Technology for the treatment of Steel Plant Dusts
焊接专业英语教案--机械工业出版社 1
沈阳大学教案课程名称：焊接专业英语授课对象：焊接技术与工程材料成型及控制工程（焊接）主讲人张文明编写时间2009.1沈阳大学教案第 1 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 1 次第 2 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 1 次第 3 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 1 次第 4 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 1 次第 5 页沈阳大学教案课程名称：焊接专业英语编写时间：2009年1月20日第 2 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）沈阳大学教案（续页）第 2 次第 3 页沈阳大学教案第 3 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 3 次第 2 页沈阳大学第 3 次第 3 页沈阳大学教案课程名称：焊接专业英语编写时间：2009年1月25日沈阳大学教案课程名称：焊接专业英语编写时间：2009年1月25日第 5 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）accordingly only elastic changes in stress will occur．如果加热不强烈，压缩应力将低于屈服点，并且在应力作用cooling the original state will therefore be reverted the bar will then again fit exactly between faces A and B．随后冷却，将会恢复到原来的状态：这根钢棒将再一次正好两个表面之间。
教案（续页）it would have undergone thein condition，except duringclamping points would have prevented the钢棒将比原来缩短。
如果钢棒在AB 两面之间不能自由活动，而是在两端被牢固地夹住或焊牢，如图教案第 6 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第 2 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第 3 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第 4 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第 5 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第 6 页沈阳大学教案（续页）第 6 次第7 页沈阳大学教案课程名称：焊接专业英语编写时间：2009年2月5日第7 次第 1 页沈阳大学教案（续页）consumable welding electrode．这个电路包括一个电源、焊接电缆、一个焊炬、一个接地夹和可熔化的焊条。
钢材产品中英文对照
钢材产品中英文对照钢材产品中英文对照一、钢管ERW steel pipe直缝电阻焊管SMLS(Seamless) 无缝管管steel pipe镀锌钢管SSAW steel pipe螺旋埋弧焊管LSAW steel pipe直缝埋弧焊管Stainless steel pipe不锈钢管Alloy steel pipe合金钢管Line pipe管线管Tubing油管Casing pipe套管Dring pipe钻管Structural Pipe结构管Piling pipe桩管Hollow Section:空心型材Square steel pipe:方管Rectangular steel pipe:矩形管RHS:Round Hollow SectionSHS:Square Hollow SectionRHS:Rectangular Hollow Section二、型材H beam H型钢I beam工字钢Channel steel槽型钢Angle steel角钢三、板材Hot rolled steel sheet /coil 热轧钢板/卷Cold rolled steel sheet/coil 冷轧钢板/卷Galvanized steel sheet/coil 镀锌钢板/卷PPGI steel sheet/coil 彩涂钢板/卷Stainless steel sheet/coil 不锈钢板/卷四、线材Wire rod 盘条Deformed steel bar 螺纹钢五、其他Billet 钢坯、方坯Flat bars 扁钢Fitting 管件Elbow 弯头Flange 法兰英文全称英文缩写及符号中文about abt大约acceptance接受actual weight A/W实际重量address ADD地址ad valorem A/V加价，附加的价格A glass一级AA glass二级al-costa镀铝板alloy aly合金all-round（price）a/r；ar共计aluminum-galvanized 镀铝锌板amount amt金额，数量angle角钢annealed anl退火anodize andz阳极腐蚀anti-finger耐指纹approved apvd批准appendix app附录application用途approximately approx大约，近似的audit审核authorizedrepresentative授权代表average avg平均值back背面baking烘烤baoshan iron&steelco.，ltd.宝山钢铁股份有限公司base metal基板batch number Batch No炉号/批号bearing steel轴承钢bend test 弯屈试验bill of exchange汇票bill of lading B/L提单billet钢坯black黑皮blank此行空白blast furnace BF高炉both两面bottom bot底book订货bound bar B/Bar 圆钢brand br商标、品质、规格brazil Braz巴西bright finish光亮brightness光泽bundle Bbl捆、扎、盘、卷buyer订货单位buyer买方calibrate CAL使用标准carbon C碳carbon steel CS普碳钢carriage cge运费case number C/S No箱号cash on delivery货到付款、现金提货cast number Cast No炉号catalogue cat目录、商品目录Centigrade C摄氏(温度计)certificate number CertificaNo证明书号certificate of 品质证明书qualitycertificate ofquantity数量证明书certificate oforigin.产地证channel U钢checking检查chemical composition 化学成分chemical conversioncoating化学转化层chemical treatment化学处理cheque cheq；chq支票chromated C铬酸盐处理claims索赔class cl等级clause条款classification分类cleaning清洗coal煤coat涂层coat bending涂层弯曲coat thickness涂层厚度coating type 涂层结构coating mass 镀层量coating number Coating No 镀层号coating property涂镀性能code number Code No代号coil卷coil number Coil No卷号coiling卷取coke焦碳coke over焦炉cold-galvanized CGI冷轧热镀锌cold-rolled CR冷轧cold-rolled steelcoil CRC冷轧卷cold-rolled steelfull-hard轧硬cold-rolled steelsheets CR冷轧板cold-rolling mill冷轧薄板厂color-coated steel彩色涂层板color-steel CS彩涂板colour颜色commercial CQ 商业品质量commodiey品名commission com；comm；commn佣金、手续费confirm确认consignee收货单位construction CONSTR结构contained contd包括container shipment集装箱运输contents目录continuous annealing连退continuous steelcasting连铸contract Cont合同contract product合同产品contract terms andconditions合同条件及条款contract number Cont No合同号converter转炉corporate profile简介counter sample对应样品，对等样品country公司customer订货单位/客户名称/用户customer ordernumbercustomerorder No客户订单编号customer’s numbercustomer’sNo代号date of delivery交货日期date ofeffectiveness生效日期date of issue签发日期deferred payment延期付款definitions定义deformed bar D-bar螺纹钢deliver department发货单位deliveror发货人delivery date发货日期delivery order D/O；.提货单、货物出货凭单description重量description说明destination到站depth dpth深度diameter Dia直径dimension Dim尺寸directly reducediron DRI直接还原铁ditto（=the same）do；dto相同、同一documents单据/文件documentation技术资料documents required 文件要求dull finish麻面electric arc furnace EAF电弧炉electric tin-plate ETP镀锡板/电镀马口铁electric-zinc EGI电镀锌electro-galvanized电镀锌elongation 延伸率enclosure（s）enc；encl同函、附函、附件equipment设备erichsen杯突expenses exs费用export destination出口目的港Fahrenheit Fahr华氏温度计ferroalloys铁合金figures figs数字final destination最终目的地finished coating精涂层flat steel板材force majeure不可抗力galfan热镀锌铝合金（5%铝）galvalume热镀铝锌合金（55%铝）galvanized GI热镀锌galvanneal GA合金化热镀锌（锌铁合金）government documents政府文件grade Gd等级/牌号grade of steel Gd ofs钢号grind抛光gross weight Gr(G·W)毛重gross ton.总吨数hardness HRB洛氏硬度H-Beam H钢heat analysis熔炼分析heat number Heat No熔炼炉号high speed steel高速钢hop-dip zinc热镀锌hop-dip alu-zinc热镀铝锌hot dip galvanized HGI热轧热镀锌hot strip mill热轧机hot-rolled HR热轧hot-rolled pickled &oiled HRPO热轧酸洗hot-rolled steel bar棒材hot-rolled steelcoil HRC热轧卷hot-rolled steelplate热轧中厚板hot-rolled steel rodcoils盘条hot-rolled steelsheet 热轧板I-Beam I钢in bulk散装in cases（boxes）装箱inch（es）in英寸incoterms贸易术语indent订单ingot/bloom钢锭inner diameter内径inquiry询价looper活套inspection检验inspection 质量证明书certificateinspector检查人insurance policy保险单invoice发票、清单、货单iron ore铁矿石item number Item No项次号kilogram Kg（kgs）千克kilometre kilom千米length L长度letter of credit L/C信用证license number License No许可证号long products长材longitudinal L纵向lot number Lot No批号machining加工manufacturer制造厂manufacturingtechnology制造技术manufacturingtechmiques制造工艺marks mks标记/唛头mass重量maximum Max最大mechanical property力学性能merchandise mdse物品、商品、货物metallic coating镀层meter M米metric ton Mt（M/t）公吨middle plate中厚板mill’s number合同号mill-edge不切边/毛边minimum Min最小miscellaneous其它more or less clause溢短装条款moleten steel钢水molten iron铁水net weight Net(N·W)净重none spangle无锌花normal spangle正常锌花nominal dimensions公称尺寸notes注释notice of shipment发货通知书notices通知offer报盘oiled O涂油order订货、订单、订购order date订货日期order number Order No订单号original sample原样ounce oz盎司outside dlameter.