Chapter05 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》_中文译版
The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》/《厄舍古屋的倒塌》【中文译版】[爱伦·坡著]他的心脏像是一个悬挂着的琴箱，稍一碰触便发出音乐的鸣响。
——贝朗瑞在这年秋天的一个沉淡、阴暗、寂静的白日，天上的云彩低垂。
整整一天我独自一人骑着马走过乡下一大片极为凄凉的土地，暮色降临时，我终于看见了那阴沉的厄舍古厦。
不知怎么搞的，我一看到这幢房子，就不由产生出一种难以忍受的忧郁感。
我说难以忍受，是由于这种感情中没有半点美的味道，要知道，即使是最荒凉、最可怕的自然景象，在人们心中也往往会引起一种近乎诗意的感伤，而我现在的忧郁感中却毫无诗意可言。
我望着前面的景象——望着这幢房子和它周围的地貌，望着光秃秃的墙壁，望着眼睛般的窗户，望着那一排排蓑草，望着那几株死树的白树干，心中极感压抑。
这感觉就如同吸足鸦片的人从美梦中醒来，重新回到冰冷的现实中一样。
我心里冰凉冰凉的，心猛地往下一沉，感到一阵恶心——不论运用何种崇高的想象力，这种忧郁感都是无法驱散的。
我不由想到：这是怎么了为什么我一看到厄舍古厦心里便极为别扭这是一个难解之谜，我无法解释为什么我一想到它便心中充满种种阴沉的想象。
我只好得出一个十分牵强的结论：一方面，毫无疑问，自然景物这种组合，确实产生了一种力量，可以影响人的情绪，而另一方面，对于这种组合的感受和分析，却应该是因人而异，寓于人本身的思考当中的。
我想到，假如把眼前的这些景物重新安排一下，它们的压抑性很可能就会大大减弱，甚至完全消除。
这样一想，我便策马来到池塘陡峭的边缘，观看灰色的蓑草、丑陋的枯树干，和那眼睛般空洞洞的窗口，我心中忽然打一个冷战，情绪变得比刚才更为压抑。
然而，我却将在这幢阴沉的古厦中住上几个星期。
它的主人罗德里克·厄舍从小就是我的好朋友，但是现在我俩已经许多年未曾谋面了。
最近我收到了一封来自远方乡下的信——一封来自他的信，一封纠缠着我、必须我亲自答复的信。
巴黎伦敦落魄记英文版
巴黎伦敦落魄记英文版Paris and London: Tales of Triumph and DesolationIntroduction:In the cities of Paris and London, two vibrant metropolises on opposite sides of the English Channel, there lies a tale of contrasting fates. This article delves into the narratives of these two cities, exploring their rich history, cultural significance, and the challenges that have afflicted each at various points in time. Paris and London, often referred to as sister cities, share a long-standing rivalry and a unique bond shaped by their similarities and differences.1. A Tale of Triumph: Paris1.1 The Eiffel Tower and the City of LightParis, famously known as the "City of Light," stands as a beacon of triumph. At the heart of this remarkable city stands the Eiffel Tower, an iconic symbol of grace and elegance, capturing the imagination of millions of visitors each year. Its soaring iron lattice structure and breathtaking views serve as a testament to human ingenuity and architectural genius. The Tower's allure has played a significant role in establishing Paris as a global cultural capital.1.2 The Louvre Museum – A Treasure Trove of ArtWithin the enchanting streets of Paris lies an artistic marvel – the Louvre Museum. Home to some of the world's most renowned masterpieces, including the enigmatic Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, the Louvre is atestament to Paris' triumph in preserving and celebrating artistic heritage. Its vast collection spans centuries, offering visitors a mesmerizing journey through time and culture.1.3 Parisian Cuisine – A Culinary TriumphBeyond its architectural splendor and artistic treasures, Paris is renowned for its gastronomic delights. From the delicate pastries of patisseries to the rich flavors of traditional French cuisine, the city's culinary scene is a testament to its triumph in the realm of fine dining. Parisian food culture, characterized by elegance and sophistication, has captivated taste buds across the globe, cementing the city's position as a culinary capital.2. A Tale of Desolation: London2.1 The Blitz and ResilienceWhile Paris boasts triumphs, London has faced its fair share of desolation. During the Second World War, the city endured relentless bombings, known as the Blitz, causing widespread destruction and loss. Despite the devastation, Londoners displayed an indomitable spirit, epitomizing resilience in the face of hardship. The rebirth of London from the ashes showcases the city's determination to preserve its heritage and emerge stronger.2.2 The Tower of London – A Dark PastWithin the heart of London stands the Tower of London, a structure shrouded in a dark past. Built as a palace, prison, and fortress, it witnessed the rise and fall of kings, the execution of queens, and tales of betrayal and intrigue. This historic landmark reflects the desolation that has markedcertain chapters of London's history, serving as a constant reminder of both the city's resilience and the shadows it has endured.2.3 The East End – From Squalor to RenaissanceThe East End of London, once synonymous with poverty and despair, has experienced a renaissance in recent times. Long associated with the Dickensian era and the hardships faced by the working class, the area has undergone extensive urban regeneration. The transformation of the East End testifies to London's resolve to uplift marginalized communities and channel desolation into hope.Conclusion:Paris and London are cities steeped in history, each with its own tale of triumph and desolation. Paris shines as a city of light, celebrated for its architectural marvels, artistic heritage, and culinary prowess. Meanwhile, London's desolation throughout history has been a catalyst for resilience and transformation. As these sister cities continue to shape the course of history, their stories remind us of the capacity of human spirit to overcome adversity and triumph over desolation.。
英国的起源公元前5000年—1066年
英语国家概况Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain an d Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Irela nd, and hundreds of sm all ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
Chapter_05
5-3
Future Values
• Suppose you invest $1000 for one year at 5% per year. What is the future value in one year? • Interest = 1000(.05) = 50 • Value in one year = principal + interest = 1000 + 50 = 1050 • Future Value (FV) = 1000(1 + .05) = 1050 • Suppose you leave the money in for another year. How much will you have two years from now? • FV = 1000(1.05)(1.05) = 1000(1.05)2 = 1102.50
• What is the present value of $500 to be received in 5 years? 10 years? The discount rate is 10% • 5 years: N = 5; I/Y = 10; FV = 500 CPT PV = -310.46 • 10 years: N = 10; I/Y = 10; FV = 500 CPT PV = -192.77
• How much would you have at the end of 15 years using compound interest? • How much would you have using simple interest?
博弈论Chapter 05
6
Continued
This game is readily illustrated in a diagram.
7
Continued
Thus the set of all actions available to the player who moves
after h is
For example, for the game in last slide, the histories are∅, In,
Out, (In, Acquiesce), and (In, Fight). The set of actions available to the player who moves at the start of the game, namely the challenger, is A(∅) = {In, Out}, and the set of actions available to the player who moves after the history In, namely the incumbent, is A(In) = {Acquiesce, Fight}.
