玻璃）。
9. 化合名词（Compound Nouns）：由两个或更多个词组合而成的名词。
例如：birthday（生日）、football（足球）、classroom（教室）。
10. 可数和不可数名词的变化：有些名词既可以作为可数名词，又可以作为不可数名词，其意义和用法有所不同。
gerunds and infinitives的区别和用法
gerunds and infinitives的区别和用法摘要：1.概述：介绍gerunds和infinitives的定义及区别2.词性：分析gerunds和infinitives的词性3.用法：详述gerunds和infinitives在句子中的用法4.动词不定式的语法功能：说明动词不定式作主语、宾语、表语等不同成分的用法5.动名词的语法功能：阐述动名词作主语、宾语、表语等不同成分的用法6.动名词和动词不定式的区别：对比两者的差异7.实战举例：给出含有gerunds和infinitives的例句，分析其用法和意义8.总结：回顾gerunds和infinitives的区别和用法，给出学习建议正文：在日常生活中，英语学习中，gerunds和infinitives是两种常见的动词形式，它们在句子中有各自独特的用法。
了解它们的区别和用法，有助于我们更加熟练地运用这两种动词形式，提高英语表达能力。
首先，我们来了解一下gerunds和infinitives的定义及区别。
Gerunds 是动词的-ing形式，如talk → talking，而infinitives是动词的原形，如talk → to talk。
从形式上看，gerunds和infinitives的区别在于动词后是否跟-ing 或to。
接下来，我们分析一下gerunds和infinitives的词性。
Gerunds和infinitives都可以看作是动词的一种形式，但它们的词性有所不同。
Gerunds具有名词性质，可以作为主语、宾语、表语等成分出现在句子中；而infinitives则具有动词性质，可以作为谓语动词使用。
在句子中，gerunds和infinitives的用法也有所不同。
Gerunds可以作为名词使用，例如：1.Talking to him is a waste of time.（和他谈话是浪费时间。
）2.Swimming in the pool is fun.（在游泳池游泳很有趣。
非谓语动词讲解举例子英语
非谓语动词讲解举例子英语非谓语动词（Non-finite verbs）是指在句子中不作谓语，也不与主语呼应的动词形式。
在英语中，非谓语动词主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
它们可以用作形容词、副词、主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。
1. 动词不定式（Infinitives）：动词不定式通常由"to"引导，但在某些情况下，不定式也可以省略"to"。
例1：I want to go shopping after work.例2：He likes swimming in the ocean.例3：She tried to solve the math problem.2. 动名词（Gerunds）：动名词是动词加上-ing形式构成的名词，可以作为主语、宾语或介词的宾语。
例1：Swimming is my favorite hobby.例2：I enjoy reading books in my spare time.例3：He insisted on driving to the party.3. 分词（Participles）：分词一般分为现在分词（-ing形式）和过去分词（-ed或不规则形式）。
- 现在分词：例1：The running horse caught my attention.例2：She saw a falling star in the night sky.例3：The crying baby needs to be comforted.- 过去分词：例1：The broken window needs to be repaired.例2：They were fascinated by the painted landscape.例3：The stolen wallet was found by the police.非谓语动词常见的使用方式包括：1. 作为主语：例：To win the competition requires a lot of effort and practice. 例解：赢得比赛需要很多努力和练习。
动名词用法
Gerunds (动名词)1．动名词在句中作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式；若主语是有and 连接的多个动名词，则谓语动词用复数形式；若多个动名词的语意一致，则谓语动词仍用单数。
e.g. Reading is important in learning English.Lying and stealing are immoral(不道德的).Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.Notes: 常用v-ing形式作主语的句型：It is/was a waste of time + doingIt is/was no good/use + doingIt is/was hardly any good/use + doingIt is/was worthwhile + doingThere is/was no sense in(没道理) + doingThere is/was no point in (没意义) + doingThere is/was nothing worse than(没有比……更糟的) + doing注意：①与不定式的区别：动词在句中作主语时有动名词和不定式两种结构，表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作一般用动名词作主语，表示具体的，特别是将来的动作一般用不定式作主语。
e.g. Looking after the patient is a nurse’s job.To finish the work in a week is impossible.②用it 作形式主语时：动名词或不定式作主语时有时可用it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语后置，放在句末。
但动名词作后置主语的情况比较少见，一般限于名词fun, good, joy, use 或形容词good, nice, interesting, useless, worth等之后。
非谓语动词结构处理技巧
非谓语动词结构处理技巧非谓语动词是英语中重要的语法结构，它可以用来表达很多不同的意思。
掌握非谓语动词结构的处理技巧，对于英语学习者来说至关重要。
本文将介绍一些处理非谓语动词的技巧，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一语法结构。
一、不定式（Infinitives）不定式是非谓语动词中最常见的一种形式。
它有两种基本形式：带有“to”的一般不定式和不带“to”的不定式。
当不定式作为动词的宾语、主语、表语或补语时，常常需要注意以下几点：1. 不定式作动词的宾语时，通常放在及物动词后面。
例如：He wants to learn English.（他想学习英语。
）2. 不定式作主语时，常用于句子的开头，并且后面需要有一个真正的主语代词或名词。
例如：To learn English is important for me.（学习英语对我来说很重要。
）3. 不定式作表语时，通常放在系动词后面。
例如：My dream is to become a doctor.（我的梦想是成为一名医生。