外径oxygen converter转炉package number Pack No捆包号packing 包装packing list P/L装箱单page；per p；pr页pallet托盘payment付款要求pencil hardness铅笔硬度percentage%百分比phosphated P 磷酸盐处理pickled酸洗piece（pieces）Pc（Pcs）支、根、块、件pig iron生铁plate块（板）pocuments required到港口岸port of shipment装运港/地port of unloading卸货港/地pound（pounds）Ib（Ibs）磅prepainted steelsheets彩涂板price价格price terms价格条款primer初涂层precise精度process工艺processing property加工性能product产品名称product qualitycertificate产品质量证明书projects项目purchaser购货单位purchase number purchase No购单号quality Qlty品质、牌号quality assurance质量保证quantity Q数量quotation quotn价目表、定价表、报价quay qy码头reel卷、筒reel number Reel No卷号refininy furnace精炼炉reheartuy furnace加热炉remarks备注resin树脂reverse Impoct 反向冲击roll Rl卷、筒sample（s）样品scrap steel废钢seal盖章section steel型钢seller卖方sendzimiv mill冷轧机service centre剪切中心set套、组shape外形sheet平板、张sheets张数shipment装运shipping advise装船通知shipping mark S·M发货标记sight payment即期付款signature Sig签字silicon steel、electric steel电工钢/硅钢片/矽钢片sintering烧结size 尺寸、规格slit-edge切边special steel特钢specification Spec规格、标准square sq平方square measure面积stainless steel STS不锈钢stamping打印standard Std标准steel billet方坯steel casting铸钢steel rolling轧钢steel strip钢带steel sheet钢板steel slab板坯steel smelting炼钢storage储存supplier供方surface grade 表面级别surface structure表面结构surface treatment表面处理tare Tr皮重tatal合计technical standard技术标准technical terms 技术条件technical data技术参数technical regulation技术规范technology技术technique工艺telegraphic transfer T/T电汇tensile strength抗拉强度tensile test拉伸试验tension test拉力试验terms of payment支付条款test number T est No试验号test piece number Test Pc No试样号theoretical weight理论重量thickness T厚度time of shipment装运时间time of validity有效期tin-free steeel TFS镀铬板tinplate马口铁the metric公制the british system英制the 美制tolerances公差ton T（t）吨tonnage Tonn吨数、重量toot steel工具钢top正面torpedo鱼雷型铁水罐车total合计total value总值trade mark商标train number Train No车号transportation运输transversal T 横向uncoiling开卷unit计量单位unit price单价usage用途wagon number wagon No车号wall thickness.壁厚weight Wt重量weight certificate重量证明书weight memo重量单welding缝合width W宽度wire rod w/rod线材yield strength屈服强度yietd point屈服点G/O取向硅钢N/O 无取向硅钢P/O酸洗涂油PPGI彩涂板（热镀锌基板）本产品已按上述要求进行制造和检验，其结果符合要求，特此证明we hereby certify that material described herein has menufactured and testedwith sqtisfzctory results in accordance with the requirements of above materiacspecificatton。
科技英语-钢的热处理
Heat Treatment of Steel—钢的热处理
科技英语的特点（一）
二、后臵定语 大量使用后臵定语也是科技英语的特点之一。常见的结构不外 以下五种： 1、The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.（介词 短语） 2、In this factory the only fuel available is coal.（形容词及形容 词短语） 3、The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.（副词） 4、The results obtained must be cheeked.（单个分词）， 5、During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.（定语从句） 在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
临界区以下的某个温度
译文：金属淬硬之后必须进行回火处理，回 火是将淬硬的钢重新加热到低于临界区的某 个温度，从而获得所需的物理性能。
Heat Treatment of Steel—钢的热处理
科技英语的特点（一）
一、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语 至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理， 强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断 的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例 如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，科技文章 将主要信息前臵，放在主语部分。这也是广泛使用被动态 的主要原因。
扁钢工艺流程
扁钢工艺流程1.扁钢工艺是一种传统的金属加工方法。
The flat steel process is a traditional metal processing method.2.首先，选择合适的材料进行加工。
First, choose the appropriate materials for processing.3.然后，将材料加热至合适的温度。
Then, heat the materials to the appropriate temperature.4.接着，使用锤子和模具对材料进行锻造。
Next, use hammers and molds to forge the materials.5.锻造完成后，对材料进行冷却处理。
After forging, cool the materials.6.冷却后的材料需要进行去除锈和清洁处理。
The cooled materials need to be treated for rust removal and cleaning.7.下一步是对材料进行修整和整形。
The next step is to straighten and shape the materials.8.工匠会根据需求对扁钢进行切割。
Craftsmen will cut the flat steel according to the requirements.9.切割完成后，需要进行表面处理，使其更加光滑。
After cutting, the surface needs to be treated to make it smoother.10.最后进行检验和包装，准备发往客户。
Finally, inspect and package the flat steel for shipment to customers.11.扁钢工艺需要高温和锻造技术。
Flat steel processing requires high temperature and forging technology.12.扁钢通常用于制造建筑结构和机械零件。
铸造奥氏体不锈钢的铁素体形态及其控制方法
一、引言奥氏体不锈钢是一种重要的金属材料，在工业生产和日常应用中得到了广泛的应用。
其优异的耐腐蚀性、耐磨性和耐高温性能使其成为各种设备和构件的理想材料。
而奥氏体不锈钢的性能很大程度上取决于铁素体的形态及其控制方法。
本文将从铁素体形态的概念、分类和控制方法等方面展开讨论，以期为相关领域的研究和应用提供参考。
二、铁素体形态的概念及分类1. 铁素体的定义铁素体是一种由铁和少量的碳以及其他合金元素组成的固溶体组织。
它具有良好的塑性、强度和韧性，是奥氏体不锈钢中重要的组织相之一。
2. 铁素体的分类铁素体可以根据其晶粒的形态和分布特征进行分类，常见的分类包括球状铁素体、网状铁素体、条状铁素体等。
不同形态的铁素体对奥氏体不锈钢的性能具有不同的影响，因此控制铁素体形态对材料性能具有重要意义。
三、铁素体形态的影响因素1. 成分的影响铁素体的形态受材料的成分影响较大，特别是碳含量、铬含量、镍含量等元素的含量和比例对铁素体形态起着决定性作用。
2. 组织转变的影响材料的热处理过程以及冷却速率会对铁素体形态产生影响，合理的热处理工艺可以有助于获得理想的铁素体形态。
3. 加工工艺的影响热加工和冷加工等加工工艺也会对铁素体形态产生一定的影响，需要合理控制加工参数以获得良好的铁素体形态。
四、铁素体形态的控制方法1. 合理设计合金元素的含量和比例在奥氏体不锈钢的合金设计中，需要针对所需的铁素体形态进行合理的合金设计，包括碳含量、铬含量、镍含量等元素的含量和比例。
2. 优化热处理工艺通过对热处理工艺的优化，可以控制铁素体的形态，包括固溶处理、时效处理等工艺。
3. 控制加工工艺参数在材料的加工过程中，合理控制加工工艺参数可以有效地控制铁素体的形态，包括热轧、冷轧、锻造等工艺。
五、结论铸造奥氏体不锈钢的铁素体形态及其控制方法对材料的性能具有重要的影响，合理控制铁素体形态是提高材料性能和扩大应用范围的关键。
通过本文的述及，相关领域的研究人员和工程师可以更好地理解铁素体形态的概念、分类、影响因素和控制方法，从而为材料的研究、开发和应用提供有益的参考和指导。
材料成型专业英语——heat treatment of steel(钢的热处理)
AS用法小结
1.介词 （1）单独使用－主要译为“作为” As a means of communication, a satellite is the most
正如各方面的数学家在不同的领域各有专 长一样，各类计算机也分别用于不同领域 的专门计算。
As the moon moves around the earth, so the earth moves around the sun.
正像月亮绕着地球运行一样，地球绕着太 阳运行。
AS用法小结
（4）比较状语从句 译成“如…那样” Aluminium is not so heavy as copper. 铝没铜重。 （5）让步状语从句 “虽然” Hard as the metal is ,it can be changed into
半导体是一种材料，其通过电流的能力介于绝缘 体和导体之间。
At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.