5
Example
EXAMPLE 153.2 (Entry game) suppose that the best outcome for
the challenger is that it enters and the incumbent acquiesces, and the worst outcome is that it enters and the incumbent fights, whereas the best outcome for the incumbent is that the challenger stays out, and the worst outcome is that it enters and there is a fight. Then the situation may be modeled as the following extensive game with perfect information.
英语国家概况1
英语国家概况1TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland英国的历史分四部分:1.TheOriginofaNation2.TheShapingoftheNation3.TranitiontotheMo rdernAge4.TheRieandFalloftheBritihEmpire1取关键词Origin的字头O2取关键词Shaping的字头S3取关键词Mordern的字头M4取关键词Empire的字头E连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)!接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代表的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英国历史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容易了.可谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握.HitoryofUK(---O.S.M.E---)哦（O），是（S）我（ME）O:Earlyettler->RomanBritain->Anglo-Sa某on->theVikingandDanihInvation->theNormanConquetO（哦）：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服)句子：（老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维达小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。
S:NormanRule->theGreatCharter->theHundredYear'WarwithFrance->theBlackdeathandthepeaantupriingS(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B]句子：（老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯,老公。
M(我):reelrejamchacwcwrevolution=re+el+re+jam+cha+cw+cw+revo lutionreel（卷轴）re（又）jam(果酱)cha(茶)cw+cw(与wc厕所相反)revolution(革命，旋转)句子：（老公一边看书一边倒着果酱，突然果酱洒了）不好了，我（ME的第一个字母M）的卷轴又洒满果酱了，赶快拿点茶去WC洗洗，啊？怎么两个WC都写反了(CW+CW)，快旋转回来！E(我):Twopartie(WhigandTorie)->Agriculturalchange->theIndutrialRevolution->theChartitMovement->TradeunionandtheLabourParty->ColonialE某panion->inthetwoWorldWarE：TAICHATCW=T+A+I+CHA+T+C+W句子：（老婆赶紧跑过来说）我（ME的第二个字母E）的天啊，这什么厕所呀，简直太（TAI）差（CHA）了嘛，我踢（T）这个该死的CW！Chapter1LandandPeople第一部分：DifferentNameforBritainanditPart1.选择题/简答题：TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomitheUnitedKingdomofGreatBri tainandNorthernIreland2.选择题/简答题：TheBritihIlearemadeupoftwolargeiland-GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredofmallone.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
计算机英语学生用书(第二版)习题答案chapter 05.
II. True or False III.Answering Questions IV. Translating Terms
Vocabulary
V. Selecting Words
Collocation Summary
• First generation—— machine language • Second generation—— assembly language • Third generation—— high-level languages • Fourth generation—— very-high-level
5. T
IIV. Exercises—Comprehension
III. Answer the following question.
1. List the five steps of programming.
1. Programming is traditionally a five-step problem-solving process. The five steps are as follows: The first step: Problem definition The second step: Program design The third step: Program coding The fourth step: Program testing The fifth step: Program documentation and maintenance
languages • Fifth generation—— natural languages
从地球到月球 From the Earth to the M
Chapter VIII History of the Cannon
06
Chapter IX The Question of the Powders
Chapter X One Enemy v.TwentyFive Millions of
Friends
Chapter XI Florida and
从地球到月球 From the Earth to the M
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 读书笔记 05 作者介绍
目录
02 内容摘要 04 目录分析 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
地球
新星
译林
消息
南北战争
天气
天文台
月球
月球
炮弹 大炮
细节
壹力
美国
回复
炮弹
望远镜
双语
译林
内容摘要
《从地球到月球》讲述的是美国南北战争结束后，巴尔的摩城大炮俱乐部主席因比·巴比凯恩提议向月球发 射一颗炮弹，建立地球与月球之间的联系。法国冒险家米歇尔·阿尔当获悉这一消息后建议造一颗空心炮弹。巴 比凯恩、米歇尔·阿尔当和尼科尔船长克服了种种困难，终于乘坐这颗炮弹去月球探险。可他们没有到达目的地， 而是在离月球两千八百多英里的地方绕月运行的故事。
Chapter XVII A Telegraphic Dispatch
Chapter XVIII The Passenger of
the Atlanta
Chapter XIX A Monster Meeting
Chapter XX Attack and Riposte
Chapter XXI How a Frenchman Manages an Affair
南京大学天体物理课件chapter05市公开课一等奖省赛课获奖PPT课件
3. 大陵 (Algol) 佯谬
(1)大陵五（英仙β）
(2)轨道周期2.867天
(3)主星：B8型主序星
(4)M＝3.7 M⊙, R＝3 R⊙ (5)伴星：G5型亚巨星，
(6)M＝0.8 M⊙, R＝3.4 R⊙， 已充满洛希瓣
(7)(2) 大陵佯谬：质量小恒 星反而演化得快？
(8)依据恒星演化理论，质量 越大恒星主序寿命越短，越 早进入巨星阶段。
B ~ 1-10 MG Intermediate Polars (DQ Her stars)
B ~ 10-100 MG Polars (AM Her stars)
第13页
2. 新星
(1) 观察特征 在几天到几星期内亮度增 加7-16星等，然后迟缓下 降，经几个月或几年回复 到原先状态。
• 辐射主要在光学和紫外波段 • 暴发时能量释放率 ~ 1045-1046 ergs-1 • 抛射约10-5-10-3 M⊙ 物质，抛射物质速度~100-5000 kms-1
第23页
3. Ia型超新星 当吸积白矮星质量到达 Chandrasekha极限，白 矮星爆燃而造成超新星 暴发。
第24页
Evolution of CVs
4 M⊙ and 1 M⊙ Mainsequence stars in binary. Nearing the end of its life, the 4 M⊙ star swells, spilling gas onto its companion. Formation of a planetary nebula. as the lower mass star becomes a red, accretion occurs again. The end point of the system is two white dwarfs of roughly equal mass circling each other.
英文ppt课件
Letters and emails
01
Property Etiquette
02
Use appropriate language and tone, depending on the recipient and purpose
Academic norms and writing skills
Introduce the norms and writing skills of academic papers, such as literature citation, paper structure, etc., to help students master the reading and writing methods of academic papers.
