词汇学论文 语境与词汇意义On Context and Meaning
现代英语词汇学概论8 Meaning and Context
The meaning of make is affected by the grammatical structures. This is called grammatical context. Grammatical context is the grammatical structures in which a particular linguistic item is used.
[47] The ball was good. 1) dancing party 2) round object Revised: The ball was good. I never danced like this before. The ball was good. I used it for a long time.
8.1.2 Linguistic Context
figure 1) a half-length figure （像） 2) a historical figure （人物） 3) double figure （数字） 4) figure of speech （词格）
8.1.2 Linguistic Context
8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context
广场（square） 1) a large flat area without buildings 2) a large building (亚贸广场；武广) 城（city） 1) a large town with more than 300,000 residents 2) 家俱城；书城
8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context
利用语境理解词汇意义
利用语境理解词汇意义（Context in Interpretation of Word Meaning）湖北省荆门市掇刀石中学刘艳红何庆华AbstractThis paper makes a brief introduction to the theory of context. A number of typical examples are cited to demonstrate the role of context in eliminating ambiguities, removing vagueness, indicating referring meanings. The mastery of contextual knowledge and the analysis of the stylistic features are proposed as the keys to the correct interpretation of word meaning.Key words: context linguistic context non-linguistic context word meaningI IntroductionThe interpretation of word meaning is of paramount importance for a non-native learner both in reading and communication. The meanings of most words are dependent on context because the meanings are influenced immediately by the linguistic environment, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well. Without context, there is no way to determine the meaning that the speaker intends to convey, whereas with the context there is generally no danger of misinterpretation, for meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning (Zhang, 1997, P:210). In order to interpret meaning correctly, it is necessary to study context and research on the importance of context. The emphasis of this paper focuses on the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.II Context and Its DefinitionThe anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski first raised “Context of situation” in the 1920s. According to him, the meaning of an utterance does not come from the idea of the words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs. He (1923) writes, “When we pass from a modern civilized language…to a primitive tongue… there it should be clear at once that conception of meaning as contained in utterance is false and futile …, utterances and situation are bound up inextricably with each other and the contest of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.” In the 1930s,J.R.Firth advanced the theory of context. According to J.R.Firth, context consists of two parts; one is inter-language, the other is extra-language, namely, the special situation and condition in which the speech occurs. After 1970s, as many new linguistic branches such as semantics and pragmatics appeared, more and more linguists realize the importance of context. J. Lyons holds that context is a notion of theory. J.Lyons interprets context according to knowledge. He concludes that contest is composed of the knowledge of the following aspects:⑴Each of the participants must know his role and status.⑵The participants must know where they are in space and time.⑶The participants must be able to categorize the situation in terms of its degree of formality.⑷The participants must know what medium is appropriate to the situation.⑸The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the subject-matters, and the importance of subject-matter as a determinant in the selection of one dialect or one language rather than another in bilingual or multilingual communities has beenstressed by such writers as Haugen (1953), Weinreich (1953) and Fishman(1965).⑹The participants must know how to make their utterance appropriate to the province or domain to which the situation belongs. (Lyons, 1977.P: 574)These expositions are given by foreign linguists. Chinese linguists also give us some definitions about context. Mr. Zhang Yunfei makes a conclusion about context that can make us understand it better. Context refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word in its traditional sense. Modern linguistic have broaden its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. Linguistic context is composed of lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance or a speech event) is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event is set.The definitions about context are given from different perspectives, but they are related to each other. In a word, meaning is closely tied to context.III The Role of Context in the Interpretation of Meaning“No context, no meaning”, “You know a word by the company it keeps”. These two sentences have been chosen as the mottos by people when they read or communicate. Maybe we can’t completely take them for granted. But we must agree that meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. The following aspects will show the role of context.3.1 Eliminating ambiguitiesAmbiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning. (ZhangYunfei and Zhou Xiqing, 1986,P:241). There are several types of ambiguities. Here we mainly talk about two types of them from the perspectives of linguistic context and non-linguistic context. One is lexical ambiguity due to the multiple meanings of words or homonym. A word that has multiple meanings will be discussed. Only when a word is used in an adequate context, people can understand its real meaning, For example:（1）John did not turn up because he was engaged.The word engaged in this context can mean both “(of a person) busy; occupied” and “to be married”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that the reader may find it difficult to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is