目前，煤是火力电厂最常用的能源。
词义的引申
⑵使词义作具体化的引申 把原来抽象的概念或属性引申为具体。 例：The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常。 Very often a machine is made in different
词义的引申
⒉ 引申注意点 引申是根据该词所处的语言环境，从意义
钢铁冶金英语试题及答案
钢铁冶金英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the primary raw material for steelmaking?A. Iron oreB. CoalC. LimestoneD. Coke2. The process of converting pig iron into steel involves:A. OxidationB. ReductionC. MeltingD. Solidification3. Which of the following is not a type of furnace used in steelmaking?A. Blast furnaceB. Electric arc furnaceC. Rolling millD. Basic oxygen furnace4. The term "carbon equivalent" in steel refers to:A. The total weight of carbon in steelB. The sum of carbon and other alloying elementsC. The ratio of carbon to other elementsD. The percentage of carbon in steel5. What is the role of slag in the steelmaking process?A. To remove impuritiesB. To provide heatC. To increase the strength of steelD. To act as a lubricant6. The term "alloy steel" refers to steel that contains:A. More than 2% carbonB. More than 1% carbonC. Less than 2% carbonD. Less than 1% carbon and other elements7. The process of "rolling" in steel production is used to:A. Shape the steel into different formsB. Increase the carbon content of steelC. Decrease the carbon content of steelD. Separate steel from slag8. What is the purpose of "tempering" in the heat treatment of steel?A. To harden the steelB. To soften the steelC. To increase the ductility of steelD. To decrease the ductility of steel9. The "Bessemer process" is known for its contribution to:A. The mass production of steelB. The discovery of steelC. The invention of stainless steelD. The development of electric arc furnaces10. The "Gleeble" is a testing machine used to simulate:A. The rolling processB. The heat treatment processC. The casting processD. The forging process二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The chemical symbol for iron is _______.12. The _______ process is used to produce high-quality steel from pig iron.13. Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and _______.14. The addition of _______ to steel can improve its hardness and strength.15. The _______ is a device used to measure the hardness of steel.16. The _______ is a type of steel that is resistant to corrosion due to its high chromium content.17. The _______ is a method of steelmaking that uses an electric current to melt the charge.18. The _______ is a type of steel defect caused by the presence of non-metallic inclusions.19. The _______ is a process used to refine steel by blowing oxygen through it.20. The _______ is a measure of the hardness of steel, expressed in units of Rockwell.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between "cast iron" and "wrought iron".22. Describe the role of "alloying elements" in the production of steel.23. What are the environmental considerations in thesteelmaking process?24. Discuss the importance of "quality control" in steel production.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the history and significance of the "Bessemer process" in the steel industry.26. Analyze the impact of "automation" on the modern steelmaking process.答案：一、选择题1. A2. A3. C4. B5. A6. D7. A8. C9. A 10. B二、填空题11. Fe 12. Basic oxygen 13. carbon 14. chromium 15. Rockwell hardness tester16. Stainless steel 17. Electric arc furnace 18.Inclusion 19. Basic oxygen process20. Rockwell hardness三、简答题21. Cast iron is a hard, brittle form of iron with a high carbon content, typically between 2% and 4.3%, while wrought iron is a softer, more ductile form of iron with a lower carbon content, usually less than 0.08%.22. Alloying elements are added to steel to improve its properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility, and corrosion。
不锈钢酸洗钝化原理
2．不锈钢酸洗钝化原理不锈钢的抗腐蚀性能主要是由于表面覆盖着一层极薄的(约1nm)致密的钝化膜，这层膜隔离了腐蚀介质，是不锈钢防护的基本屏障。
不锈钢钝化具有动态特征，不应看作腐蚀完全停止，而是形成扩散的阻挡层，使阳极反应速度大大降低。
通常在有还原剂(如氯离子)情况下倾向于破坏膜，而在氧化剂(如空气)存在时能保持或修复膜。
不锈钢工件放置于空气中会形成氧化膜，但这种膜的保护性不够完善。
通常先要进行彻底清洗，包括碱洗与酸洗，再用氧化剂钝化，才能保证钝化膜的完整性与稳定性。
酸洗的目的之一是为钝化处理创造有利条件，保证形成优质的钝化膜。
因为通过酸洗使不锈钢表面平均有10μm厚的一层表面被腐蚀掉，酸液的化学活性使得缺陷部位的溶解率比表面其它部位高，因此酸洗可使整个表面趋于均匀平衡，一些原来容易造成腐蚀的隐患被清除掉了。
但更重要的是，通过酸洗钝化，使铁与铁的氧化物比铬与铬的氧化物优先溶解，去掉了贫铬层，造成铬在不锈钢表面富集，这种富铬钝化膜的电位可达+1．0V(SCE)，接近贵金属的电位，提高了抗腐蚀的稳定性。
不同的钝化处理也会影响膜的成分与结构，从而影响防锈性，如通过电化学改性处理，可使钝化膜具有多层结构，在阻挡层形成CrO3或Cr2O3，或形成玻璃态的氧化膜，使不锈钢能发挥最大的耐蚀性。
国内外学者对不锈钢钝化膜的生成进行了大量研究。
以近几年北京科大对316L钢钝化膜光电子能谱(xps)研究为例作简述。
不锈钢钝化是表面层由于某种原因溶解与水分子的吸附，在氧化剂的催化作用下，形成氧化物与氢氧化物，并与组成不锈钢的Cr、Ni、Mo元素发生转换反应，最终形成稳定的成相膜，阻止了膜的破坏与腐蚀的发生。
其反应历程为：Fe·H2O + O*≈[FeOH·O*]ad + H+ + e [FeOH·O*]ad≈[FeO·O*]ad + H+ + e [FeO·O*]ad + H2O≈FeOOH + O* + H+ + e [FeO·O*]ad≈FeO+O*FeOOH + Cr + H2O≈CrOOH + Fe·H2O 2FeOOH≈Fe2O3 + H2O2CrOOH≈Cr2O3 + H2O MO + 3FeO + 3H2O≈MOO3 + 3Fe·H2ONi + FeO + 2H2O≈NiO + Fe·H2O其中O*表示钝化过程中的催化剂，且在钝化过程中浓度不变，ad表示吸附中间体。
钢铁行业高盐水零排放处理技术
总第２９５期２０２０年第７期ＨＥＢＥＩＭＥＴＡＬＬＵＲＧＹＴｏｔａｌＮｏ.２９５２０２０ꎬＮｕｍｂｅｒ７钢铁行业高盐水零排放处理技术刘金哲１ꎬ田京雷１ꎬ王鑫国２ꎬ苏冬艳１(１.河钢集团钢研总院ꎬ河北石家庄０５００２３ꎻ２.河钢集团承钢公司ꎬ河北承德０６７００２)摘要:钢铁行业在软水和脱盐水的制备过程伴随大量高盐水的产生ꎬ随着国家对钢铁行业用水和排水管控力度的进一步加大ꎬ高盐水处理已经成为钢铁行业在进一步提升用水指标方面亟需解决的一道难题ꎮ介绍了钢铁行业高盐水的产生现状和存在的问题ꎬ并对未来高盐水的零排放处理思路和处理技术进行了探讨ꎬ提出了发展展望ꎮ关键词:钢铁行业ꎻ高盐水ꎻ浓缩ꎻ脱盐ꎻ零排放中图分类号:Ｘ７５６㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标识码:Ａ文章编号:１００６－５００８(２０２０)０７－００７４－０５ｄｏｉ:１０.１３６３０/ｊ.ｃｎｋｉ.１３－１１７２.２０２０.０７１６ＺＥＲＯＥＭＩＳＳＩＯＮＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹＯＦＨＩＧＨＳＡＬＴＷＡＴＥＲＩＮＩＲＯＮＡＮＤＳＴＥＥＬＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹＬｉｕＪｉｎｚｈｅ１ꎬＴｉａｎＪｉｎｇｌｅｉ１ꎬＷａｎｇＸｉｎｇｕｏ２ꎬＳｕＤｏｎｇｙａｎ１(１.ＨＢＩＳＧｒｏｕｐＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅꎬＳｈｉｊｉａｚｈｕａｎｇꎬＨｅｂｅｉꎬ０５００２３ꎻ２.ＨＢＩＳＧｒｏｕｐＣｈｅｎｇｓｔｅｅｌＣｏｍｐａｎｙꎬＣｈｅｎｇｄｅꎬＨｅｂｅｉꎬ０６７００２)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒｉｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｆｔｅｎｅｄｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｄｅｓａｌｔｅｄｗａｔｅｒｉｎｔｈｅｉｒｏｎａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｅｒｄｅｍａｎｄｆｏｒｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｉｎｔｈｅｉｒｏｎａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙꎬｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒｈａｓｂｅｃａｍｅａｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｔｏｂｅｓｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｒｅｕｓｅｉｎｄｅｘ.Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｎｄｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｚｅｒｏｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｉｄｅａｓａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｏｆｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒꎬａｎｄｆｉｎａｌｌｙｐｕｔｓｆｏｒｗａｒｄｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｏｆｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ.ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ:ｉｒｏｎａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙꎻｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒꎻｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎꎻｄｅｓａｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎꎻｚｅｒｏｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅ收稿日期:２０２０－０３－３１基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(项目编号:２０１６ＹＦＣ０４００４０８)作者简介:刘金哲(１９９１－)ꎬ男ꎬ硕士ꎬ工程师ꎬ２０１６年毕业于南开大学环境工程专业ꎬ现在河钢集团钢研总院主要从事钢铁冶金工业废水处理和综合利用的研究ꎬＥ－ｍａｉｌ:ｌｉｕｊｉｎｚｈｅ＠ｈｂｉｓｃｏ.ｃｏｍ０㊀引言㊀㊀钢铁企业是用水大户ꎬ尤其是关键设备的循环冷却等需要大量的软水或除盐水ꎮ目前软水和除盐水的制备普遍采用双膜法ꎬ即超滤膜＋反渗透膜的处理工艺ꎮ该工艺制备的除盐水回收率在７０％左右ꎬ剩余３０％形成了高盐水ꎬ其中含有各种有机和无机污染物ꎬ若直接排放可能会对土壤㊁地表水㊁海洋等产生污染[１]ꎻ若排入市政污水处理系统ꎬ过高的总溶解性固体对活性污泥的生长也非常不利[２]ꎮ随着国家对钢铁行业高耗水大工业用水排水的限制愈加严格ꎬ高盐水的排放和处理成为行业目前面临的重大问题ꎮ本文针对钢铁行业产生现状和存在问题以及高盐水的处理思路等内容进行探讨ꎬ并对未来高盐水处理的发展方向进行了展望ꎮ１㊀钢铁行业高盐水的产生现状和存在问题１.１㊀钢铁行业高盐水的产生和性质㊀㊀钢铁行业的高盐水主要来源于双膜法制备除盐水(图１)的过程中使用了的地下水㊁河水等常规水源ꎮ但随着国家对钢铁行业取水限制的加大ꎬ地下水和河水的取水比例逐渐降低ꎬ更多的企业引用城市中水或企业自身中水作为水源ꎮ４７河北冶金㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２０年第７期图１㊀钢铁行业典型的双膜法脱盐水制备工艺流程Ｆｉｇ.１㊀Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｄｅｓａｌｔｉｎｇｗａｔｅｒｂｙｄｏｕｂｌｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｉｎｉｒｏｎａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ㊀㊀高盐水一般产生于双膜法的一级ＲＯ阶段ꎬ根据水源水质的不同ꎬ结合最佳的操作成本和投资成本ꎬ设计双膜法的回收率不同ꎬ产生的高盐水性质也会发生变化ꎬ见表１ꎮ表１㊀不同水源下双膜法回收率和产高盐水情况Ｔａｂ.１㊀Ｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｒａｔｅａｎｄｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｕｎｄｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｗａｔｅｒｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ水源种类电导率/(μｓ/ｃｍ)ＴＤＳ/(ｍｇ/Ｌ)双膜法回收率/％高盐水电导率/(μｓ/ｃｍ)ＴＤＳ/(ｍｇ/Ｌ)河水/地下水４００~６００２００~４００７０~７５１５００~２０００１０００~１６００中水１５００~２５００９００~１５００６０~６５４５００~５５００２０００~４０００㊀㊀水源水质越好ꎬ电导率越低ꎬ双膜法的回收率越高ꎬ但更高的回收率意味着更高的操作压力和处理成本ꎮ一般钢铁行业双膜法的设计回收率在７５％以下ꎬ这就导致产生的高盐水含盐浓度偏低ꎬ产量大ꎬ回收潜力大ꎮ１.２㊀钢铁行业高盐水处理存在的问题㊀㊀目前钢铁行业对高盐水的处理途径主要有:作为高炉冲渣水消纳㊁作为厂区中水回用以及外排３种ꎮ１.２.１㊀高炉冲渣水消纳㊀㊀将高盐水作为高炉冲渣水的补充水ꎬ利用高炉渣显热ꎬ使其瞬间蒸发ꎬ从而实现废水消纳[３]ꎮ近年来ꎬ随着国家对水泥行业原料开采的控制ꎬ高炉渣逐渐成为理想的水泥原料替代品ꎬ但水泥行业对高炉渣的Ｃｌ含量有严格要求ꎬ这就限制了高盐水的使用ꎬ部分企业甚至禁止使用高盐水冲渣ꎮ１.２.２㊀作为厂区中水回用㊀㊀高盐水与厂区其他工业废水共同进入厂区污水处理站ꎬ经过除硬㊁过滤等处理后ꎬ作为厂区中水回用ꎬ形成水的循环回用系统ꎮ该系统虽然实现了高盐水的回用ꎬ但由于循环系统水外排量有限ꎬ盐分会逐渐累积ꎬ导致中水含盐量升高ꎬ指标恶化ꎬ从而造成使用中水为水源的膜系统堵塞加剧ꎬ冲洗水量增大ꎬ水耗增大ꎬ脱盐水指标下降ꎬ加剧用水设备的腐蚀和结垢[４]ꎬ形成恶性循环ꎮ１.２.３㊀对外排放㊀㊀为了防止高盐水循环回用造成的中水系统盐分的过度富集ꎬ部分钢铁企业浓盐水一部分需要对外排放ꎬ排出一部分盐分ꎬ使企业内盐分达到平衡ꎮ而排放的这部分高盐水可占到总高盐水量的１/３~１/２ꎬ以河北某产能在１０００万ｔ的钢铁企业为例ꎬ其高盐水的产生量就高达１１００ｔ/ｈ左右ꎬ排放损失可达到吨钢０.３~０.５ｍ３ꎬ该部分损失最高占到了企业总损失水量的２０％ꎮ㊀㊀对外排放主要有环境排放和市政排放两种方式ꎬ环境排放主要适用于环境受纳能力水平较高的地区ꎬ如沿海区域ꎬ进行高盐水直接排海ꎬ内陆地表水容量较大的地区ꎬ将高盐水经过达标处理后排入地表水体ꎬ但长期大量排放可使地表水含盐量升高ꎬ因此有非常严格的排放限制ꎮ市政排放是将高盐水排入市政管网ꎬ与城市污水共同处理ꎬ但处理能力有限[５]ꎮ企业向市政排放高盐水需要执行«钢铁工业水污染物排放标准»(ＧＢ１３４５６－２０１２)间接排放标准ꎬ同时氯离子和硫酸根应满足«污水排入城镇下水道水质标准»(ＧＢ/Ｔ３１９６２－２０１５)ꎬ以防止管道腐蚀ꎬ这限制了企业生产脱盐水时浓缩倍率不能太高ꎬ以免造成超标ꎬ无法排放ꎬ企业只能以低回收率㊁高浓水量的模式来设计和运行纯水系统ꎬ这也是造成企业高盐水排放量巨大的重要原因之一ꎮ㊀㊀总之ꎬ钢铁行业的高盐水产生量大ꎬ但企业本身５７总第２９５期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀ＨＥＢＥＩＹＥＪＩＮ消纳途径有限ꎬ在企业内部循环回用会造成盐分的累积ꎬ形成恶性循环ꎬ而高盐水对外排放不仅给企业造成了巨大的水损失ꎬ还逐渐受到更加严格的排放控制ꎬ解决高盐水回用问题ꎬ实现高盐水不出厂㊁零排放是未来行业发展的必然趋势ꎮ２㊀钢铁行业高盐水零排放技术路线思路㊀㊀鉴于钢铁行业高盐水的特点ꎬ处理好高盐水的主要思路首先是企业水盐平衡分析ꎬ把握企业盐分的输入和输出环节ꎬ然后通过高盐水浓缩㊁结晶分盐ꎬ实现多余盐分的剥离ꎬ从而维持企业整个水系统的盐平衡ꎮ２.１㊀水盐平衡分析㊀㊀由于钢铁行业高盐水产量大ꎬ盐分浓度偏低ꎬ对全部高盐水进行脱盐回用并不现实ꎮ实现钢铁行业的高盐水零排放关键在于解决高盐水循环回用过程中盐分的过度累积问题ꎬ从整个企业水系统综合考虑ꎬ实现整个循环系统的水盐平衡(图２)ꎮ图２㊀企业整体水盐平衡Ｆｉｇ.２㊀Ｔｈｅｂａｌａｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｓａｌｔｉｎｆａｃｔｏｒｙ图２中ꎬＭ０ 盐分平均输入量ꎬｇ/ｈꎻＭ１ 盐分平均排放量ꎬｇ/ｈꎻＭ２ 生产盐分平均消纳量ꎬｇ/ｈꎻＱ０ 取平均新水量ꎬｍ３/ｈꎻＱ１ 平均外排水量ꎬｍ３/ｈꎻＣ０ 新水平均盐浓度ꎬｇ/ｍ３ꎻＣ１ 外排水平均盐浓度ꎬｇ/ｍ３ꎻ㊀㊀且有:Ｍ０＝Ｑ０ˑＣ０Ｍ１＝Ｑ１ˑＣ１ꎮ㊀㊀为保持整个水系统盐分平衡ꎬ则须有Ｍ０＝Ｍ１＋Ｍ２ꎬ即盐分的输入量等于企业盐分消纳量与盐分排放量的总和ꎮ因此ꎬ仅需要对企业盐分排放量Ｍ１进行零排放即可实现整个系统的零排放ꎮ为了降低成本ꎬ输出盐量Ｍ１以及零排放处理量应尽量减小ꎮ在系统输入盐量Ｍ０一定的情况下ꎬ降低Ｍ１㊁Ｑ１主要有２种方式:㊀㊀(１)充分分析企业生产对盐水的消纳容量ꎬ在保证企业正常生产的情况下ꎬ适当加大高盐水冲渣㊁闷渣以及料堆喷洒的使用比例ꎬ提高自消纳量ꎮ㊀㊀(２)针对企业采用不同水源导致的高盐水浓度差异的情况ꎬ选取盐分浓度较高的高盐水系统进行零排放设计ꎬ或通过脱盐水系统改造ꎬ提高脱盐水系统的回收率和浓缩倍数ꎬ提高高盐水的盐浓度ꎬ降低零排放处理水量和处理规模ꎬ降低投资和处理成本ꎮ２.２㊀高盐水浓缩减量化２.２.１㊀高盐水梯级利用㊀㊀一般大型钢铁企业的脱盐水制备使用多种水源ꎬ根据不同水源下ꎬ产生的高盐水水质的差异ꎬ进行梯级利用(图３)ꎮ图３㊀高盐水梯级利用Ｆｉｇ.３㊀Ｃａｓｃａｄｅｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒ㊀㊀以河水或地下水为水源的膜系统产出的高盐水指标接近中水ꎬ可作为中水膜系统的水源进行二次梯级利用ꎬ提高总体回收率ꎬ在一定程度上降低高盐水的产量ꎮ２.２.２㊀高盐水浓缩技术㊀㊀高盐水的浓缩主要有膜浓缩和热浓缩两大技术体系[６]ꎮ膜浓缩技术是以分离膜为基础ꎬ以压力差㊁浓度差及电势差等为驱动力ꎬ通过溶质㊁溶剂和膜之间的尺寸排阻㊁电荷排斥及物理化学作用实现的分离技术ꎬ代表性的技术包括高压反渗透技术㊁正渗透技术(ＦＯ)㊁电渗析技术(ＥＤ)㊁膜蒸馏技术(ＭＤ)等ꎮ热浓缩是以加热蒸发的方式进行浓缩ꎬ代表性的技术方案包括多级闪蒸技术(ＭＳＦ)㊁多效蒸发技术(ＭＥＤ)以及机械蒸汽再压缩技术(ＭＶＲ)等ꎮ相对于膜浓缩技术ꎬ热浓缩技术耗能大ꎬ运行成本高ꎬ但可处理更高浓度的高盐废水ꎮ因此ꎬ一般将热浓缩技术作为膜浓缩的深度浓缩技术ꎬ两者联合应用ꎬ可有效降低处理成本ꎮ不同浓缩技术的特点见表２ꎮ６７河北冶金㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２０年第７期表２㊀不同浓缩技术的特点对比Ｔａｂ.２㊀Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ技术类别技术名称特点和优点缺点膜法浓缩技术高压反渗透[７－９]主要有碟管式和管网式反渗透ꎬ相对于传统的反渗透ꎬ操作压力最大可达１２ＭＰａꎬ抗污染特性好ꎬ可适用于较高ＣＯＤ的超高盐水ꎬ对进水ＳＤＩ要求低ꎬ抗污染和堵塞运行压力高ꎬ操作费用大正渗透(ＦＯ)[１０－１２]使用具有高渗透压ꎬ易分离的汲取液实现高盐水浓缩ꎬ外压小㊁能耗低㊁膜污染小浓差极化现象较严重ꎬ影响脱盐效率提升电渗析(ＥＤ)[１３－１５]通过电极和选择性离子交换膜ꎬ使阴阳离子定向转移ꎬ实现高盐水浓缩ꎬ装置使用寿命长㊁对进水预处理要求低㊁环境污染少㊁能量消耗低离子交换膜抗污染能力差ꎬ技术成熟度较低ꎬ控制较为复杂膜蒸馏(ＭＤ)[１６－１８]以疏水微孔膜两侧蒸气压差为传质驱动力的膜技术ꎬ可看做蒸馏和膜分离的集合过程ꎮ技术设备简单㊁操作温度和压力低㊁分离效率高ꎬ可利用太阳能或余热特点膜材料价格高ꎬ污堵较严重ꎬ能耗较高热法浓缩技术多级闪蒸(ＭＳＦ)[１９]将废水通过在多个压力逐渐降低的蒸发室闪现闪蒸汽化ꎬ然后将蒸汽冷凝得到脱盐水ꎬ技术相对成熟ꎮ硫酸盐结垢严重㊁工程投资高㊁动力消耗大㊁设备的操作弹性小ꎬ传热效率较低多效蒸发(ＭＥＤ)[２０－２１]通过逐效降低蒸发压力ꎬ从而实现前效蒸汽作为后效的热源ꎬ提高效率ꎬ处理残余浓缩液少ꎬ可处理宽范围的高盐水浓度投资成本较高ꎬ能耗高ꎬ占地面积大机械蒸汽再压缩(ＭＶＲ)[２２]通过蒸汽压缩机将物料蒸发产生的低温低压蒸汽压缩成高温高压的蒸汽ꎬ作为二次热源对原料液进行加热ꎬ蒸发温度低㊁运行能耗较小ꎬ设备可靠㊁占地面积小对压缩机性能要求高ꎬ投资费用高ꎬ不适宜沸点升高较大的物料新型浓缩技术变温溶剂萃取技术(ＴＳＳＥ)[２３]利用低温相变溶剂ꎬ对高盐水进行定向萃取ꎬ可采用低温热源ꎬ能耗低技术成熟度低ꎬ尚处于研究开发阶段２.３㊀分盐结晶㊀㊀脱盐是实现高盐水零排放最终步骤ꎬ分盐技术可以将高盐水中的盐分进行高质量分离ꎬ从而获得具有更高应用价值的盐分ꎬ而不是几乎没有价值的混合盐ꎬ甚至是危废ꎮ目前分盐工艺主要有热法分盐和膜法分盐两大类ꎮ㊀㊀热法分盐是根据溶液中对应温度下各溶质溶解度的不同ꎬ利用相图理论进行盐分分离ꎬ从而得到不同盐产品的过程ꎮ热法分盐工艺包括直接蒸发工艺㊁盐硝联产分盐结晶工艺和低温结晶工艺等[２４]ꎮ㊀㊀膜法分盐是指利用膜的选择透过性实现溶液中一价盐和二价盐有效分离的一种处理工艺ꎮ目前研究较多的为纳滤膜(ＮＦ)工艺㊁电渗析和双极膜工艺等[２５]ꎮ但膜法分盐主要将不同的离子分离富集ꎬ得到的仍然是水溶液ꎬ因此膜法分盐一般都与热法分盐联合应用ꎬ以实现干盐回收ꎮ㊀㊀钢铁行业的高盐水是一种比较复杂的水盐体系ꎬ其中的有价值盐成分不可能全部回收ꎮ实现分盐结晶ꎬ产品纯度越高ꎬ则运行成本越大ꎬ剩余母液或混盐的处理成本也更高ꎬ应根据不同的水质特点ꎬ通过试验确定最佳分盐方案ꎬ兼顾产品纯度㊁运行成本以及剩余混盐或母液的处理成本ꎬ实现经济和环境效益最优化ꎮ２.