微观经济学沈炳珍第二章参考答案
第二章参考答案[方案].docx
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《微观经济学》第二章练习题参考答案1.已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d=50-5P,供给函数为Q s=-10+5p o（1）求均衡价格Pc和均衡数量Qe，并作出几何图形。
假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d=60-5Po求出相应的均衡价格Pe和均衡数量Q”并作出几何图形。
（3）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s=-5+5P o求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Qe，并作出几何图形。
（4）利用（1）（2）（3）,说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
（5）利用（1）（2）（3）,说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
Q(2)由Q d=60-5PQ s=-10+5pQ d=Q s得:60-5P=-10+5P所以Pe=7 Qe=25(3)由Q d=50-5PQ s=-5+5pQ d=Q s得：50・5P=・5+5P(4)静态分析与比较静态分析的联系：变量的调整时间被假设为零。
在(1) (2) (3)中，所有外生变量或内生变量都属于同一个时期。
而且，在分析由外生变量变化所引起的内生变量变化过程中，也假定这种调整时间为零。
区别：静态分析是根据既定的外生变量值求内生变量值的分析方法。
如图(1)中，外生变量a、6. Y是确定的，从而求出相应均衡价格Pe和均衡数量Qe。
而(2) (3)中，外生变量被赋予不同的数值，得出得内生变量P和Q的数值是不相同的。
这种研究外生变量变化对内生变量的影响方式，以及分析比较不同数值的外生变量的内生变量的不同数值，被称为比较静态分析。
(5)先分析需求变动的影响:Q e=20：当需求增加，如变为（2）中的Q d=60-5P时，得出P=7 >Q=25o因此，在供给不变时，需求变动引起均衡价格和均衡数量同方向变动。
再分析供给变动得影响:由（1）知当Qd=50・5P、Q s=-10+5p时均衡价格Pe二6、均衡数量Q e=20：当供给增加,如变为（3）中的Q s=-5+5p时,得出P=5・5、Q=22.5o因此，在需求不变时，供给变动引起均衡价格成反方向变动、均衡数量同方向变动。
西方经济学(微观经济学)课后练习答案第二章
一、名词解释需求供给需求的变动需求量的变动供给的变动供给量的变动均衡价格需求价格弹性需求收入弹性需求交叉弹性供给弹性二、选择题1、下列哪一项会导致粮食制品的均衡价格下降（B ）A、鸡蛋价格上升B、良好的天气情况C、牛奶价格上升D、收入上升2、下列因素中除哪一项以外都会使需求曲线移动（D ）A、购买者（消费者）收入变化B、消费者偏好变化C、其他有关商品价格变化D、商品价格变化3、当其他条件不变时，汽车的价格上升，将导致（）A、汽车需求量的增加B、汽车供给量的增加C、汽车需求的增加D、汽车供给的减少4、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（C ）A、均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B、均衡价格将下降，均衡交易量的变化无法确定C、均衡价格的变化无法确定，均衡交易量将减少D、均衡价格将上升，均衡交易量将下降5、粮食市场的需求是缺乏弹性的，当粮食产量因灾害而减少时（）A 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食产量下降B 粮食生产者的收入增加，因粮食价格会更大幅度上升C 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食需求量会大幅度减少D 粮食生产者的收入不变，因粮食价格上升与需求量减少的比率相同6、政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（）A、买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量B、大量积压C、黑市交易D、A和C7、如果价格下降10%能使消费者的购买量增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（）A、富有弹性B、具有单位弹性C、缺乏弹性D、弹性不能确定8、如果某种商品的价格上升5%，引起了另一种商品的数量增加2%，则这两种商品是A、互补品B、替代品C、独立商品D、正常商品9、某种需求弹性等于0的商品，若政府对每单位商品征收10元的税收，则可以预料该商品的价格将上升（）A、小于10元B、等于10元C、大于10元D、不可确定10、如果需求的收入弹性大于0但小于1（）A. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长大于收入的增长B. 这种商品叫低档商品C. 消费者在该商品上的花费与收入等比例增长D. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长小于收入的增长11、低档商品的需求收入弹性是（ ）A.< 0B.0和1之间C.= 0D.1和无穷大之间12、蛛网模型是以（ ）为前提条件的A 、需求量对价格缺乏弹性B 、供给量对价格缺乏弹性C 、需求方改变对未来的价格预期D 、生产者按本期的价格决定下期的产量13、按照蛛网模型，若供给曲线和需求曲线均为直线，则收敛型摆动的条件是（ ）A 、供给曲线的斜率大于需求曲线的斜率B 、供给曲线的斜率小于需求曲线的斜率C 、供给曲线的斜率等于于需求曲线的斜率D 、以上都不正确三、判断题1、需求就是消费者在一定时期内，在每一价格水平时愿意购买的商品量。
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格第一部分教材配套习题本习题详解1. 下列各事件对x 商品的需求有何影响?(1) x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
(3) y 商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了。
(4) 消费者的收入增加了。
解答：(1)x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传，提高商品的知名度和消费者对商品的偏好，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量增加，使需求曲线向右移动。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
对x 商品的需求没有直接影响，需求曲线不变，但是工人的工资增加，增加了生产成本，使供给曲线向左上移动，需求不变供给减少，导致均衡价格上升，均衡数量减少。
(3) y商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了，x 商品相对贵了，消费者用y 商品替代x 商品，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量减少，使需求曲线向左移动。
(4) 若消费者消费的是正常商品，消费者的收入增加了，在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量增加，使需求曲线向右移动；若消费者消费的是劣商品(抵挡商品)，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量减少，使需求曲线向左移动。
2. 下列各事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1) 气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
(2) 种植棉花所需的化肥的价格上升。
(3) 政府对种植棉花的农户实施优惠政策。
(4) 棉花价格上升。
下列事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1)气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
解答：( 1)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为恶劣气候导致的棉花歉收在棉花价格不变的情况下,会使棉花的供给数量减少，棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(2)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为化肥价格上升使得棉花的生产成本上升、利润下降，在任一价格水平下，农户都会缩小棉花种植面积，导致棉花供给数量下降, 棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(3)棉花的供给曲线会右移。
因为政府对种植棉花农户的优政策将激励农户的生产积极性，在任价格水平下，户都会大棉花种面积，导致棉花供给数量増加,棉花的供给曲线会右移。
微观经济学第二章答案教学提纲
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格一．名词解释1.需求价格弹性[解析](1)需求价格弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度，其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比处以其价格变动的百分比。
如果用e d 表示需求价格弹性系数，用Q 和Q ∆分别表示需求量和需求量，用P 和P ∆分别表示价格和价格变动量，则需求价格弹性公式为：d e Q P P Q ∆=-∆g 。
(2)影响需求价格弹性的因素主要有消费者对商品的需求强度。
商品的替代数目和可替代程度、商品用途的广泛性等，另外，时间、地域差别、消费习惯、商品质量等也会影响需求价格弹性。
(3)需求价格弹性与商品销售总收益有密切的关系。
如果价格弹性大于1，即商品富有弹性，则其销售总收益与价格是反方向变动，即销售总收益随价格的提高而减少，随价格的降低而增长；如果需求价格弹性小于1，即商品是缺乏弹性的，则该商品销售总收益与价格变动是同方向的，即总收益随价格的提高而增长，随价格的降低而减少。
2.需求收入弹性[解析](1)需求收入弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对消费者的收入变动程度，是需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。
如果用e M 表示需求的收入弹性系数，用I 和ΔI 分别表示收入和收入的变动量，用Q 和ΔQ 分别表示需求的量和需求量的变动量，则需求收入弹性公式为：eMQ II Q∆=∆g。
(2)在影响需求的其他因素既定的前提下，可以通过需求收入弹性来判断商品是正常商品还是劣等品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数为正值，即e M>0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求量增加，则该商品就是正常品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数是负值，及e M<0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求反而下降，则该商品为劣等品。
需求收入弹性并不取决于商品本身的属性，而取决于消费者购买时的收入水平。
3.蛛网模型[解析]蛛网模型是一个动态模型，其考察的是价格波动对下一个周期产量的影响，以及由此而产生的均衡的变动，它通常用来分析市场经济中某些产品价格与产量之间的关系，这些产品具有这样的特点，即本期产量决定本期价格，而本期价格决定下期产量。
微观经济学课后习题及参考答案第二章1
微观经济学课后习题及参考答案第二章1、P0=100，Q0=6002、税收使供给曲线向上平移5个单位，原为S：P=-50+0.25Qs，现在变为S1：P=-50+0.25Qs+5，即：Qs=180+4P在新的均衡下：Qd=Qs，即：800-2P＝180+4P，得：P1=103.33，Q1=593.333、消费者价格为：Pb=P1=103.33；厂商得到的价格为：Ps=Pb-T=103.33-5=98.33在每单位产品5元钱的税中，厂商承担的部分为：P0-Ps=1.66，消费者承担的部分为：Pb-P0=3.334、补贴使供给曲线向下平移5个单位，原为S：P=-50+0.25Qs，现在变为S2：P= -50+0.25Qs-5，即：Qs=220+4P 在新的均衡下：Qd=Qs，即：800-2P＝220+4P，得：P2=96.67，Q2=606.66消费者价格为：Pb=P2=96.67；厂商得到的价格为：Ps=Pb+T=96.67+5=101.67在每单位产品5元钱的补贴中，厂商得到的部分为：Ps-P0=1.66，消费者得到的部分为：P0-Pb =3.33第三章6、（1）消费者收入：I=P1X1max＝2·30＝60（2）P2=I / X2max=60/20=3（3）预算线为：P1X1+P2X2=I，即：2X1+3X2=60（4）预算线的斜率（数值）为OA和OB的比值，也是1和2两种商品的相对价格：P1/P2=2/3（5）E点是消费者均衡点，按照均衡的条件，边际替代率等于1和2两种商品的相对价格：MRS12=P1/P2=2/37、预算约束是：P1X1+P2X2=I，即：20X1+30X2=540（1）理性消费者的问题是在该预算约束下，选择1和2两种商品的消费数量，使其效用最大。
按照消费者均衡的条件：其中，，代入上式，有：，即（2）（1）和（2）联立求解得：达到的总效用为：9、参考教材76页：需求曲线的推导10、无差异曲线，预算线à由切点（或和预算线相接触的位置最高的无差异线和预算线的接触点），确定消费者均衡（1）分析收入变化对消费者均衡的影响：收入变化à预算线平移à收入――消费线à恩格尔曲线（2）分析价格变化对消费者均衡的影响：价格变化à预算线转动à价格――消费线à需求曲线（参考第五节）11、参考第六节第四章2、（1）L TP AP MP 1 2 2 2 2 12 6 10 3 24 8 12 4 48 12 24 5 60 12 12 6 66 11 6 7 70 10 4 8 70 8.75 0 9 63 7 -7 （2）从边际产量（MP）一栏可以看出，从第5个单位的可变投入开始，边际产量开始递减，因此生产函数表现出了边际报酬递减。
大学微观经济课后答案第二章作业
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（3）咖啡工人组成工会获得更高的工资 ）
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(完整word版)微观经济学第二章课后习题答案(word文档良心出品)
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格1.解:（1）将需求函数Q d = 50-5P 和供给函数Q s =-10+5P 代入均衡条件Q d =Q s ,有:50- 5P= -10+5P 得: Pe=6以均衡价格Pe =6代入需求函数 Q d =50-5p ,得: Qe=50-5×6 或者,以均衡价格 Pe =6 代入供给函数 Q s =-10+5P ,得:Qe=-10+5×6 所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe =6 , Qe=20 图略.（2）将由于消费者收入提高而产生的需求函数Q d =60-5p 和原供给函数Q s =-10+5P, 代入均衡条件Q d = Q s 有: 60-5P=-10+5P 解得Pe =7 以均衡价格Pe =7代入Q d =60-5p ,得 Qe=25 或者,以均衡价格Pe =7代入Qs =-10+5P, 得Qe=25 所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe =7，Qe=25（3）将原需求函数Q d =50-5p 和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s =-5+5p ,代入均衡条件Q d =Q s ,有: 50-5P=-5+5P 得 P e =5.5 以均衡价格Pe=5.5代入Q d =50-5p,得Qe=50-5×5.5=22.5所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe=5.5，Qe=22.5图略。
（4）（5）略 2.解：(1)根据中点公式计算，e d =1.5 (2)由于当P=2时，Q d =500-100*2=300, 所以，有： 22.(100)3003ddQ P dP Q e =-=--*=（3）作图，在a 点P=2时的需求的价格点弹性为：e d =GB/OG=2/3或者e d =FO/AF=2/3 显然，利用几何方法求出P=2时的需求的价格弹性系数和（2）中根据定义公式求出结果是相同的，都是e d =2/3 3解:(1) 根据中点公式 求得：43s e =(2) 由于当P=3时，Qs=-2+2×3=4，所以 3.2 1.54sdQ P dP Q e ==⨯= (3) 作图，在a 点即P=3时的供给的价格点弹性为：e s =AB/OB=1.5显然，在此利用几何方法求出的P=3时的供给的价格点弹性系数和（2）中根据定义公式求出的结果是相同的，都是e s =1.5 4.解：(1)根据需求的价格点弹性的几何方法,可以很方便地推知:分别处于不同的线性需求曲线上的a 、b 、e 三点的需求的价格点弹性是相等的,其理由在于,在这三点上都有: e d =FO/AF （2）根据求需求的价格点弹性的几何方法,同样可以很方便地推知:分别处于三条线性需求曲线上的a 、e 、f 三点的需求的价格点弹性是不相等的,且有e da <e df <e de 其理由在于: 在 a 点有，e da =GB/OG 在 f 点有，e df =GC/OG 在 e 点有，e de =GD/OG在以上三式中, 由于GB<GC<GD 所以e da <e df <e de 5．解：（1）不相等。
最新微观经济学第二章课后练习答案资料
第二章需求、供给和均衡价格1. 已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d＝50－5P，供给函数为Q s＝－10＋5P。
(1)求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(2)假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d＝60－5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(3)假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s＝－5＋5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(4)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
(5)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
解答：(1)将需求函数Q d＝50－5P和供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝6将均衡价格P e＝6代入需求函数Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×6＝20或者，将均衡价格P e＝6代入供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×6＝20所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝6，Q e＝20。
如图2—1所示。
图2—1(2)将由于消费者收入水平提高而产生的需求函数Q d＝60－5P和原供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有60－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝7将均衡价格P e＝7代入Q d＝60－5P，得Q e＝60－5×7＝25或者，将均衡价格P e＝7代入Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×7＝25所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝7，Q e＝25。
如图2—2所示。
图2—2(3)将原需求函数Q d＝50－5P和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s＝－5＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－5＋5P得P e＝5.5将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×5.5＝22.5或者，将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q s＝－5＋5P，得Q e＝－5＋5×5.5＝22.5所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝5.5，Q e＝22.5。
