Econ2000PracticeMidterm2014AK
格陵兰GC2000培训材料
分组完成后可点击分组对话及教学。 两两对话：顾名思义指定或者任意选择两个同学对话交流。 自由讨论：学生可自由发言。 全程录音：整个教学过程的全部信息可录音保存，可随时调出复习。
陕西格陵兰科技
语音教学（五）
右侧所示功能可在其上停留鼠标，了解其 操作。 自主学习：点击后学生可自由操作电脑， 查阅自己电脑文件，访问教师电脑或服务 器文件，也可上万维网查找信息。 全体关机：教师可通过此功能控制学生计 算机关机，方便下课时的操作
陕西格陵兰科技
考试系统（四）
高级功能：
a)随堂考试：教师将指定试题、答案及试题分析信息发送到学生端。学 生自主答题，并提交答案，判断对错。学生点击“解析与答案”分析理 解试题。 b)自主测试：教师从所有试卷中选择多个试卷添加到测试试卷中，学生 就可以从“测试试卷”列选择做答。 c)监视学生：在教师主界面上选中一 个学生，点右键或在高级功能中选 择监视学生，此学生屏幕就被传到 教师端，学生的答题情况就会实时 的被教师掌握。 d)口语考试：口语考试中，教师可 以导入文本，也可自己写入，点发 送试题，学生端就出现教师试题文 本中的试题，教师在点击考试按钮， 大家就可以一起发言，讨论，口语 训练了。
陕西格陵兰科技
语音教学（六）
音频播放：通过”加入文件”，选择打开本 地存储的音视屏文件。“打开文档或课件”， 可选择服务器存储文件、本地存储文件和其 他外部设备传输的文件。支持AB复读，变速 不变调等功能模式。 音量调节：依据所需选择相应按钮。
打开文档 或课件
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陕西格陵兰科技
多媒体教学（一）
1.教室布局，根据教室实 教室布局，
际情况输入相应数据； 际情况输入相应数据；
2.路径指的是共享资源库
2008+MacroII+Midterm.答案(1)
国际商学院2008学年度第一学期《宏观经济学II》期中考试试卷《中山大学授予学士学位工作细则》第Array六条：“考试作弊不授予学士学位。
”姓名学号专业成绩1.(12 pts) Assume that the GDP is $6,000, personal disposable income is $5,100, and the government budget deficit is $200. Consumption is $3,800, and the trade deficit is $100.a.(4 pts) How large is saving (S)?b.(4 pts) How large is investment (I)?c.(4 pts) How large is government purchase (G)? Answer:a. S=YD-C=5100-3800=1300b. GDP=C+I+G+NXYD=C+SYD=Y+TR-TASo Y=YD+TA-TR=C+I+G+NXC+S+TA-TR=C+I+G+NXThen I=(TA-TR-G)-NX+S=-200-(-100)+1300=1200 c. G=GDP-C-I-NX=6000-3800-1200-(-100)=11002.(16 pts) Use the AS-AD model to answer the following two questions.a.(8 pts) Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Central Bank undertake if its goal is to stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Graph to show it and briefly explain the adjustment process.b.(8 pts) The Chinese government has cleared a 4 trillion-yuan ($586 billion) investment package till 2010 to spur domestic demand and boost the slowing economy. This could be seen as a favorable demand shock. Graph to show how it works.a)或b)假设一个经济体，仅生产和消费两种产品，面包和汽车，在1987和2002年，两种产品的价格水平和产量如下：1987年2002年P Q P Q汽车5万/辆100 6万/辆120面包10元/片50万20元/片40万1.以1987年为基期计算每年的名义GDP和实际GDP,以及GDP deflator ,CPI2.从1987到2002 价格水平上升了多少，分别用GDP deflator ,CPI计算，解释答案为什么不同3.假设你是一个全国人大代表，你在人代会上写一个提案，希望把养老金和通货膨胀指数挂钩，即按照生活费用自动调节养老金的发放额，你该用哪个指数的上涨率进行计算，为什么？选CPI，养老金用来维持老年人的正常生活，用于日常消费，比较两种价格指数的的定义可知，CPI衡量的是代表消费购买一篮子商品和服务的成本，考察的对象与人们日常生活消费品种类贴近，考察对象数量不变，这样CPI就更能真实贴近反映生活费用的涨落。
2000年考研英语真题及答案解析
2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackeningthe corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be thenext casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that peoplewill look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in thefact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］ A lack of mates. ［B］ A fierce competition.［C］ A lower survival rate. ［D］ A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking andmechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have longendured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanicallearning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agricultureand industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures andtensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
Coil 2000 Competition The use of a learning classifier system JXCS
Coil 2000 CompetitionThe use of a learning classifier system JXCSAndrew GreenyerThe Database Group,Colston Tower, Colston Street, Bristol, BS1 4UH UKPhone: +44 1179 183500, Fax: +44 1179 183501Email: andrewg@ABSTRACT: It is now widely accepted that large companies need to be able to emulate the old fashion corner shop: where the shopkeeper knew all his customers by name, what they liked, what they disliked and was able to recommend certain products based on his knowledge. The COIL 2000 competition emulates this situation with an insurance company trying to identify caravan insurance buyers from other insurance buyers. Traditionally direct marketing companies have used statistical techniques such as linear regression, decision trees such as CHAID and cart, through to neural networks to predict which customers are likely to respond or purchase a particular product. Our entry for the competition used a new system that has been developed jointly by University of the West of England and The Database Group, under a project funded by the UK Department of Trade. The system is based on a form of learning classifier system, known as XCS [1]. The system is designed to produce rule based criteria for identify best prospects for marketing activity.KEYWORD: Direct Marketing, Learning Classifier Systems, Genetic Algorithms1 IntroductionThe Database Group is a computer services bureau supplying services to the direct marketing industry. Its analysis division worked in the traditional statistics arena for producing models to predict and describe customers who were most likely respond to a marketing activity. In 1998 The Database Group joined forces with the Faculty of Computer Studies and Mathematics at the University of the West of England, to develop a new data mining program based on genetic algorithms and learning classifier systems.The learning classifier system used for the project was based on the XCS Classifier System, Wilson [1], which was further developed by Barry [2] into a Java based program called JXCS.This paper will discuss in an overview form the learning classifier system, and the use of the JXCS system in approaching the COIL 2000 Competition problem.2 The JXCS Learning Classifier SystemThe JXCS Learning Classifier System has the following schematic (Figure 1):Figure 1 : Schematic of JXCS Learning Classifier SystemThe process of the JXCS starts with two sets of data: The first is the environment which contains the records extracted from the database for analysis split into a training and test set with a variable defined as an action (known as the dependent variable in statistical terms) and the condition (independent variables). The second set of data is the population, which contains the classifiers. The population may be empty at the start of the analysis run or randomly populated with records extracted from the environment. The population has the maximum number of classifiers it may contain defined. Each classifier is defined by a condition, resultant action, numerosity (number of multiple occurrences of classifier) and various predictive accuracy measures.Each iteration of the JXCS starts by randomly selecting a record from the environment training set - this is known as the input message. The structure of this message is an ordered vector of attribute values, each of which has one of the following data model types:Nominal – a discrete value chosen from a finite set of unique unordered valuesOrdinal – a discrete value chosen from a finite set of unique ordered valuesContinuous – a fixed interval in a continuous rangeBinary String – a fixed length string of binary digitsThe environment provides a reward back to the JXCS. This is a function of both actual action of the current record and the predicted action by JXCS. The default scheme is to give maximum reward to a correct prediction and a minimum reward to an incorrect prediction.Each classifier is associated with a record of its performance; values are kept that are measures of ability to predict the reward for the environment state and action pairs. There are four estimates maintained, the first of which is prediction,this is an estimate of the reward that the system will receive from the environment given that the action specified by the classifier has been performed when the environment is in one of the states given by the classifiers condition. In other words it is an estimate of the proportion of examples that the classifier classifies correctly. Prediction Error can then be calculated from the absolute difference between the predicted and the actual reward a classifier receives. Accuracy is derived from the prediction error and fitness is the accuracy of a classifier relative to those classifiers with the sameaction that are active at the same time.An important aspect of the representation of the population within JXCS is the use of classifier numerosity. Classifiers with the same condition and the same action are considered to be the same classifier and share the performance measure described above. The numerosity of a classifier is effectively the number of copies of a single classifier present in the population, so the population is stored as a set of unique macro-classifiers with numerosities. Therefore, when calculating population size and averages of classifier parameters the numerosities are taken into account. This distinguishing feature of