４㊀小结㊀㊀解决高盐水循环回用中产生的盐分累积问题是实现高盐水零排放的关键ꎮ应首先通过企业整体的水盐平衡分析ꎬ确定盐分的输出量ꎬ然后通过高盐水浓缩㊁结晶分盐将多余的盐分从系统中分离ꎬ从而实现循环系统的盐分平衡ꎮ㊀㊀高盐水的浓缩阶段根据浓缩液的盐浓度和性质ꎬ选择不同的浓缩方案ꎮ在浓缩浓度较低时ꎬ膜浓缩技术的吨水处理成本低ꎬ是最优的工艺选择ꎮ当浓缩至一定阶段后ꎬ热法浓缩便更具有优势ꎮ因此可采取两级膜浓缩㊁蒸发浓缩和结晶分盐的工艺路线(图４)ꎮ最佳工艺路线的选择和优化是目前行业高盐水处理应用需要研究的主要问题ꎮ７７总第２９５期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀ＨＥＢＥＩＹＥＪＩＮ图４㊀钢铁行业高盐水处理工艺路线选择Ｆｉｇ.４㊀Ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｉｇｈｓａｌｔｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｆｏｒｓｔｅｅｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ３㊀结语及展望㊀㊀钢铁行业的高盐水由于其产量大ꎬ厂内消纳途径有限ꎬ循环回用会导致整个中水循环系统的盐分累积ꎬ水质恶化ꎬ形成恶性循环ꎮ目前仍有一大部分企业产生的高盐水排入市政或其他水体ꎬ给城市污水处理和环境造成了影响ꎮ随着国家对钢铁等高耗水行业用水排水管控的进一步严格ꎬ实现高盐水的零排放是未来发展的必然趋势ꎮ鉴于钢铁行业高盐水盐浓度偏低的特点ꎬ实现高盐水零排放的主要思路是在企业水盐平衡分析的基础上ꎬ通过少量高盐水的浓缩减量㊁结晶分盐获得高质量的纯盐ꎬ实现一部分经济效益ꎬ降低处理成本ꎬ在实现零排放的同时ꎬ最大程度降低固废的产生ꎮ钢铁行业的高盐水是一种复杂的水盐体系ꎬ处理工艺路线长ꎬ成本较高ꎬ尤其是蒸发的方式ꎬ消耗大量能源ꎬ膜法分盐技术能耗相对较低ꎬ是实现浓缩减量的首要途径ꎬ但膜组件运行稳定性仍然是当前限制膜法应用的主要难题ꎬ如果在这方面有所突破ꎬ则高盐水零排放的可推广性将大大提高ꎮ参考文献[１]王鉴ꎬ郭天娇ꎬ丰铭ꎬ等.高含盐工业废水处理技术现状及研究进展[Ｊ].煤化工ꎬ２０１５ꎬ４３(３):１８~２１.[２]赵春霞ꎬ顾平ꎬ张光辉.反渗透浓水处理现状与研究进展[Ｊ].中国给水排水ꎬ２００９ꎬ２５(１８):１~５.[３]陈胜喜ꎬ张国祥ꎬ许凤林.反渗透浓盐水烟气脱硫工艺优化[Ｊ].河北冶金ꎬ２０１６ꎬ(７):６１~６２.[４]周欣ꎬ高明磊ꎬ李兰杰ꎬ等.连铸结晶器冷却水道腐蚀分析与控制[Ｊ].河北冶金ꎬ２０１９ꎬ(３):３５~３８.[５]蔡月圆ꎬ费学宁ꎬ苑宏英ꎬ等.浓盐水处理技术研究进展[Ｊ].环境科学与管理ꎬ２０１３ꎬ３８(４):９３~９８.[６]陈富强ꎬ池勇志ꎬ田秉晖ꎬ等.高盐工业废水零排放技术研究进展[Ｊ].工业水处理ꎬ２０１８ꎬ３８(８):１~５＋２７.[７]蒋卓ꎬ付永胜.两级碟管式反渗透系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用[Ｊ].四川环境ꎬ２０１８ꎬ３７(３):１~５.[８]张文耀ꎬ治卿ꎬ王焕伟.高效反渗透组合工艺在火电厂废水零排放中的应用[Ｊ].给水排水ꎬ２０１７ꎬ(１１):５６~５８.[９]饶斌ꎬ张立娜ꎬ曹辉ꎬ等.卷管式及碟管式膜应用于制药废水分盐零排放的中试工程运行分析[Ｊ].工业用水与废水ꎬ２０１８ꎬ４９(２):７２~７５.[１０]孙娜ꎬ王铎ꎬ汪锰.正渗透膜材料及其制备方法的研究进展[Ｊ].材料导报ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３３(１７):２９６６~２９７５＋２９９６.[１１]朱林ꎬ许成凯ꎬ吕航.正渗透膜分离技术及应用研究进展[Ｊ].科技创新与应用ꎬ２０１９ꎬ(１９):５０~５２＋５５.[１２]熊鹰ꎬ曾香ꎬ崔佳鑫ꎬ等.荷电正渗透膜的研究进展[Ｊ].中国材料进展ꎬ２０１８ꎬ(２):９４~９９.[１３]徐丽丽.电渗析在高盐废水 零排放 中的应用[Ｊ].污染防治技术ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３２(０４):７２~７４.[１４]王郁.电渗析 生化组合方法处理高盐废水[Ｄ].天津大学ꎬ２０１３.[１５]颜海洋ꎬ汪耀明ꎬ蒋晨啸ꎬ等.离子膜电渗析在高盐废水 零排放 中的应用㊁机遇与挑战[Ｊ].化工进展ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３８(０１):６７２~６８１.[１６]ＪｕｎＬｉꎬＬｏｎｇ－ＦｅｉＲｅｎꎬＪｉａｈｕｉＳｈａｏꎬＹｏｎｇｈｕｉＴｕꎬＺｈｏｎｇｂａｏＭａꎬＹｕａｎｘｉｎＬｉｎꎬＹｉｌｉａｎｇＨｅ.Ｆａｂｒｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｒｉｐｌｅｌａｙｅｒｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅａｎｄｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｄｉｓｔｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ(ＭＤ):Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｏｂｉｃ－ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌｉｃｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｎＭＤｐｅｒ￣ｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ[Ｊ].ＳｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｕｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０２０ꎬ２３４. [１７]刘羊九ꎬ王云山ꎬ韩吉田ꎬ等.膜蒸馏技术研究及应用进展[Ｊ].化工进展ꎬ２０１８ꎬ３７(１０):３７２６~３７３６.[１８]宋剑.膜蒸馏与膜蒸馏工艺过程[Ｊ].盐业与化工ꎬ２０１７ꎬ４６(４):３~５.[１９]王非.我国海水淡化的现状与钛的应用[Ｊ].钛工业进展ꎬ２０１３ꎬ(５):６~１２.[２０]满曰南ꎬ王晓娟ꎬ王银涛ꎬ等.海水淡化技术研究新进展和发展趋势[Ｊ].工业水处理ꎬ２０１４ꎬ３４(１１):８~１２.[２１]朱月琪ꎬ郭俊.多效蒸发技术在废水治理领域的应用研究[Ｊ].化工管理ꎬ２０１３ꎬ(２４):１０４~１０６.[２２]刘立ꎬ张继军ꎬ刘燕ꎬ等.机械蒸汽再压缩技术在蒸发领域的应用[Ｊ].化学工程ꎬ２０１４ꎬ４２(１１):１~５.[２３]ＣｈａｎｈｅｅＢｏｏꎬＲｏｂｅｒｔＫ.ＷｉｎｔｏｎꎬＫｅｌｌｙＭ.ＣｏｎｗａｙꎬａｎｄＮｇａｉＹｉｎＹｉｐ.ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ＆ＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＬｅｔｔｅｒｓ[Ｊ].２０１９ꎬＤＯＩ:１０.１０２１/ａｃｓ.ｅｓｔｌｅｔｔ.９ｂ００１８２.[２４]熊日华ꎬ何灿ꎬ马瑞ꎬ等.高盐废水分盐结晶工艺及其技术经济分析[Ｊ].煤炭科学技术ꎬ２０１８ꎬ４６(９):４２~４８.[２５]吴雅琴ꎬ杨波ꎬ申屠勋玉ꎬ等.膜集成技术在高含盐废水资源化中的应用[Ｊ].水处理技术ꎬ２０１６ꎬ(７):１１８~１２０.８７。
钢材硅烷化处理工艺流程
钢材硅烷化处理工艺流程Steel material silane treatment process is a crucial step in the production of steel components，钢材硅烷处理工艺流程是钢材制品生产中关键的一步，. This process involves treating the steel with a silane solution to improve its surface properties and prevent corrosion，这一过程涉及使用硅烷溶液处理钢材，以改善其表面性能并防止腐蚀. It is important to follow a specific set of steps to ensure the effectiveness of the silane treatment process，因此，遵循特定的步骤来确保硅烷处理工艺的有效性是非常重要的. From cleaning and pre-treatment of the steel surface to applying the silane solution and curing the treated steel，从清洁和预处理钢材表面到涂抹硅烷溶液并使经处理的钢材固化. Each step plays a crucial role in the overall success of the silane treatment process and ultimately determines the quality of the steel components produced，每一步都在硅烷处理工艺的整体成功中起着至关重要的作用，并最终决定了生产的钢材制品的质量.One of the key aspects of the steel material silane treatment process is the cleaning and pre-treatment of the steel surface before applying the silane solution，钢材硅烷处理工艺的关键方面之一是在涂抹硅烷溶液之前对钢材表面进行清洁和预处理. This step is essential forremoving any contaminants or impurities that may hinder the effectiveness of the silane treatment，这一步骤对于去除可能阻碍硅烷处理有效性的任何污染物或杂质至关重要. Proper cleaning and pre-treatment of the steel surface help to ensure good adhesion of the silane solution and promote better corrosion resistance of the treated steel components，对钢材表面进行适当的清洁和预处理有助于保证硅烷溶液的良好附着性，并促进经处理的钢材制品更好的防腐蚀性. Without thorough cleaning and pre-treatment, the silane treatment may not be as effective, leading to potential issues with the quality and performance of the steel components，如果没有彻底的清洁和预处理，硅烷处理可能不会那么有效，导致钢材制品的质量和性能可能存在潜在问题.Another important aspect of the steel material silane treatment process is the application of the silane solution onto the steel surface，钢材硅烷处理工艺的另一个重要方面是将硅烷溶液涂抹到钢材表面上. This step involves carefully applying the silane solution using specific techniques to ensure even coverage and proper adhesion to thesteel surface，这一步骤涉及使用特定技术仔细涂抹硅烷溶液，以确保均匀覆盖和充分附着到钢材表面. The application of the silane solution is a critical part of the process as it determines the level of protectionand enhancement of the steel's surface properties，硅烷溶液的涂抹是该工艺的关键部分，因为它决定了钢材表面性能的保护和增强水平. Properly applying the silane solution can help improve the corrosion resistance, hardness, and overall durability of the treated steel components，正确涂抹硅烷溶液有助于提高经处理的钢材制品的防腐蚀性、硬度和整体耐久性. It is important to follow the recommended guidelines for applying the silane solution to achieve optimal results in the steel material silane treatment process，遵循涂抹硅烷溶液的推荐指南对于在钢材硅烷处理工艺中取得最佳结果非常重要.Curing the treated steel components is a crucial final step in the steel material silane