）4. 不定式作补语时，常常放在某些特定的动词后面，如“make”、“let”、“have”等。
例如：He made me study harder.（他让我更加努力学习。
）二、动名词（Gerunds）动名词是以-ing结尾的动词形式，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语或补语。
以下是一些常见的处理动名词的技巧：1. 动名词作主语时，常用于句子的开头，并且后面需要有一个真正的主语代词或名词。
例如：Swimming is a good exercise.（游泳是一项很好的运动。
）2. 动名词作宾语时，通常放在及物动词后面。
例如：I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。
）3. 动名词作表语时，通常放在系动词后面。
例如：His favorite hobby is painting.（他最喜欢的爱好是绘画。
）4. 动名词作补语时，常常放在某些特定的动词后面，如“catch”、“finish”、“keep”等。
Gerunds
Gerunds (-ing)When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to understand that they are not the same.When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:∙Fishing is fun.When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a present participle: ∙Anthony is fishing.∙I have a boring teacher.Gerunds as Subject, Object or ComplementTry to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:∙Smoking costs a lot of money.∙I don't like writing.∙My favourite occupation is reading.But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the sentence.∙Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.∙I don't like writing letters.∙My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other determiners):∙pointless questioning∙ a settling of debts∙the making of Titanic∙his drinking of alcoholBut when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:∙ a settling of debts (not a settling debts)∙Making "Titanic" was expensive.∙The making of "Titanic" was expensive.Gerunds after PrepositionsThis is a good rule. It has no exceptions!If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:∙I will call you after arriving at the office.∙I am looking forward to meeting you.∙Do you object to working late?∙Tara always dreams about going on holiday.Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:∙I will call you after my arrival at the office.∙I am looking forward to our lunch.∙Do you object to this job?∙Tara always dreams about holidays.Gerunds after Certain VerbsWe sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:∙I want to eat.But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:∙I dislike eating.This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb in gerund form:∙admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understandLook at these examples:∙She is considering having a holiday.∙Do you feel like going out?∙I can't help falling in love with you.∙I can't stand not seeing you.Gerunds in Passive SenseWe often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a passive sense.∙I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)∙The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)。
初中英语知识点归纳非谓语动词的种类和用法
初中英语知识点归纳非谓语动词的种类和用法初中英语知识点归纳：非谓语动词的种类和用法非谓语动词是英语语法中的一种特殊形式，它不受主语的人称和数的限制，常用于强调或者作为动词的补充。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。
本文将对这三种非谓语动词的种类和用法进行归纳总结。
一、不定式 (Infinitives)不定式是动词的一种形式，通常由“to + 动词原形”构成。
不定式可以用作名词、形容词、状语和动词的宾语。
1. 作名词不定式作名词时可作主语、宾语、表语等。
例如：- To learn English is important for students. (作主语)- She decided to join the club. (作宾语)- Her dream is to become a doctor. (作表语)2. 作形容词不定式作形容词时用于修饰名词。
例如：- She has a book to read. (修饰名词book)不定式作状语时可以表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
例如：- He went to the park to play basketball. (表示目的)- She studies hard to get good grades. (表示结果)- We woke up early to catch the train. (表示原因)- I need your help to finish the project. (表示条件)4. 作动词的宾语不定式可以作为动词的宾语，常见的动词有want, hope, like, love, hate等。