JXCS necessitates the use of two new terms: macro-classifiers and micro-classifiers. A macro-classifier has the constituent parts of a classifier as described above including a numerosity (n) and it is interpreted as consisting of n copies of a micro-classifier with the given condition, action and performance statistics. Using this representation eases the identification of ‘good’ classifiers, which would manifest themselves as macro-classifiers with large numerosities.An iteration begins by comparing the selected record from the environment with the macro classifiers from the match set (M). If the match set is empty a new macro classifier is created based upon the input message and a random action with numerosity 1. The classifiers in the match set are partitioned by action to form action sets (A), and for each action set the system prediction of the action set is calculated as a fitness-weighted measure. The system prediction is the sum of products of the prediction and fitness of each classifier divided by the sum of fitnesses.The JXCS runs in two modes of operation, explore and exploit. In the explore mode, the system seeks to broaden its search for classifiers so it chooses an action at random from those proposed within the current action sets, while in the exploit mode the system seeks to find the best classifiers so it chooses the action set with the highest prediction from within the match set.The selected action is sent to the environment to test its classifying performance and a reward is returned dependent on a reward function and the performance values of all classifiers within the selected action set are updated.If the system is in exploit mode the system can then report on the overall system performance as learning doesn’t occur. This reporting also occurs in a third test mode, which is used for testing the system on the preclassified examples that were not in the training set, namely the test set. The standard measures reported are moving averages of the system prediction, the system error (the absolute difference between the system prediction of the action set and the received reward), the number of macro-classifiers in the population and, if a unique set of optimally general classifiers is available, the percentage of this set present in the population.If the system is in explore mode then a number of rule induction operators are run if they are triggered. These operators are described in more detail below.The rule induction operators may create more micro-classifiers than the population allows, so a deletion technique is applied to remove the surplus classifiers. The classifier chosen for deletion is a macro-classifier and it is removed from the population if its numerosity is one, otherwise the numerosity is reduced by one.Once the system has updated the population after receiving a reward for the random action set chosen on an exploration step, the system will use none, either or both of two induction operators depending on the current strength of the classifiers. The Create Detector operator is the third induction algorithm, which is triggered by a failure to match the current message to any of the existing classifiers. There follows a description of each these algorithms and the conditions under which they are triggered.On both exploration and exploitation steps the Create Detector operator is fired when no classifier in the current population matches the environmental message. The operator creates a new classifier, which matches this message, and which has been generalised using a fixed user-defined generality.When the mean prediction of matched classifiers falls below a fraction of the initial prediction given to new classifiers then the Create Effector operator is triggered. This mostly works the same as the Create Detector operator by producing a new classifier that matches the current message and has been generalised using a fixed generality. The difference is that the action is guaranteed to be different to the action used in the current action set which ensures that the operator is, in fact, creating a new effector in order to enlarge the exploration space. In fact, in the kinds of problems that JXCS encounters the Create Effector operator is rarely, if ever, invoked.One of the user-defined parameters of JXCS is the GA invocation frequency. A count of each time a micro-classifier is updated by the credit allocation algorithm is kept and is reset for all those classifiers, which are in the current action set when the GA is triggered. The GA is invoked when the average count for the current action set (allowing for numerosity) is greater than the threshold invocation frequency.The GA consists of two operators: crossover and mutation. Two classifiers from the current Action Set are selected with replacement (allowing duplicates) using the macro-classifiers’ fitnesses as weights in Roulette Wheel Selection. Single point crossover is applied with a fixed probability (usually 0.8) to the conditions of these classifiers to produce two child classifiers. If crossover is not triggered the parents are copied to produce the children. Mutation then occurs on both the condition and the action. Each attribute is mutated with a fixed user-defined probability and, in general, increases or decreases the number of values that the attribute matches by a number between 0 and a fixed maximum. The action, a single-valued ordinal attribute, is mutated by generating a uniformly random value. The prediction for each child is either set as the average of parents’ predictions if crossover has been applied or is set to the prediction of a different parent. The child error is set to one quarter of the average population error and the fitness is set to one tenth ofthe average population fitness so that newly created classifiers do not contribute greatly to the calculation of system prediction or the operation of the GA until they have been evaluated a sufficient number of times.3 COMPETITION METHODOLOGYThe evaluation file of known caravan insurance buyers was first processed through commercially available modelling software, Model 1, available from Group 1 Software. This allows large numbers of variables to be evaluated in terms of their significance and sensitivity in prediction. The modelling process used a variety of traditional statistics such as regression, CHAID, CART, Bayesian probability and neural networks. The most predictive model generated was a cross validated neural network with the objective set to identifying as many caravan buyers in the top 20% of the database. The resultant model produced contained 1 hidden layer with 9 nodes and 38 inputs; this resulted in 193 known caravan insurance buyers being identified within the top 20% of the file, 55.5% of the total buyers.The most significant variables used in the model were:Variable Variable Description ImportanceSensitivity %%APERSAUT Number of Car Policies 1.95 6.87PPERSAUT Contribution Car Policies 1.99 6.79PBRAND Contribution Fire Policies 1.95 5.06MINKGEM Average Income 1.91 4.98PWAPART Contribution Third Party Insurance 1.90 4.87AWAPART Number Third Party Insurance 1.89 4.84MKOOPKLA Purchasing Power Class 1.91 4.70MOSHOOFD Customer Main Type 1.92 4.58MOSTYPE Customer Sub Type 1.92 4.45MHHUUR Rented House 1.89 4.30MHKOOP Home Owners 1.89 4.30MAUT0No Car 1.89 4.15MOPLLAAG Lower Level Education 1.90 4.10MINKM30Income < 30,000 1.90 3.85ABRAND Number of Fire Policies 1.88 3.68MINK4575Income 45-75,000 1.89 3.64MAUT1 1 Car 1.89 3.48MOPLHOOG High Status 1.89 3.41MRELGE Married 1.89 2.97MBERHOOG High Level Education 1.88 2.95MSKA Social Class A 1.89 2.88MRELOV Other Relation 1.88 2.88MSKC Social Class C 1.88 2.74MBERARBG Skilled Labourers 1.88 2.15APLEZIER Number of Boat Policies 1.880.70PPLEZIER Contribution Boat Policies 1.890.68These variables were input into the JXCS software to further refine the modelling process. After multiple passes through the software the best results were achieved using the variables; PBRAND, MOSHOOFD, MOSTYPE, PPERSAUT and APERSAUT, the resultant accuracy curves generated are shown in figure 2.Figure 2: Accuracy Curves from JXCSThe accuracy curve (dark blue) shows the model levels out after approximately 3,000 iterations and remains around the 70% level, with the corresponding error curve (red) around the 40% level. The light blue curve represents the percentage of the maximum number of classifiers contained within the classifier population, we can observe that the number of classifiers required decreases over time although the accuracy remains level. The number of classifiers finally settled