changed as “John did not turn up because he was engaged in his office”.The non-linguistic context---the actual speech situation also plays a role in eliminating ambiguities. People can easily understand the different meaning of a word when it is used in different time or place. Take the sentence “Pass the port” for example, pass can mean “go across” or “give by hand”, port has the meaning “harbor” or “a kind of wine”, So what is the real meaning is difficult to determine. But in our daily life, this kind of sentence does not create any misunderstanding because the word can be interpreted by the place. If we say it at table, it obviously means “Hand me the wine”. If the captain orders to the navigator in the process of navigation, it mu st mean “Go across the harbor”.Another type is structural ambiguity that arises from grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase. For example：（2）“I am an associate editor and professor”. After the addressee hears this sentence, he can’t make sure whether he is an associate and professor or associate editor and professor.3.2 Removing vaguenessVagueness refers to the meaning of a word that is not clear. Whether a word is vague or not isrelative. For example:(3) It is a beast.(4) This is a good strawberry.(5) This is a good lemon.In Sentence (3), beast is a vague notion. It is vaguer than elephant, but it is more concrete than animal. Nevertheless, people have no idea of what kind of beast it is. But in Sentence (4) and (5),although good is a vague word, its meaning is clear in a definite context. In Sentence (4), strawberry determines the meaning of good. As the sweeter the strawberry is, the better it is. So good must be “sweet” not “sour”. By the same token the sourer the lemon is, the better it is. So “a good lemon” means “a sour lemon”.3.3 Indicating referentsThe mastery of deictic information is the key to the interpretation of meaning. Deixis is dependent on context and its reference lies in context. Deictic expressions are pronouns, demonstratives (this/that, these/those), certain time and place adverbs (e,g. here and now), some verbs of motion (e.g. come /go ) and even tenses. In order to avoid repletion, deixis is widely used in books and in communication. If we are not familiar with the context, there is no way to understand the referents. The following dialogue is written by the well-known linguist, Firth:(6)Do you think he will ?I do not know. He might.I suppose he ought to, but perhaps he feels he can’t.Well, his brothers have. They perhaps think he needn’t.Perhaps eventually he may. I think he should, and I very much hope he will.Because there is no context, it is difficult to guess what the participants are talking. In fact, the modal verb will, might and ought to in the above dialogue are used in place of the verb phrase “join the army,”Person deixis is frequently used in a speech event. In communication, the addressee must change certain person deixis which is used by the addressers Here is a humor about the false use of person deixis.(7) Voice on phone:“ John Smith is sick and can not attend class today. He requested me to notify you.”Professor: All right, who is this speaking?”V oice on the phone:“ This is my roommate.”If the student pays attention to the use of person deixis and uses “his” instead of “my ”, then he will successfully play truant. Other deixis also plays important roles in the interpretation of meaning. There is no need to repeat,3.4 Supplying information omitted through ellipsisEllipsis is a kind of rhetorical features. It is also a kind of tendencies of Modern English, For example:(8)John drinks far too much.(9) When shall we eat?(10) Bacon’s figures of speech are forensic, intend to convince and confound.(11) Janet! Donkeys!(12) Janet! Wine!In these five sentences, (8)—(10) omit the objects. The conventional grammarians call it “deletion”. In fact, if we are familiar with the collocation of English words, we can determine theomitted words: drink refers to “drink wine”, eat means “have the meal”, convince means “make people believe”, confound means “defeat the opponent”. Sentence (11) and (12) omit verbs, but we can infer the predicates from its objects. Donkeys means ‘”Drive away donkeys” or “”be careful of donkeys”, wine means “bring wine or “Pour wine.”3.5 Inferring meaningsOne of the most important roles of context is provision of clues for inference of meaning. As words are always used in a definite context, there must be some hints. So we can infer their meanings. The following paragraphs will indicate how context influences the meaning of words.(13) Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person.(14) Europe, an ice-covered moon of the planet Jupitor, may be able to support life, spaceagency scientists believe.In Sentence （13）, the meaning of gregarious is reflected exactly by the antonym unsociable.In Sentence （14）, Europa is a new word, but we can infer its meaning from its appositive “an ice-covered moon of the planet Jupitor”. Hence Europ a must be “a satellite belonging to Jupitor”.The above example show that we can determine the word meaning from the word meaning from the words or sentences which precede or follow.IV Knowledge of Context in Interpretation of Word MeaningHaving specifying the role of context in the determination of word meaning, the next paragraphs will emphasize the knowledge of context in interpretation of word meaning.4.1 The mastery of linguistic knowledge and the analysis of the contextIn order to understand word meaning in context, first of all, one must grasp the basic knowledge of vocabulary in the target language such as word structure, word formation, word collocation and types of meaning, etc. What’s more, he must remem ber the common meanings of words. All these are essential in the interpretation. In addition to the vocabulary knowledge, one has to analyze the context which refers to analyze the context which refers to the linguistic context and context, word-meaning can be understood from relative words, sentences, passage or even the whole book, In the light of the context of situation, one has to make sure of the role and status of the participants, time and place of the speech and the situation (formal or informal).4.2 Analyzing the stylistic featuresThe context can eliminate ambiguities, but in some articles, the writer intentionally devices certain context to create ambiguity so as to achieve humor. So it is necessary to analyze the stylistic features. The next example is a good illustration.