例如：- She wants to be a teacher when she grows up.- They hope to visit China next year.二、动名词 (Gerunds)动名词是以-ing结尾的动词形式，它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或者状语。
什么是动名词和不定式
什么是动名词和不定式？动名词（Gerunds）和不定式（Infinitives）都是非谓语动词的形式，它们在句子中具有名词的功能，但在形式和用法上有一些区别。
1. 动名词（Gerunds）：动名词是动词的现在分词形式（动词原形+ ing）。
它可以作为名词的主语、宾语、补语或介词的宾语。
-作主语：Swimming is my favorite sport.（动名词作主语）-作宾语：I enjoy reading books.（动名词作宾语）-作补语：Her hobby is dancing.（动名词作补语）-作介词的宾语：He is good at playing the guitar.（动名词作介词的宾语）动名词通常与动词一起使用，表示实际的动作或状态。
2. 不定式（Infinitives）：不定式是由动词原形前加上"to"构成（例如：to go，to eat，to sleep）。
它可以作为名词、形容词和副词的补语。
-作名词：I like to swim.（不定式作名词）-作形容词：This is a good book to read.（不定式作形容词）-作副词：He runs to keep fit.（不定式作副词）不定式通常与动词一起使用，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等语义关系。
在用法上，动名词和不定式有一些区别：-动名词强调动作的实际发生，常用于表示喜好、爱好、经验等；-不定式强调动作的目的、原因、结果等，常用于表示意愿、计划、建议等。
此外，不定式还有时态和语态的变化，如一般不定式、完成不定式、进行不定式、被动不定式等。
例如：- I like swimming.（动名词作主语）- I want to swim.（不定式作宾语）- He enjoys playing basketball.（动名词作宾语）- He decided to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）在学习和运用动名词和不定式时，我们需要了解它们的用法、搭配和语义差异，并根据上下文准确选择合适的形式。
动名词用法总结
动名词用法总结动名词（Gerunds）是一种特殊的名词形式，它以-ing结尾，与动词形式相同，但具备名词的性质和用法。
在英语写作中，动名词的运用非常广泛，可以用来做主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。
本文将对动名词的用法进行总结和归纳。
一、动名词作主语动名词可以作主语来引导句子，常用的句型结构有：1. 动名词 + 动词举例：Swimming is good for your health.（游泳对健康有好处。
）2. It + is/was + 动名词 + that/who + 句子举例：It is learning that helps us grow.（学习是帮助我们成长的。
）二、动名词作宾语动名词可以作动词的宾语，常见的动词有：1. enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, consider, suggest, recommend等。
举例：I enjoy swimming in the ocean.（我喜欢在海洋中游泳。
）2. admit, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, escape, excuse, imagine, postpone等。
举例：She postponed making a decision until next week.（她推迟了做出决定，直到下周。
）三、动名词作表语动名词可以作表语，常与be动词连用，表示主语的特征或状态。
举例：Her hobby is painting.（她的爱好是绘画。
）举例：My dream is traveling around the world.（我的梦想是环游世界。
）四、动名词作宾补在某些动词后面，可以加上动名词作宾补来表示动作的完整性。
常见的动词有：see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe等。
举例：I saw him crossing the street.（我看到他穿过马路。
英语动名词知识点
英语动名词知识点
英语动名词（Gerunds）是指以-ing 结尾的名词形式，它的功能类似于名词，在句子中可以担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。
以下是英语动名词的一些知识点：
1. 动名词的构成：动名词通常由动词的-ing 形式构成，例如：swimming, playing, studying 等。
2. 动名词的用法：动名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
例如：Swimming is good exercise.（游泳是很好的运动。
）I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。
）
3. 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词和不定式都可以作为动词的名词形式，但它们在用法上有所不同。
动名词通常表示一种持续性的行为或习惯，而不定式则更倾向于表示一种意图或目的。
例如：I like swimming.（我喜欢游泳。
）I want to swim.（我想游泳。
）
4. 动名词的时态和语态变化：动名词本身没有时态和语态的变化，但它可以和助动词一起构成各种时态和语态。
例如：I was swimming.（我正在游泳。
）The book needs proofreading.（这本书需要校对。
）
5. 动名词的常用搭配：动名词可以与不同的介词、动词、形容词等组合使用，构成不同的搭配，例如：interested in, good at, tired of 等。
以上是英语动名词的一些基本知识点，希望对您有所帮助。
如果您还有其他问题，欢迎继续向我提问。
高中非谓语动词语法总结
高中非谓语动词语法总结高中非谓语动词语法总结如下：1. 动词不定式（Infinitives）：a. 一般用法：to + 动词原形（例如：to go, to eat）b. 作主语：To swim is my hobby.（游泳是我的爱好。
）c. 作宾语：I want to go shopping.（我想去购物。
）d. 作表语：His dream is to become a doctor.（他的梦想是成为一名医生。
）e. 与形容词连用：It is important to study hard.（努力学习很重要。
）f. 与副词连用：He ran fast to catch the bus.（他跑得很快以赶上公交车。
）2. 现在分词（Present Participles）：a. 一般形式：动词原形 + ing（例如：walking, running）b. 作定语：The sleeping baby is so cute.（正在睡觉的婴儿很可爱。
）c. 作表语：Her favorite activity is swimming.（她最喜欢的活动是游泳。
）d. 与连系动词连用：She was standing there, waiting for her friend.（她站在那里，等待她的朋友。
）e. 与情态动词连用：They should be helping their parents.（他们应该在帮助他们的父母。