at 22. Out of the 22 rules generated 9 were significant in their prediction of a caravan buyer, by applying these rule to the total file identified 193 caravan insurance buyers out of 1159 records giving a 16.7% response rate.To score the selection file both the neural network and the JXCS rules were applied and 800 records were selected to be submitted based on being in the top 30% of records according to the neural network and identified by the JXCS rules as being likely caravan insurance buyers.This resulted in 112 policy records being identified from the 800 records submitted giving a response rate of 14% and placing our submission in joint third place in the competition.4 CONCLUSIONIn the application of JXCS to this real world problem we have been able to illustrate an improvement in the overall accuracy of applying the rule set generated, when JXCS is used in conjunction with the learning achieved through the statistical methods.Further research is now being undertaken in the use of continuous data variables within JXCS, processing large volumes of commercial data, conversion of rules generated into an easily readable form and being able to use directly, learning achieved through our traditional statistic routines. We are also examining other fitness functions that smooth out the predicted results and associated errors achieved by adding in extra rules.References[1] Wilson, S.W., Generalisation in the XCS classifier system, GP98, 1998[2] Barry, A, The XCS Classifier, Technical report, Faculty of Computer Studies and Maths, UWE, UK, 1998[3] Greenyer, A, The use of learning classifier systems in the UK direct marketing industry, Data Mining 2000 Conference。
2014 考研英语阅读真题Text 2(英语二)
2014 Text 2（英语⼆）我们如何真正地评价⾃⼰的⻓相An article in Scientific America has pointed out that says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority", and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving, and 85% at getting on well with others — all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.We become defensive when criticized and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own self-esteem.We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Psychologist and Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness.Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a line-up including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.empirical research 《科学美国⼈》中的⼀篇⽂章指出：实证研究表明，事实上，你总是认为⾃⼰⽐真正的⾃⼰要漂亮。
新视野大学英语快速阅读4第二版课后练习题含答案
新视野大学英语快速阅读4第二版课后练习题含答案第一部分Passage 1短文大意：在该文章中，我们将解释“洋葱法则”以及如何该使用这种方法来提高产品质量并满足客户需求。
答案：1.What is the Onion Method?Answer: It is a method that relates to product development that incorporates customer needs.2.What is the purpose of the method?Answer: The purpose of the method is to ensure that all customer needs are being met by the product.3.What is the first layer of the Onion Method?Answer: The first layer is customer needs as it is the foundation for the other layers.4.What is the fourth layer of the Onion Method?Answer: The fourth layer is product design as it determines how well the product will cater to customer needs.Passage 2短文大意：在该文章中，我们将了解什么是价值流图以及价值流图如何帮助公司更好地掌握生产过程并提高生产效率。
答案：1.What is a Value Stream Map?Answer: It is a representation of the steps involved in a process, as well as the time it takes for each step to be completed.2.What is the purpose of a Value Stream Map?Answer: The purpose of a Value Stream Map is to help a company identify inefficiencies in their processes and to improve productivity.3.What is the first step in creating a Value StreamMap?Answer: The first step is to identify the product or service being produced.4.What is the final step in creating a Value StreamMap?Answer: The final step is to implement changes based onthe discoveries made during the mapping process.第二部分Passage 3短文大意：在该文章中，我们将讨论关于中小企业如何利用社交媒体来拓展客户群以及提高销售额的策略。
ECO作业训练教材
ECO作業訓練教材制作者陳祥琮完成日期﹕1998年8月28日檢查﹕核准﹕前言本訓練教材主要用于CC廠CAM人員初步訓練學習使用，緊緊圍繞CAM WORKSTATION這一整體按照實際作業流程分項介紹了從資料DOWN LOAD 、電子資料備份管理、各項程式作業到RESTORE 至工作站及PCB的EDIT 操作方法。
此外還結合現實CAM作業中的易出差錯處談到一些具體注意事項，以期望CAM人員引以為戒，減少作業漏失。
該教材適用範圍﹕負責接收管理CM電子資料、熟悉XPERT-1700CAM SYSTEM及CAM軟體操作之作業人員。
主要參考資料﹕【CAM DATABASE操作規範】、【治具課CAM制作檢查表作業規範】、【CAM底片制作作業規範】、【CAM EDIT PCB(PANEL)作規範】。
最後,希望本教材的建立能輔助CAM人員以規範為准逐步掌握CAM WORKSTATION這一塊實際作業方法，使得作業方式統一，確保品質，減少人為疏忽所造成之異常。
目 錄前言 (1)第一節概論 (2)第二節ECO處理作業……………………………………………………5第三節ECO作業電腦操作指南…………………………………………10附件........................................................................................六．填寫plot傳票 (2)七．鑽孔及切型資料作業 (4)八．D/S資料作業…………………………………………………………………5九．底片edit 內容 (5)十．EDIT操作說明 (5)十一．CAM圖例解說 (6)。
2014英二t4阅读理解解析
2014英二t4阅读理解解析【原创版】目录1.2014 年英语二级考试第四题阅读理解解析2.文章主题：未来城市交通的挑战与解决方案3.文章结构：a.引言：未来城市交通面临的问题b.主体：解决交通问题的五种方法i.提高道路容量ii.改善公共交通系统iii.鼓励市民使用自行车和步行iv.限制私家车的使用v.发展智能交通系统c.结论：综合运用各种方法，实现城市交通的可持续发展正文2014 年英语二级考试第四题阅读理解解析的文章主要讨论了未来城市交通面临的挑战以及如何解决这些问题。
文章首先概述了城市交通在未来可能面临的问题，如拥堵、空气污染和能源消耗等。
接着，文章提出了五种解决交通问题的方法。
第一种方法是提高道路容量。
通过建设更多的道路和桥梁，或者改善现有的道路网络，以应对日益增长的交通需求。
然而，这种方法可能会导致城市扩张和环境破坏，因此并非长久之计。
第二种方法是改善公共交通系统。
政府可以投入更多资金，提升公共交通的运营效率和服务质量，鼓励市民选择公共交通工具出行。
这既可以减轻道路拥堵，又有助于减少空气污染。
第三种方法是鼓励市民使用自行车和步行。
城市可以设置专用的自行车道和人行道，保障市民骑行和步行的安全。
同时，政府还可以推出共享单车等措施，方便市民绿色出行。
第四种方法是限制私家车的使用。
政府可以通过收取拥堵费、限行等措施，控制私家车上路的数量。
这可以有效降低道路拥堵程度，但可能会引发市民的抵触情绪。
第五种方法是发展智能交通系统。
通过先进的技术和设备，实现实时监控和调度交通，提高道路使用效率。
例如，智能红绿灯可以根据交通流量自动调整绿灯时长，减少等待时间。
总之，未来城市交通的可持续发展需要综合运用上述五种方法。
2014考研英语二真题
2014考研英语二真题IntroductionThe 2014 English II exam for the graduate entrance examination in China was known for its challenging nature. This article aims to review and discuss the content and structure of the exam, as well as provide tips for future test-takers to improve their performance.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension section of the 2014 English II exam consisted of multiple-choice questions based on various recordings. These recordings included conversations, monologues, and speeches. The questions tested the candidates' ability to understand spoken English in different contexts.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section required candidates to read through various passages and answer multiple-choice questions based on the information provided. The passages covered a range of topics, including scientific research, cultural events, and social issues. Each passage was followed by a set of questions that assessed the candidates' understanding of the text and their ability to analyze and interpret the information.Section 3: TranslationThe translation section tested the candidates' ability to accurately translate Chinese sentences into English. The sentences covered a wide range of topics, such as literature, politics, economics, and technology. Thissection aimed to evaluate the candidates' knowledge of both languages and their translation skills.Section 4: WritingThe writing section required candidates to write an essay on a given topic within a specified time frame. The essay prompt provided a statement or a question that candidates needed to develop and support with relevant examples and arguments. This section aimed to assess the candidates' ability to express their ideas clearly and coherently in written English.Tips for Success1. Develop Listening Skills: To improve listening comprehension, candidates should regularly expose themselves to authentic English audio materials, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and movies. Practicing active listening and taking notes can also enhance comprehension abilities.2. Enhance Reading Skills: Reading extensively is crucial for improving reading comprehension. Candidates should read a variety of texts, such as newspapers, magazines, academic articles, and literature, to broaden their vocabulary and understanding of different writing styles.3. Improve Translation Skills: Regular practice is key to improving translation skills. Candidates can start by translating simple sentences and gradually move on to more complex texts. Analyzing the differences in sentence structure and cultural nuances between Chinese and English will also help candidates produce accurate translations.4. Master Essay Writing: To excel in the writing section, candidates should practice structuring their essays with clear introductions, well-developed body paragraphs, and concise conclusions. Using appropriate vocabulary and varied sentence structures will enhance the quality of the writing.ConclusionThe 2014 English II exam for the graduate entrance examination in China was a challenging test that assessed candidates' listening, reading, translation, and writing skills. By following the tips provided, future test-takers can enhance their performance and improve their chances of success on the exam.。