微观经济学 课后答案
微观经济学课后答案（高扬主编）《微观经济学》课后习题答案第一章：一、判断题1.错2.错3.错4.对5.对二、单选题1.C2.C3.B4.A5.B6.D7.B8.B9.B 10.B三、多选题1.ABCD2.ABD3.AC4.BC5.AD第二章一、判断题1.错2.对3.错4.对5.错6.对7.错8.对9.对10.错二、单选题1.B2.C3.B4.B5.C6.D7.A8.A9.A 10.D三、多选题1.CD2.ACD3.BCD4.ABD5.AD四、计算题1.(1)P=3，Q=700(2)P=3.2,Q=840(3)P=2.8，Q=760(4)需求增加，均衡价格和数量均增加；供给增加，均衡价格下降，均衡数量增加第三章一、判断题1.错2.对3.错4.对5.错6.对7.对8.错9.对二、单选题1.C2.B3.C4.A5.C6.C7.C8.B9.B 10. 有歧义，建议改为“对一斜率为正且与价格轴（纵轴）的正值部分相交的直线型供给曲线……”C 11.A三、多选题1.AC2.ABC3.ABD4.ACD5.AD四、计算题1.题干中“-0.15”去掉负号答案：如果是按照价格变化前的价格为基准计算变动幅度，答案为2美元。
如果是按照价格变动前后的平均价格为基准计算变动幅度，答案为2.4美元。
2．（1）1.5（2）2/3（3）相同3．提供的表有错行问题，与提供的供给函数没有对上。
如果按照函数，表应该为：价格 2 3 4 5供给量 1 3 5 7（1）8/5（2）8/5（3）相同如果按照表，函数应改为：Q=-1+2P（1）8/7（2）8/7（3）相同4．题干中“-2”应改为“2”答案：R=P*Q=(600-Q)*Q所以需求函数：P=600-Q，或Q= 600-P弹性=2= -(dQ/dP)*(P/Q)=1*（P/（600-P）），P=400，Q=200MR=600-2Q=200该题在本章有些偏难，可让学生自愿做。
第四章1．对2. 对 3.对 4. 错 5.错 6. 错7.对8.错9.对10.对题中“低于”应改为“小于或等于”或者“不高于”二、1．C 2. A 3.B 4.C 5.D三、1．ABC2. ABC3.AB A选项改为“当实现消费者均衡时，等于边际替代率”4.ACD .5.AD 其中A选项中“一条”两字可删除四、1．略2．X=900 Y=4503．题干中“30件”改为“30千克”（1）收入为270（2）3/44．需求量为90，消费者剩余为20255．X=3 ，Y=4第五章一、1．错2.对 3.对4.对 5.对二、三题型可放在后面。
微观经济学第二章答案-21页word资料
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格一．名词解释1.需求价格弹性[解析](1)需求价格弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度，其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比处以其价格变动的百分比。
如果用e d 表示需求价格弹性系数，用Q 和Q ∆分别表示需求量和需求量，用P 和P ∆分别表示价格和价格变动量，则需求价格弹性公式为：d e Q PP Q ∆=-∆。
(2)影响需求价格弹性的因素主要有消费者对商品的需求强度。
商品的替代数目和可替代程度、商品用途的广泛性等，另外，时间、地域差别、消费习惯、商品质量等也会影响需求价格弹性。
(3)需求价格弹性与商品销售总收益有密切的关系。
如果价格弹性大于1，即商品富有弹性，则其销售总收益与价格是反方向变动，即销售总收益随价格的提高而减少，随价格的降低而增长；如果需求价格弹性小于1，即商品是缺乏弹性的，则该商品销售总收益与价格变动是同方向的，即总收益随价格的提高而增长，随价格的降低而减少。
2.需求收入弹性[解析](1)需求收入弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对消费者的收入变动程度，是需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。
如果用e M 表示需求的收入弹性系数，用I 和ΔI 分别表示收入和收入的变动量，用Q 和ΔQ 分别表示需求的量和需求量的变动量，则需求收入弹性公式为：eMQ II Q∆=∆。
(2)在影响需求的其他因素既定的前提下，可以通过需求收入弹性来判断商品是正常商品还是劣等品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数为正值，即e M>0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求量增加，则该商品就是正常品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数是负值，及e M<0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求反而下降，则该商品为劣等品。
需求收入弹性并不取决于商品本身的属性，而取决于消费者购买时的收入水平。
3.蛛网模型[解析]蛛网模型是一个动态模型，其考察的是价格波动对下一个周期产量的影响，以及由此而产生的均衡的变动，它通常用来分析市场经济中某些产品价格与产量之间的关系，这些产品具有这样的特点，即本期产量决定本期价格，而本期价格决定下期产量。
微观经济学第八版课后习题答案第二章
Chapter 2The Basics of Supply and DemandQuestions for Review1. Suppose that unusually hot weather causes the demand curve for ice cream to shift to the right.Why will the price of ice cream rise to a new market-clearing level?Suppose the supply of ice cream is completely inelastic in the short run, so the supply curve isvertical as shown below. The initial equilibrium is at price P1. The unusually hot weather causes the demand curve for ice cream to shift from D1 to D2, creating short-run excess demand (i.e., a temporary shortage) at the current price. Consumers will bid against each other for the ice cream, puttingupward pressure on the price, and ice cream sellers will react by raising price. The price of ice cream will rise until the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal, which occurs at price P2.Chapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand9 2. Use supply and demand curves to illustrate how each of the following events would affect theprice of butter and the quantity of butter bought and sold:a. An increase in the price of margarine.Butter and margarine are substitute goods for most people. Therefore, an increase in the price of margarine will cause people to increase their consumption of butter, thereby shifting the demand curve for butter out from D1 to D2 in Figure 2.2.a. This shift in demand causes the equilibriumprice of butter to rise from P1 to P2 and the equilibrium quantity to increase from Q1 to Q2.Figure 2.2.ab. An increase in the price of milk.Milk is the main ingredient in butter. An increase in the price of milk increases the cost ofproducing butter, which reduces the supply of butter. The supply curve for butter shifts fromS1 to S2 in Figure 2.2.b, resulting in a higher equilibrium price, P2 and a lower equilibriumquantity, Q2, for butter.Figure 2.2.b10 Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Eighth EditionNote : Butter is in fact made from the fat that is skimmed from milk; thus butter and milk are joint products, and this complicates things. If you take account of this relationship, your answer might change, but it depends on why the price of milk increased. If the increase were caused by anincrease in the demand for milk, the equilibrium quantity of milk supplied would increase. Withmore milk being produced, there would be more milk fat available to make butter, and the priceof milk fat would fall. This would shift the supply curve for butter to the right, resulting in a drop in the price of butter and an increase in the quantity of butter supplied.c. A decrease in average income levels.Assuming that butter is a normal good, a decrease in average income will cause the demandcurve for butter to decrease (i.e., shift from D 1 to D 2). This will result in a decline in theequilibrium price from P 1 to P 2, and a decline in the equilibrium quantity from Q 1 to Q 2. See Figure 2.2.c.Figure 2.2.c3. If a 3% increase in the price of corn flakes causes a 6% decline in the quantity demanded, whatis the elasticity of demand?The elasticity of demand is the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price. The elasticity of demand for corn flakes is therefore%6 2.%3D P QE P ∆-===-∆+ 4. Explain the difference between a shift in the supply curve and a movement along the supplycurve.A movement along the supply curve occurs when the price of the good changes. A shift of the supply curve is caused by a change in something other than the good’s price that results in a change in the quantity supplied at the current price. Some examples are a change in the price of an input, a change in technology that reduces the cost of production, and an increase in the number of firms supplying the product.Chapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand11 5. Explain why for many goods, the long-run price elasticity of supply is larger than the short-runelasticity.The price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in price. In the short run, an increase in price induces firms to produce more by using their facilities more hours per week, paying workers to work overtime and hiring new workers.Nevertheless, there is a limit to how much firms can produce because they face capacity constraints in the short run. In the long run, however, firms can expand capacity by building new plants and hiring new permanent workers. Also, new firms can enter the market and add their output to total supply. Hence a greater change in quantity supplied is possible in the long run, and thus the price elasticity of supply is larger in the long run than in the short run.6. Why do long-run elasticities of demand differ from short-run elasticities? Consider two goods:paper towels and televisions. Which is a durable good? Would you expect the price elasticity of demand for paper towels to be larger in the short run or in the long run? Why? What about the price elasticity of demand for televisions?Long-run and short-run elasticities differ based on how rapidly consumers respond to price changes and how many substitutes are available. If the price of paper towels, a non-durable good, were to increase, consumers might react only minimally in the short run because it takes time for people to change their consumption habits. In the long run, however, consumers might learn to use otherproducts such as sponges or kitchen towels instead of paper towels. Thus, the price elasticity would be larger in the long run than in the short run. In contrast, the quantity demanded of durable goods, such as televisions, might change dramatically in the short run. For example, the initial result of a price increase for televisions would cause consumers to delay purchases because they could keep on using their current TVs longer. Eventually consumers would replace their televisions as they wore out or became obsolete. Therefore, we expect the demand for durables to be more elastic in the short run than in the long run.7. Are the following statements true or false? Explain your answers.a. The elasticity of demand is the same as the slope of the demand curve.False. Elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by thepercentage change in the price of the product. In contrast, the slope of the demand curve is thechange in quantity demanded (in units) divided by the change in price (typically in dollars).The difference is that elasticity uses percentage changes while the slope is based on changesin the number of units and number of dollars.b. The cross-price elasticity will always be positive.False. The cross-price elasticity measures the percentage change in the quantity demanded ofone good due to a 1% change in the price of another good. This elasticity will be positive forsubstitutes (an increase in the price of hot dogs is likely to cause an increase in the quantitydemanded of hamburgers) and negative for complements (an increase in the price of hot dogs is likely to cause a decrease in the quantity demanded of hot dog buns).c. The supply of apartments is more inelastic in the