）3. 过去分词（Past Participles）：a. 一般形式：动词过去式 + ed/en（例如：played, spoken）b. 作表语：The movie was watched by millions of people.（那部电影被成千上万的人观看。
）c. 作定语：The broken window needs to be fixed.（那个破窗户需要修理。
）d. 与助动词连用：They have finished their homework.（他们已经完成了作业。
动名词和不定式的区别
动名词和不定式的区别动名词和不定式是英语语法中常见的两种非谓语动词形式。
尽管它们在形式上很相似，但在用法和意义上却有很大差别。
本文将详细论述动名词和不定式的区别。
一、动名词（Gerunds）动名词是由动词的现在分词形式加上-ing构成的名词形式。
它可以在句子中充当名词的角色，可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1. 主语：(1) Running is good for your health.（跑步对你的健康有益。
）(2) Swimming in the pool is a popular activity.（在游泳池游泳是一个受欢迎的活动。
）2. 宾语：(1) I enjoy playing the piano.（我喜欢弹钢琴。
）(2) She suggested going to the movies.（她建议去看电影。
）3. 表语：(1) Her favorite hobby is dancing.（她最喜欢的爱好是跳舞。
）(2) The hardest part is waiting for the results.（最难的部分是等待结果。
）4. 定语：(1) I have a painting class every Tuesday.（我每周二有一节绘画课。
）(2) The running shoes are on sale.（跑鞋正在打折。
）二、不定式（Infinitives）不定式是由to加上动词原形构成的形式。
不定式可以在句子中充当动词、形容词或名词的角色，可以作为动词、定语、表语等。
1. 动词：(1) She wants to learn a new language.（她想学一门新语言。
）(2) They decided to go on a trip together.（他们决定一起去旅行。
）2. 定语：(1) I need a pen to write the report.（我需要一支笔来写报告。
新概念第二册的文法重点总结
新概念第二册的文法重点总结本文档旨在总结《新概念英语（第二册）》中的文法重点。
以下是重点概述：1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）- 表示客观存在的事实、经常性的动作或惯。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形2. 现在进行时（Present Continuous）- 表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语 + be动词（am/is/are）+ 现在分词3. 一般过去时（Simple Past）- 表示过去某个时间发生的动作。
- 结构：主语 + 动词过去式4. 过去进行时（Past Continuous）- 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语 + was/were + 现在分词5. 一般将来时（Simple Future）- 表示将来将要发生的动作或情况。
- 结构：主语 + will + 动词原形6. 动词不定式（Infinitives）- 被用作主语、宾语、表语或补语的动词形式。
- 结构：to + 动词原形7. 动名词（Gerunds）- 被用作主语、宾语或表语的动词形式。
- 结构：动词原形 + -ing8. 定语从句（Relative Clauses）- 用来修饰名词或代词的句子。
- 结构：关系代词（who/whom/whose/which）+ 主句9. 状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）- 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句。
- 结构：从属连词 + 主句10. 不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns）- 指代不确定或泛指的人或事物。
- 包括somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing 等等。
以上是《新概念英语（第二册）》的文法重点总结。
希望对您的学习有所帮助。
三种非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
以下是三种非谓语动词的形式及示例：1，不定式（Infinitives）：不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。
作主语：To learn English is important.（学英语很重要。
）作宾语：I want to go to the park.（我想去公园。
）作表语：My dream is to become a doctor.（我的梦想是成为一名医生。
）作定语：She has a lot of work to do.（她有很多工作要做。
）作状语：He ran to the station to catch the train.（他跑到车站去赶火车。
）2，动名词（Gerunds）：动名词由“动词+ing”构成，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
作主语：Eating healthy food is important.（吃健康的食物很重要。
）作宾语：I enjoy playing football.（我喜欢踢足球。
）作表语：My hobby is reading.（我的爱好是阅读。
）作定语：She has a swimming pool in her backyard.（她的后院有一个游泳池。
）3，分词（Participles）：分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现在分词由“动词+ing”构成，过去分词由“动词+ed”或“不规则变化”构成，在句子中可以作定语、状语、补语等成分。
作定语：The running man is my brother.（正在跑步的男人是我的哥哥。
）作状语：Walking in the park, she met her friend.（她在公园里散步时遇到了她的朋友。
）作补语：I saw him playing football on the playground.（我看到他在操场上踢足球。
gerunds and infinitives的区别和用法
gerunds and infinitives的区别和用法摘要：1.概述：简要介绍gerunds和infinitives的定义及区别2.结构：详述gerunds和infinitives的结构差异3.用法：分析gerunds和infinitives在句子中的不同用法4.举例：给出具体的语境举例，阐述两者的区别和适用场景5.总结：总结gerunds和infinitives的区别和实用性，给出学习建议正文：【提纲】1.概述：简要介绍gerunds和infinitives的定义及区别Gerunds和infinitives都是英语中的非谓语形式，它们有许多相似之处，但也存在明显的区别。