treatment process，使经处理的钢材制品固化是钢材硅烷处理工艺中至关重要的最后一步. This step involves allowing the silane solution to cure and bond to the steel surface, enhancing its properties and providing long-lasting protection，这一步骤涉及让硅烷溶液固化并与钢材表面结合，增强其性能并提供持久的保护. Proper curing of the treated steel components ensures the durability and effectiveness of the silane treatment，适当的固化处理可确保经处理的钢材制品的耐用性和硅烷处理的有效性. Without proper curing, the silane solution may not fully bond to the steel surface, leading to reduced protection and potential issues with the quality of thetreated components，如果没有适当的固化处理，硅烷溶液可能无法完全与钢材表面结合，导致保护降低和经处理的制品质量可能存在潜在问题. It is important to follow the recommended curing times and conditions to ensure the best results in the steel material silane treatment process，遵循推荐的固化时间和条件对于确保钢材硅烷处理工艺中取得最佳结果非常重要.The steel material silane treatment process offers numerous benefits to steel components，钢材硅烷处理工艺为钢材制品带来了众多好处. By improving the surface properties of the steel, such as corrosion resistance and hardness, the silane treatment helps to enhance the overall quality and longevity of the components，通过改善钢材的表面性能，如防腐蚀性和硬度，硅烷处理有助于提高制品的整体质量和寿命. Additionally, the silane treatment can provide a protective barrier against environmental factors that may cause corrosion or degradation of the steel components over time，此外，硅烷处理可以提供一种保护屏障，防止环境因素随时间引起钢材制品的腐蚀或降解. The enhanced durability and protection offered by the silane treatment process can prolong the lifespan of steel components and reduce the need for frequent maintenance or replacement，硅烷处理工艺提供的增强耐久性和保护可以延长钢材制品的寿命，并减少对频繁维护或更换的需求. Overall, the steel material silane treatment process is a valuable technique for improving the performance and longevity of steel components in various applications，总的来说，钢材硅烷处理工艺是一项有价值的技术，可以提高各种应用中钢材制品的性能和寿命.The success of the steel material silane treatment process depends on various factors，钢材硅烷处理工艺的成功取决于各种因素. Proper surface cleaning and pre-treatment, careful application of the silane solution, and thorough curing of the treated steel components are all essential for achieving optimal results，对钢材表面进行适当的清洁和预处理、谨慎涂抹硅烷溶液以及对经处理的钢材制品进行彻底固化都是实现最佳结果的关键. It is crucial to follow the recommended guidelines and procedures for each step of the silane treatment process to ensure the effectiveness and quality of the treated components，对硅烷处理过程的每一步骤都遵循推荐的指南和程序对于确保经处理制品的有效性和质量至关重要. Additionally, factors such as environmental conditions, curing times, and quality of the silane solution can also impact the overall success of the process，此外，环境条件、固化时间和硅烷溶液的质量等因素也会影响整个工艺的成功. By paying attention to these factors and taking the necessary precautions, manufacturers can ensure the consistent quality and performance of steel componentstreated with the silane process，通过关注这些因素并采取必要的预防措施，制造商可以确保经硅烷处理的钢材制品的一致质量和性能.In conclusion, the steel material silane treatment process is a crucial step in the production of steel components，总的来说，钢材硅烷处理工艺是钢材制品生产中至关重要的一步. This process offers numerous benefits by improving the surface properties of the steel and providing long-lasting protection against corrosion and degradation，这一过程通过改善钢材的表面性能，提供长期防腐蚀和降解保护，为钢材制品带来了众多好处. Proper cleaning, application of the silane solution, and curing of the treated steel are essential for achieving optimal results and enhancing the overall quality and performance of the components，适当的清洁、硅烷溶液的涂抹和经处理钢材的固化对于实现最佳结果和提高制品的整体质量和性能至关重要. By following recommended guidelines and procedures, as well as considering various factors that may impact the success of the process, manufacturers can ensure the consistent quality and longevity of steel components treated with the silane process，通过遵循推荐的指南和程序，以及考虑可能影响工艺成功的各种因素，制造商可以确保经硅烷处理的钢材制品的一致质量和耐久性. Overall, the steel material silane treatment process is a valuable technique for enhancing theperformance and durability of steel components in a wide range of applications，总的来说，钢材硅烷处理工艺是一项有价值的技术，可以提高各种应用中钢材制品的性能和耐久性.。
铁路桥梁预应力钢棒施工工艺流程
铁路桥梁预应力钢棒施工工艺流程1.首先根据设计图纸确定预应力钢棒的数量和位置。
First, determine the quantity and position of the prestressed steel bars according to the design drawings.2.进行预应力钢棒的材料检验，确保符合规定的强度和质量标准。
Conduct material inspection for prestressed steel bars to ensure compliance with specified strength and quality standards.3.对桥梁进行施工准备，清理桥面和梁下方的工作区域。
Prepare the bridge for construction by cleaning thebridge deck and the working area beneath the beams.4.将预应力钢棒按照设计要求穿线，并预留出足够的长度用于锚固。
Thread the prestressed steel bars according to design requirements and leave enough length for anchoring.5.进行预应力钢棒的张拉，通过专用设备施加预应力力，使钢棒产生弯曲和拉伸。
Perform the tensioning of the prestressed steel bars using specialized equipment to induce bending and tension.6.进行预应力钢棒的锚固，将钢棒固定在梁体的混凝土中。
Anchor the prestressed steel bars by fixing them into the concrete of the beams.7.进行预应力钢棒的切割和修整，确保其满足设计要求的尺寸和几何形状。
全淬透轴承钢与渗碳钢疲劳强度对比
全淬透轴承钢与渗碳钢疲劳强度对比1.全淬透轴承钢具有更高的疲劳强度，可以承受更多的循环载荷。
Fully quenched bearing steel has a higher fatigue strength, able to withstand more cyclic loads.2.渗碳钢疲劳强度较低，容易在循环载荷作用下发生裂纹和断裂。
Carburized steel has lower fatigue strength, prone to cracking and fracturing under cyclic loads.3.全淬透轴承钢的组织更加均匀，内在应力较小，有利于提高疲劳强度。
The microstructure of fully quenched bearing steel ismore uniform and has lower internal stress, which isbeneficial for improving fatigue strength.4.渗碳钢的表面硬度更高，但疲劳强度相对较低。
Carburized steel has higher surface hardness, butrelatively lower fatigue strength.5.全淬透轴承钢通过热处理工艺使其晶粒细化，提高了其疲劳强度。
Fully quenched bearing steel is refined by heat treatment process, which improves its fatigue strength.6.渗碳钢在表面具有高强度和耐磨性，但在疲劳强度方面存在局限。
Carburized steel has high strength and wear resistance on the surface, but has limitations in terms of fatigue strength.7.全淬透轴承钢在循环载荷下表现出更高的耐久性和可靠性。
钢板连续退火工艺流程