(15) The clerk (entering): Are you engaged?Augustus: What business is that of yours? However, if you will take the trouble to read the society papers for this week, you will see that I am engaged to the Honorable LucyPopham, youngest daughter of.The Clerk: That is not what I mean. Can you see a female?Augustus: Of course I can see a female as easily as a male. Do you suppose I am blind?The Clerk: You do not seem to follow me, somehow. There is a female downstairs: What you might call a lady. She wants to know can you see her if I let her up.The humor comes from the polysemants engaged and see. Engaged means “busy” when it is used by the clerk, while it refers to “to be married” when A ugustus says it. See is also a pun. What the clerk means is “v i sit somebody”, but what Augustus understands is “become aware of (sb/sth)by using the eyes”.4.3 The understanding of background knowledgeBackground knowledge mentioned in this article is confined to the cultural background. Every language is part of a culture and also the carrier of culture, so language must serve and reflect culture. Since words are the main part of language, most of them must be strongly tied to culture. Then, the correct interpretation of words presupposes a good knowledge of the culture of the target language, The cultural background is a broad view of context. Malinowski, a well-known anthropologist, writes;“The conception of context must burst the bonds of mere linguis tics and be carried over into the analysis of the general conditions under which a language id spoken… The study of any language, spoken by a people who live under conditions different from our own and possess a different culture, must be carried out in conjunction with the study of their culture and of their environ ment.”The same lexical item may have the same designative meaning in different countries. But because of cultural differences, their connotative meaning is quite different. Take the common word dog for example. Dog in English is associated with “loyalty”, “faithfulness”, “a close companion” and all pos itive qualities. It is a favorable word. If you call an Englishman “old dog” or “lucky dog”, he will be glad; whereas to Chinese, dog takes on neg ative associations such as wicked” or “disgusting”. If a person is compared to a dog, he must be looked down on by others.V ConclusionTo sum up, the contents of the context are abundant. Context not only refers to the linguistic context which is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense, but also the non0linguistic context which covers the actual speech situation and the entire cultural background. As non-native speaker, one has to remember the basic meaning of words. The most important thing is to understand and use them in concrete context. The context can eliminate ambiguities, remove vagueness, indicate referents, supply information omitted through ellipsis and infer meanings in the process of word-understanding. According to the theory of context and its role, the mastery of linguistic knowledge, the analysis of stylistic features, the grasping of cultural background are essential factors in the interpretation of word meaning.BibliographyHatch, Evelyn. (1992 ) D iscouse and Language Education .Cambridge University Press. Lyons, J（1977）Semantics Vo1.2. Cambridge University Press.Leech, GN.（1983 ）Principles of Pragmatics. LongmanHopper, Jane, et al. （1988）The Language of Learning: Vocabulary for College Success. Wadsworth Publishing Company张维友（1997）《英语词汇学教程》,华中师范大学出版社。
词汇学论文语境与词汇意义OnContextandMeaning
On Context and Meaning12级英语D班，赖惠珊，NO.12Linguists have classified context from different perspectives and for different aims. For example, context may be classified into broad and narrow ones according to their scopes; notional and situational ones according to their content; emotional and rational ones according to their emotions; implicit and explicit ones according to expressing forms, etc. However, the most widely used way is to draw a distinction between two major types:linguistic context and non-linguistic context, which can be illustrated as the following.There are two Types of context.1)Linguistic contextIt refers to all the words that go before or come after the word in question. There are three main types of lingustic context.A. Lexical context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a particular word appears or combined with a given polysemous word. For example, ‘a white paper’ means government document; ‘a term paper’ means essay writtten at the end of the term; ‘today’s paper’ means newspaper.B. Grammatical context: the syntactic structure of the context detemines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take some example, ‘become+pronoun/n (used as objecct), meaning ‘suit,befit’ ; ‘become+of, meaning happen to, often in a bad way’Such meaning are sometimes described as grammatically bound meanings. The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of differences in the meanings of a word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of given word. Consider the following sentences, which show that get has different meanings in the same pattern ‘get+n’.