04
Use appropriate and descriptive words to enhance the essay's impact
Letters and emails
Salutation and Closing
Begin with a formal or information sale, depending on the recipient
05
04
Unit 4
Cultural Understanding and Interpersonal Communication
Course Requirements
Basic knowledge of the English language
Willingness to particle activity in class discussions and activities
Non fiction
05. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireChapter I:The Extend Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antoninies.Part I.Introduction -- The Extent And Military Force Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines.In the second century of the Christian Æra, the empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valor. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence: the Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government. During a happy period of more than fourscore years, the public administration was conducted by the virtue and abilities of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and the two Antonines. It is the design of this, and of the two succeeding chapters, to describe the prosperous condition of their empire; and after wards, from the death of Marcus Antoninus, to deduce the most important circumstances of its decline and fall; a revolution which will ever be remembered, and is still felt by the nations of the earth.The principal conquests of the Romans were achieved under the republic; and the emperors, for the most part, were satisfied with preserving those dominions which had been acquired by the policy of the senate, the active emulations of the consuls, and the martial enthusiasm of the people. The seven first centuries were filled with a rapid succession of triumphs; but it was reserved for Augustus to relinquish the ambitious design of subduing the whole earth, and to introduce a spirit of moderation into the public councils. Inclined to peace by his temper and situation, it was easy for him todiscover that Rome, in her present exalted situation, had much less to hope than to fear from the chance of arms; and that, in the prosecution of remote wars, the undertaking became every day more difficult, the event more doubtful, and the possession more precarious, and less beneficial. The experience of Augustus added weight to these salutary reflections, and effectually convinced him that, by the prudent vigor of his counsels, it would be easy to secure every concession which the safety or the dignity of Rome might require from the most formidable barbarians. Instead of exposing his person and his legions to the arrows of the Parthians, he obtained, by an honorable treaty, the restitution of the standards and prisoners which had been taken in the defeat of Crassus.His generals, in the early part of his reign, attempted the reduction of Ethiop ia and Arabia Felix. They marched near a thousand miles to the south of the tropic; but the heat of the climate soon repelled the invaders, and protected the un-warlike natives of those sequestered regions. The northern countries of Europe scarcely deserved the expense and labor of conquest. The forests and morasses of Germany were filled with a hardy race of barbarians, who despised life when it was separated from freedom; and though, on the first attack, they seemed to yield to the weight of the Roman power, they soon, by a signal act of despair, regained their independence, and reminded Augustus of the vicissitude of fortune. On the death of that emperor, his testament was publicly read in the senate. He bequeathed, as a valuable legacy to his successors, the advice of confining the empire within those limits which nature seemed to have placed as its permanent bulwarks and boundaries: on the west, the Atlantic Ocean; the Rhine and Danube on the north; the Euphrates on the east; and towards the south, the sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa.Happily for the repose of mankind, the moderate system recommended by the wisdom of Augustus, was adopted by the fears and vices of his immediate successors. Engaged in the pursuit of pleasure, or in the exercise of tyranny, the first Cæsars seldom showed themselves to the armies, or to the provinces; nor were they disposedto suffer, that those triumphs which their indolence neglected, should be usurped by the conduct and valor of their lieutenants. The military fame o f a subject was considered as an insolent invasion of the Imperial prerogative; and it became the duty, as well as interest, of every Roman general, to guard the frontiers intrusted to his care, without aspiring to conquests which might have proved no less fatal to himself than to the vanquished barbarians.The only accession which the Roman empire received, during the first century of the Christian Æra, was the province of Britain. In this single instance, the successors of Cæsar and Augustus were persuaded to follow the example of the former, rather than the precept of the latter. The proximity of its situation to the coast of Gaul seemed to invite their arms; the pleasing though doubtful intelligence of a pearl fishery, attracted their avarice; and as Britain was viewed in the light of a distinct and insulated world, the conquest scarcely formed any exception to the general system of continental measures. After a war of about forty years, undertaken by the most stupid, maintained by the most dissolute, and terminated by the most timid of all the emperors, the far greater part of the island submitted to the Roman yoke. The various tribes of Britain possessed valor without conduct, and the love of freedom without the spirit of union. They took up arms with savage fierceness; they laid them down, or turned them against each other, with wild inconsistency; and while they fought singly, they were successively subdued. Neither the fortitude of Caractacus, nor the despair of Boadicea, nor the fanaticism of the Druids, could avert the slavery of their country, or resist the steady progress of the Imperial generals, who maintained the national glory, when the throne was disgraced by the weakest, or the most vicious of mankind. At the very time when Domitian, confined to his palace, felt the terrors which he inspired, his legions, under the command of the virtuous Agricola, defeated the collected force of the Caledonians, at the foot of the Grampian Hills; and his fleets, venturing to explore an unknown and dangerous navigation, displayed the Roman arms round every part of the island. The conquest of Britain was considered as already achieved; and it was the design of Agricola to complete and insure his success, by the easy reduction ofIreland, for which, in his opinion, one legion and a few auxiliaries were sufficient. The western isle might be improved into a valuable possession, and the Britons would wear their chains with the less reluctance, if the prospect and example of freedom were on every side removed from before their eyes.But the superior merit of Agricola soon occasioned his removal from the government of Britain; and forever disappointed this rational, though extensive scheme of conquest. Before his departure, the prudent general had provided for security as well as for dominion. He had observed, that the island is almost divided into two unequal parts by the opposite gulfs, or, as they are now called, the Friths of Scotland. Across the narrow interval of about forty miles, he had drawn a line of military stations, which was afterwards fortified, in the reign of Antoninus Pius, by a turf rampart, erected on foundations of stone. This wall of Antoninus, at a small distance beyond the modern cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, was fixed as the limit of the Roman province. The native Caledonians preserved, in the northern extremity of the island, their wild independence, for which they were not less indebted to their poverty than to their valor. Their incursions were frequently repelled and chastised; but the ir country was never subdued. The masters of the fairest and most wealthy climates of the globe turned with contempt from gloomy hills, assailed by the winter tempest, from lakes concealed in a blue mist, and from cold and lonely heaths, over which the deer of the forest were chased by a troop of naked barbarians.Such was the state of the Roman frontiers, and such the maxims of Imperial policy, from the death of Augustus to the accession of Trajan. That virtuous and active prince had received the education of a soldier, and possessed the talents of a general. The peaceful system of his predecessors was interrupted by scenes of war and conquest; and the legions, after a long interval, beheld a military emperor at their head. The first exploits of Trajan were against the Dacians, the most warlike of men, who dwelt beyond the Danube, and who, during the reign of Domitian, had insulted, with impunity, the Majesty of Rome. To the strength and fierceness of barbarians theyadded a contempt for life, which was derived from a warm persuasion of the immortality and transmigration of the soul. Decebalus, the Dacian king, approved himself a rival not unworthy of Trajan; nor did he despair of his own and the public fortune, till, by the confession of his enemies, he had exhausted every resource both of valor and policy. This memorable war, with a very short suspension of hostilities, lasted five years; and as the emperor could exert, without control, the whole force of the state, it was terminated by an absolute submission of the barbarians. The new province of Dacia, which formed a second exception to the precept of Augustus, was about thirteen hundred miles in circumference. Its natural boundaries were the Niester, the Teyss or Tibiscus, the Lower Danube, and the Euxine Sea. The vestiges of a military road may still be traced from the banks of the Danube to the neighborhood of Bender, a place famous in modern history, and the actual frontier of the Turkish and Russian empires.Trajan was ambitious of fame; and as long as mankind shall continue to bestow more liberal applause on their destroyers than on their benefactors, the thirst of military glory will ever be the vice of the most exalted characters. The praises of Alexander, transmitted by a succession of poets and historians, had kindled a dangerous emulation in the mind of Trajan. Like him, the Roman emperor undertook an expedition against the nations of the East; but he lamented with a sigh, that his advanced age scarcely left him any hopes of equalling the renown of the son of Philip. Yet the success of Trajan, however transient, was rapid and specious. The degenerate Parthians, broken by intestine discord, fled before his arms. He descended the River Tigris in triumph, from the mountains of Armenia to the Persian Gulf. He enjoyed the honor of being the first, as he was the last, of the Roman generals, who ever navigated that remote sea. His fleets ravaged the coast of Arabia; and Trajan vainly flattered himself that he was approaching towards the confines of India. Every day the astonished senate received the intelligence of new names and new nations, that acknowledged his sway. They were informed that the kings of Bosphorus, Colchos, Iberia, Albania, Osrhoene, and even the Parthian monarch himself, had accepted theirdiadems from the hands of the emperor; that the independent tribes of the Median and Carduchian hills had implored his protection; and that the rich countries of Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria, were reduced into the state of provinces. But the death of Trajan soon clouded the splendid prospect; and it was justly to be dreaded, that so many distant nations would throw off the unaccustomed yoke, when they were no longer restrained by the powerful hand which had imposed it.。
CHAP05_Externalities Problems and Solutions 公共金融与公共政策课件
Each year, federal, state, and local governments spend $33.2 billion repairing our roadways. Damage to roadways comes from many sources, but a major culprit is the passenger vehicle, and the damage it does to the roads is proportional to vehicle weight.