Gerunds指的是动词的-ing形式，而infinitives则是动词的不定式形式。
2.结构：详述gerunds和infinitives的结构差异Gerunds：动词的-ing形式，如talk → talking，play → pl ayingInfinitives：动词的原形+ to，如talk → to talk，play → to play3.用法：分析gerunds和infinitives在句子中的不同用法Gerunds用作名词，可以作为主语、宾语等，如：- Talking to others is a good way to learn a language.（与他人交谈是学习一门语言的好方法。
）- Playing soccer is my favorite hobby.（踢足球是我的最爱。
）Infinitives用作动词，可以表示目的、原因、结果等，如：- I came to help you.（我来帮助你。
）- He didn"t go to the party because he had to work.（他没去参加派对，因为他要工作。
）4.举例：给出具体的语境举例，阐述两者的区别和适用场景- Gerunds：表达对某件事的喜爱或习惯，如：I enjoy swimming in the pool.（我喜欢在游泳池游泳。
动名词英语讲解
动名词英语讲解Gerunds: Mastering the Nuances of English GrammarGerunds, a unique linguistic construct in the English language, play a pivotal role in conveying ideas and expressing actions. These verbal nouns, formed by adding the "-ing" suffix to a verb, serve as a bridge between the realms of verbs and nouns, offering a versatile means of communication. Mastering the proper usage of gerunds is crucial for non-native English speakers and learners, as it can enhance their fluency, accuracy, and overall linguistic proficiency.One of the primary functions of gerunds is to serve as the subject of a sentence. By transforming a verb into a noun, gerunds allow for the seamless incorporation of actions and processes into the grammatical structure. For instance, "Swimming is a great form of exercise" places the gerund "swimming" as the subject of the sentence, highlighting the activity itself as the focus. This usage of gerunds lends a sense of concreteness and objectivity to the statement, making it more accessible and understandable for the reader or listener.In addition to serving as subjects, gerunds can also function as the objects of verbs. This versatility allows for the expression of complex ideas and the exploration of various relationships between actions and their consequences. Consider the sentence "I enjoy reading novels." Here, the gerund "reading" acts as the object of the verb "enjoy," conveying the speaker's preference for the activity of reading. This construction enables the speaker to articulate their personal preferences and experiences in a more nuanced and specific manner.Furthermore, gerunds can be used to express purpose or reason. When preceded by prepositions such as "for," "by," or "in," gerunds can provide insights into the motivations or rationales behind an action. For example, "She is studying for passing the exam" highlights the purpose of the studying activity, which is to succeed in the examination. This usage of gerunds helps to establish clearer connections between actions and their underlying intentions, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter.Gerunds also play a crucial role in the formation of idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs in English. These linguistic constructs, which often defy literal translation, rely on the versatility of gerunds to convey nuanced meanings and colloquial usages. Consider the phrase "put off," which can be followed by a gerund to express thepostponement or delay of an action, as in "I put off writing the report until the last minute." Mastering the appropriate usage of gerunds in such idiomatic expressions is essential for non-native speakers to achieve a more natural and fluent command of the language.However, the proper usage of gerunds is not without its challenges. One common pitfall is the confusion between gerunds and present participles, which