“I don’t get your point” , “I’ll get him on that point” , “she really gets me when she says these foolish thing”. The above examples show that th e meaning of a word often has to be determined by the lexical and the grammatical contexts combined.C. Verbal context in its broad sense: maybe an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2)Extra-linguistic contextIt is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, place, time, relevant objects, background knowledge etc.Context is of great importance for the understanding of word meaning,especially for the understanding of the meanings of polysemic words. No matter how many denotative meanings a word may have,generally there will be no risk of misunderstanding the meaning,when it occurs in a particular context.The vital role of context in determination of word meaning.The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects:Elimination of ambiguityAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.Lexical ambiguitiesthe damage was done by the river.He is a hard businessman.Structural ambiguitiesThe fish is ready to eat.I like Mary better than Jean.2)Conveying emotional overtonesIndicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word. The emotive side of word meaning depends largely on the context, with the exception of those words that have affective meaning as part of word meaning. Only the context can show whether or a word should be taken as a purely objective expression, whether it conveys and evokes emotions, or whether an appreciative word is used in an unfavorable way.Providing clues for the correct comprehension of word meaningContext may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. Indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word context is of great importance in understanding the references of pro-forms such as I,you,he,this or that or do, etc. Not only can context indicate referents, it can also make clear the range of the meaning of a word.Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given words. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. Lingustic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.Both the linguistic and extra-linguistic contextes are necessary to determine the exact meaning of polysemic and homonymous words. However,we must see the impact of context on meaning in its proper perspective. Every word has a meaning or meaning of its own, independent of context. When we say context determines the word sense, we do not mean that it gives a sense to the word, but that it selects one out of all possible meanings already there.One should always develop one’s ability to determine word meaning from the clues furnished bu the context in which the word occurs.word meaning and context are closely related. In our reading, we can just memorize the single meaning, we need to notice the context, for it will do us great favor in reading and comprehension. If we know different meanings of a word, we can confirm its meaning from the context, and if we don’t know any meaning of a new word, we also can infer it from context clues. Think about the context is an important strategy for language learners.。
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
英语词汇学详细阐述词的意义与词的语用意义不同之处。
词的意义是指词所表示的事物或概念的内涵。
在英语中，词的意义有
时是明确的，比如“cat”（猫）表示一种动物，而有时则需要通过上下
文来确定其意义，比如“bank”（银行）可能指的是银行或河岸。
词的语用意义是指词在特定语境下所承载的语言功能。
同样的词在不
同的语境中可能会产生不同的语用意义。
比如，“I just cleaned the bathroom”（我刚刚打扫了浴室）中的“just”表示时间的近，而在
“Just do it”（就做吧）中的“just”则表示语气上的鼓励或劝告。
与词的意义不同，词的语用意义是由上下文和社会文化因素共同决定的。
语用意义有时具有隐晦、暗示性的特点，需要读者在了解词的语用背
景和文化内涵的基础上进行理解。
对于学习英语的学生而言，掌握英语词
汇的语用意义也等同于掌握英语语境和文化背景，这有助于提高学生的交
流能力和文化素养。
总体而言，英语词汇学的研究包括词的意义和语用意义两个方面，词
的意义主要是词所表达的事物或概念内涵，而词的语用意义主要表现在特
定语境下所承载的语言功能，需要考虑上下文和社会文化因素的影响。
对
于学生而言，掌握英语词汇的意义和语用意义都是非常重要的，能够提高
学生的语言理解能力和表达能力，帮助学生更好地适应英语语言环境。
浅议语言学习中语境对把握语义的作用的论文
浅议语言学习中语境对把握语义的作用的论文本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！[论文关键词] 语言学习语境语义[论文摘要] 当一个词语、一个句子放在具体的语境中时,它所表达的意义只能是众多义项之一,甚至变成了词典上所没有的临时含义,究其原因,语境起着关键的作用。
因此,学习语言的人,除了学习词语的基本含义外,还要了解语境对词语含义的影响,应成为不可或缺的一门功课。
当我们遇到不理解的词语时,很多时候会求助于词典,然而词典并不是每次都能帮上忙。
原因在于,词典上罗列的是词语的基本含义,而当词语进入特定语境或言语片断时,其意义往往要发生变化。
因此,要想正确理解这类词语,不仅要了解其基本含义外,更重要的是“揣摩词句的语境含义”。
一、什么是语境任何事物的存在与发展都离不开环境,人的语言活动也不例外。
“语境”一词,由人类语言学家马林诺夫斯基在1923年首先提出。
对这一术语的理解和使用学术界历来有较大的分歧。
但大体上,人们认同于把“语境”看成是“人们在言语交际中理解和运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主客观环境因素。
”在我国,语言学家、语言教育家、汉语修辞学的奠基人陈望道最早明确提出语境问题并作出理论探讨。
后来王德春教授又把这一概念做了进一步明确。
他说:“什么是语境呢,语境就是时间、地点、场合、对象等客观因素和使用语言的人、身份、性格、思想、性格、职业、修养、处境、心情等主观因素构成的使用语言的环境。
”二、分析语境对把握语义的作用1.语境使语义单一化“一个多义词虽有几种或十几种含义,但只要把它用在一定的上下文里,一般不会产生歧义,这是因为具体的语言环境把这个多义词的其他讲不通的含义都排除了。
”(1)语境有助于义项定位词的多义现象使得语言可以用较少的词语表达较多的意思,体现了语言的节约多效机制,然而在实际运用中,这种现象给阅读带来的不便也是不容忽视的,人们往往看着众多的义项无法确定是哪一个。
从意义角度语言学[论文]
![从意义角度语言学[论文]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/69b2610e90c69ec3d5bb751e.png)
从意义角度浅谈语言学摘要：语言学包含六大分支，但各分支并非界限分明，完全独立。
它们之间有一条贯穿始终的线----意义。
本文从意义的角度宏观地综述语言学中的各个分支及各个分支之间的统一性和关联性，从而对语言学的宏观全貌以及其内在联系有更清晰的认识。
关键词：语言学意义语音学句法学词汇学语义学语用学语言学是对语言进行全面，科学研究的学科。
从研究范围看，分为内部语言学（又称微观语言学）和外部语言学（又称宏观语言学）。
语言学（本文中指内部语言学）主要研究语言的内部结构。
由于研究角度不同，语言学包含语音学，音系学，句法学，语义学和语用学六大分支。
它们彼此之间并非界限分明，绝对独立，而是相互交叠，相互联系，相互依赖。
如果生硬地将语言学切成几块互不关联的分支来研究的话，我们也难以真正地看清语言学的全貌更不能真正地解释和发掘语言的奥秘和魅力。
因而，我们绝不能忽视语言学各个分支之间的关联即接口（interface）.例如语义学与语用学都研究语言的意义。
但前者研究的研究对象是语言本身表达的意义，而后者研究的是说话者在某一语境中的意向性意义。
两者紧密联系，但又互相补充，区分的关键因素在于语境（context）和意向（intention）. 例如语义学与语用学都研究语言的意义。
但前者研究的研究对象是语言本身表达的意义，而后者研究的是说话者在某一语境中的意向性意义。
两者紧密联系，但又互相补充，区分的关键因素在于语境（context）和意向（intention）.因此从宏观总体的角度来看语言学也显得尤为重要。
在逐渐认识并不断探索语言学的过程中，作者惊奇地发现有一条无形抽象的线贯穿整个语言学各个分支，分别与各分支结合交织并最终将语言学各个分支紧密地融合在一起，形成一个统一的整体。
这条线就是意义（meaning）。
这里所说的“意义”是广义上的，涵义非常广，涵盖三大方面，一是语言的意义，即狭义的语义学。
二是哲学上的意义，研究意义与指称，内涵，外延，实在等的关系以及真实性的问题。
英语词汇学chapter8 Meaning and Context
MEANING AND CONTEXT
1
Overview
• Two types of contexts • The vital role of context in determination of
word meaning • Suggested Ways for the Correct
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• Lexical context
– the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
– Linguistic context – Non-linguistic context
• Three functions (role) of context
– Eliminating ambiguity – Conveying emotional overtones – Indicating referents
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is called linguistic context or co-text. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation where a word is employed. This is called extralinguistic or non-linguistic context.