托福真题2014-05-24Reading(苏美尔贡献+撞击和物种灭绝+Milankovitch周期和冰川时代(14.12.28加场整套重
Impacts and Mass ExtinctionsWords & Phrases1.Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impactsoccasionally occur on Earth.Meteorite：n. 陨石impact craters：撞击形成的陨石坑crater：n. 陨石坑bear witness to：作证，见证2.impactor roughly 50 meters across：直径大约50米的撞击物across：某物的宽，直径=diameterradius: n. 半径3. a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs：一个大的撞击和恐龙的灭绝恰巧同时发生coincide with: 与…恰巧同时发生4.instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin：立即熔化基底岩石并且推出基底岩石远离它的最初位置bedrock：n. 基底岩石propel：v. 向前推出far from its origin：远离它的最初位置5.wiped out：被一扫而空，灭绝6.ignited wildfires：点燃野火7.effects propagated throughout the food chain：影响蔓延下去贯穿整个食物链propagate: v. 原义是“繁殖”，引申为“扩展蔓延”=spread表示繁殖的词总结如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiply8.the most astonishing fact：最令人吃惊的事实9.rodent-like mammals：像啮齿类的哺乳动物10.they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlastthe long spell of cold, dark daysunderground burrows：地下的洞穴outlast：v. 比…时间持续的久spell: n. 一段时间Syntax1.Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an areacovering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejecta—the debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater.名词后面+doing，doing是对名词的修饰所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers”的意思是：覆盖着成百上千平方千米的一个区域Batter：v. 连续猛击Blast：n. 爆炸ejecta：n. 喷出物debris：n. 碎屑残骸2.After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impactcrater from the event.What引出的整句话做identify的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可impact crater：撞击坑3.Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across,which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago.1）主语出现前的所有东西都是对主语的铺垫修饰，所以“Located off…”是对后文it的铺垫修饰；2）What引出的整句话做close to的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可；3）one 做主语指“任何一个人”，以“任何一个人”代替整体；4）and dates 并列对象的寻找，应该是和前面的第三人称单数的谓语动词并列，所以和前文的“is 200…”并列，指的仍是主语it “dates to 65 million years ago”4.Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the rightdistribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主谓分离，comes from 动作的发出者（主语）在很远的句子开头glassy spheres：玻璃球molten impact ejecta：融化的撞击喷射物solidified：v. 变成固体，固化5.The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much ofNorth and South America that may have sloshed“and generated”所以找到前文的sent，这两个动作的发出者都是主语the impact整句话意为：这次撞击几乎立即发射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆盖大片的北美和南美地区，并且这次撞击还产生巨大的冲击波(waves)，这个冲击波向内陆地区泼溅了超过1000千米的距离。
fm2014低碳
发】【低碳足球经理战术补丁】【低碳反冲(Kickback)2014】-【4132】【V5】【正式发布】（若转发，请保留以下内容，一个字也不许改动、删减，包括联系方式中的群号！）低碳所有原创系列作品仅在游侠首发，欢迎转载。
但未经本人同意外，禁止二次打包并以原创、转载方式发布于互联网，若是发现，必追究！游戏前必须要看使用明！！！反复强调的！！！是凡帖子中，本人已有提到的相关问题，私下绝不会复述与解答，望周知！低碳全系列一直是本人亲自打造，并无任何团队，也非任何论坛专属产品。
【低碳反冲(Kickback)2014—概述】——————————————————————————随着低碳黄金版、精简版与联赛补丁，相继制作完毕，接下来要着手的便是低碳三部曲的最后一个分类——战术。
今年战术依然还是三款，但和去年的战术思想是有区别的。
接下来，将会重点放在制作低碳战术系列。
届时希望大家继续捧场。
“低碳反冲2014”战术是根据“低碳反冲2013”战术进行改编制作而出，“低碳反冲2014”依然保持着前作那种神奇效果，当你觉得整场比赛被对手搓的节奏出现狂乱、淫乱、混乱，糜烂的时候，在你用了其它吹牛B 阵形毫无效果的时候，只有你选择低碳反冲战术的时候，你便会知道，低碳反冲战术将整场比赛的局势扭转过来的那势不可挡的气势，有多么的令人流连忘返，犹如曾经几何的那一夜，撕心裂肺、酣畅淋漓、高吭呻吟，潮水四溅、精尽人亡的难忘记忆同出一辙！也就是说要么你阵亡，要么你与他共同阵亡的那同归于尽、视死如归、灰飞烟灭。
“低碳反冲2014”与传统的4132阵形同出一辙，但实际在体验与运用的时候，会有明显的反差，届时你便会感受到其战术的冲击与防守衔接，是那么的美妙、华丽与惊心动魄，其战术所呈现出的画面感，层层衔接的推进，最后将对手杀死于90分钟内，这种魅力的衔接而又充满求胜欲的整体感，正是现代足球所向往却又难以驾驭的。
“Kickback”，我给它定义为“反冲”，顾名思义，是以一种反击的形势，面向对手加以冲击，乃至最终搞死对手霸气！虽然低碳反冲战术称作为4132，但它仅仅是个代号，实际来说，画面给人呈现的战术体系，却又并非如此。
00年英语一阅读text2
00年英语一阅读text2In the 2000 English Language Test, text 2 is a reading passage that presents a problem and possible solutions. The passage discusses the issue of urbanization and its negative impact on the environment, particularly in developing countries. It emphasizes the need for sustainable urban development and offers potentialsolutions to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization. The passage also highlights the importance of government policies, public awareness, and international cooperation in achieving sustainable urban development.From an environmental perspective, the rapid urbanization described in the passage has led to increased pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. Urban areas are often characterized by high levels of air and water pollution, as well as the destruction of natural habitats. This has significant implications for the health of both the environment and the people living in urban areas. The passage emphasizes the need for sustainableurban development to mitigate these negative impacts and preserve the natural environment for future generations.From a social perspective, rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and unequal access to resources and opportunities. The passage discusses how urban areas in developing countries often struggle to provide basic services such as housing, sanitation, and healthcare to their growing populations. This can result in social inequalities and hinder the overall development of urban communities. The passage suggests that sustainable urban development can help address these social challenges by promoting inclusive and equitable access to resources and opportunities for all urban residents.From an economic perspective, rapid urbanization presents both opportunities and challenges. Urban areas are often hubs of economic activity and innovation, attracting investment and creating job opportunities. However, the passage also highlights the strain that rapid urbanization can place on infrastructure, public services, and natural resources. Sustainable urban development is presented as away to maximize the economic potential of urban areas while minimizing the negative impacts on the environment and society.The passage also emphasizes the role of government policies and international cooperation in addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization. It suggests thateffective urban planning and governance are essential for promoting sustainable urban development. This includes measures such as land use planning, investment in public transportation, and the protection of natural areas within urban environments. The passage also highlights the importance of international cooperation in sharing knowledge and resources to support sustainable urban development efforts in developing countries.In conclusion, the reading passage on urbanization and sustainable urban development highlights the complex challenges posed by rapid urbanization, particularly in developing countries. It emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach that considers the environmental, social, and economic impacts of urbanization. The passageunderscores the importance of sustainable urban development in mitigating these challenges and promoting the well-being of urban communities. It also stresses the role of government policies and international cooperation in achieving sustainable urban development goals. Overall, the passage provides valuable insights into the importance of addressing urbanization in a holistic and sustainable manner.。
2014年英语2text1解析
2014年英语2text1解析一、文章背景介绍2014年的英语2text1是一篇考查学生阅读理解能力的文章，文章内容涉及地球科学、地质变迁和环境保护等方面的知识。
通过阅读这篇文章，学生需要理解地球的特点和变化，以及人类对地球环境的影响。
文章内容涵盖了一定的科学知识，要求学生具备一定的科学常识和英语阅读能力才能正确理解和回答问题。
二、文章内容概述文章主要围绕着地球的变化和环境保护展开，其中包括了地球的形成和演化、地质变迁的影响、以及人类对地球环境的影响等方面的内容。
文章分为三个具体的部分，分别是地球形成的历史、地球变迁的影响和环保措施。
通过阅读这篇文章，学生可以了解地球的特点和变化，以及人类自身在地球环境中的定位和责任。
三、文章结构分析1. 第一部分：地球的形成文章以地球的形成为切入点，介绍了地球形成的历史和过程。
主要包括宇宙大爆炸、太阳系形成、地球各层结构和地球自转等内容。
2. 第二部分：地球变迁的影响文章着重阐述了地球变迁对人类生活和自然环境的影响。
主要包括地质变迁引发的地震和火山爆发、气候变化对人类生活的影响等内容。
3. 第三部分：环保措施文章介绍了人类在面对地球环境问题时所采取的一些环保措施，包括减少能源消耗、节约资源、保护野生动植物等内容。
四、文章解析要点1. 理解地球形成的历史和过程，包括宇宙大爆炸、太阳系形成、地球各层结构和地球自转等内容。
2. 掌握地球变迁对人类生活和自然环境的影响，包括地质变迁引发的地震和火山爆发、气候变化对人类生活的影响等内容。
3. 了解人类在面对地球环境问题时所采取的一些环保措施，包括减少能源消耗、节约资源、保护野生动植物等内容。
五、文章解析技巧1. 关注文章的主题和中心思想，抓住文章的关键词和主要观点。
2. 注意文章的逻辑关系和结构框架，分析文章的段落结构和连接词语，理清文章的主次关系。
3. 针对文章内容要求，有针对性地提前做好相关知识的预习和准备，理清文章涉及的知识点和概念，做好思维导图或笔记记录。
2014年英二阅读text2
2014年英二阅读text2（原创版）目录1.引言：介绍 2014 年英二阅读 text2 的内容和背景2.文章主旨：分析文本的主题和观点3.文章结构：概述文章的组织和逻辑4.文章细节：深入解析文章的具体内容和论述5.结论：总结文章的主要观点和启示正文2014 年英二阅读 text2 是一篇关于人类社会与自然环境之间关系的文章。
文章主要探讨了人类活动对环境的影响，以及如何实现可持续发展。
在这篇文章中，作者通过阐述人类与自然的相互作用，提出了保护环境的重要性，并指出了实现可持续发展的途径。
文章主旨明确，即强调人类与自然环境的紧密联系，呼吁人们关注环境保护，实现可持续发展。
文章从人类社会的历史发展角度出发，说明了人类对自然环境的依赖和影响。
随着工业化和城市化的推进，人类对自然资源的消耗日益严重，环境污染和生态破坏问题日益突出。
文章通过实例和数据，展示了环境问题对人类社会的影响，从而提醒人们关注环境保护。
在文章结构方面，作者首先介绍了环境问题的背景和现状，然后分析了环境问题的成因和影响，最后提出了解决环境问题的方法和途径。
文章的组织逻辑清晰，层次分明，便于读者理解和接受作者的观点。
在文章细节方面，作者通过对比人类社会不同发展阶段的环境状况，揭示了环境问题的严重性。
作者指出，过去几十年来，我国在环境保护方面取得了显著成果，但在当前国际环境和国内经济发展的大背景下，环境问题仍然不容忽视。
文章还从政策、技术、生活方式等多个角度，探讨了实现可持续发展的途径。
总之，2014 年英二阅读 text2 是一篇关于环境保护和可持续发展的文章。
文章通过分析人类与自然环境的关系，揭示了环境问题的严重性，并提出了解决环境问题的方法和途径。
2014年英语专业四级听力原文