share the same "-ing" suffix. While gerunds function as nouns, present participles act as adjectives, modifying the nouns they describe. Distinguishing between these two forms is crucial, as using them interchangeably can lead to grammatical errors and impede effective communication. For instance, the sentence "Smoking is bad for your health" uses the gerund "smoking" correctly, whereas "The smoking man walked down the street" employs the present participle "smoking" to describe the man.Another potential area of difficulty arises when gerunds are used in conjunction with possessive pronouns or nouns. The choice between using a possessive form (e.g., "her reading") or a plain noun (e.g., "the reading") can significantly impact the meaning and emphasis of the sentence. Mastering this nuance requires a deep understanding of the context and the intended message, as the use of the possessive form often conveys a stronger sense of ownership or personal connection to the action.To further complicate matters, gerunds can also be modified by adverbs, adding an additional layer of complexity to their usage. Sentences such as "Carefully reading the instructions is important" demonstrate how adverbs can provide additional information about the manner in which the gerund-based action is carried out. Navigating the appropriate placement and usage of adverbs in conjunction with gerunds is a crucial skill for non-native speakers to develop.Despite the challenges, the mastery of gerunds is a rewarding endeavor for English language learners. By understanding the various functions and nuances of gerunds, students can enhance their ability to express themselves more precisely, convey their thoughts and ideas more effectively, and engage in more natural and fluent conversations. Moreover, the proficient use of gerunds can contribute to a more sophisticated and diverse vocabulary, allowing learners to communicate with greater depth and complexity.To achieve this level of mastery, consistent practice and a deep understanding of the underlying grammatical principles are essential. Learners should actively seek out opportunities to encounter gerunds in various contexts, whether through reading, listening to native speakers, or engaging in written exercises. Additionally, seeking feedback from language instructors or proficient speakerscan provide valuable insights and guidance on the appropriate usage of gerunds.In conclusion, gerunds are a fundamental and versatile aspect of the English language, offering a unique means of expressing actions, conveying purposes, and enhancing the overall linguistic proficiency of non-native speakers. By embracing the nuances and complexities of gerunds, learners can unlock a new level of fluency and confidence in their English communication, ultimately empowering them to engage more effectively in a wide range of personal, academic, and professional settings.。
动名词
下列短语动词之后用动名词做宾语 • • • • • • • • • Insist on / persist in / stick to / keep to • 一意孤行 burst out • 哄堂大笑 give up • 戒烟戒酒 • 不懈努力 keep on • 值得一看、值得一游 put off • 情不自禁地跳起来 • 反对周末加班 be worth can’t help object to lead to
(4) want/need/require…某物需要…
The car needs repairing. 那车需要修理。 The dirty clothes required washing. 那些脏衣服需要洗。
注意：有些惯用法，用动名词作宾语 be busy doing, have trouble/difficulty(in) doing, spend…(in) doing, succeed in doing, be worth doing, …
没事的时候，爷爷总喜欢逛公园。（enjoy）
When grandfather is free, he always enjoys walking in the park.