short run than the long run.True. In the short run it is difficult to change the supply of apartments in response to a change in price. Increasing the supply requires constructing new apartment buildings, which can take a year or more. Therefore, the elasticity of supply is more inelastic in the short run than in the long run.12Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition8. Suppose the government regulates the prices of beef and chicken and sets them below theirmarket-clearing levels. Explain why shortages of these goods will develop and what factors will determine the sizes of the shortages. What will happen to the price of pork? Explain briefly.If the price of a commodity is set below its market-clearing level, the quantity that firms are willing to supply is less than the quantity that consumers wish to purchase. The extent of the resulting shortage depends on the elasticities of demand and supply as well as the amount by which the regulated price is set below the market-clearing price. For instance, if both supply and demand are elastic, the shortage is larger than if both are inelastic, and if the regulated price is substantially below the market-clearing price, the shortage is larger than if the regulated price is only slightly below the market-clearing price.Factors such as the willingness of consumers to eat less meat and the ability of farmers to reduce the size of their herds/flocks will determine the relevant elasticities. Customers whose demands forbeef and chicken are not met because of the shortages will want to purchase substitutes like pork.This increases the demand for pork (i.e., shifts demand to the right), which results in a higher price for pork.9. The city council of a small college town decides to regulate rents in order to reduce studentliving expenses. Suppose the average annual market-clearing rent for a two-bedroom apartment had been $700 per month and that rents were expected to increase to $900 within a year. The city council limits rents to their current $700-per-month level.a. Draw a supply and demand graph to illustrate what will happen to the rental price of anapartment after the imposition of rent controls.Initially demand is D1 and supply is S, so the equilibrium rent is $700 and Q1 apartments arerented. Without regulation, demand was expected to increase to D2, which would have raisedrent to $900 and resulted in Q2 apartment rentals. Under the city council regulation, however,the rental price stays at the old equilibrium level of $700 per month. After demand increases toD2, only Q1 apartments will be supplied while Q3 will be demanded. There will be a shortage ofQ3 Q1 apartments.a. Do you think this policy will benefit all students? Why or why not?No. It will benefit those students who get an apartment, although these students may find that the cost of searching for an apartment is higher given the shortage of apartments. Those students who do not get an apartment may face higher costs as a result of having to live outside the collegetown. Their rent may be higher and their transportation costs will be higher, so they will be worse off as a result of the policy.Chapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand 1310. In a discussion of tuition rates, a university official argues that the demand for admission iscompletely price inelastic. As evidence, she notes that while the university has doubled itstuition (in real terms) over the past 15 years, neither the number nor quality of studentsapplying has decreased. Would you accept this argument? Explain briefly. (Hint : The official makes an assertion about the demand for admission, but does she actually observe a demand curve? What else could be going on?)I would not accept this argument. The university official assumes that demand has remained stable (i.e., the demand curve has not shifted) over the 15-year period. This seems very unlikely. Demand for college educations has increased over the years for many reasons —real incomes have increased, population has increased, the perceived value of a college degree has increased, etc. What hasprobably happened is that tuition doubled from T 1 to T 2, but demand also increased from D 1 to D 2 over the 15 years, and the two effects have offset each other. The result is that the quantity (andquality) of applications has remained steady at A . The demand curve is not perfectly inelastic asthe official asserts.11. Suppose the demand curve for a product is given by Q = 10 - 2P + P S , where P is the price ofthe product and P S is the price of a substitute good. The price of the substitute good is $2.00. a. Suppose P = $1.00. What is the price elasticity of demand? What is the cross-price elasticityof demand?Find quantity demanded when P = $1.00 and P S = $2.00. Q = 10 - 2(1) + 2 = 10.Price elasticity of demand = 12(2)0.2.1010P Q Q P ∆=-=-=-∆ Cross-price elasticity of demand = 2(1)0.2.10s s P Q Q P ∆==∆ b. Suppose the price of the good, P , goes to $2.00. Now what is the price elasticity of demand?What is the cross-price elasticity of demand?When P = $2.00, Q = 10 - 2(2) + 2 = 8.Price elasticity of demand = 24(2)0.5.88P Q Q P ∆=-=-=-∆ Cross-price elasticity of demand = 2(1)0.25.8s s P Q Q P ∆==∆14Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics,Eighth Edition12. Suppose that rather than the declining demand assumed in Example 2.8, a decrease in the costof copper production causes the supply curve to shift to the right by 40%. How will the price of copper change?If the supply curve shifts to the right by 40% then the new quantity supplied will be 140% of the old quantity supplied at every price. The new supply curve is therefore the old supply curve multiplied by 1.4.Q S' = 1.4 (-9 + 9P) =-12.6 + 12.6P. To find the new equilibrium price of copper, set the new supply equal to demand. Thus, –12.6 + 12.6P= 27 - 3P. Solving for price results in P= $2.54 per pound for the new equilibrium price. The price decreased by 46 cents per pound, from $3.00 to $2.54, a drop of about 15.3%.13. Suppose the demand for natural gas is perfectly inelastic. What would be the effect, if any, ofnatural gas price controls?If the demand for natural gas is perfectly inelastic, the demand curve is vertical. Consumers willdemand the same quantity regardless of price. In this case, price controls will have no effect on the quantity demanded, but they will still cause a shortage if the supply curve is upward sloping and the regulated price is set below the market-clearing price, because suppliers will produce less natural gas than consumers wish to purchase.Exercises1. Suppose the demand curve for a product is given by Q= 300 - 2P+ 4I, where I is averageincome measured in thousands of dollars. The supply curve is Q= 3P- 50.a. If I= 25, find the market-clearing price and quantity for the product.Given I= 25, the demand curve becomes Q= 300 − 2P+ 4(25), or Q= 400 − 2P. Set demandequal to supply and solve for P and then Q:400 - 2P= 3P- 50P= 90Q= 400 - 2(90) = 220.b. If I= 50, find the market-clearing price and quantity for the product.Given I= 50, the demand curve becomes Q = 300 - 2P+ 4(50), or Q = 500 - 2P. Setting demand equal to supply, solve for P and then Q:500 - 2P= 3P- 50P= 110Q= 500 - 2(110) = 280.c. Draw a graph to illustrate your answers.It is easier to draw the demand and supply curves if you first solve for the inverse demand andsupply functions, i.e., solve the functions for P. Demand in part a is P = 200 - 0.5Q and supplyis P = 16.67 + 0.333Q. These are shown on the graph as D a and S. Equilibrium price and quantity are found at the intersection of these demand and supply curves. When the income level increasesChapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand 15in part b, the demand curve shifts up and to the right. Inverse demand is P = 250 - 0.5Q and islabeled D b . The intersection of the new demand curve and original supply curve is the newequilibrium point.2. Consider a competitive market for which the quantities demanded and supplied (per year) atvarious prices are given as follows:Price (Dollars)Demand (Millions) Supply (Millions) 6022 14 8020 16 10018 18 120 16 20a. Calculate the price elasticity of demand when the price is $80 and when the price is $100..DD D D D Q Q Q PE P Q PP∆∆==∆∆ With each price increase of $20, the quantity demanded decreases by 2 million. Therefore,20.1.20D Q P ∆-⎛⎫==- ⎪∆⎝⎭ At P = 80, quantity demanded is 20 million and thus80(0.1)0.40.20D E ⎛⎫=-=- ⎪⎝⎭Similarly, at P = 100, quantity demanded equals 18 million and100(0.1)0.56.18D E ⎛⎫=-=- ⎪⎝⎭16 Pindyck/Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Eighth Editionb. Calculate the price elasticity of supply when the price is $80 and when the price is $100..SS S S S Q Q Q P E P Q PP∆∆==∆∆ With each price increase of $20, quantity supplied increases by 2 million. Therefore,20.1.20S Q P ∆⎛⎫== ⎪∆⎝⎭At P = 80, quantity supplied is 16 million and80(0.1)0.5.16S E ⎛⎫== ⎪⎝⎭Similarly, at P = 100, quantity supplied equals 18 million and100(0.1)0.56.18S E ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭c. What are the equilibrium price and quantity?The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.Using the table, the equilibrium price is P * = $100 and the equilibrium quantity is Q * = 18 million. d. Suppose the government sets a price ceiling of $80. Will there be a shortage, and if so, howlarge will it be?With a price ceiling of $80, price cannot be above $80, so the market cannot reach its equilibrium price of $100. At $80, consumers