Part I DICTATION (15MIN)Limiting the Growth of TechnologyThroughout history man has changed his physical environment to improve his way of life. /With the tools of technology,/ man has altered many physical features of the earth. /He has transformed woodland into farmland. /He has modified the face of the earth by cutting through mountains to build roads and railways. /However, these changes in the physical environment have not always had beneficial results./ Today, pollution of the air and water is a danger to the health of the planet./ Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of vehicles./ Smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding countryside. /The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy. /The pollution of water is equally harmful./ In the sea pollution from oil is killing a lot of sea plants and fish. /It is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology in order to survive on earth.PART ⅡLISTENING COMPREHE (20 MIN)SECTION A CONVERSATIONSQuestions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation.M: 1) We have to move the company to a new office.W: I think that's a great idea, Tim.M: Good.W: We should be in the centre of town. We'll be nearer to our customers.M: Jane, I...W: The transport is better...M: Jane, I...W: ... and there are lots of good restaurants.M: Jane, I think we should move to the country.W: Oh!M: For... against. 2) For: cheaper rent, cheaper houses, cleaner air. It's quieter. There's not so much noise. And parking's easier. Do you agree that these are all good reasons for moving?W: Yes, I agree. But let's talk about the things against moving. Number one. A long way from some clients.M: Yes, but that's not a problem.W: What about communications?M: There's an airport near the new location as well as a motorway. And there are fast trains to everywhere from there.W: So communications are better than they are from here?M: I think so.W: 3) But what do we do with our spare time? I know we can go for walks in the country. Perhaps go horse-riding. But we can only do that in summer. What do we do in winter? When it's cold and wet. It's not like here in the city, is it?M: I agree. But in the town over there---twenty minutes by car---there are cinemas, theatres, good restaurants and there's a jazz club. So, I think our company should move to the country. Do you agree?W: I am afraid I don't.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation.M: So, Miss Parkinson, you organize fitness training and beauty treatments for working women? W: That's right, Mr. Cruise.M: Could you tell me how you first got the idea for the business?W: Certainly. 4) I suppose it all started about 5 years ago. I was on holiday and had a very bad skin accident. I found that the only thing that helped the pain was massage and gentle exercise, like yoga or stretching exercises. So I used to go to therapists and classes after work.M: Where did you work at that time?W: In the training department of a media company.M: I see.W: 5) But then I got a promotion to training manager. That meant I worked longer hours and was difficult to get to classes. I asked some of my teachers if they would come to my house instead, and most of them agreed. It was more expensive but I thought it was worth it. Lots of my friends loved the idea too. So I recommended people to them. That's when I began to realize that maybe I could make a business out of it.M: Did you give up your job then?W: 6) No, not immediately. The idea was too scary. I had a good job with a good salary, and starting my own business seemed a bit risky. So I just did it at a hobby really.M: So why did you leave your job in the end?W: 7) Well, the decision was made for me really. My company decided to relocate to a different town. They offered me the choice of relocating with them or quite a large sum of money if I preferred to leave. I know an opportunity when I see it. So I took the money!M: Good for you.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation.M: Good afternoon, madam.W: Good afternoon. I'd like to buy a camera.M: We have all kinds of cameras here, madam. What sorts of camera are you thinking you are buying?W: Well, I don't know anything about cameras. But my friend tells me that 35-millimeter cameras are the best.M: Well, they are certainly the much popular. Would you like a rangefinder type or a single-lens reflex?W: What's the difference?M: 8) With a single-lens reflex, you actually look through the lens when you're taking a photo. So you can see exactly what you are taking.W: That seems a good idea.M: 8) Yes, focusing is easier, too. Try this one. It's a good mate.W: Yes, I see what you mean. The image is very clear and bright.M: That's right. 8) Moreover, you can use a number of different lenses. Let me put a telephoto lens on for you to try.W: My world! That's very good. I can see the people across the street as if they are inside the shop!M: 9) Being able to change the lens is very important, in my opinion. You can't do that with most rangefinder cameras though they smaller and cheaper.W: How much is this camera?M: The list price is 5,000.But I can let you have it for 4,500.W: 10) That's far too much! Did you say that rangefinder cameras are cheaper?M: Yes, they are much cheaper.W: 10) Good! Show me some, please.SECTION B PASSAGESQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage.This is a picture. In the foreground there's a house built into the side of a bare hill. 11) Thehouse is actually cut out of the rock, and the front is painted white. There's a single window with a pink curtain across it and a woodendoor.This rock house is clearly inhabited because in front of the house there is washing hanging on a washing line in what looks like the front yard. Then, above the painted front of the house, they've built a chimney. It's quite possible that at the back of this same hill there's anotherdoor---or the front of another house, perhaps. 12) At the side of the house, to the left there's a flat area. They've got chairs there and one person appears to be serving food. They're wearing casual summer clothes. Further to the left is another chimney, which probably belongs to a different house. 13) In the background of the picture, a long way from this particular bare hill,there's another hill. Then, in between there's a relatively flat plain, and then there's a small town. It looks like a town because there are a lot of white houses and each one isquite close to the next building. This must be a hot country because the sky is blue and there isn't much vegetation. I should think that rock houses are actually really cool and pleasant to live in.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage.14) Ben became interested in Mongolia early in life. When he was nine years old he read a book about Marco Polo, about how Marco Polo traveled with his uncles on the ultimate business trip to the Mongol Empire at its height. Marco Polo's trip lasted almost a quarter of a century, during which he grew up, mastered Mongolian, gained the confidence of the Mongol emperor, and then eventually returned home with fantastic tales of strange lands and stranger people. The story of Marco Polo fascinated Ben. Ben tried to save money from his first job delivering newspapers with an eye toward a $3,000 trip to Mongolia. But in those days it would take him years to have the money ready. 15) So he continued to read about Mongolia in themeantime but spent most of his teenage years in the Arab world, where he learned the language and became interested in journalism. 16) He took courses in classical and modern Mongolian while studying for his master's degree and found it very difficult.But he still wants to visit Mongolia 17) in the spring or summer, he said." Mongolian winters, when temperatures drop to -30 °C are not for me." The price today with an upscale company is reasonable, Ben said, "compared to the $3,000 it was back in 1971.Today the same trip is around $5,000,which though still a large sum, is,in terms of inflation, a good bargain."Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage.Less than 20 miles from Singapore's skyscrapers is a completely different set of high-rise towers. 18)Much smaller in scale but with a big ambition, over 100 nine-meter tall towers at Sky Greens vertical farm offer a new vision of urban sustainability. 