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
3
Chapter 5 Externalities: Problems and Solutions
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
13
Chapter 5 Externalities: Problems and Solutions
5.1
Externality Theory
Positive Externalities
positive consumption externality When an individual’s consumption increases the well-being of others but the individual is not compensated by those others.
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
英语国家概况课后习题附答案
英语国家概况课后习题（附答案）Chapter 1Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.—T—2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain ,which originates in Wales and flows through western England.—F—3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.—F—4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.—F—5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild ,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls bello w-10℃in January.—T—6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.—T—7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. —F—8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are—A—A.Great Britain and IrelandB.Great Britain and ShcotlandC.Great Britain and EnglandD.Great Britain and England2. —B—is the capital city of Scotland.A.BelfastB.EdinburghC.LondonD.Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, —D—is the smallest.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the —C—group of the Indo-European family oflanguages.A.CelticB.NormanC.GermanticD.Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of -—D—words to English.A.Danish and FinnishB.Dutch and GermanC.French and Italiantin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the—A—influence.A.NormanB.DutchC.GermanD.Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standardform of—C—.8. At present,nearly —C—of the world’s populations communicate inEnglish.A.halfB.a quarterC.one thirdD.one fifthⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why do tourist from all over the world like go to Scotland?2.How many periods can the development of the English language be dividedintoand what are they?3.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.Who are the British people?2.What is Standard English?Chapter 2Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F). —T—1.Birtish history before 55 BC is basically undocumented.—T—2.The Anglo Saxon came to Britain in the 5th century.—F—3.The chief or king of the Anglo Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.—T—4.The Viking began to attack the English coast in the 8th century. —T—5.Henry Ⅱbuilt up a large empire which included England and most of france.—F—6.The Magana Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and townspeople.—F—7.The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.—T—8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth Ⅰactually defended the fruit the Reformation. Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The—D—attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC.CelticD.Germanic2. By the late 7th century, —D—became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo Saxons ChristianityC.Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The—C—marked the establishment of feudualism in England.A.Viking invasionsB. signing of the Magna CartaC.Norman ConquestD.adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of—C—A.the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause ofor the Reformation was King Henry Ⅷ’s effortto—A—.A.divorce his wifeB.break with RomeC.support the ProtestantD.declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in1642 between —B—A.the Protestant and the PuritansB.the Royalist and the ParliamentarianC.the nobles and the peasantsD.the aristocrats and the Christians7. —A—was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A.The Bill of RightsB.The Act of SupremacyC.The Provisions of OxfordD.The Magna Carta8. The Industrail Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle ofthe —C—century.A.17thB.18thC.19thD.20thⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What were Queen Victoria’s major achievements?2.What were the two camps in the World WarⅠ?3.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the Uinited States after World War Ⅱ?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the results of the Industrail revolution in Britain?2.Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire.Chapter 3Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F). —T—1.Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the England government.—F—2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.—F—3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the house of all government powers.—F—4.The British Parliament is the law making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.—F—5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.—T—6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the minority party in Parliament.—F—7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.—T—8.The legal systems in England ,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law,orgalizations and practice.Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The British government is characterized by a division of powers betweenthree of the following branchs EXCEPT the—C—.A.judiciaryB.legislatureC.monarchyD.executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on—D—.A.passing billsB.advising the gowernmentsC.political partiesD.public attitude3. As a revising chamber ,the House of Lords is expected to—B—the Houseof Commons.A.rivalplementC.criticizeD.inspect4. —A—is at the center of the British political system.A.The CabinetB.The House of LordsC.The House of CommonsD.The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to —B—.A.make decisionsB.give adviceC.pass billsD.supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking,the British Parliament operates on a —B—system.A.single partyB.two partyC.three partyD.multi party7. The politices of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatismand—D—.ernment interventionB.nationalization of enterprisesC.social reformD.a belief in individualiam8. In Britain,the parliamentary general election is held every—C—years.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three functions of the House of Commons?2.What kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?3.Why are independent candidates unlikely towin in the general elections? Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involves during the processof a general election?2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?Chapter 4Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —T—1.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.—T—2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.—F—3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent. —F—4.Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be agreat success in dealing with all the British economic and social problems.—T—5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservetive Party.—T—6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in oder to separate politics from economic policy.—F—7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.—T—8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The —A—in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A.oil crisisB.high inflation ratesrge importsD.unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, —C—did not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A.reducing child benefitsB.shortening the period of unemployment benefitsC.reducing unemploymentD.lowering old age pension3. The Blair government was successful in the following aspect EXPECT—D—.A.limiting government spendingB.keeping inflation under controlC.reducing unemploymentD.reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted about—C—of its land area to agriculture.A.50%B.60%C.70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following EXCEPT—D—.A.the North SeaB.the English ChannelC.the area around the Irish coastD.the sea area between Britain and Ireland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides—B—of the energy consumed inthe country.A.one thirdB.one fourthC.one fifthD.two thirds7. The car industry in Britain is mostly —A—.A.foreign ownedB.state ownedC.joint ownedD.privately owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, —C—has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of the World War Ⅱ.A.agricultureB.the energy industryC.the service sectorD.the manufacturing industryⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s.2.What are the charactoristics of Britain’sagriculture?3.What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid 1990s?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the major causes of Britain’s relative economic decline in thepostwar period?2.Why do developed nations like Britian encourage the development of the service industry?Chapter 5Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Britain government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.—F—cation inBritain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.—F—3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the states system and the independent system.—T—4.When children finish their schooling at 16,they are required to take a national GCSE examination.