would like to buy 20 million, but producers will supply only16 million. This will result in a shortage of 4 million units.3. Refer to Example 2.5 (page 37) on the market for wheat. In 1998, the total demand for U.S.wheat was Q = 3244 - 283P and the domestic supply was Q S = 1944 + 207P . At the end of 1998, both Brazil and Indonesia opened their wheat markets to U.S. farmers. Suppose that these new markets add 200 million bushels to U.S. wheat demand. What will be the free-market price of wheat and what quantity will be produced and sold by U.S. farmers?If Brazil and Indonesia add 200 million bushels of wheat to U.S. wheat demand, the new demand curve will be Q + 200, orQ D = (3244 - 283P ) + 200 = 3444 - 283P .Equate supply and the new demand to find the new equilibrium price.1944 + 207P = 3444 - 283P , or490P = 1500, and thus P = $3.06 per bushel.To find the equilibrium quantity, substitute the price into either the supply or demand equation.Using demand,Q D = 3444 - 283(3.06) = 2578 million bushels.Chapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand 174. A vegetable fiber is traded in a competitive world market, and the world price is $9 per pound.Unlimited quantities are available for import into the United States at this price. The U.S.domestic supply and demand for various price levels are shown as follows:PriceU.S. Supply (Million Lbs.) U.S. Demand (Million Lbs.) 32 34 64 28 96 22 128 16 1510 10 18 12 4a. What is the equation for demand? What is the equation for supply?The equation for demand is of the form Q = a - bP . First find the slope, which is 62.3Q b P ∆-==-=-∆ You can figure this out by noticing that every time price increases by 3, quantity demanded falls by 6 million pounds. Demand is now Q = a - 2P . To find a , plug in any of the price and quantity demanded points from the table. For example: Q = 34 = a - 2(3) so that a = 40 and demand is therefore Q = 40 - 2P .The equation for supply is of the form Q = c + dP . First find the slope, which is2.3Q d P ∆==∆ You can figure this out by noticing that every time price increases by 3, quantity supplied increases by 2 million pounds. Supply is now 2.3Q c P =+ To find c , plug in any of the price and quantity supplied points from the table. For example: 22(3)3Q c ==+ so that c = 0 and supply is 2.3Q P = b. At a price of $9, what is the price elasticity of demand? What is it at a price of $12?Elasticity of demand at P = 9 is 918(2)0.82.2222P Q Q P ∆-=-==-∆ Elasticity of demand at P = 12 is1224(2) 1.5.1616P Q Q P ∆-=-==-∆ c. What is the price elasticity of supply at $9? At $12?Elasticity of supply at P = 9 is 9218 1.0.6318P Q Q P ∆⎛⎫=== ⎪∆⎝⎭ Elasticity of supply at P = 12 is12224 1.0.8324P Q Q P ∆⎛⎫=== ⎪∆⎝⎭d. In a free market, what will be the U.S. price and level of fiber imports?With no restrictions on trade, the price in the United States will be the same as the world price, so P = $9. At this price, the domestic supply is 6 million lbs., while the domestic demand is22 million lbs. Imports make up the difference and are 16 million lbs.5. Much of the demand for U.S. agricultural output has come from other countries. In 1998, thetotal demand for wheat was Q= 3244 - 283P. Of this, total domestic demand was Q D= 1700 -107P, and domestic supply was Q S= 1944 + 207P. Suppose the export demand for wheat falls by 40%.a. U.S. farmers are concerned about this drop in export demand. What happens to the free-market price of wheat in the United States? Do farmers have much reason to worry?Before the drop in export demand, the market equilibrium price is found by setting total demand equal to domestic supply:3244 - 283P= 1944 + 207P, orP= $2.65.Export demand is the difference between total demand and domestic demand: Q= 3244 - 283P minus Q D= 1700 - 107P. So export demand is originally Q e= 1544 - 176P. After the 40% drop, export demand is only 60% of the original export demand. The new export demand is therefore, Q′e= 0.6Q e = 0.6(1544 - 176P) = 926.4 - 105.6P. Graphically, export demand has pivotedinward as illustrated in the figure below.The new total demand becomesQ′= Q D+Q′e= (1700 - 107P) + (926.4 - 105.6P) = 2626.4 - 212.6P.Equating total supply and the new total demand,1944 + 207P= 2626.4 - 212.6P, orP= $1.63,which is a significant drop from the original market-clearing price of $2.65 per bushel. At thisprice, the market-clearing quantity is about Q = 2281 million bushels. Total revenue hasdecreased from about $6609 million to $3718 million, so farmers have a lot to worry about.b. Now suppose the U.S. government wants to buy enough wheat to raise the price to $3.50 perbushel. With the drop in export demand, how much wheat would the government have tobuy? How much would this cost the government?With a price of $3.50, the market is not in equilibrium. Quantity demanded and supplied areQ′= 2626.4 - 212.6(3.50) = 1882.3, andQ S= 1944 + 207(3.50) = 2668.5.Excess supply is therefore 2668.5 - 1882.3 = 786.2 million bushels. The government mustpurchase this amount to support a price of $3.50, and will have to spend $3.50(786.2 million) =$2751.7 million.6. The rent control agency of New York City has found that aggregate demand is Q D= 160 - 8P.Quantity is measured in tens of thousands of apartments. Price, the average monthly rental rate, is measured in hundreds of dollars. The agency also noted that the increase in Q at lower P results from more three-person families coming into the city from Long Island and demanding apartments. The city’s board of realtors acknowledges that this is a good demand estimate and has shown that supply is Q S= 70 + 7P.a. If both the agency and the board are right about demand and supply, what is the free-market price? What is the change in city population if the agency sets a maximum average monthly rent of $300 and all those who cannot find an apartment leave the city?Set supply equal to demand to find the free-market price for apartments:160 - 8P= 70 + 7P, or P= 6,which means the rental price is $600 since price is measured in hundreds of dollars. Substituting the equilibrium price into either the demand or supply equation to determine the equilibriumquantity:Q D= 160 - 8(6) = 112andQ S= 70 + 7(6) = 112.The quantity of apartments rented is 1,120,000 since Q is measured in tens of thousands ofapartments. If the rent control agency sets the rental rate at $300, the quantity supplied wouldbe 910,000 (Q S= 70 + 7(3) = 91), a decrease of 210,000 apartments from the free-marketequilibrium. Assuming three people per family per apartment, this would imply a loss in citypopulation of 630,000 people. Note: At the $300 rental rate, the demand for apartments is1,360,000 units, and the resulting shortage is 450,000 units (1,360,000 - 910,000). However,excess demand (the shortage) and lower quantity demanded are not the same concept. Theshortage of 450,000 units is the difference between the number of apartments demanded at thenew lower price (including the number demanded by new people who would have moved intothe city), and the number supplied at the lower price. But these new people will not actuallymove into the city because the apartments are not available. Therefore, the city population willfall by 630,000, which is due to the drop in the number of apartments available from 1,120,000(the old equilibrium value) to 910,000.b. Suppose the agency bows to the wishes of the board and sets a rental of $900 per month onall apartments to allow landlords a “fair” rate of return. If 50% of any long-run increases in apartment offerings come from new construction, how many apartments are constructed? At a rental rate of $900, the demand for apartments would be 160 - 8(9) = 88, or 880,000 units, which is 240,000 fewer apartments than the original free-market equilibrium number of1,120,000. Therefore, no new apartments would be constructed.7. In 2010, Americans smoked 315 billion cigarettes, or 15.75 billion packs of cigarettes. Theaverage retail price (including taxes) was about $5.00 per pack. Statistical studies have shown that the price elasticity of demand is -0.4, and the price elasticity of supply is 0.5.a. Using this information, derive linear demand and supply curves for the cigarette market.Let the demand curve be of the form Q = a - bP and the supply curve be of the form Q = c + dP , where a , b , c , and d are positive constants. To begin, recall the formula for the price elasticity of demand.D P P Q E Q P∆=∆ We know the demand elasticity is –0.4, P = 5, and Q = 15.75, which means we can solve for the slope, −b , which is ∆Q /∆P in the above formula.50.415.7515.750.4 1.26.5QP Q b P ∆-=∆∆⎛⎫=-=-=- ⎪∆⎝⎭To find the constant a , substitute for Q , P , and b in the demand function to get 15.75 = a - 1.26(5), so a = 22.05. The equation for demand is therefore Q = 22.05 - 1.26P . To find the supply curve, recall the formula for the elasticity of supply and follow the same method as above:50.515.7515.750.5 1.575.5S P P QE Q PQ PQ d P ∆=∆∆=∆∆⎛⎫=== ⎪∆⎝⎭ To find the constant c , substitute for Q , P , and d in the supply function to get 15.75 = c + 1.575(5) and c = 7.875. The equation for supply is therefore Q = 7.875 + 1.575P .b. In 1998, Americans smoked 23.5 billion packs cigarettes, and the retail price was about$2.00 per pack. The decline in cigarette consumption from 1998 to 2010 was due in part to greater public awareness of the health hazards from smoking, but was also due in part tothe increase in price. Suppose that the entire decline was due to the increase in price. What could you deduce from that about the price elasticity of demand?Calculate the arc elasticity of demand since we have a range of prices rather than a single price. The arc elasticity formula isP Q P E P Q∆=∆where P and Q are average price and quantity, respectively. The change in quantity was15.75 -23.5 = -7.75, and the change in price was 5 - 2 = 3. The average price was (2 + 5)/2 =3.50, and the average quantity was (23.5 + 15.75)/2 = 19.625. Therefore, the price elasticity ofdemand, assuming that the entire decline in quantity was due solely to the price increase, was∆-===-∆7.75 3.500.46.319.625P Q P E P Q 8. In Example 2.8 we examined the effect of a 20% decline in copper demand on the price ofcopper, using the linear supply and demand curves developed in Section 2.6. Suppose the long-run price elasticity of copper demand were -0.75 instead of -0.5.a. Assuming, as before, that the equilibrium price and quantity are P * = $3 per pound andQ * = 18 million metric tons per year, derive the linear demand curve consistent with thesmaller elasticity.Following the method outlined in Section 2.6, solve for a and b in the demand equationQ D = a - bP . Because -b is the slope, we can use -b rather than ∆Q /∆P in the elasticity formula. Therefore, *.