对语境的分析英文作文
对语境的分析英文作文Title: Understanding Context: A Crucial Element in English Composition。
In the realm of English composition, one cannot overstate the importance of context analysis. Context serves as the foundation upon which effective communication is built. It encompasses the circumstances, background information, and cultural nuances that surround aparticular piece of writing or conversation. In this essay, we delve into the significance of context analysis in English composition, exploring how it enhances clarity, precision, and overall effectiveness in communication.First and foremost, understanding context is essential for interpreting the intended meaning of a text. Words and phrases can carry different connotations depending on the context in which they are used. For instance, the word "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the edge of a river, and the context in which it appears determines itsmeaning. Without a clear grasp of the context, readers may misinterpret the author's message, leading to confusion or misunderstanding.Moreover, context analysis enables writers to tailor their language and style to suit their audience. Different audiences have varying levels of familiarity with certain topics, as well as distinct cultural backgrounds and linguistic preferences. By considering the context in which their writing will be received, authors can adjust their tone, vocabulary, and examples to effectively engage their readers. For example, a technical report intended for scientists will employ specialized terminology and detailed explanations, whereas a blog post aimed at a general audience may use simpler language and relatable anecdotes.Furthermore, context analysis facilitates effective communication by allowing writers to anticipate and address potential objections or questions from their audience. By considering the broader context in which their arguments or assertions exist, writers can preemptively provide supporting evidence, counterarguments, or clarifications tostrengthen their position. This proactive approach not only enhances the persuasiveness of the writing but also fosters a sense of trust and credibility with the audience.In addition, context analysis plays a crucial role in maintaining sensitivity and inclusivity in communication. Language is deeply intertwined with culture, and what maybe acceptable or appropriate in one context could be offensive or insensitive in another. By being mindful ofthe cultural, social, and historical context in which their writing is situated, authors can avoid inadvertently perpetuating stereotypes, biases, or microaggressions. This awareness fosters a more inclusive and respectful discourse, where diverse perspectives are valued and acknowledged.Moreover, context analysis aids in the interpretationof non-verbal cues and subtext in communication. In written texts, nuances such as tone, sarcasm, or irony may not be explicitly stated but can significantly impact themessage's meaning. By considering the broader context, including the author's intent, audience expectations, and cultural norms, readers can better discern the underlyingmeaning behind the words. This depth of understanding allows for more nuanced and insightful interpretations of the text.In conclusion, context analysis is a fundamental aspect of English composition that underpins effective communication. By understanding the circumstances, background information, and cultural nuances surrounding a text, writers and readers alike can interpret meaning accurately, tailor their communication to suit their audience, anticipate and address potential objections, maintain sensitivity and inclusivity, and discern non-verbal cues and subtext. In essence, context analysis enriches the writing process, fostering clarity, precision, and depth in communication.。
职业翻译语言词汇学中不同语境的语义分析
职业翻译语言词汇学中不同语境的语义分析研究摘要：翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际行为，职业翻译作为一门重要的社交语用，需要根据不同语境对词汇进行深究细酌。
语境对翻译有重要意义，它是语义的决定因素，是译者正确理解原文，获得功能对等翻译的关键。
本文通过语境的文化、情景以及词语及语句级的角度出发，对职业翻译语言词汇学中不同语境的语义进行了分析研究。
关键词：职业翻译；语言词汇；语境；语义随着世界各国间经济、政治的交流的不断加深，各国间的语言交流也越来越多，由于世界各国之间使用的语言可能都不尽相同，因此就催生出翻译这一职业。
显而易见，翻译充当的角色就是帮助两个语言不通的人进行交流沟通，但是由于语言这门学科范围较广，涉及的领域也很多，各国间的文化又有着明显的差异，因此，翻译工作就很难把握。
下文笔者将以职业英语翻译为例，分析研究词汇学中不同语境的语义。
一、语境的构成职业翻译语言词汇学中，有关词汇语境的研究层出不穷，构成语境的因素也是众说风云。
英国语言学家弗斯认为，语境是指语境“上下文”的语言环境；韩礼德认为语境包含三方面，即语言的风格、语义的范围以及表达方式；美国语言学研究者海姆斯认为，语境应包括语言的表达方式、内容、表达者、表达背景、表达的目的、风格以及潜在的语音语调等；我国语言学家陈望道认为语境包含六个因素：人物、地点、时间、起因、发展及结果。
在职业翻译语言词汇学中，语境分为语言本身知识和语言之外的知识，其中语言本身的知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握和对语言交际上下文的理解，语言之外的语境包括背景知识（百科全书式的知识；特定文化的社会规范；特定文化的会语规则等）、情景知识（交际的时间、地点；交际的主题；交际的正式程度；交际参与者的相互关系等）以及相互知识。
二、各种语境下语义的分析大量有关职业翻译的研究和学习报告证明，良好的翻译必须根据特定的语境环境分析，过分依赖语法或者词汇本身而忽略语境的理解，翻译出的句式要不就是晦涩难懂，要不就是词不达意，因此只要在特定的语境环境中综合运用语法和词汇，才能翻译出较好的效果。
英语词汇学chapter8 Meaning and Context
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• Indicating referents (表明指示物)
– In conversation, in order to avoid repetition, pronouns (I, you, he, this, that)are often used instead of a noun or noun phrase. contexts can help identify the referents of pronouns.
10
• Verbal context in its broad sense
– In addition to lexical and grammatical context, the verbal context, in its broad sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and even in some cases the entire social or cultural setting.
The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of the differences in the meanings of word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of a given word.
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is called linguistic context or co-text. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation where a word is employed. This is called extralinguistic or non-linguistic context.