—T—5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools. —F—6.The Times is the world oldest Sunday newspapers.—F—7.The BBC World Service broadcast only in English throughout the world. —T—8. Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christian calendar,and some others are related to local customs and traditions.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. In Britain,the division between grammer schools and vocational schools was ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the —D—.A.1930sB.1940sC.1950sD.1960s2. Over—C—of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A.5%B.6%C.7%D.Partially funded 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants,most of the British universities receive the remaining funds from all the following sources EXCEPT—B—.A.tuition feesB.loansC.donationsD.corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs—B—.A.some educational qualificatonsB.no educational qualificationsC.the General Certificate of Education Advanced level.D. the General Certificate of Secondary Education5. Among Britain’s quality press,the following newspapers are regarded asthe “Big Three”EXCEPT—C—.A.The TimesB.The GuardianC.The ObserverD.The Daily Telegraph6. Life On Earth is a kind of —C—program produced by the BBC is popularworldwide.A.radioB.dramaC.documentaryD.soap opera7. —D—is Britain’s top pay television provider.A.BSBB.SkyTVC.BBCD.BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly BritishEXCEPT—A—.A.Trooping the ColorB.the Queen’s Christmas messageC.Boxing DayD.the Christmas pantomimeⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What used to be the major functions of grammer schools and vocational schools in Britain.2.What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?4.What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What are the general features of Britain’s independent schools?2.What are the “Quality Press”and the “tabloids”in Britain?Chapter 6Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Canterbury Tales is representative work of the old English period. —T—2.The Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.—T—3.As a great English peot,Alexander Pope also translated Homer’s Iliad. —F—4.Jhonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language,and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.—F—5.William Wordsworth amd Sumuel Taylor Colerdge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.—F—6.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems,such as “Ode to the West Winds”.—F—7.Jane Austen is a well known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.—T—8.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism,which prevailed before World War Ⅱ.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is—B—.A.poetryB.dramaC.novelD.pamphlet2. —C—is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B.Don JuanC.The preface to Lyrical BalladsD.Prometheus Unbound3.Of Dicken’s novels, —B—is considered most autobiographical.A.A Tale of Two CitiesB.Davied CopperfiedC.Oliver TwistD.Great Expectations4. —D—is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19thcentury.A.Robert Louis SetevensonB.John MiltonC.Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, —C—is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. —A—is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, —B— is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by—A—.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three catergries of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives?2.What is Critical Realism?3.What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of 19th century?4.What is the stream of consciousness?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What is Romanticism?2.What are the characteristics of English literauture in the 20th century?Chapter 7Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland. —F—2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe. —F—3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.—T—4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic, but belonged to the British Commonwealth of Nations.—F—5.Ireland’s economy wasn’t affected by World War Ⅱbecause it remained neutral during the war.—F—6.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern counties.—F—7.English is the only official language in Ireland because the majority of people speak it as their mother tongue.—T—8.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith, but of public identity.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. --B-- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about --C--resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. --C---was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. ---D--brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is--B---A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ---C---has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supportspeaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the --A--A. medieval periodB. 17th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18th century8. Ireland now has a --B-- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. Why was Cork given the nickname “the Rebel County”?2. Who were the first groups of people that came to Ireland?3. Why did Ireland remain neutral in World War Ⅱ？Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1. What is the significance of the following documents: the Act of Union, the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement?2. What are the goals of the main political parties in Ireland?Chapter 8Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachian Range hold one-third of the country’s continental territory.—T—2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.—T—3.A 50-centimeter rainfall line runs through the middle of the United States.—T—4.New York is composed of five boroughs, including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens.—F—5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world-famous Hollywood is located here.—T—6.During the 1830s and the 1840s, many Northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.—T—7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.—T—8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The U.S. lies in --B--North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its ----and the Pacific to its -----.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, west, east2. The continental United States has--C---states.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of --A--- is the largest in area of all the U.S. states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The longest river in the U.S. is ---B---A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Lake Itasca5. Some of the world-famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT arelocated in--C--.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to --D--A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD. California7. The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted further immigration into theUnited States, particularly from--A----.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristics of the dominant American culture are--D-A. English-speaking, Northern European, Roman Catholic andmiddle-classB. English-speaking, Western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, Northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-classⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. How is the American population distributed?2. Why was the Immigration Act of 1924 instituted?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1. Why is the United States regarded as a “melting pot” and a “salad bowl”?2. What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?Chapter 9Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —T—1.American was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.—F—2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Phiadelphia,and the Continental Army and Navy was established under the command of Thomas Jerfferson.—T—3.The Amemrican Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also make American a single,indivisible nation.—F—4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.—T—5.In1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took joint military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.—F—6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on Septemble11,2001. —T—7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil”.—F—8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nations’troops, supposed by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The first successful English conoly in North America was founded at—C—in——.A.Jamestown,LouisianaB.Boston, MassachusettsC.Jamestown,VirginiaD.Plymouth,Gergia2. The Seven Years’War occurred between—C—.A.the French and the American IndiansB.the French and the SpanishC.the French and the BritishD. the British and the American Indians3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of—D—.A.the settlers of VirginiaB.the people of PennsylvaniaC.the colonists in New EnglandD.the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, —B—was held in Phiadelphia and began to assume thefunctions of a provisional government.A.the First Continental CongressB.the Second Continental CongressC.the Boston Tea PartyD.the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued the —C—to grant freedom to all slaves.A.Declaration of IndependenceB.ConstitutionC.Emancipation ProclamationD.Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was —A—at the beginning of the twoWorld Wars.A.nuetralityB.full involvementC.partial involvementD.appeasement7. President —C— introduced the NⅡew Deal to deal with the problems ofthe Great Depression.A.WilsonB.TrumanC.RooseveltD.Kennedy8. The Vietanam War was a long time suffering for Americans,and itscontinued throughout the terms of president—D—.A.Johnson,Nixon and FordB.Truman,Eisenhower and KennedyC.Kennedy,Johnson and NixonD.Eisenhower,kennedy and Johnson Ⅲ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why did American change its policy and enter World War Ⅱ?2.What were Nixon’s well known contributions during his presidency?3.What were the measure s of Reagan’s economic program?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What was the course of the American Civil War?2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War Ⅱ?Chapter 10Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F).—F—1.The Bill of Right was written into the Constitution in 1787.—T—2.The form of the American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and rule of law.—F—3.The US Congress consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.—T—4.The judicial branch of the US federal government consists of a series of courts: the supreme court, the courts of appeals and the district courts. —F—5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.—T—6.The American presidential campaigns adhere to the “winner-takes-all”practice.—F—7.The American foreign policy throughout World War 2 was neutrality. —T—8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The US.Constitution came into effect in –B--A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D.17932. The Constitution of the United States --C--A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power tothe presidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Right –B--A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the US specific individual rights and freedomC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has norelationship with the Constitution.4.The terms for a Senator and Representative are __D_ and ___ yearsreapectively.A. 2;4B.2;3C. 2;6D.6;25. All the following can make legislative proposals EXCEPT –C--A. the senatorB. the RepresentativeC. the secretary of stateD. the president6.The following are all powers of the President EXCEPT CA. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD.issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of __D_ justicesA. 6B. 7C. 8D.98. The president is directly voted into office by _C__A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and therepresentativesⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.what are the two characteristics of the us constitution?2.what are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?3.what are the major powers of the Supreme Court?4.what are the differences between the Democrats and the Republicans in terms of political ideology.Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American election?2.what was President Eisenhower’s foreign policy and what were the consequences?Chapter 11Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F). —T—1.America is the world’s largest industrial nation.—T—2.In the US Constitution ,the recognition of the importance of ‘intellectual property’ could be identified.—F—3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantations in the South made more profits from selling their agricultural products.—F—4. President Roosevelt’s New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s—F—5. The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American business. —T—6. American agriculture exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.—T—7. Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.—F—8. The growth and decline of the American foreign trade has little to do with the world economy.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields EXCEPT __C_A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from___ to____, and then to __C__A. a colonial economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyB. a farming economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyC. a colonial economy, a farming economy, an industrial economyD. a handcraft economy, a farming economy, an industrial economy。
王子与贫儿1到7章,英语读后感
王子与贫儿1到7章,英语读后感Here is an English essay with the title "The Prince and the Pauper Chapters 1 to 7, a Review":In the classic novel "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twain, the story follows the lives of two young boys who were born on the same day but lived vastly different lives. One was the heir to the throne of England, while the other was a poor commoner struggling to survive on the streets of London. The first seven chapters of this captivating tale introduce the main characters and set the stage for the remarkable journey that lies ahead.Chapter 1 opens by establishing the stark contrast between the two protagonists. On one hand, we have Prince Edward, the son of King Henry VIII, living a life of luxury and privilege within the walls of the royal palace. His every need is catered to, and he is sheltered from the harsh realities of the outside world. In stark contrast, we are introduced to Tom Canty, a young boy living in the slums of London, enduring a life of poverty and hardship.As the chapter progresses, we witness the chance encounter between the two boys, who are initially struck by their uncannyresemblance to one another. This chance meeting sets the stage for the central plot of the story, as the boys decide to switch places, each eager to experience the other's way of life.Chapter 2 delves deeper into the lives of the two boys, providing more insight into their respective backgrounds and mindsets. We learn that Tom, despite his impoverished circumstances, is a kind-hearted and intelligent child, while Prince Edward, though privileged, is also compassionate and curious about the world beyond the palace walls.The subsequent chapters, from 3 to 7, further explore the consequences of the boys' swap. As Prince Edward ventures out into the streets, he is confronted with the harsh realities of life for the common people, witnessing firsthand the inequalities and injustices that permeate society. Meanwhile, Tom, now thrust into the role of the prince, struggles to adapt to the formalities and expectations of court life, often finding himself bewildered and overwhelmed by the unfamiliar surroundings.One of the most poignant aspects of these early chapters is the way in which Twain juxtaposes the experiences of the two boys, highlighting the vast divide between the lives of the privileged and the underprivileged. The reader is compelled to consider the inherent unfairness of a system that allows one child to live in luxurywhile another suffers in poverty, simply by virtue of their birth.Furthermore, the author skillfully weaves in themes of class, identity, and the power of perspective. As the boys inhabit each other's roles, they begin to develop a deeper understanding and empathy for the challenges faced by those from different social strata. This transformation is particularly evident in Prince Edward, who, despite his initial sheltered existence, demonstrates a growing compassion and desire to improve the lives of his subjects.Overall, the first seven chapters of "The Prince and the Pauper" serve as an engaging introduction to this timeless tale of mistaken identity and social commentary. Twain's masterful storytelling, coupled with his keen observations of human nature, captivates the reader and sets the stage for the unfolding drama that is to come. As the story progresses, we are left eagerly anticipating the further adventures and revelations that await the two boys as they continue their extraordinary journey.。
外国文学-05 The Enlightenment
the Licensing Act of 1737
III Enlightenment Literature in France
Background
French gradual weakening of the absolute monarchy
analysis to society contributions:
the ideas of liberty, toleration, humanitarianism, equality, and progress
Representative philosophes
Montesquieu Voltaire Diderot Rousseau
2) the emphasis on “Freedom” nature = freedom
3. Protagonists: anti-hero Aristocracy
VS anti-hero (the bourgeoisie or the civilian)
e.g. 1) Julie, or the New Heloise 2) The Sorrows of Young Werther
2) Robinson Crusoe
A. Plot Summary B. Reading: 《鲁滨逊漂流记》三次出海及荒岛余生 《初刻拍案惊奇》“转运汉”倒霉的经历
思考： 两人出海的目的是什么？ 两人各自的背景是什么？
Robinson Crusoe —— the first real
Bourgeois in the history
4. the break of Classicism’s artistic forms
高考语法 Chapter 05 时间状语从句
状从
when: 当（表示突然）
P63 判断when引导什么从句
I don't know when he will arrive.
状从
when: 什么时候
P63 判断when引导什么从句
I thought of the happy days when I was in Beijing.
定从
when: 关系副词
A. while B√. when
C. since
D. after
湖南高考真题
I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel when I heard the steps.
when在此处表示“突然，正在这个时候”
随着时间的流逝，他开始后悔他年轻时的选择。
when在此处表示“considering that考虑到；既然” 相当于示“considering that”
2016 高考 长宁一模
Death is a serious theme worthy of great poets.