*D P E b Q ⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭Here E D = -0.75 (the long-run price elasticity), P * = 3 and Q * = 18. Solving for b ,30.75,18b ⎛⎫-=- ⎪⎝⎭or b = 0.75(6) = 4.5. To find the intercept, we substitute for b , Q D (= Q *), and P (= P *) in the demand equation:18 = a - 4.5(3), or a = 31.5.The linear demand equation is thereforeQ D = 31.5 - 4.5P .b. Using this demand curve, recalculate the effect of a 20% decline in copper demand on theprice of copper.The new demand is 20% below the original (using our convention that quantity demanded isreduced by 20% at every price); therefore, multiply demand by 0.8 because the new demand is80% of the original demand:(0.8)(31.5 4.5)25.2 3.6.DQ P P '=-=- Equating this to supply,25.2 - 3.6P = -9 + 9P , so P = $2.71.With the 20% decline in demand, the price of copper falls from $3.00 to $2.71 per pound. Thedecrease in demand therefore leads to a drop in price of 29 cents per pound, a 9.7% decline.。
微观经济学答案第二章
日志分享的日志<<返回前一页观经济学答案（第二章）今天23:07微观经济学答案（第二章）分享作者：爱笑的眼睛已被分享1次评论(0) 复制链接1. Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories, collect data, andthen analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists useheory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. Insted,hey must rely on natural experiments.2. Economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. Assumptions canmake the world easier to understand.3. An economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. A model is a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. Figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (PPF1). If a disease kills half of theeconomy's cow population, less milk production is possible, so the PPF shifts inward (PPF2). Note that if theeconomy produces all cookies, so it doesn't need any cows, then production is unaffected. But if the economyproduces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits.图表5.The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available. In terms of theproduction possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such aspoint A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such as point B, is inefficient since more of one good could beproduced without reducing the production of another good.图表6. The two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of howhuseholds and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. Macroeconomics is the study ofecoomy-wide phenomena.7. Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements areprescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example. Positive: A rapid growth rateof money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. The Council of Economic Advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the United Statesabout economic matters. The Council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. It writesthe annual Economic Report of the President.9. Economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and(2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy shouldtry to accomplish.Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferior quality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat produced by another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as novels.3. See Figure 5; the four transactions are shown.图表4. a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because whenmost of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of theeconomy’s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of gunsgiven up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is flat. Whenthe economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the productionpossibilities frontier is steep.b.Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the production possibilities frontier. Point B isfeasible but inefficient because it’s insi de the production possibilities frontier.图表c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Doves might choose a pointlike D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get abigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As aresult, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantityof butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a cleanenvironment¾the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains in environmental productivity, such as thedevelopment of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift fromPPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.图表6. a. A family's decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A firm's decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is macroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positivestatement. It deals with how the economy is, not how it should be. Since economists have examined data andfound that there is a short-run negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it is a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positivestatement. Economists have found that money growth and inflation are very closely related. The statement thustells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world is.d.The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative statement. It doesn't state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They have found a negative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus apositive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2 are clearly normative. They are: "5. If the federal budget is to be balanced,it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly" and "9. The government should restructure thewelfare system along the lines of a 'negative income tax.'" Both are suggestions of changes that should be made,rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the worldshould be. Note that in all cases, even though they are statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economistsagree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but noteveryone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you'd be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you'dprobably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise abouthow the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of fact¾positive analysis. Since you are the president, you are the one who has to make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the politicalconsequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their own views, not necessarily yourviews or the electorate’s views.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers is R. Glen Hubbard, and the secretary of the treasury is Paul H. O’Neill.12. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy because they will haveopportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results willbecome known, and they can be evaluated better. It's likely that the disagreement about them will be reducedafter they've been tried in practice. For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would bea good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls weretried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of themarketplace and shortages developed in many markets. As a result, most economists are now convinced thatwage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it is unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated. Economists differ ontoo many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted orrejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.分享已被分享1次◆显示全部条评论>>我也说一句...表情确定取消0/100。
微观经济学第二章习题与答案
• 19、均衡价格一定随着( ) A、需求与供给的增加而上升 B、需求的增加和供给的减少而上升 C、需求的减少和供给的增加而上升 D、需求和供给的减少而上升 • 20、假设某商品的需求曲线为Q=3-9P，市场上该商品的均衡价格 为4，那么，当需求曲线为Q=5-9P后，均衡价格将( ) A、大于4 B、小于4 C、等于4 D、无法确定 • 21、供给的变动引起( ) A、均衡价格和均衡数量同方向变动 B、均衡价格与数量反方向变动 C、均衡价格反方向变动，均衡数量同方向变动 D、均衡价格同方向变动，均衡数量反方向变动 • 22、政府为了扶植某一行业生产而规定的该行业的最低价格是 ( ) A、限制价格 B、支持价格 C、领先价格 D、歧视价格
• 选择题
• 1、当汽油的价格上升时，在其它条件不变的情况下，对小汽车 的需求量将( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、 增加 D、难以确定 • 2、当咖啡的价格急剧上升时，在其它条件不变的情况下，对茶 叶的需求量将( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、增加 D、没有影响 • 3、消费者预期某种物品将来价格要上升，则对该物品当前的需 求会( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、 增加 D、难以确定 • 4、需求的变动与需求量的变动( ) A、都是由于一种原因引起的 B、需求的变动由价格以外的其它因素的变动所引起，而需求量 的变动由价格的变动所引起 C、需求量的变动是由一种因素引起的，需求变动是两种及两种 以上的因素引起的 D、是一回事.