词汇与语境研究的论文
词汇与语境研究的论文词汇与语境研究的论文摘要：语境意义包括语言语境意义、情景语境意义、文化语境意义、社会文化意义、联想意义等。
同时，词义还随着社会文化的发展变化而变化。
因此，词汇教学不能脱离于他们的使用环境，即语境。
拟就语境在词汇教学中的作用进行探讨。
关键词：语言语境意义；情景语境意义；文化语境意义；社会文化意义；联想意义1 引言词汇除了基本意义之外，还有丰富的语境意义。
一般来说，语境意义包括语言语境意义，情景语境意义；文化语境意义，社会文化意义，联想意义等。
同时，词义还随着社会文化的发展变化而变化。
因此，词汇教学不能脱离于他们的使用环境，即语境。
本文拟就语境在词汇教学中的作用进行探讨。
2 语境与词义的基本关系Geffrey Leech 说：“语境是语言交际中不能忽视的一个重要因素。
”这是因为语境对于正确理解词义，话语意义以及正确选择词语表达思想起着非常重要的作用。
可以说，对于一个词准确透彻的理解是依赖语境的帮助来实现的。
马林诺夫斯基把语境分为三类，即话语语境、情景语境和文化语境。
简单的说，话语语境是指字、词、句、段等的前后可帮助确定其意义的上下文。
情景语境是语篇指产生的环境。
文化语境是指某种语言赖以根植的民族里人们思想和行为准则的总和。
伦敦学派的核心人物物弗斯接受并发展了马林诺夫斯基的情景语境理论，他指出：情景语境不仅包括说出来的话，而且还包括说话人的面部表情、手势、身体的姿势，所有参与交谈的人以及这些人所处的那一部分环境。
关于语境与词义的关系，Firth说：“You shall know a word by the company it keeps。
”他认为在任何语言中，一定的词总是结伴出现。
他所讲的“结伴”关系，就是狭义上的语言语境。
“结伴”可以是搭配关系，前后文以及词与词之间的语境联系。
一个词的准确意义在这种语境（结伴）关系中充分体现出来。
语言学家Linda Taylor也说：“只能在词与词的相互联系中来理解掌握词义”。
词汇学论文lexical meaning and context
Lexical Meaning and ContextAbstract: With the With the development of technology, more and more new words are used to express a new concept, but not every appearance of new concepts are accompanied by the emergence of a new word. Therefore, many ordinary words are also used to express a particular concept. Because of the different location and the different meaning, words have the contextual meaning. As an English-language learners, nor only should we understand the basic meaning of the words, but also we should learn the contextual meaning.I divided this passage into four parts, which is definition of context, contextual restrictions, the factors of the context and the influence of context. We can understand the method of analyzing the words in context and the impact of various contextual meaning of words. Then, we should try our best to understand the meaning of English words in the sentence by the provided clue. It can help us to avoid embarrassment of misunderstanding.Key words: Definition; Factors, Contextual restrictions; Influence1.The definition of contextContext is of great importance for the understanding of word meaning, especially for the understanding of the meanings of polysemic words. The important role in the study of context in semantics is increasing brought to the attention of the people. In language communication, context is always changing, which leads to changes in the dynamic semantics. Without the context, the words’ meaning will be pale, indefinite and puzzling. What’s more, the communication will be failed. Therefore, we should know denotative meanings of a word as much as possible and generally there will be no risk of misunderstanding the meaning, when it occurs in a particular context.2.The factors of contextModern linguists have not only placed great emphasis on context but have considerably broadened its scope, and have also probed deeply into its influence on word meanings. The range of the term context has been widened in several directions. Its also no longer restricted to what immediately precedes and follows, but many cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.The factors of context can be divided into three parts. The first factor is natural environment. There are different geographical location between Chinese and English. They have different lifestyles and different characteristics of the word meaning. England is an island country. Its maritime industry was once the top of the world. Thus, many words were produced from navigation. Han Chinese live and multiply in the Asian continent. People can not live without land, land. Land is vital for people, soa lot of Chinese words or idioms are related to land. The second one is culture. Different country has different culture and different customs. Different language implies different national culture and the words also carry a lot of national cultural accumulation. This accumulation plays an important role of ways of thinking and language behavior. When we use “牛饮” to describe the big drinkers, English would say: Drink like a fish. Therefore, in order to understand the meaning of the words in a context, we should learn the culture or background of the words.3.The contextual restrictions on word meaningLondon School Firth founded context in the 1940s. Since the context was founded, linguists expressed their different opinions frequently. Different researchers selected different perspective to use different elements to make different definition of context.Translators analyze and understand the passage by the source of language information to convert and express the understanding meaning of the passage. In this process, whether can the translators accurately understand and express the original information? Not only should they rely on their language skills, personal experiences and the translation skills, but they should focus on the most important thing that is the source language text analysis and understanding accuracy. The accurate analysis of discourse and understanding is inseparable from context, because the usage of every language has its own the context.A.Two types of contextsNowadays, the context was divided into two types: Linguistic Context and Extra- linguistic context.