For example, John Keats’s “When I Have Fears That I May Cease to Be”
高考语法
Chapter 5 Adverbial Clause
综述
Adverbial Clause
P63 2.2
时间状语从句 地点状语从句 条件状语从句 原因状语从句 让步状语从句 比较状语从句 目的状语从句 方式状语从句 结果状语从句
时间状从的连词
当…时候
when
P63 2.3
环境与自然资源经济学教师手册 M05_TIET1380_08_IM_C05
Chapter 5Dynamic Efficiency and SustainableDevelopmentChapter 5 deals with the treatment of future generations. The concern of fairness in the allocation ofa resource over time is addressed. The compatibility of equity and efficiency is touched on. The analyticsof allocating a resource over time are presented and followed by a discussion of “fair” allocations. One characterization of the obligations that current generations owe to future generations (or the concept of sustainability) is also addressed. Sustainable development is based on the notion that current generations should be free to pursue their own well-being as long as they do not harm future generations in the process. Teaching Objectives1. Distinguish between renewable and depletable resources.2. Define the temporal allocation of a depletable resource over time.3. Using a two-period model, illustrate the maximization of net benefits over time. Show how this isdone mathematically and graphically.4. Show how scarcity requires the balancing of present and future uses. Show how the solution requiresmarginal net benefits in Period 1 to equal the present value of marginal net benefits in Period 2.5. Define marginal user cost.6. Illustrate the effect of changes in the discount rate on the optimal allocations.7. Define intertemporal fairness and the sustainability criterion.8. Discuss the relationship between dynamic efficiency and sustainability.9. Define the “Hartwick Rule.”10. Present alternative definitions of sustainability: weak sustainability, strong sustainability, andenvironmental sustainability.Chapter 5 Dynamic Efficiency and Sustainable Development 25OutlineI. A Two-Period ModelThis section presents a simple two-period model of dynamic efficiency. The goal is to illustratehow to allocate a depletable resource over two time periods for which total demand is greater than the amount available. The presentation is graphical, but the mathematics could also be presented.The optimal solutions (from calculations) are presented in the text and derived in the appendix.More advanced students will likely want to and should see how to solve the problem mathematically.The effect of the discount rate on optimal allocations over time is illustrated nicely in this example.A. If supply is sufficient to meet demand, then a static efficient solution will provide the optimalallocations over time, regardless of the discount rate.B. If supply is not sufficient, we must determine the optimal allocation using the dynamic efficiencycriterion: maximize the present value of net benefits.C. The present value for a two-period model is the sum of the present values in each of the twoyears.D. The present value in each period is the portion of the area under the demand curve and above thesupply curve or the area under the marginal net benefit curve (which is the demand curve minusthe marginal cost). The vertical intercept is the marginal net benefit at zero divided by (1 r).E. The dynamically efficient allocation will satisfy the condition that the present value of themarginal benefit from the last unit in Period 1 equals the present value of the marginal netbenefit in Period 2.F. A two period model can be illustrated graphically by flipping the graph of Period 2 such that thezero axis for the Period 2 net benefits is on the right side, rather than the left. The size of the box then represents the resource constraint. Any point on the horizontal axis sums to the amount ofthe resource constraint.G. The optimal allocation will be the intersection of the Period 1 marginal net benefits curve withthe curve representing the present value of marginal net benefits in Period 2.1. Remind students that you are now drawing marginal net benefits and not the demand curveand show them how to derive the curve.2. Show students how to calculate the vertical intercept for Period 2 and why it is differentfrom Period 1.3. Show students how the marginal net benefit in Period 2 will rotate around the horizontalaxis as the discount rate changes.H. Prices are calculated by inserting the efficient quantities into the willingness to pay function andsolving for price.I. The opportunity cost caused by intertemporal scarcity is called the marginal user cost. Sincecurrent use diminishes future use, the marginal user cost is the present value of the foregonefuture uses. In the absence of scarcity, the marginal user cost is zero.J. The present value of the marginal user cost can be calculated mathematically and illustrated graphically as the vertical distance between the horizontal axis and the intersection of the twopresent value curves. It is equal to the present value of the marginal net benefit in each of theperiods.K. The marginal user cost for each period in an efficient market is the difference between the price and the marginal extraction cost.26 Tietenberg/Lewis •Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Eighth EditionL. Marginal user cost rises over time at the rate of discount, causing efficient prices to rise over time thus reflecting scarcity.M. A higher discount rate will favor the present and harm future generations. The amount allocated to the second period falls as the discount rate rises.II. Defining Intertemporal FairnessA. The concept of intergenerational equity provides ample room to illustrate the nature of normativedecision making. How much should we leave for future generations? What is the appropriaterate of discount? How do we make decisions for a group of people that are not around tonegotiate for themselves?B. This section introduces the sustainability criterion which holds that future generations shouldbe left no worse off than current generations and should perhaps be left better off. Whether ornot efficient allocations satisfy this criterion will be explored in the next sections. Rawl’s Model introduces the concept of the veil of ignorance which helps to explain how fairness can beconsidered in decisions that affect future generations.III. Are Efficient Allocations Fair?A dynamic efficient allocation will not automatically satisfy the sustainability criterion, but can beconsistent with sustainability.A. With a discount rate greater than zero, an economically efficient allocation will allocate more ofa resource to the first period than the second. Net benefits will be greater in the first period thanthe second.B. The sustainability criterion can still be met if the first period sets aside sufficient net benefits forthe second period.C. These concepts can be illustrated mathematically using the two-period example.IV. Applying the Sustainability CriterionThe sustainability criterion is difficult to implement as it requires knowing something about thepreferences of the future generation. A more operational criterion is called “Hartwick’s Rule.” The usefulness of Hartwick’s Rule depends on how substitutable physical capital and natural capital are.A. Hartwick’s Rule suggests that if all scarcity rent is invested in capital, then a constant level ofconsumption could be maintained in perpetuity.B. If all scarcity rent is invested in capital, the value of the total capital stock will not decline.C. If the principal or the value of total capital is declining, the allocation is not sustainable.D. Total capital is defined as physical capital plus natural capital. These are assumed to besubstitutable under Hartwick’s Rule.E. Physical capital consists of buildings, equipment, and infrastructure.F. Natural capital refers to environmental and natural resources.G. Complete substitutability between physical and natural capital is an extremely strongassumption.H. The maintenance of total capital is termed “weak sustainability.” Weak sustainability suggeststhat resource use by previous generations should not exceed a level that prevents futuregenerations from achieving at least the same level of well-being.Chapter 5 Dynamic Efficiency and Sustainable Development 27I. An alternative definition of a sustainable allocation is called “strong sustainability.”J. Strong sustainability implies that the value of the stock of natural capital is maintained.K. Strong sustainability assumes that there is little or no substitution between physical and natural capital and emphasizes preserving natural capital as opposed to total capital. Again, the focus ison preserving value and on preserving an aggregate of natural capital.L. Another alternative, environmental sustainability, requires that certain physical flows of certain individual resources (such as a fishery or a mineral) be maintained. Thus maintaining the value of an aggregate like natural capital or physical capital is not sufficient.V. Implications for environmental policyA. Not all efficient allocations are sustainable.B. Not all sustainable allocations are efficient.C. Market allocations may be either efficient or inefficient and either sustainable or unsustainable.D. Given a number of sustainable allocation possibilities, choose the one that maximizes eitherstatic or dynamic efficiency (net benefits or the present value of net benefits), e.g., maximizewealth, subject to a sustainability criterion.E. Policy changes that correct inefficiencies can produce win-win situations because by correctingan inefficiency, net benefits are increased.All of these items will be explored further in later chapters but are