以下动词跟动名词做宾语
பைடு நூலகம்• suggest/advise
• • • • • •
avoid enjoy admit consider forgive/excuse understand risk Protest keep
EXERCISE
1. 酗酒会对大脑造成严重的伤害。（damage） 2. 勤洗手是预防疾病的有效方法之一。(prevent) 3. 给小鸟喂食已经成了那老人的习惯。（feed） 4. 少吃多动益于健康。（keep） 5. 广泛阅读是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 （enlarge）
动名词3
is rude.
2 playing tennis is fun. 3 Playing sports daily keeps you fit 4 Owning a business 5 Driving fast
is a big responsibility.
is dangerous and can kill pedestrians.
7. permit, allow, advise •She allowed him to have a smoke. •She allowed smoking in the office. •She allowed his smoking whenever he wants to. •I advise you to go to college. •I advise going to college. •I advise your going to college. •They permitted her to leave. •They permitted her leaving. •Who permitted leaving early?
Gerunds as subject
动名词作主语时，一般表示比较抽象的动作。
Talking mends no holes. Seeing is believing. Beating a child will do more harm than good. Playing football is my favorite sport. Learning English isn’t easy. Patterns with gerunds (常见句型） It’s a waste of time talking with him. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It’s no good telling the customers to go away.
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Gerunds & infinitives
Gerunds
1.As a Subject(to show general situation)
E.g. Swimming is good for our health.
2.After some verbs we use gerunds. (P.200)
I prefer watching TV to shopping.
＊stop
Please stop talking! (Stop all action)
We stop to take a rest. (Stop one action and do another action) ＊specific action
I like eating ice-cream. (General situation)
I like to eat the ice-cream with strawberry. (Specific action)
3.After mind, come, go, worth, worthwhile, busy, can’t help, can’t stop,
there’s no point, i t’s no use..., we use gerunds.
4.After prepositions we use gerunds.
e.g. They were looking forward to receiving (receive) their school reports. (此處
的“to”作prepositions用)
5.After possessive adjective or possessive form of a noun
coming to my party.
complaining annoys me.
6.Passive gerund
being cheated. (Passive)
7.Past action
having stolen (steal) the money yesterday.
●Bare infinitives
1.After special finites (can, could, may, must....)
＊if do, need, dare are used as ordinary verbs, we use “to”-infinitive
to go alone. (此時dare 為ordinary verbs)
2.After verbs of perceptions (see, hear, watch, feel, notice...)
take the books.
3.After make, let
return the stolen article.
＊to return the book. (當出現was made、was allowed...等passive 時用“to”-infinitive)
4.After help, had better, would rather, need hardly
●“To”-infinitive
1. As a Subject(to show specific situation)
＊與gerund的分別
Swimming is a good for our health. (general situation) 泛指
specific situation) 特指、專指
2. Complement of verbs, especially verbs “to be”, “to have”
All pupils in the class.
to study now.
3. Purpose or result
You should work to support yourself. (Purpose)
5.Disappointing result
He hurried to the cinema, only to find that the film had started.
*Special*
1. forget/remember/regret
Eg: I forgot bringing my book yesterday.
I will not forget to bring the book tomorrow.
I remember playing a joke on you when I saw you last time.
You must remember to bring the book back to me tomorrow.
Future action------- to infinitive
Past action------ gerund
2.try
Eg. Though the exercise is difficult, I must try to do it This exercise is not very difficult, let’s try doing it in this way.
.
Find a way to do it ------- gerunds
Very Difficult ------- to infinitive
3.stop
之前講gerunds的時候講過
Begin to do something ------- to infinitive
Stop doing something ------- gerunds。