[1] The former refers to the process of communication in the specific environment. It includes words, sentences, paragraphs and passages and so on. The latter one refers to the situation which is limited by the language communication, society and the communicators themselves, such as the specific occasion, time, topic and the character of communicators.In English, polysemy can be seen frequently, including basic meaning, expanding meaning, and metaphorical meaning and so on. However, when a word enters the semantics of the system, its meaning would be single and certain because of the restriction of semantic subjacency. In other words, in the context, the word only has a single meaning which can accurately express the meaning of the sentence or the passage. Therefore, in order to understand the meaning of a word, we must set it into a concrete context. English words meanings are flexible and they always be restricted by the context. Different context make the word has different meanings.American linguist Dwright Bolinger said: In order to understand the meaning of a word, we should rely on the entire semantic range of the word and the function of this word and other word in the same occasion! [2]For example, the preposition “on”has 10 meanings totally in the Anglo Dictionary, but in the specific context, it has only a meaning in a sentence.①a book on the table( 在......上); ②a town on the river( 在......旁); ③smile on somebody( 向着......); ④live on one’s salary (依靠.......); ⑤on questions of common concern(关于......); ⑥be on the committee(是......的成员); ⑦be on leave( 处于......情况) ; ⑧talk on the telephone(以......方式); ⑨on Sunday( 在......时候) ; ⑩Thislunch is on me( 由......支付) 。
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文
语用意义的词汇语用学解析-英语论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——1. 引言语用意义的确定取决于特定的语用交际环境,表现为语境语用化现象。
在话语理解过程中词语可起到语用触发语(pragmatic triggers)的作用,能引导语用者进行以语用环境为基础的语义语用选择。
语义及其所指范围的缩小、扩大或延伸都需要寻找语用意义的最佳关联。
因此,语言交际是一个以语境为基础的语用认知问题,而不只是语义、词法或句法问题。
语用意义的获取和研究应是多角度、多层次和跨学科的,对语用意义进行词汇语用分析是可能和必要的。
词汇语用学和语用意义研究的相互补充更有利于语言学的发展完善。
笔者将以词汇语用学理论为基础,对语义语用凸显倾向和话语词项共现(co-occurrence)的词汇语用理据关联进行尝试性探索,以冀对语用意义的研究有新的启示。
2. 词汇语用学词汇语用学是在其学科自身发展过程中参照语用学和词汇学的目标、理论与方法进行词汇语用研究中衍生出来的分支学科。
它是语用学,但又不同于经典的语用学研究。
语用学理论的研究主要基于社会交往和认知角度的两条理论线索。
前者主要涵盖Austin 和Searle的言语行为理论,Grice 的会话含意理论,Leech 等的礼貌原则,Horn 的两原则,Levinson 的新格氏理论,Vers-chueren 的顺应论,Harbemas 的规范语用学等;而后者则主要包括Sperber Wilson 的关联理论和Kasher 的认知语用学理论(徐盛桓2007: 6)。
就现有的语用研究而言,词汇语用学研究尚未取得很成熟的成果或形成很完善的模式,且缺乏语际间的对比分析与词汇语用比较。
冉永平(2005: 343-350)认为,最新的语用学研究趋势和词汇语用的可探讨领域表明,词汇语用学的研究已具备充足的依据。
Blutner(1998: 115-162)把词汇语用学定义为试图系统解释语言应用中不确定性词义(under-specification of lexical items)的语用现象及其语用加工的研究。
语境在英语教学中的重要性研究
语境在英语教学中的重要性研究【摘要】Language learning is closely related to context, making it crucial in English teaching. This article explores the significance of context in language acquisition, focusing on its impact on vocabulary and grammar learning, as well as listening and speaking skills. The role of context in cultural communication is also discussed. Through examining these aspects, the study highlights the importance of context in enhancing language proficiency and understanding. The findings emphasize the need for educators to incorporate contextual learning strategies in their teaching practices. Looking ahead, future research can explore innovative ways to leverage context for more effective language instruction. In conclusion, this research underscores the vital role that context plays in English language teaching and its potential for further exploration in the field of education.【关键词】关键词：语境、英语教学、语言习得、词汇学习、语法教学、听力、口语能力、文化交际、研究成果、未来研究方向1. 引言1.1 背景介绍The importance of context in English language teaching has been a topic of increasing interest and research in recent years. Context plays a crucial role in language acquisition and understanding, as it provides the necessary framework for learners to grasp the meaning and usage of words, phrases, and grammatical structures.1.2 研究意义The importance of context in English language teaching has long been recognized by educators and researchers. Understanding the significance of context in language learning is crucial for both teachers and students in order to effectively acquire and apply language skills in real-world situations.2. 正文2.1 语境对语言习得的影响语境对语言习得的影响是广泛而深远的。
浅析语境与翻译英语毕业论文
浅析语境与翻译英语毕业论文2012届本科生毕业论文学号：成绩：浅析语境与翻译院部：外国语学院专业：英语（商务方向）姓名：指导教师：摘要语言是一种社会现象，是在某种社会的某种环境中使用的。
同时语言也是人类所独有的信息传递工具。
人们在利用语言进行信息传递的时候，总要有其特定的语言环境。
在搞翻译工作时，如果不管语境，就会遇到种种棘手的难题。
大量的研究成果表明，语境在翻译的理论研究和应用研究中都占有极其重要的地位。
在翻译领域，语境已经成为国内外译者和翻译理论家们研究的热点，但他们大多数人还只是就某一具体问题或某一方面问题加以分析，或是从影响语境的某些因素加以研究。
本文从语境的三个方面（语内语境、情景语境、文化语境）对语境对于翻译的影响进行了研究。
本论文共分六章。
第一章是引言部分，阐明了本课题研究的重要意义、目的及文章结构。
第二章是语境研究的理论基础。
作者回顾了语境理论的发展。
第三章主要探讨语境的本质，定义及分类。
具体阐述语境对翻译的影响。
第四章分为两部分，主要阐述语内语境与翻译的关系，重点分析了语内语境中的词语语境与语句语境。
词语语境对翻译的影响一节中介绍了歧义—一词多义与同形异义，同义词，反义词的连用现象。
语句语境对翻译的影响一节中介绍了替代、省略、连接以及重复。
最后简单论述了句子语境的确定与解释功能。
第五章主要阐述情景语境与翻译的关系,介绍了语域的概念，并且将语域分为语场，语式及语旨。
本章首先通过举例说明不同语场对于翻译的影响。
接着同样通过举例说明不同语式对于翻泽的影响，语式部分还讨论了修辞的翻译,语旨被分成四个部分，通过举例说明了它对于翻译的影响。
第六章主要阐述文化语境与翻译的关系。
本章首先论述了语言与文化以及翻译与文化的关系，又详细讨论了不同文化中不同的思维方式，不同的历史背景，不同的地理环境，以及不同的宗教信仰与翻译的关系。
结论部分概括了本论文所论述的语境，翻译以及二者的关系，总结了本文的观点，即翻译作品质量的好坏很大程度上受到语境的影响，脱离了语境，翻译工作就无法展开。
语境在英语词汇教学中作用分析论文
语境在英语词汇教学中的作用分析词汇是语言交际的重要决定因素之一，对于一个外语学习者来说，无论语法掌握得多么熟练，发音如何准确，没有一定的词汇，也不能与他人进行顺畅的交流。
著名语言学家鲍林格(bolinger)曾说道：词汇所包含的信息远远超过语言的其它组成部分。
然而长期以来，我们的外语教学仅仅停留在读音、拼写、词形变化、概念意义等表面层次，忽视了对词汇的理论研究和实践探索，使其处于外语教学的附属地位，对词汇的语境因素更是缺乏足够、普遍的重视，这就造成了许多学习者词汇理解及使用上的偏差。
随着中西文化交流的扩大以及学术界对词汇教学重要性认识的加深，越来越多的学者和外语教师已经逐渐意识到结合语境进行词汇教学的必要性。
下面我将结合自己的实际教学经验从以下几个方面探讨语境如何与英语词汇教学相结合并促进英语词汇教学的。
一、语境对英语词汇教学的重要作用１．语境可消除歧义用语境判断出歧义词句的准确意义歧义(ambiguity)指的是某一句子、词组或单词的意义存在两种或两种以上可能的解释。
歧义有两种，一种是语法或句法上的歧义，例如“youngmenandwomen”，可被理解为yo-ung／men and women ／(两者都年轻)或者，yotmg men／and wom，all(前者年轻)。
另一种是词汇上的歧义。
出现词汇方面的歧义主要有三个方面的原因。
第一方面是由于一词多义或同性异义带来的歧义。
例如：（１）the damage was done bv the river，句（１）中by的意思可以是beside（在…旁边），也可以是throughthe agenc of（由…造成）。
那么句(1)就可有两种理解，即：the damage was done beside the river，（破坏是在河边造成的。
）the river brought about the damage，（是那条河造成的破坏。
）奇怪的是在日常交流过程中多义词很少会造成歧义，因为我们所接触到的词义已经被周围的众多因素限定，比如：所处的环境、时间空间的限制、讲话者的个性特征，年龄，性别，教育，职业，等等。
语境与词义分析论文
语境与词义分析论文（一）社会语境决定词义（1）历史社会环境在不同时代，所处社会环境不同，语言环境也肯定有所不同。
学习时一定要注意到这种不同，才能更好地理解词义，理解文章的主旨所在。