• 15、供给规律表明，商品价格与供给量的变动是( ) A、同方向 B、反方向 C、无关的 D、反方向同比例 • 16、供给规律说明( ) A、生产技术提高会使商品的供给量增加 B、政策鼓励某商品的生产，因而该商品的供给量增加 C、消费者更喜欢消费某商品，使该商品的价格上升 D、某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加 • 17、鸡蛋的供给量增加是指供给量由于( ) A、鸡蛋的需求量增加而引起的增加 B、人们对鸡蛋偏好的增加 C、鸡蛋的价格提高而引起的增加 D、由于收入的增加而引起的增加 • 18、均衡价格是( ) A、供给与需求相等时的价格 B、固定不变的价格 C、支持价格 D、限制价格
微观经济学课后复习题参考答案
《微观经济学》课后复习题参考答案第一章导论1．什么是经济学，资源的稀缺性和选择性假定的意义何在？参考答案：经济学就是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置到相互竞争的用途之中以使人类欲望得到最大满足的科学。
或者说，经济学就是研究选择问题的一门学科，即经济学是研究个人、企业和政府如何进行选择，才能把有限的资源得到合理地配置和有效地利用的一门学科。
资源的稀缺性是指相对于人类需要的无限性而言，再多的经济物品总是不足的。
由于资源是稀缺的，所以人们只能对资源的利用作出选择。
选择就要有标准，在微观经济学中这个标准就是消费者满足程度的最大化和厂商利润的最大化。
资源的稀缺性和选择性假定提出了经济学研究的三个基本问题，即生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．举例说明现实生活中存在稀缺性、或不存在稀缺性的案例。
参考答案：根据自己生活中的体验举例说明（略）。
3．经济学研究的三个基本问题是什么？参考答案：经济学研究的三个基本问题是生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
生产什么涉及资源在产品之间的配置；如何生产涉及要素在生产中的配置；为谁生产涉及生产出来的产品在社会成员之间的配置（收入分配）。
4．试举例说明你身边存在的交替关系。
参考答案：略。
5．计算一下你学习的机会成本。
参考答案：机会成本（opportunity costs）就是在既定的资源和技术条件下，人们把某一既定资源投入于某一特定用途时，所放弃的利用该资源在其他用途中可能给选择者带来的最大收益。
选择上大学，直接花费（成本）包括4年学杂费和生活费，放弃的机会是4年时间所能够挣到的收入。
假定4年学杂费约3万元，4年生活费约4万元，则直接付出的货币为7万元左右；如果这4年时间参加工作，可以挣到4万元。
合计上4 年学的机会成本是11万元。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”能够做什么？参考答案：市场中那只“看不见的手”是指自由竞争的市场机制，它的主要作用就是调节资源配置。
具体体现在：通过市场价格信号，使市场经济主体做出反应和选择（3W），使得经济资源在部门和企业间流动；同时，“看不见的手”还能够决定收入分配，如工资和利息分别是劳动力和资本的价格。
微观经济学第二章课后练习答案
第二章需求、供给和均衡价格1•已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d= 50- 5P,供给函数为Q s=- 10 + 5P。
⑴求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e,并作出几何图形。
(2) 假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d= 60- 5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e,并作出几何图形。
(3) 假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s=- 5 + 5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e,并作出几何图形。
⑷利用⑴、⑵和⑶，说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
⑸利用⑴、⑵和⑶，说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
解答：⑴将需求函数Q d= 50- 5P和供给函数Q s=- 10+ 5P代入均衡条件Q d= Q s,有50- 5P=- 10+ 5P得P e= 6将均衡价格P e= 6代入需求函数Q d= 50- 5P，得Q e= 50 —5^6= 20或者，将均衡价格P e= 6代入供给函数Q s=- 10+ 5P,得Q e=—10 + 5 >6= 20所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e= 6, Q e= 20。
如图2—1所示。
图2—1(2)将由于消费者收入水平提高而产生的需求函数Q d= 60- 5P和原供给函数Q s=- 10+ 5P代入均衡条件Q d= Q s,有60- 5P=- 10+ 5P得P e= 7将均衡价格P e= 7代入Q d= 60- 5P,得Q e= 60- 5X7= 25所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e = 5.5, Q e = 22.5。
如图2— 3所示。
或者，将均衡价格 P e = 7代入Q s =- 10 + 5P ，得Q e =- 10 + 5X7= 25⑶将原需求函数Q d = 50 — 5P 和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s =- 5+ 5P 代入均衡条件Q d = Q s,有50- 5P =- 5+ 5P 得P e = 5.5将均衡价格P e = 5.5代入Q d = 50 - 5P ,得Q e = 50 - 5X5.5= 22.5或者，将均衡价格 P e = 5.5代入Q s =- 5 + 5P ,得Q e =- 5 + 5X5.5=22.5图2—3(4) 所谓静态分析是考察在既定条件下某一经济事物在经济变量的相互作用下所实现的均衡状态及其特征。
微观经济学第二章价格机制课后习题答案
微观经济学第二章价格机制课后习题答案第二章计算题答案1.（1）需求函数，供给函数供求均衡时有：，求得：，（2）新的需求函数为：P=100-5(Q+15)=175-5Q（3）新的供给函数为：（4）利用（2）中新需求函数和（3）中新供给函数，由得新的均衡数量与均衡价格分别为：，（5）比较（1）和（4）中的均衡结果可得，均衡价格没有发生变化，均衡的产量增加。
2.（1）由需求函数和供给函数，得均衡时得出均衡价格与均衡数量分别是：，（2）在设定最高平均月租金100美元的情况下，市场将出现供不应求。
则人口减少为万人（3）在设定900美元月租金的情况下，市场出现供过于求。
故新建的住房数量为万间3.（1）在所有消费者和生产者同质的情况下，市场需求函数和市场供给函数分别是单个需求函数与供给函数的加总。
（3）征2美元的销售税后，新的供给函数变为新的供求均衡满足，解得：，实际上由消费者和生产者共同支付了税款，每件商品消费者承担的税款为4-3=1美元，生产者承担的税款为3-2=1美元。
政府征收的税额为美元。
（4）当政府对每单位产品进行1美元的补贴时，新的供给函数变为，新的均衡条件为：，得，这样消费者每单位产品支付的价格减少了3-2.5=0.5元，生产者每单位产品实际获得了3-2.5=0.5美元的补贴，相当于政府的补贴同时使生产者和消费者受益。
4.由反需求函数得需求函数，从而有则需求弹性为：当P=40时，Q=3600，从而当P=60时，Q=1200，从而5.（1）P=2和P=4之间的弧弹性为（2）点弹性计算公式为当P=2时当P=4时（2）在均衡点供给弹性为：需求弹性为：7.根据交叉弹性公式：，将，，，代入上式，可求得，故乘火车的人数减少了1.462万人。
8.根据需求函数和供给函数得，均衡价格和均衡的产量分别为和。
当初始产量为20时，出现供过于求的状况，在第一年，价格会下降至P=5,达到供求相等。
第二年，生产者根据第一年的价格P=5做出的生产决策为Q=5，此时出现供不应求，价格上升至P=12.5，供求达到相等。
微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案.doc
Chapter 2 Thinking Like an EconomistsTRUE OR FALSE1. Economists devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories. (T)2. While the scientific method is applicable to studying natural sciences, it is not applicable to studying a nation’s economy. (F)3. It is difficult for economists to make observations and develop theories, but it is easy for economists to run experiments to generate data to test their theories. (F)4. Good assumptions simplify a problem without substantially affecting the answer. (T)5. Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand. (T)6. Economic models omit many details to allow us to see what is truly important. (T)7. The circular-flow diagram explains, in general terms, how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. (T)8. In the circular-flow diagram, households and firms are the decision makers. (T)9. In the circular-flow diagram, factors of production are the goods and services produced by firms. (F)10. In the circular-flow diagram, firms own the factors of production and use them to produce goods and services. (F)11. In the circular-flow diagram, one loop represents the flow of goods and services, and the other loop represents the flow of factors of production.(F)12. The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of outputs that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. (T) 13. Refer to Figure 2-1, if this economy uses all its resources in the dishwasher industry, it produces 35 dishwashers and no doghouses. (T) Figure 2-114. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 75 doghouses. (F)15. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 30 doghouses and 20 dishwashers. (T)16. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 45 doghouses and 30 dishwashers. (F)17. Refer to Figure 2-1, unemployment could cause this economy to produce at point B. (T)18. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point A to pointD is 10 dishwashers. (T)19. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to pointD is 15 doghouses. (F)20. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of an additional doghouse increases as more doghouses are produced. (T)21. If an economy can produce more of one good without giving up any of another good, then the economy’s current production point is inefficient. (T) 22. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced. (F)23. A production possibilities frontier will be bowed outward if some of the economy’s resources are better suited to producing one good than another. (T)24. While the production possibilities frontier is a useful model, it cannot be used to illustrate economic growth. (F)25. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. (T)26. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena. (T)27. Economists acting as scientists make positive statements, while economists acting as policy advisers make normative statements. (T)28. Normative statements describe how the world is, while positive statements prescribe how the world should be. (F)29. "Other things equal, an increase in supply causes a decrease in price"is a normative statement, not a positive statement. (F)30. There is only one explanation for why economists give conflicting advice on policy issues, and it is that they have different values about what policy should try to accomplish. (F)31. The slope of a line is equal to the change in the x-variable divided by the change in the y-variable. (F)Chapter 3 Interdependence And The Gains From TradeTRUE OR FALSE1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade. (T)2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces. (T)3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine. (F)4. Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier. (T)5. Opportunity cost refers to how many inputs a producer requires to producea good. (F)6. Opportunity cost measures the trade-off between two goods that each producer faces. (T)7. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. (T)8. If one producer has the absolute advantage in the production of all goods, then that same producer will have the comparative advantage in the production of all goods as well. (F)9. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product.(F)10. If one producer is able to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer, then the producer with the lower opportunity cost is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that good. (F) 11. Unless two people who are producing two goods have exactly the same opportunity costs, then one person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good. (T)12. The principle of comparative advantage states that, regardless of the price at which trade takes place, everyone will benefit from trade if they specialize in the production of the good for which they have a comparative advantage. (F)13. Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. (T) 14. Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. (T)15. As long as two people have different opportunity costs, each can gain from trade with the other, since trade allows each person to obtain a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost. (T)16. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, each person can gain from trade but total production in the economy is unchanged. (F)17. For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which they trade must lie exactly in the middle of the two opportunity costs. (F)18. David Ricardo was the author of the 1817 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. (T)19. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. (T)20. Trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off. (T)SHORT ANSWER1. Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Which is more important in determining trade patterns, absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Why?Absolute advantage refers to productivity, as in the producer who can produce a product at a lower cost in terms of the resources used in production. Comparative advantage refers to the producer who can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost. Comparative advantage is the principle upon which trade patterns are based. Comparative advantage is based on opportunity cost, and opportunity cost measures the real cost to an individual or country of producing a particular product. Opportunity cost is therefore the information necessary for an individual or nation to determine whether to produce a good or buy it from someone else.2. The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities frontiers.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera. Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources inthe production of each good. Show these points on the graphs foreach country as point A.b. If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the totalworld production of popcorn and peanuts?c. Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the goodin which each has a comparative advantage. By specializing, whatis the total world production of each product now?d. If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 unitsof peanuts, show on the graphs the gain each country would receivefrom trade. Label these points B.