钢板连续退火工艺流程英文回答：The continuous annealing process of steel plate is an important heat treatment process in the production of steel products. This process helps to improve the mechanical properties and microstructure of the steel, making it suitable for various industrial applications. The continuous annealing process involves several key steps to achieve the desired properties in the steel plate.Firstly, the steel plate is heated to a specific temperature in a controlled atmosphere to avoid oxidation. This heating process helps to soften the steel and make it more malleable for further processing. The temperature and heating time are carefully controlled to ensure uniform heating throughout the steel plate.After the heating process, the steel plate is held at the annealing temperature for a specific period to allowfor the desired changes in the microstructure. This holding time is crucial for achieving the desired mechanical properties in the steel. The cooling process follows the annealing stage, and it is also carefully controlled to prevent any sudden changes in the microstructure of thesteel plate.The cooling rate is an important factor in the continuous annealing process, as it can significantlyimpact the final properties of the steel plate. A slower cooling rate is often preferred to allow for the formationof a more uniform microstructure, which results in improved mechanical properties such as increased ductility and toughness.In addition to the heating, holding, and cooling stages, the continuous annealing process may also involve other treatments such as recrystallization and grain growthcontrol to further refine the microstructure of the steel plate.Overall, the continuous annealing process is a criticalstep in the production of high-quality steel products. By carefully controlling the heating, holding, and cooling stages, manufacturers can achieve the desired mechanical properties and microstructure in the steel plate, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications.中文回答：钢板连续退火是钢材生产中重要的热处理工艺流程。
长钢管的加工工艺流程
长钢管的加工工艺流程英文回答：The processing technology for long steel pipes involves several steps to ensure the desired final product. The following is a general outline of the process:1. Raw Material Preparation: The first step is to select high-quality steel materials for the production of long steel pipes. The raw materials are usually in the form of steel billets or steel ingots.2. Heating and Forming: The selected raw materials are heated in a furnace to a specific temperature range to make them malleable. The heated steel is then passed through a series of rollers to shape it into a cylindrical pipe. This process is known as hot rolling.3. Welding: In some cases, the long steel pipes are produced by welding together multiple shorter sections. Theends of the pipes are prepared by beveling or machining to create a suitable joint. The pipes are then welded together using various welding techniques such as arc welding or electric resistance welding.4. Sizing and Straightening: After the welding process, the long steel pipes undergo sizing and straightening operations. Sizing involves passing the pipes through a series of rollers to achieve the desired outer diameter and wall thickness. Straightening ensures that the pipes are perfectly straight and free from any deformations.5. Heat Treatment: Depending on the specificapplication and requirements, the long steel pipes may undergo heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalizing, or quenching and tempering. Heat treatment helps improve the mechanical properties and overall performance of the pipes.6. Surface Treatment: To protect the long steel pipes from corrosion and enhance their appearance, various surface treatments are applied. This may include processeslike shot blasting, pickling, galvanizing, or painting.7. Inspection and Testing: Before the final product is released, the long steel pipes undergo rigorous inspection and testing. This ensures that the pipes meet the required specifications and quality standards. The tests may include dimensional checks, mechanical property testing, non-destructive testing, and hydrostatic testing.8. Packaging and Delivery: Once the long steel pipes pass all the quality checks, they are properly packaged to prevent damage during transportation. The pipes are typically bundled together and secured with steel straps or plastic wrapping. They are then loaded onto trucks or shipped to the customer's location.中文回答：长钢管的加工工艺流程包括以下几个步骤，以确保最终产品达到预期要求：1. 原材料准备，首先需要选择高质量的钢材作为长钢管的生产原料。
去碳化物热处理工艺流程
去碳化物热处理工艺流程As a metalworking professional, I understand the significance of carbonizing heat treatment processes in enhancing the properties of steel. 知道去碳化热处理工艺在提高钢材性能方面的重要性。
This process involves heating the steel components in a carbon-rich environment to improve their hardness, strength, and wear resistance. 这个过程涉及将钢件加热到碳丰富的环境中，以提高其硬度，强度和耐磨性。
By carefully controlling the temperature and duration of the heat treatment, we can achieve the desired microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel. 通过精确控制热处理的温度和时间，我们可以实现所需的钢材组织和力学性能。
One of the main advantages of carbonizing heat treatment is the ability to customize the properties of steel according to specific application requirements. 去碳化热处理的一个主要优势是根据特定的应用要求定制钢材的性能。
By adjusting the process parameters, such as temperature, time, and carbon content, we can tailor the hardness, toughness, and wear resistance of the steel to meet the needs of different industries. 通过调整工艺参数，如温度，时间和碳含量，我们可以定制钢材的硬度，韧性和耐磨性，以满足不同行业的需求。
40cr加工工艺流程