例如：小说《六十年的变迁》里季交恕问方维夏：“你知道这个消息吗？”方：“什么消息？”季：“蒋介石开刀了啦！”方：“什么病开刀？”季：“你还睡觉！杀人！”显然方没联系到1927年社会革命形势的变化，就不明白“开刀”两字究竟指什么，要别人做进一步的解释。
（2）语用社会环境词的“组合意义”的研究就是在语用社会环境影响下词义的若干变异意义，即交位变体，是受整个社会语言内部因素影响的结果，主要是一个义位受近邻或远邻的义位“语义溢出”作用而获得的新义。
例如：A．这小东西，真可爱！B．这是些什么东西！同样的“东西”，但由于说话人的语气，声调不同，而使两者的基本义和附加义有所不同。
“东西”《现代汉语词典》中有这样的义项：具体或抽象的事物。
但在第一句话中的“东西”，特指说话者喜爱的小动物或小孩子，使基本义缩小，并且具有了喜爱的情感附加义。
第二句话中“东西”指让说话者厌恶的事物，具有了厌恶的情感附加义。
（二）上下文语境决定词义（1）词语言义的变体——言语义语言义是指作为语言建筑材料的一个词汇单位，或语言的词汇系统中的一个成员。
也就是词的基义或概念义。
“言语义”是指进入特定语境或言语片断的词，实际上指什么，现代语义学称为组合义，也就是义位处在言语组合中的变体。
有的语言学家称这种义位变体为词的“涵义”而不是“意义”。
词典上所列的义项，都是词的语言义，而不可能，也不必要把词在不同语境中的言语义即义位变体都列上。
例如：A．场景：手术室门外，焦急地守候着正在进行子宫肌瘤摘除手术的病人家属，门开了，医生出来。
病人家属问：“切了吗？”医生答：“切了。
”根据上下场景提示，这“切了”的一问一答是指“肌瘤切除”。
B．场景：一年后，这位医生来到一群老太太中锻炼。
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On Context and Meaning12级英语D班，赖惠珊，NO.12 Linguists have classified context from different perspectives and for different aims. For example, context may be classified into broad and narrow ones according to their scopes; notional and situational ones according to their content; emotional and rational ones according to their emotions; implicit and explicit ones according to expressing forms, etc. However, the most widely used way is to draw a distinction between two major types:linguistic context and non-linguistic context, which can be illustrated as the following.There are two Types of context.1)Linguistic contextIt refers to all the words that go before or come after the word in question. There are three main types of lingustic context.A. Lexical context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a particular word appears or combined with a given polysemous word. For example, …a white paper‟ means government document; …a term paper‟ means essay writtten at the end of the term; …today‟s paper‟ means newspaper.B. Grammatical context: the syntactic structure of the context detemines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take some example, …become+pronoun/n (used as objecct), meaning …suit,befit‟; …become+of, meaning happen to, often in a bad way‟Such meaning are sometimes described as grammatically bound meanings. The grammatical structure of context alone, however, although indicative of differences in the meanings of a word in various structures, is not sufficient to indicate all the individual meanings of given word. Consider the following sentences, which show that get has different meanings in the same pattern …get+n‟.“ I don‟t get your point” , “I‟ll get him on that point” , “she really gets me when she says these foolish thing”. The above examples show that the meaning of a word often has to be determined by the lexical and the grammatical contexts combined.C. Verbal context in its broad sense: maybe an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2)Extra-linguistic contextIt is also called non-linguistic context, which includes people, place, time, relevant objects, background knowledge etc.Context is of great importance for the understanding of word meaning,especially for the understanding of the meanings of polysemic words. No matter how many denotative meanings a word may have,generally there will be no risk of misunderstanding the meaning,when it occurs in a particular context.The vital role of context in determination of word meaning.The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects:1) Elimination of ambiguityAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.Lexical ambiguitiesA.the damage was done by the river.B.He is a hard businessman.Structural ambiguitiesA.The fish is ready to eat.B.I like Mary better than Jean.2)Conveying emotional overtonesIndicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word. The emotive side of word meaning depends largely on the context, with the exception of those words that have affective meaning as part of word meaning. Only the context can show whether or a word should be taken as a purely objective expression, whether it conveys and evokes emotions, or whether an appreciative word is used in an unfavorable way.3)Providing clues for the correct comprehension of word meaningContext may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. Indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word context is of great importance in understanding the references of pro-forms such as I,you,he,this or that or do, etc. Not only can context indicate referents, it can also make clear the range of the meaning of a word.Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given words. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. Lingustic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal contextin its broad sense. Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.Both the linguistic and extra-linguistic contextes are necessary to determine the exact meaning of polysemic and homonymous words. However,we must see the impact of context on meaning in its proper perspective. Every word has a meaning or meaning of its own, independent of context. When we say context determines the word sense, we do not mean that it gives a sense to the word, but that it selects one out of all possible meanings already there.One should always develop one‟s ability to determine word meaning from the clues furnished bu the context in which the word occurs.word meaning and context are closely related. In our reading, we can just memorize the single meaning, we need to notice the context, for it will do us great favor in reading and comprehension. If we know different meanings of a word, we can confirm its meaning from the context, and if we don’t know any meaning of a new word, we also can infer it from context clues. Think about the context is an important strategy for language learners.。