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera. Alpha would be producing 125 units of peanuts and 75 units ofpopcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier) andOmega would be producing 50 units of peanuts and 150 units ofpopcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier).b. The total world production of peanuts would be 175 units and thetotal world production of popcorn would be 225 units.c. The total world production of peanuts would now be 250 units andthe total world production of popcorn would now be 300 units.d. Alpha would be producing 250 units of peanuts and would trade 100of them to Omega, leaving Alpha with 150 units of peanuts. Alphawould then receive 100 units of popcorn from Omega. Omega wouldbe producing 300 units of popcorn and would trade 100 of them toAlpha, leaving Omega with 200 units of popcorn. Omega would thenreceive 100 units of peanuts from Alpha.Choice1. People who provide you with goods and services (b)a. are acting out of generosity.b. do so because they get something in return.c. have chosen not to become interdependent.d. are required to do so by the government.2. When an economist points out that you and millions of other people are interdependent, he or she is referring to the fact that we all (b)a. rely upon the government to provide us with the basic necessitiesof life.b. rely upon one another for the goods and services we consume.c. have similar tastes and abilities.d. are concerned about one another’s well-being.3. When can two countries gain from trading two goods? (d)a. when the first country can only produce the first good and thesecond country can only produce the second goodb. when the first country can produce both goods, but can only producethe second good at great cost, and the second country can produceboth goods, but can only produce the first good at great costc. when the first country is better at producing both goods and thesecond country is worse at producing both goodsd. Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of theabove conditions.4. Shannon bakes cookies and Justin grows vegetables. In which of the following cases is it impossible for both Shannon and Justin to benefit from trade? (a)a. Shannon does not like vegetables and Justin does not like cookies.b. Shannon is better than Justin at baking cookies and Justin isbetter than Shannon at growing vegetables.c. Justin is better than Shannon at baking cookies and at growingvegetables.d. Both Shannon and Justin can benefit from trade in all of the abovecases.5. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (d)a. the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewerresources it has available to produce the other good.b. an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent andengaged in trade.c. the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced isconstant.d. the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced dependson how much of each good is being produced.6. The following table contains some production possibilities for an economy for a given month. (d)If the production outward, then “?” could bea. 100.b. 150.c. 200.d. 250.7. Assume for the United States that the opportunity cost of each airplane is 100 cars. Then which of these pairs of points could be on the United States' production possibilities frontier? (c)a. (200 airplanes, 5,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 4,000 cars)b. (200 airplanes, 10,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 20,000 cars)c. (300 airplanes, 15,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 25,000 cars)d. (300 airplanes, 25,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 40,000 cars)8. What must be given up to obtain an item is called (c)a. out-of-pocket cost.b. comparative worth.c. opportunity cost.d. absolute value.9. A farmer has the ability to grow either corn or cotton or some combination of the two. Given no other information, it follows that the farmer’s opportunity cost of a bushel of corn multiplied by his opportunity cost of a bushel of cotton (c)a. is equal to 0.b. is between 0 and 1.c. is equal to 1.d. is greater than 1.10. If Korea is capable of producing either shoes or soccer balls or some combination of the two, then (d)a. Korea should specialize in the product in which it has an absoluteadvantage.b. it would be impossible for Korea to have an absolute advantage overanother country in both products.c. it would be difficult for Korea to benefit from trade with anothercountry if Korea is efficient in the production of both goods.d. Korea’s opportunity cost of shoes is the inverse of its opportunitycost of soccer balls.11. Mike and Sandy are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Mike can make 4 tables or 20 chairs, where Sandy can make 6 tables or 18 chairs. Given this, we know that the opportunity cost of 1 chair is (a)a. 1/5 table for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.b. 1/5 table for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.c. 5 tables for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.d. 5 tables for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.12. If Shawn can produce more donuts in one day than Sue can produce in one day, then (c)a. Shawn has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.b. Sue has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.c. Shawn has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.d. Sue has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.13. Kelly and David are both capable of repairing cars and cooking meals. Which of the following scenarios is not possible? (c)a. Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and David hasa comparative advantage in cooking meals.b. Kelly has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and David hasan absolute advantage in cooking meals.c. Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and in cookingmeals.d. David has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and in cookingmeals.14. Comparative advantage is related most closely to which of the following?(b)a. output per hourb. opportunity costc. efficiencyd. bargaining strength in international trade15. Two individuals engage in the same two productive activities. In which of the following circumstances would neither individual have a comparative advantage in either activity? (c)a. One individual’s production possibilities frontier is steeperthan the other individual’s production possibilities frontier.b. One individual is faster at both activities than the otherindividual.c. One individual’s opportunity costs are the same as the otherindividual’s opportunity costs.d. None of the above is correct; one of the two individuals alwayswill have a comparative advantage in at least one of the twoactivities.16. Total output in an economy increases when each person specializes becausea. there is less competition for the same resources.b. each person spends more time producing that product in which heor she has a comparative advantage.c. a wider variety of products will be produced within each countrydue to specialization.d. government necessarily plays a larger role in the economy due tospecialization.17. Which of the following statements is not correct? (d)a. Trade allows for specialization.b. Trade has the potential to benefit all nations.c. Trade allows nations to consume outside of their productionpossibilities curves.d. Absolute advantage is the driving force of specialization.18. By definition, imports are (d)a. people who work in foreign countries.b. goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c. limits placed on the quantity of goods leaving a country.d. goods produced abroad and sold domestically.19. By definition, exports are (d)a. limits placed on the quantity of goods brought into a country.b. goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c. people who work in foreign countries.d. goods produced domestically and sold abroad.20. Which of the following would not result from all countries specializing according to the principle of comparative advantage? (d)a. The size of the economic pie would increase.b. Worldwide production of goods and services would increase.c. The well-being of citizens in each country would be enhanced.d. Each country’s production possibilities frontier would shiftoutward.Chapter 4 The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE OR FALSE1. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and2. the price at which it is sold. (T)3. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources. (T)4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of a product. (F)5. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. (T)6. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same. (T)7. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls. (F)8. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income of buyers varies, while all the other factors that affecthow much consumers want to buy are held constant. (F)9. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. (T)10. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good. (F)11. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right. (T)12. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right. (T)13. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve fora good to the left. (F)14. If a person expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase. (T)15. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demand curve in the same general way. (F) 16. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts. (T)17. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particular price. (T)18. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. (T)19. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied. (F)20. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left. (T)21. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply. (F)22. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left. (F)23. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. (F)24. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. (F)25. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus. (F)26. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices. (F)27. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price above equilibrium price. (T)28. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. (T)29. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will causea decrease in supply. (F)SHORT ANSWER1.a. What is the difference between a "change in demand" and a "change inquantity demanded?" Graph your answer.b. For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be achange in quantity demanded or a change in demand.i. a change in the price of a related goodii. a change in tastesiii. a change in the number of buyersiv. a change in pricev. a change in consumer expectationsvi. a change in incomea. A change in demand refers to a shift of the demand curve. A changein quantity demanded refers to a movement along a fixed demand curve.b. A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of theother changes listed shift the demand curve.A change in quantity supplied A change insupply2.Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphicallyillustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply.Also show how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity would change.a. Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.b. The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.c. The price of cocoa beans decreases.d. The price of whipped cream falls.e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.f. The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate curesacne.g. Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing theprice of milk to rise.h. Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolateis considered a normal good.i. Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.j. Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.(a) (b)(c) (d)(e) (f)(g) (h)(i) (j)In (j), a price above equilibrium will affect both quantity demanded and quantity supplied and will cause a surplus in the market. It will not cause either demand or supply to shift.Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibriumCHOICE1. Which of the following is an example of a market? (d)a. a gas stationb. a garage salec. a barber shopd. All of the above are examples of markets. (d)2. In a competitive market, the price of a producta. is determined by buyers and the quantity of the product producedis determined by sellers.b. is determined by sellers and the quantity of the product producedis determined by buyers.c. and the quantity of the product produced are both determined bysellers.d. None of the above is correct.3. A downward-sloping demand curve illustrates (d)a. that demand decreases over time.b. that prices fall over time.c. the relationship between income and quantity demanded.d. the law of demand.Table 4-1a. Aaron’sb. Angela’sc. Austin’sd. Alyssa’s5. Refer to Table 4-1. If these are the only four buyers in the market, then the market quantity demanded at a price of $1 is (d)a. 4 units.b. 7.75 units.c. 14 units.d. 31 units.6. When we move along a given demand curve, (c)a. only price is held constant.b. income and price are held constant.c. all nonprice determinants of demand are held constant.d. all determinants of quantity demanded are held constant.7. Which of the following is not held constant in a supply schedule? (c)a. technologyb. the price of the goodc. the prices of inputsd. expectations8. A market supply curve is determined by (b)a. vertically summing individual supply curves.b. horizontally summing individual supply curves.c. finding the average quantity supplied by sellers at each possibleprice.d. finding the average price at which sellers are willing and ableto sell a particular quantity of the good.9. A decrease in quantity supplied (a)a. results in a movement downward and to the left along a fixed supplycurve.b. results in a movement upward and to the right along a fixed supplycurve.c. shifts the supply curve to the left.d. shifts the supply curve to the right.10. Another term for equilibrium price is (b)a. dynamic price.b. market-clearing price.c. quantity-defining price.d. balance price.11. If, at the current price, there is a surplus of a good, then (a)a. sellers are producing more than buyers wish to buy.b. the market must be in equilibrium.c. the price is below the equilibrium price.d. quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.12. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price is(c)a. above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater thanquantity demanded.b. above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater thanquantity supplied.c. below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater thanquantity supplied.d. below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater thanquantity demanded.13. If the demand for a product increases, then we would expect (c)a. equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity todecrease.b. equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity toincrease.c. equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d. equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.14. If the supply of a product decreases, then we would expect (a)a. equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity todecrease.b. equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity toincrease.c. equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d. equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.15. When supply and demand both increase, equilibrium (d)a. price will increase.b. price will decrease.c. quantity may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.d. price may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.16. What would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee if the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell and the price of tea fell? (a)a. Price would fall and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.b. Price would rise and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.c. Quantity would fall and the effect on price would be ambiguous.d. Quantity would rise and the effect on price would be ambiguous.17. Which of these statements does not apply to market economies? (c)a. Prices prevent decentralized decision making from degeneratinginto chaos.b. Prices coordinate the actions of millions of people with varyingabilities and desires.c. Prices ensure that anyone who wants a product can get it.d. Prices ensure that what needs to get done does in fact get done.Chapter 5 Elasticity and its Its ApplicationTRUE OR FALSE1. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. (F)2. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. (T)3. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. (T)4. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. (F)5. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. (T)6. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1.(F)7. Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls. (F)8. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, then demand is unit elastic. (T)9. When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue.(F)10. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. (T)11. Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand. (F)12. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are substitutes. (T)13. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then。
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第二章练习题参考答案一、单项选择题1.在得出某种商品的个人需求曲线时，下列因素除哪一种外均保持不变（ D ）A.个人收入B.其余商品的价格C.个人偏好D.所考虑商品的价格2.消费者预期某物品价格要上升，则该物品的当前需求会（ B ）A.减少B.增加C.不变D.上述三种情况都可能3.如果商品X和商品Y是可以相互替代的，则X的价格下降将造成（ D ）的需求曲线向右移动的需求曲线向左移动的需求曲线向右移动的需求曲线向左移动4.一个商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是（ A ）A.互补品的需求曲线向右移动B.互补品的需求曲线向左移动C.互补品的供给曲线向右移动D.互补品的供给曲线向左移动5.若X和Y两产品的交叉弹性是，则( D )和Y是替代品和Y是正常商品和Y是低档商品和Y是互补品6.如果某商品的需求富有价格弹性，则该商品的价格上升会使( C )A.该商品销售收入增加B.该商品销售收入不变C.该商品销售收入下降D.该商品销售收入可能上升也可能下降7.如果价格下降10%能使买者的总支出增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（A）A.富有弹性B.具有单位弹性C.缺乏弹性D.其弹性不能确定8.政府为了增加财政收入，决定按销售量向卖者征税，假如政府希望税收负担全部落在买者身上，并尽可能不影响交易量，那么应该具备的条件是（ C ）A.需求和供给的价格弹性均大于零B.需求的价格弹性大于零小于无穷，供给的价格弹性等于零C.需求的价格弹性等于零，供给的价格弹性大于零小于无穷D.需求的价格弹性为无穷，供给的价格弹性等于零9.政府为了扶持农业，对农产品规定了高于其均衡价格的支持价格。
政府为了维持支持价格，应该采取的相应措施是（ C ）A.增加对农产品的税收B.实行农产品配给制C.收购多余的农产品D.对农产品生产者予以补贴10.政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（ A ）A.黑市交易B.大量积压C.买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量和C11.经济学家所说的“需求曲线”，是描述价格和需求量关系的曲线。
这样研究价格意味着（ B ）A.经济学家相信价格是影响需求量的唯一因素B.经济学家假设其他因素对需求量的影响不变，这样价格的效果就独立出来。
C.经济学家不恰当地忽略掉其他影响需求量的因素D.这个模型的预测能力没有什么价值12.当供求力量自由作用时，一次谷物歉收的后果通过（ B ）显示在市场上。
A.政府限制个人谷物购买量B.谷物价格上升C.谷物价格下降D.谷物贸易量增加13.市场需求曲线是（ B ）A.由每个人数量上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出B.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出C.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出D.由每个数量上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出14.成功的商品广告会（ C ）A.使该商品需求曲线左移B.使该商品需求量沿着需求曲线增加C.使该商品需求曲线右移D.使该商品需求量沿着需求曲线减少15.如果一种商品的需求价格弹性是2，价格由1元上升至元会导致需求量( C )A.上升4%B.上升2%C.下降4%D.下降2%16.如果一种商品的需求完全没有价格弹性，需求曲线将会（ B ）A.呈水平状B.呈垂直状C.向上倾斜D.向下倾斜17.长期而言,寻找某种商品的合适替代品会比短期 _____，结果是需求的价格弹性在长期可能_____。
( D )A.容易，较低B.困难，较高C.困难得多，低于D.容易，较高18.玉米价格下降一般会导致（ D ）A.玉米供给量沿着供给曲线增加B.玉米供给曲线左移C.玉米片供给量沿着供给曲线增加D.玉米片供给曲线右移19.如果糖价格上升，糖果供给曲线会向_____移动，需求不变时，其均衡交易量______，均衡价格会______。
（ A ）A.左，减少，上升B.左，减少，下降C.左，增加，下降D.右，减少，上升20.市场价格（ D ）A.衡量稀缺性B.传达信息C.提供激励D.以上都对二、计算题1.已知某商品的需求方程和供给方程分别为：Q d=14-3P，Q s=2+6P。
试求该商品的均衡价格，以及均衡时的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性。
解：均衡时有：Q d=Q s，即14-3P=2+6P，P=4/3。
当P=4/3时，Q=10，E d=(ΔQ d/ΔP)(P/Q)=-3×（4/3）/10=-2/5当P=4/3时，Q=10，ΔEs=(ΔQ s/ΔP)(P/Q)=6×（4/3）/10=4/52.在某个国家，对新汽车需求的价格弹性系数 1.2E=-，需求的d收入弹性 3.0E=，请计算：m（1）其他条件不变，价格提高3%对需求的影响。
（2）其他条件不变，收入增加2%对需求的影响。
（3）价格提高8%，收入增加10%，2013年新汽车销售量为800万辆，根据弹性系数估计2014年的新车销售量。
解：（1）其他条件不变，价格提高3%，需求减少%；（2）其他条件不变，收入增加2%，需求增加6%；（3）价格提高8%，收入增加10%，需求量增加%，2014年的新车销售量为963（800（1+））万辆。
3.甲公司生产皮鞋，现价每双600元，2013年的销量每月约10000双，2013年1月，其竞争者乙公司把皮鞋价格从每双650元降到550元，甲公司2月份销量跌至8000双。
请计算：（1）甲公司和乙公司皮鞋的交叉弹性是多少（甲公司价格不变）。
（2）若甲公司皮鞋的价格弹性系数是，乙公司把皮鞋价格保持在550元，甲公司想把销量恢复到每月10000双的水平，其每双价格要降低多少解：（1）甲、乙公司皮鞋的交叉弹性，4.已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d=50-5P，供给函数为Q s= -10+5P。
（1）求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e。
（2）假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d=60-5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡产量Q e。
（3）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s=-5+5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡产量Q e。
（4）利用（1）、（2）和（3），说明静态分析与比较静态分析的联系与区别。
（5）利用（1）、（2）和（3），说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格数量的影响。
解：（1）均衡时，Q d= Q s，50-5P=-10+5P，P e=6， Q e=20（2）60-5P=-10+5P，P e=7， Q e=25（3）50-5P=-5+5P，P e=， Q e=（4）比较（1）、（2）和（3）可以发现：（1）是静态分析，是在给定需求函数和供给函数中的外生变量值基础上，寻找内生变量的均衡解；（2）与（1）的比较、（3）与（1）的比较为比较静态分析，旨在观察在影响需求和供给的外生因素发生变化时，新的均衡发生了怎样的变化。
（5）比较（1）、（2）和（3）可以发现：在供给不变前提下，有收入水平提高而引起的需求增加（即需求曲线右移），使均衡价格和均衡数量增加；在需求不变前提下，由于生产技术水平提高而引起的供给增加（供给曲线右移），使均衡价格下降，均衡数量增加。
三、分析讨论题1.政府决定，应该通过减少使用汽油来减少空气污染。
他们对所销售的每升汽油征收元的税收。
（1）人们应该对生产者收税呢，还是对消费者征税认真地用供求图形加以说明。
（2）如果汽油需求较富有弹性，这种税对减少汽油消费较有效，还是较无效并用文字和图形作出解释。
（3）这种政策使汽油消费者受害还是受益为什么（4）这种税使石油行业工人受益还是受害为什么答：(1)他们对生产者或消费者征税都可以。
(a)对消费者征税，使消费者支付的价格上升，需求曲线向左下方移动。
(b)对生产者征税，使供给曲线向左上方移动。
可见无论对谁征税，得到的市场效果都是一样的。
(2)如果汽油需求较富有弹性，这种税收对减少汽油消费更有效。
从下图中可以看出需求曲线D1 比D2更富有弹性。
对汽油征税，其价格会上升。
如果需求富有弹性，价格上升会使需求量大幅下降。
当需求曲线为D1 时，税收使需求量从Q下降到Q 1。
如果需求缺乏弹性，价格上升，其需求量也不会有太大的变化。
当需求曲线为D2时，税收使需求量从Q下降到Q2，小于D1的下降幅度。
(3)这种政策使汽油消费者受害。
因为他们必须支付更高的汽油价格。
(4) 这种税收使石油行业工人受害。
因为汽油生产者实际得到的价格下降了，而且，石油销售量下降，石油行业的总收益下降，使石油工人的收入也下降。
2.在一场关于学费费率的讨论中，一位大学官员争辩说，入学的需求完全缺乏弹性。
他所提出的证据是，在过去的15年里，大学学费（实际值）已翻了一番，而申请入学学生的数量和质量都没有下降。
你是否接受这一观点答：不接受这一观点。
理由如下：（1）需求的价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比，它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
若，则称该商品的需求为完全缺乏弹性。
（2）大学官员并没有观察到过去15年里的大学教学的需求曲线，只是看到了均衡价格和均衡数量。
事实上，即使大学教学需求曲线是富有弹性的，如图所示，如果供给曲线一起向上移动，就可能形成均衡价格提高而均衡数量不变的状况。
（3）供求曲线之所以向上移动，是有大学教学自身价格之外的因素引起的。
比如，办学成本的提高、大学教学预期价值的提高、需要接受教学的适龄人口的增加等。
3.假设政府希望能保证城市居民都能住上合适的住房。
考虑三种达到这个目的的方法。
第一种方法是通过一项法律，要求所有租金削减1/4。
第二种方法是对所有建房的人提供补贴。
第三种方法是直接给租房者提供补贴，其数额等于他们所支付租金的1/4。
指出每种建议在短期和长期中，对出租房的价格和数量将会产生什么影响。
答：4.近年来人们对于是否应该大力发展私人小轿车争论颇大，所涉及的范围也相当广。
假设对小汽车进行适当限制，试分析以下几种限制办法的利弊，并加以比较。
（1）私人买车要经过有关部门批准；（2）提高小汽车的价格；（3）对私人小汽车征收一次性附加税或其他费用；（4）提高汽油税。
答：（1）私人买车要经过有关部门批准，实际上就是实行购车的配额制度，其结果就是限制了部分需求，这必然导致对获得私家车购买批准权利的寻租。
经济理论认为，这种配额制度不仅造成由市场非均衡带来的福利损失，寻租过程造成的租金损失和腐败问题所造成的恶劣影响远远大于市场非均衡带来的社会福利损失。
（2）提高小汽车的价格，实际上就是对小汽车实行最低限价。
最低限价一方面造成了社会福利的净损失，而且这部分损失不能通过税收的形式转化为政府的收入；另一方面，造成供给大于需求，为了使供求均衡，政府必须对生产汽车的规模进行控制，这必然导致寻租行为。
（3）对私人小汽车征收一次性附加税或其他费用，实际上是提高了私家车的购买价格，也使得供求自动均衡，且损失的社会总剩余转化为了政府税收。