19) Green vegetables like Chinese cabbage are grown, stacked in greenhouses, and sold at local supermarkets. The farm was built in 2009 and since October this year the fully operating farm has been supplying one of city's supermarkets with weekly deliveries of its greens.19)The Sky Greens produce costs around 40% more than animported equivalent.However, the small amount of energy and water needed to grow the vegetables, and the close proximity to the consumer, means that carbon dioxide emitted in production and transportation is kept to a minimum. 20) The Sky Greens venture is supported by the Singaporean government andhas another advantage over other urban farms around the world: abundant natural heating and light. Singapore has year-round temperatures of around 30 degrees Celsius and the farm is set in an open area designated by the government as an agro-technology park, miles away from the shadow of city skyscrapers. And there are plans for the current site to expand to produce up to two tons of greens a week next year and build over 2,000 towers in the next few years.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (For Questions 21 and 22)The family of Sarai Sierra, an American woman who went missing in Istanbul nearly two weeks ago, is in mourning after learning that Turkish police found her body Saturday. Turkish police found the woman's body near ancient stone walls in Istanbul's Sarayburnu district. Police suspected she had been killed at another location. 21) Police told CNN's sister network CNN Turk that the body of the 33-year-old mother of two showed signs of stab wounds. However, the policechief of Istanbul, Huseyin Capkin, said Sierra died from a blow to her head. 22)Nine suspects had been detained in connection with the woman's disappearance and death. Sierra's family and friends first sounded the alarm last week after she did not arrive on a return flight from Istanbul on January 22.News Item 2 (For Questions 23 and 24)23) French forces say they have entered Kidal in the north of Mali, the last major town they have yet to secure in their drive against Islamist militants.French forces now control Kidal airport after a number of aircraft, including helicopters, landed there last night. Islamist militants were reported to have already left the town and it was unclear who was in charge. 24) France --- the former colonial power in Mali--- launched a military operation this month after Islamist militants appeared to be threatening the south. French army spokesman confirms that "French troops were deployed overnight in Kidal". One regional security source told the Press that French aircraft had landed at Kidaland that protection helicopters are in the sky. Kidal, 930 miles north-east of the capital Bamako, was until recently under the control of the Islamist militants.News Item 3 (For Questions 25 and 26)US President Barack Obama has said the time has come for a review on the US immigration system. 25) He made his case at a high school in Las Vegas, Nevada, a day after a group of senators outlined a framework for reform. The White House and senators envisage a path to citizenship for many of an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US. He noted that the current system was "out of date and badly broken". Mr Obama's case for an immigration reform reflects a blueprint he rolled out in 2011, though that did not go far. Mr Obama now backs the Senate plan including making illegal immigrants pay taxes and fines, and sending them to the back of the queue before they can become American citizens. His 2011 blueprint also focused on a path to permanent residency and eventual citizenship. 26) After eight years, individuals would be allowed to become legal permanent residents and would eventually become citizens five years later, according to his 2011 blueprint.News Item 4 (For Questions 27 and 28)In a suburb in northern Johannesburg South Africa, Lorraine Melvillis running around trying to organize hospital visits for her clients staying in her guest house. 27) She started her business," Surgeon and Safari," back in 2000 and since then she has had people from all over the world come to her to facilitate their cosmetic procedures, and perhaps go on safari too." For most people in the first-world economies like the UK, and especially in America, their biggest desire is to go on African safari," she explains," and yet their greatest want in their life was to have plastic surgery, so why not put the two together?" 28) Like most companies, however, Surgeon and Safari was hit by the global financial crisis, particularly as a number of Melvill's clients were borrowing money to afford their procedures. However, whilst the United States and eurozone economies may have languished, Melvill says that she has benefited from the growth of some African countries' economies. "There is a huge emergence of local Africans that chose to come to South Africa for elective surgery, whether it be breast reduction, tummy tucks," she says.News Item 5 (For Question 29)The bloodshed at In Amenas has left the oil and gas industry struggling to come to terms with what it might mean for investment in risky countries. Bob Dudley, BP's chief executive says the company is "reviewing security" at its other facilities in the region and around the world. The attack is the worst tragedy of its kind in living memory despite the energy industry's presence in many unstable regions. BP has "never experienced an attack on this scale before", Mr Dudley says. Security remains a top priority in countries such as Iraq, where there have been instances of workers being kidnapped. The perception of risk for foreign oil workers and their families in North Africa, has soared.News Item 6 (For Question 30)Shopping is a serious business in London whatever the season--- but it doesn't get much more serious than this time of year. The UK's capital January sales sees throngs of dedicated shopaholics cram its countless department stores, quirky boutiques and market stalls, keen to gettheir hands on the latest fashion trends and product offers. But it's not just domestic spending that's keeping the tills ringing in London. 30) While the vibrant city's high-end stores are no strangers to overseas visitors, with those from the Middle East typically spending the most, a surprising new contender has emerged in recent times as a big spender in the international market --- Nigeria. Nigeria's economic growth has averaged about 7.4% annually over the past decade, creating a wealthier Nigerian elite with a large spending power. At the same time, however, robust economic growth has not reduced poverty in the country, with about two thirds of its population living on less than $1 per day.。
UCD ECN 1A Practice M1
Economics 1A, Fall 2016Professor RapsonMidterm 1Total Points Possible: 2320 points multiple choice and 3 points short answer50 minutes to complete the examLast Name: _______________________ First Name: _____________________________Your Student ID Number: ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ ___Please circle your registered section numberA01 Tuesdays 5:10-6:00pm Giedt 1006A02 Tuesdays 6:10-7:00pm Giedt 1006A03 Tuesdays 7:10-8:00pm Giedt 1006A04 Wednesdays 4:10-6:00pm Hutch 102A05 Wednesdays 5:10-6:00pm Hutch 102A06 Wednesdays 6:10-7:00pm Hutch 102A07 Wednesdays 7:10-8:00pm Hutch 102A08 Thursdays 5:10-6:00pm Olson 261A09 Thursdays 6:10-7:00pm Resslr 055A10 Thursdays 7:10-8:00pm Young 192A11 Thursdays 8:10-9:00pm Giedt 1006A12 Thursdays 8:10-9:00pm Young 192Write your name (last name first, subject, date and your registered section number in the boxes on the Scantronform as illustrated below:Name Last name, First NameSubject ECN1A Test Form ADate 10/14/2015 Hour Your Section(e.g. A09)Enter your student ID number in the “ID Number” section on your Scantron and fill in your “Test Form” but leave the “Subj Score” section of the Scantron blank.Multiple Choice Questions (1 point each): Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. RESPONSES MUST BE RECORDED ON YOUR SCANTRON FOR GRADING.Figure 4-101. Refer to Figure 4-10. The movement from Point A to Point B represents a(n)a. i ncrease in the price.b. d ecrease in the quantity supplied.c. s hift in the supply curve.d. B oth a and b are correct.2. Economics is the study ofa. p roduction methods.b. t he interaction of business and government.c. h ow households decide who performs which tasks.d. h ow society manages its scarce resources.3. The supply curve for a good is a line that relatesa. p rice and quantity supplied.b. q uantity supplied and quantity demanded.c. p rice and profit.d. p rofit and quantity supplied.4. Which of the following transactions takes place in the markets for the factors of production in the circular-flow diagram?