40cr加工工艺流程英文回答：40Cr is a commonly used alloy steel with a carbon content of 0.37% to 0.44% and a chromium content of 0.80% to 1.10%. It is widely used in the manufacturing industry due to its excellent mechanical properties and high hardenability. The processing of 40Cr involves several steps to achieve the desired shape and properties. Let's discuss the processing technology for 40Cr in detail.1. Raw Material Preparation:The first step in the processing of 40Cr is the selection and preparation of raw materials. High-quality 40Cr steel bars or plates are chosen, ensuring that the chemical composition and mechanical properties meet the required specifications.2. Cutting and Machining:Once the raw material is ready, it is cut into appropriate sizes using cutting machines. The cut pieces are then subjected to machining processes like turning, milling, drilling, and grinding to achieve the desired shape and dimensions.3. Heat Treatment:Heat treatment is a crucial step in the processing of 40Cr to enhance its mechanical properties. The steel is heated to a specific temperature and held at that temperature for a certain period of time. This process helps to refine the grain structure, improve hardness, and increase the strength of the material.4. Quenching and Tempering:After heat treatment, the 40Cr steel is quenched in a suitable medium, such as oil or water, to rapidly cool it down. This process helps to achieve high hardness and strength. Subsequently, tempering is performed by reheatingthe steel to a lower temperature to reduce brittleness and improve toughness.5. Surface Treatment:To improve the surface finish and corrosion resistance of 40Cr components, various surface treatment methods can be employed. These include processes like polishing, plating, coating, or heat treatment methods like nitriding or carburizing.6. Inspection and Quality Control:Throughout the processing of 40Cr, it is essential to conduct regular inspections and quality control checks to ensure that the final product meets the required specifications. This includes dimensional checks, hardness testing, microstructure analysis, and other relevant tests.中文回答：40Cr是一种常用的合金钢，其碳含量为0.37%至0.44%，铬含量为0.80%至1.10%。
钢铁是怎样炼成的好句摘抄50字
钢铁是怎样炼成的好句摘抄50字Do you ever wonder how steel is made? It's a fascinating process that involves turning raw materials into a strong and versatile metal that is used in countless everyday items. 你有没有想过钢铁是怎么制造出来的呢？这是一个迷人的过程，它将原材料转化为一种坚固而多用途的金属，被用于无数日常物品中。
First, the process begins with the extraction of iron ore from the earth. This raw material is then heated in a blast furnace along with carbon and other elements to create molten pig iron. 首先，这个过程始于从地球中提取铁矿石。
然后将这种原材料与碳和其他元素一起在高炉中加热，制成熔融的生铁。
Next, the pig iron is further refined in a basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace to remove impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon. The addition of other elements such as manganese and chromium can also be done at this stage to enhance the properties of the steel. 接着，生铁在碱性氧气炉或电弧炉中进一步精炼，去除硫、磷和过多的碳等杂质。
08Al钢的QPQ盐浴复合处理技术的抗蚀性研究
武汉理工大学硕士学位论文08Al钢的QPQ盐浴复合处理技术的抗蚀性研究姓名：王俊申请学位级别：硕士专业：材料加工工程指导教师：王华昌20070501摘要QPQ(Quench Polish Quench)盐浴复合处理是一种新型的金属零件表面改性技术。
由于其具备提高钢铁材料的耐磨性、疲劳强度和抗蚀性，已经被广泛运用于机械制造业和汽车工业。
QPQ技术的实质是低温盐浴渗氮+盐浴氧化或低温盐浴氮碳共渗+盐浴氧化，经QPQ处理的试样，其表面形成一层铁氮化合物和致密的Fc304氧化膜。
QPQ技术适用于绝大部分低碳钢、铸铁和粉末冶金件。
中碳钢经QPQ处理后可以在很多领域代替不锈钢，同时QPQ工艺可以代替发黑、磷化和镀镍等传统防腐蚀工艺。
本文采用QPQ技术对08Al钢进行表面改性处理，探讨了在不同工艺参数对抗蚀性的影响。
运用扫描电镜观察氮化后的断面显微组织，检测了化合物层的厚度和质量。
采用XRD进行了氧化后试样的相组成分析。
运用显微硬度计检测渗层的厚度和显微硬度变化。
采用全浸试验和盐雾试验测试了处理试样的耐蚀性能。
研究结果表明：08A1钢在540℃与560℃下氮化3h时，硬度峰值均约为1-1V660，接近基体的4倍。
当氮化时间为3h时，在540℃与560℃下处理后的化合物层厚度相当，约为5私m，但是560℃下处理的渗层厚度较大。
在540℃氮化3h后呈海绵状疏松的化合物层厚度达到近52．趴m，氧化后可以得到较厚的Fc304膜层。
在540℃氮化3h后360℃氧化30min的试样，其抗中性盐雾腐蚀时间为168h，在增加抛光和400℃二次氧化30rain处理后，可以得到更佳的抗腐蚀性能，其抗中性盐雾腐蚀时间达192h。
关键词：QPQ：08AI钢；抗蚀性；盐浴；渗氮AbstractThe QPQ(Quench Polish Quench)complex salt bath treatment is a type of veryadvanced technology for surface strengthening．It is used widely in the field ofand in the meehanical and automobile industry to increase manufacturing engineenngsurface wear resistance，to enhance fatigue strength and to improve the conosion resistance of the treated components．The QPQ surface-treatment process includes a nitriding(or lower-temperature nitro-caburizing)salt bath process and an oxidizing salt bath process．The specimens wcre treated in a QPQ salt bath,where the treated surface is consist of a composite layer and a tight Fe3吼film．The QPQ process isof low-carbon steel cast iron and particularly suitable for all kindspowder-metallurgy components．After QPQ treatment，plain-carbon steel can be used instead of stainless steel，whilst the QPQ process call also substitute for anti-corrosion and anti·oxidizing processes such as blacking,phosphorescing,chromium plating, etC．In this article，the QPQ complex salt bath treatment was applied for surface modified of steel 08A1．Effect of different process parameters on corrosion resistanceresearched．The treated surface microstmcture Was for QPQ treated work-pieces wasobserved by using SEM，meanwhile，the thickness and the quality of the compound-layer Wel'e also analyzed．The phase composition of oxide film was analyzed by XRD．The micro—hardness of diffusion layer Was measured by Digital Micro Hardness Tester．The corrosion resistance of QPQ treated steel 08AI Was investigated through soaking and salt spray tests．The results indicated that：Steel 08A1 was treated at a constant nitridingof composite temperature of 5400C and 560。
热处理工艺
金属热处理金属热处理是机械制造中的重要工艺之一，与其它加工工艺相比，热处理一般不改变工件的形状和整体的化学成分，而是通过改变工件内部的显微组织，或改变工件表面的化学成分，赋予或改善工件的使用性能。
其特点是改善工件的内在质量，而这一般不是肉眼所能看到的。
为使金属工件具有所需要的力学性能、物理性能和化学性能，除合理选用材料和各种成形工艺外，热处理工艺往往是必不可少的。
钢铁是机械工业中应用最广的材料，钢铁显微组织复杂，可以通过热处理予以控制，所以钢铁的热处理是金属热处理的主要内容。
另外，铝、铜、镁、钛等及其合金也都可以通过热处理改变其力学、物理和化学性能，以获得不同的使用性能。
热处理工艺一般包括加热、保温、冷却三个过程，有时只有加热和冷却两个过程。
这些过程互相衔接，不可间断。
加热是热处理的重要工序之一。
金属热处理的加热方法很多，最早是采用木炭和煤作为热源，进而应用液体和气体燃料。
电的应用使加热易于控制，且无环境污染。
利用这些热源可以直接加热，也可以通过熔融的盐或金属，以至浮动粒子进行间接加热。
金属加热时，工件暴露在空气中，常常发生氧化、脱碳(即钢铁零件表面碳含量降低)，这对于热处理后零件的表面性能有很不利的影响。
因而金属通常应在可控气氛或保护气氛中、熔融盐中和真空中加热，也可用涂料或包装方法进行保护加热。
加热温度是热处理工艺的重要工艺参数之一，选择和控制加热温度，是保证热处理质量的主要问题。
加热温度随被处理的金属材料和热处理的目的不同而异，但一般都是加热到相变温度以上，以获得高温组织。
另外转变需要一定的时间，因此当金属工件表面达到要求的加热温度时，还须在此温度保持一定时间，使内外温度一致，使显微组织转变完全，这段时间称为保温时间。
采用高能密度加热和表面热处理时，加热速度极快，一般就没有保温时间，而化学热处理的保温时间往往较长。
冷却也是热处理工艺过程中不可缺少的步骤，冷却方法因工艺不同而不同，主要是控制冷却速度。
英文钢铁行业报告
Steel industry refers to the industry that processes iron and steel to produce various steel products It mainly includes iron smoothing, steel smoothing, rolling, forging, casting, heat treatment, surface treatment, and other processes
In recent years, with the continuous development of China's economy,
China's steel industry has also made great progress China has become one of the largest steel producing countries
Consumption of steel is also growing, driven by the development of infrastructure, real estate and manufacturing industries