错误，正确答案Ca. K ristin buys two business suits to wear to her job as a Chief Information Officer.b. C aroline owns a nail salon and receives payments from her clients for her services.c. D ylan receives a salary for his work as a financial analyst for an investment firm.d. J im receives clean water in his home in exchange for paying his water bill.5. At the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good that buyers are willing and able to buya. i s greater than the quantity that sellers are willing and able to sell.b. e xactly equals the quantity that sellers are willing and able to sell.c. i s less than the quantity that sellers are willing and able to sell.d. E ither a) or c) could be correct.6. There is no shortage of scarce resources in a market economy becausea. q uantity supplied is always greater than quantity demanded in market economies.b. t he government makes shortages illegal.c. r esources are abundant in market economies.d. p rices adjust to eliminate shortages.7. The term "productivity"a. i s seldom used by economists, as its meaning is not precise.b. m eans the same thing as "efficiency."c. r efers to the variety of goods and services from which households can choose when they shop.d. r efers to the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.8. Consider Frank’s decision to go to college. If he goes to college, he will spend $21,000 on tuition, $11,000 on room and board, and $1,800 on books. If he does not go to college, he will earn $16,000 working in a store and spend $7,200 on room and board. Frank’s cost of going to college isa. $42,600.b. $33,800.c. $49,800.d. $57,000.Table 3-23Assume that the farmer and the rancher can switch between producing pork and producing tomatoes at a constant rate.Labor Hours Needed to Make 1 Pound of Pounds Produced in 24 HoursPork Tomatoes Pork TomatoesFarmer6348Rancher44669. Refer to Table 3-23. Assume that the farmer and the rancher each has 24 labor hours available. If each person spends all his time producing the good in which he has a comparative advantage, then total production isa. 4 pounds of pork and 8 pounds of tomatoes.b. 6 pounds of pork and 6 pounds of tomatoes.c. 4 pounds of pork and 6 pounds of tomatoes.d. 6 pounds of pork and 8 pounds of tomatoes.Lisa’s Production Possibilities Frontier Bryce’s Production Possibilities Frontier10. Refer to Figure 3-4. If the production possibilities frontiers shown are each for one year of production, then which of the following combinations of sweaters and jackets could Lisa and Bryce together not produce in a given year?a. 3 sweaters and 12 jacketsb. 1 sweater and 21 jacketsc. 5 sweaters and 4 jacketsd. 2 sweaters and 20 jackets11. In a competitive market, each seller has limited control over the price of his product becausea. b uyers exert more control over the price than do sellers.b. o ther sellers are offering similar products.c. t hese markets are highly regulated by the government.d. s ellers usually agree to set a common price that will allow each seller to earn a comfortable profit.12. Suppose your college institutes a new policy requiring you to pay for a permit to park your car in a campus parking lot.a. T he cost of the parking permit is not part of the opportunity cost of attending college under any circumstances.b. T he cost of the parking permit is part of the opportunity cost of attending college if you would not have to payfor parking otherwise.c. T he cost of the parking permit is not part of the opportunity cost of attending college if you would not have topay for parking otherwise.d. O nly half of the cost of the parking permit is part of the opportunity cost of attending college.13. Which of the following events must result in a lower price in the market for Snickers?错误，正确答案Da. D emand for Snickers and supply of Snickers both increaseb. D emand for Snickers and supply of Snickers both decrease.c. D emand for Snickers increases, and supply of Snickers decreases.d. D emand for Snickers decreases, and supply of Snickers increases.14. Refer to Figure 4-1. It is apparent from the figure that thea. d emand for the good decreases as income increases.b. g ood is inferior.c. d emand for the good conforms to the law of demand.d. A ll of the above are correct.15. Which of the following is one of the basic reasons why economists often appear to give conflicting advice to policymakers?a. a reliance on normative statement for research theoriesb. s imilar opinions about the validity of economic theoriesc. d ifferences in personal valuesd. s ignificant differences in education16. Which of the following events must cause equilibrium quantity to fall?a. d emand and supply both decreaseb. d emand and supply both increasec. d emand decreases and supply increasesd. d emand increases and supply decreases17. People are likely to respond to a policy changea. o nly if the policy change changes the benefits of their behavior.b. o nly if they think the policy is a good one.c. o nly if the policy change changes the costs of their behavior.d. i f the policy changes either the costs or benefits of their behavior.18. In the circular-flow diagram, another name for goods and services produced by firms isa. i nputs.b. f actors of production.c. o utput.d. r esources.19. Refer to Figure 2-4. Inefficient production is represented by which point(s)?a. Tb. Q, S, Tc. Q, Sd. R, U20. In a market economy,a. s upply and demand determine prices and prices, in turn, allocate the economy’s scarce resources.b. s upply determines demand and demand, in turn, determines prices.c. t he allocation of scarce resources determines prices and prices, in turn, determine supply and demand.d. d emand determines supply and supply, in turn, determines prices.21. Short Answer Question (3 points): ANSWER IN THE SPACE PROVIDED ON THIS PAGE. SHOW YOUR WORK.Table 3-9Assume that Maya and Miguel can switch between producing mixers and producing toasters at a constant rate.Hours Needed to Make 1Amount Produced in 60 HoursMixer Toaster Mixer Toaster Maya 6 3 10 20 Miguel 10 5 6 12a. What are Maya and Miguel’s opportunity costs of producing a mixer and a toaster?Opportunity cost of a……mixer (in terms of toasters) …toaster (in terms of mixers) Maya Miguelb. Graph Maya and Miguel’s production possibilities frontiers for a 60-hour work week. Put Mixers on the Y-Axes.Label the graph(s) clearly (title, axes and intercepts).c. If they were to trade, should Maya specialize in producing mixers or toasters? Explain in (not more than) 1sentence.Maya's opportunity cost of producing 1 mixer is 20/10=2, her opportunity ocst of producing a toaster is 10/20=1/2Miguel's opportunity cost of producing 1 mixer is 12/6=2, her opportunity cost of producing a toaster is 12/6=2。
托福（TOEFL）阅读理解历年考题分类
TOEFL阅读理解历年考题分类：1. 树叶为何变颜⾊2. 瑞典诺贝尔⽂学评委会3. 民众抗命 Civil Disobedience4. 陨⽯坑 Craters5. 英法战争6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形7. 地⾐ LICHEN8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的⽪⽑买卖9. 同步通讯卫星10. 聊天对于南⽅⼥作家的社会影响11. 睡眠12. ⼈物（⼥）Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长13. 塑料14. 芝加哥15. ⼈物（男）雕塑家Frederic Remington16. 动物⾝上为何不⽣出轮⼦17. 树的⽣存⽅式18. 摩天⼤楼—美国的特征19. 加洲北⽔南调⼯程20. 蜜蜂意识测试21. Navajo⼈的起源22. 为美国护⼠教育的抗争23. ⼈物（⼥）建筑师Julia Morgan24. 沼泽中的动物25. 供求与市场价格26. 增重的可能因素27. 单间教室的好处28. ⼩麦与⼈类⽂明29. 铁路电报的发展30. 美国殖民期间的建筑风格与材料31. 卫星的内外结构和动⼒32. 玩耍的起源和意义33. 1800’s 毯⼦的风格34. Anasazi印第安⼈35. ⼤⽓中的⽔36. ⼀战对美国的影响37. 蜂的社会结构38. 第五⼤街291号画廊和画家（⼥）Georgia O’Keeffe的抽象风格39. 美洲鳄鱼交配后40. ⼈物（⼥）摄影家Barbara Kasten 的技法41. 国家冰河公园周围的⼟地保护42. 乳化过程 EMUSIFY43. 美国独⽴史44. ⼈物（⼥）作家Carson Mccullers45. 作物⽔喷洒计46. 价格体系的解释47. ⼲酪阻碍⽛齿损坏48. 偏见49. 星的亮度50. 回声51. 华盛顿DC的建⽴52. 莺科鸣禽对树上⾷物的划分53. 婴⼉的⼤脑成熟和感情发育54. ⼈物（⼥）作家Ellen Glasgow笔下的南⽅复兴55. ⽜仔的服装和⽤具56. ⾷物57. 社会功能良性运转中的⼀个时间量度58. 地球板块59. 神迹剧Oratorio60. 购买Louisiana61. 听⼒测试法62. 动物: 濑鱼Wrasse63. 纽约作为商业中⼼的兴起64. 民谣的形式65. 铝66. 植树节Arbor Day67. ⽜胃68. 作家Sinclair Lewis的作品main Street69. 植物的根70. 科学家对⾃然现象解释的不同⽅法（病理学Pathological，⽣理学Physiology）71. Joh Astor和旅馆72. Arizona 洲的城市灯光⼲扰天⽂观测73. 第⼀夫⼈（Eleanor Roosevelt）74. 综合剧团的发展75. 蜜蜂适应社会化76. ⽓候决定动物植物分布77. 北美⽊雕⼯具78. 动物：旋⽊雀Treecreeper79. 洛克菲勒中⼼80. ⼈物 Marx 兄弟的职业81. 镁的制取和⽤途82. ⼈物（男）画家Max Weber83. 美国法院体系84. ⼈物（⼥）作家Constance Fenimore85. ⼤脑与神经系统的起源86. 蜜蜂87. ⼈物：马丁.路德.⾦88. 对流89. 密西西⽐部落⽂化90. 语⾔对数学的影响91. 单字排铸92. 蒸汽船对美国贸易的贡献93. 动物：Koala94. 弗罗伊得的“否”理论95. 有脊椎和⽆脊椎动物的Allelomimetic ⾏为96. 西进过程中⼥性发明医疗物质97. 美国现代艺术88/598. 动物：北极熊 88/599. 树⽪结构受形成层的影响 88/5100. 喇叭 88/5101. 美国硬币上的总统像87/8102. 都市化经济发展依赖于现代化的农业87/8103. 美洲野⽜ 87/8104. ⼤峡⾕的形成 87/8105. ⼈物（⼥）雕塑家Marisol Escobar的独特艺术风格87/8106. 杰弗逊总统⼊住华盛顿Dc107. ⼟壤的类型108. ⼈物（⼥）诗⼈Gwendolyn Brooks的艺术成就109. 灵长类动物的社会⾏为110. Miami海滩装饰建筑111. ⽊匠对新英格兰建筑风格的影响112. 动物：猿113. 现⾦交易历史114. ⼈物（⼥）艾⽶丽.狄⾦森115. 波动消除噪⾳116. ⿊⼈Harlem117. ⼈物（⼥）诗⼈Mariana Moore （样题1）118. 美国空间协会的报道119. ⾸例⼼脏⼿术120. 全球环境问题有待⾼层关注121. 候鸟迁徙之迷（样题2）122. 通讯卫星前景123. 地⾐124. ⼈物（⼥）新闻摄影Margaret Bourke 125. 冰河期126. ⼈物：马丁.路德.⾦的童年127. 竞⾛128. 美国Mba⽣员变化129. 雷达130. ⼈物：⼩说家Langston Huges ⽣平作品131. 电视88/10132. Sioux语⾔命名88/10133. 动物；鲸 88/10134. 未知的将来 88/10135. 1784法案 88/10136. 两类睡眠 86/10137. 美国监狱体系138. 不同类型的Speech89/1：1. ⼈物：⼩说家Robert Herrick 的童年2. 树懒的习性3. 教育：Montessori ⼉童教学法4. ⼼理；多数观点对于个体判断的影响5. 物理：⽥野⽯头因冰冻的竖直向上运动6. ⼤草原印第安⼈的乐器 89/57. 美国⾰命的缓进性8. 太阳发光热9. 美国蝗⾍灾害10. ⼈⼯花11. ⼈物（⼥）歌唱家Ella Fitzgerald 89/812. 透镜的早期应⽤13. 卫星城的概念14. 废煤矿的开发15. 西部铁路建设16. 博物馆的扩建 89/1017. ⽯油精炼18. 动物：河狸Beaver19. 热量单位：卡20. ⼈物（⼥）芭蕾舞演员Agnes De Mille21. 炼铁成钢90/122. 动物：马的进化23. 宇宙是简单的现象24. 娱乐车辆对⼟壤的问题25. ⼈物（⼥）闹剧作家Merry Otis Warren26. 养牡蛎 90/527. 引起争论的公⽤⼟地政策28. 荷尔蒙29. ⼈物（⼥）Gertrude Stein对现代⽂学的贡献30. 林肯再选受益于Nast的漫画31. 空间垃圾问题 90/832. 浮游⽣物33. 70年代旧建筑复⽤34. 尼安德塔⼈的特征（考古）35. 电视发明的第⼀步36. 加拿⼤⼩麦委员会的起源９０／１０37. 美国⾰命中印第安⼈丧失⼟地38. 摩天⼤楼与环境39. 彗星40. ⼈物：农业化学家G。
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Name____________________Student ID____________________Midterm ExamEconomics 2000Tuesday, October 30th, 2012Write your answers on this white exam paper.Multiple Choice (1/2 point each)1.Which Multinational Institution takes charge of ensuring short-term financialliquidity by providing short-term loans during a financial crisis?a.Bank for International Settlementsb.World Bankn Development Bankd.International Monetary Fund______D________2.Green GDP can be calculated by:a.Adding environmental cleanup costs to GDPb.Subtracting environmental cleanup costs from GDPc.Adding value of natural resources extracted to GDPd.Adding value of natural resources discovered to GDP________B______ 3.An Argentine worker can make 5 automobiles per month or 15 motorcycles. AnAmerican worker can make 1 automobile per month or 2 motorcycles. We can say:a.America has both an absolute and a comparative advantage in makingautomobiles.b.America has an absolute advantage in automobiles but not a comparativeadvantage.c.America has a comparative advantage in automobiles but not an absoluteadvantage.d.America has neither an absolute nor a comparative advantage in automobiles.______C________4.Your firm wants to invest in a heavy industrial factory making machine tools whichrequires a disciplined workforce able to follow precise rules and a committedmanagement teams. According to Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions theory, a culture with a high measurement along which dimensions might have a strong competitive advantage.a.Power Distance and Uncertainty Aversionb.Uncertainty Aversion and Individualismc.Uncertainty Aversion and Traditional Valuesd.Power Distance and Individualism_______A_______ Short Answer5. (2 points) Economic journalist Thomas Friedman wrote in his book The Lexus andthe Olive Tree “That’s why I define globalization this way: it is the inevitableintegration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before – in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before.” Construct two arguments against Friedman’s remarks.A. Globalizaton is aided by policy decisions to increase international trade and finance. These policies could be reversed.B.During the imperial/colonial period, there was also large scale internationalization. This was reversed.C.During the financial crisis, several aspects of globalization were reversed including trade and financial flows. Since 2008, globalization has not increased greatly.6.(2 points) Name an objective and a subjective measure of potential institutional gapsin goods markets.A.Consumer credit information, internet penetration, ease of starting a business(procedures, cost)B. Executive7.(2 points) The Human Development Index tries to measure development along thelines of economic philosopher Amartya Sen. This index measures standard of living using national income, life expectancy and health. Explain why national incomemight better capture Sen’s idea of development than would GDP.Sen argues that development is the elimination of constraints on peoples choices. Income acts to relax constrints on people that come from lack of funds. These funds might come from domestic or foreign sources. GDP is a measure of production which creates income, however, other constraints may also exist. A short lifespan or poor health will also constrain choices.8.(2 points) According to the theories of Elinor Ostrom, why might having a highlevel of interpersonal trust create efficiencies in society?High trust allows for the creation of institutions that allow for the sharing of common goods. If common goods, like public places, are important than high trust will allow for their most efficient use.9.(2 points) The OECD under its Better Life Initiative is attempting to create measuresof well-being to compare with GDP. They have conducted surveys of people in all member countries on their health. A representative sample of people in each country was asked “How is your health? V ery good, good, not very good, or poor.” At their web site, /topics/health/ the OECD reports the % of people answering good or very good including the following countries.as life expectancy.Describe some advantages and disadvantages of using subjective measures vs. objective measures of healthWe see that East Asian countries do the worst in subjective measures of Health while the USA does by far the best. This contrasts with objective measures which we saw in our homework shows that the USA does the worst in terms of life expectancy and infant mortaility. An advantage of examining subjective measures is that they can include all the variety of things that can add up to feeling healthy. For example, Americans may live relatively shorter lives than Asians, but during their lives they may receive more rapid or complete treatment for chronic or occasional diseases which might make their lives less satisfying. The disadvantage of using subjective measures is that people in different countries might have a different frame of reference or different frame of reference for what constitutes being healthy or a different standard for complaining about ill health. In addition, infants and others who die too early deaths cannot be surveyed. This makes personal descriptions of health difficult to interpret.10.(2 points) OECD researchers also tested the quality of education by travelling tomember countries and implementing standardized tests for reading competence on a representative group of 17 year olds. Students were given a score of 200 to 600.of health with quality measures of education. Describe precisely how you would construct such an index. Calculate that Index for the USA.An index for any measure is created using the measure1jX11111jMinXJMax MinX XDIX X-=-. Theand 100 for subjective health and between 200 and 600 for education.=.75Calculations11.(2 points) In 2011, the British pound traded at an exchange rate of US$1.48 perBritish pound. The following chart shows the GDP per capita in 2011 in localcurrency units along with the PPP conversion factor in local currency units per US$.Convert GDP levels into US dollars using both the exchange rate and PPP conversion__$38,817.85$35,619.2612. (3 points) You have data from a fictional version of Indonesia in 2009 and 2010. Inthis version of Indonesia, only two goods are produced: consumption and investment. In 2009, consumption goods were 69% of GDP. The volume growth rate ofconsumption was 4.04% while the volume growth rate of investment was 10.41%. a. Calculate the volume growth rate of GDP in 2010.1212.69*.0404.31*.1041.060147q q Q g w g w g =+=+=______________b. Calculate investments contribution to GDP growth.______________ 13. (3 points) You are given information on the PPP GDP per Capita for Indonesia 2005 measured in international dollars, $3102. In addition, you are given a measure of the Lorenz curve cumulative distribution by quintile.a.Estimate the median income for Indonesia in 2005.Share of income to middle quintile is Share Middle = LC Midddle - LC Seconde . Averageof middle quintile is20Middle PerCapita Share GDP ⋅15.83102 2450.5820⋅= ______________b. Estimate the GINI coefficient for in 2005.1100*(12).22j j GINI Sum of Trapezoids Area LC LC Trapezoids Area -=-⨯+=⨯Trapezoids123450.00834 0.02868 0.05648 0.09328 0.15714Sum0.34392 G INI31.216______________22q w g =0.03227111.(3 points) The World Values Survey argues that cultures can be best explained bylooking at 2 key dimensions.bel the axes of the following chart with these dimensions.b.Country A has a very high divorce rate. Represent country A as a point on the graph.c.Place Hong Kong or other East Asian growth countries on the graph.2。