a nice introduction for yourstudents.Common Student DifficultiesTwo-period problem graphs and the corresponding mathematics will confuse many students. Particularly the use of two y-axes, implying increasing quantities from right to left for Period 2, will be confusing. Taking time to explain this thoroughly will help. I usually draw two graphs and then literally flip one over (or tell them that I am flipping it over to the other side). The horizontal axis then becomes the constraint. Reminding them that the curve measures net marginal benefits will be important also.I have found that the concept of marginal user cost is not an intuitive concept to most students. This concept is going to come up again in Chapters 7 and 8, so a good coverage of intuition behind this concept is crucial. Giving them practical examples of intertemporal opportunity costs will help.The topics of intergenerational equity and sustainability will likely spark strong reactions and lively discussion. Students may have trouble with the concepts of discounting the future and deciding how resources should be allocated across time. Remind them that we make these sorts of decisions every day and they do also. Student loans allow them to borrow from their future income. Does this make them worse off in the future? If they do not invest in their own human capital, then yes. However, they likely assume they will be better off by borrowing now. Examples using nonrenewable resources such as oil and gas will also be useful to illustrate these concepts.Examples of national income accounting provide interesting presentations of the calculations countries make in measuring income. Physical and natural capital may be assumed to be perfectly substitutable, yet there are many examples of countries with positive growth measured by GDP, but the growth comes from selling off a resource base which implies lower future incomes. Income measurement and sustainability may not be compatible.28 Tietenberg/Lewis •Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Eighth EditionSuggested Classroom ExercisesA simple exercise I have found to be useful is to let students try the two-period example using a different demand curve and/or different constraint. For example, a simple change would be to have the demand curve be P= 9 - 0.3q and the constraint could be 30. You can also vary the discount rate. This could be done as an in-class exercise as suggested in the previous chapter or could be assigned at the end of class for brief discussion at the beginning of the next class.I have found that students tend to ask why demand would be the same in both periods. While obviously this is a simplifying assumption used to illustrate a concept, this question provides a great opportunity to suggest a slight ly different exercise. You can say, “Ok. What if, due to population growth for example, demand is higher in the second period?” With two different demand curves, the mathematical and graphical analysis is identical, but with different results.Additionally, you can also ask them to do this same exercise with a marginal extraction cost that is higher in the second period than in the first. This could be combined with the two different demand curves, e.g., both demand and MEC are different. I have found this to be a very useful exercise, especially for the more advanced students.As a most challenging problem, you can set it up so that the resource constraint is so tight that the present value of net marginal benefit functions do not intersect the horizontal axis inside of the box, but instead intersect outside of the box. This can be done by reducing the resource constraint or by increasing demand.For example, suppose the inverse demand function for the resource is the same in both periodsand takes the form P= 10 - 0.2Q. Assume marginal cost is constant at $2/unit, there are only20 units of the resource available and the discount rate is 8%.This example should provide an interesting and difficult challenge for most students.。
四大名著六级翻译
《西游记》01《西游记》是吴承恩写的一部神话小说(mythological novel)，讲述的是唐僧在三个徒弟孙悟空、猪八戒和沙僧的保护下去西天取经(to find the Buddhist scripture )的故事。
一路上，唐僧经常被妖怪(demon )捉走，性命垂危，因为它们相信吃了他的肉就可以长生不老，因而他的三个徒弟总要一次又一次地解救他。
在历经了九九81难之后，他们终于取得了真经，修炼成佛。
1986年，这部小说被改编为电视剧，受到了广大观众的喜爱。
参考译文：Journey to the Westis a mythological novel written by Wu Cheng'en which tells a story about Tangseng—the Master, who went to the West to find the Buddhist scripture under the protection of his three disciples- Monkey King, Pigsy and Sandy.During the journey, Tangseng is often captured and has his life threatened, because the demons who capture him believe that if they eat Tangseng they can attain immortality. As a result, his three disciples always have to save him time and again.After experiencing 81 difficulties, the four obtain the true scripture and become Buddha. In 1986，the novel was adapted into a TV series, which was very popular among the massive audience.难点点拨：1.徒弟孙悟空、猪八戒和沙僧:有固定的译法，分别为Monkey King，Pigsy和Sandy。
英文名著 飘《乱世佳人》：第一部 第五章 中文对照
飘《乱世佳人》：第一部 第五章CHAPTER V IT WAS TEN O’CLOCK in the morning. The day was warm for April an d the golden sunlight streamed, brilliantly into Scarlett’s room through th e blue curtains of the wide windows. The cream-colored walls glowed wit h light and the depths of the mahogany furniture gleamed deep red like wi ne, while the floor glistened as if it were glass, except where the rag rugs covered it and they were spots of gay color. Already summer was in the air, the first hint of Georgia summer when the high tide of spring gives way reluctantly before a fiercer heat. A balmy, s oft warmth poured into the room, heavy with velvety smells, redolent of many blossoms, of newly fledged trees and of the moist, freshly turned re d earth. Through the window Scarlett could see the bright riot of the twin lanes of daffodils bordering the graveled driveway and the golden masses of yellow jessamine spreading flowery sprangles modestly to the earth li ke crinolines. The mockingbirds and the jays, engaged in their old feud fo r possession of the magnolia tree beneath her window, were bickering, the jays strident, acrimonious, the mockers sweet voiced and plaintive.Such a glowing morning usually called Scarlett to the window, to lean ar ms on the broad sill and drink in the scents and sounds of Tara. But, today she had no eye for sun or azure sky beyond a hasty thought, “Thank God, it isn’t raining.” On the bed lay the apple-green, watered-silk ball dress w ith its festoons of ecru lace, neatly packed in a large cardboard box. It was ready to be carried to Twelve Oaks to be donned before the dancing bega n, but Scarlett shrugged at the sight of it. If her plans were successful, she would not wear that dress tonight. Long before the ball began, she and A shley would be on their way to Jonesboro to be married. The troublesome question was—what dress should she wear to the barbecue? What dress would best set off her charms and make her most irresistible t o Ashley? Since eight o’clock she had been trying on and rejecting dresse s, and now she stood dejected and irritable in lace pantalets, linen corset c over and three billowing lace and linen petticoats. Discarded garments lay about her on the floor, the bed, the chairs, in bright heaps of color and str aying ribbons. The rose organdie with long pink sash was becoming, but she had worn it last summer when Melanie visited Twelve Oaks and she’d be sure to rem ember it. And might be catty enough to mention it. The black bombazine, with its puffed sleeves and princess lace collar, set off her white skin supe rbly, but it did make her look a trifle elderly. Scarlett peered anxiously in t he mirror at her sixteen-year-old face as if expecting to see wrinkles and sagging chin muscles. It would never do to appear sedate and elderly befor e Melanie’s sweet youthfulness. The lavender barred muslin was beautiful with those wide insets of lace and net about the hem, but it had never suit ed her type. It would suit Carreen’s delicate profile and wishy-washy expr ession perfectly, but Scarlett felt that it made her look like a schoolgirl. It would never do to appear schoolgirlish beside Melanie’s poised self. The green plaid taffeta, frothing with flounces and each flounce edged in gree n velvet ribbon, was most becoming, in fact her favorite dress, for it darke ned her eyes to emerald. But there was unmistakably a grease spot on the front of the basque. Of course, her brooch could be pinned over the spot, but perhaps Melanie had sharp eyes. There remained varicolored cotton d resses which Scarlett felt were not festive enough for the occasion, ball dr esses and the green sprigged muslin she had worn yesterday. But it was a n afternoon dress. It was not suitable for a barbecue, for it had only tiny p uffed sleeves and the neck was low enough for a dancing dress. But there was nothing else to do but wear it. After all she was not ashamed of her n eck and arms and bosom, even if it was not correct to show them in the m orning. As she stood before the mirror and twisted herself about to get a side view , she thought that there was absolutely nothing about her figure to cause h er shame. Her neck was short but rounded and her arms plump and entici ng. Her breasts, pushed high by her stays, were very nice breasts. She hadnever had to sew tiny rows of silk ruffles in the lining of her basques, as most sixteen-year-old girls did, to give their figures the desired curves an d fullness. She was glad she had inherited Ellen’s slender white hands and tiny feet, and she wished she had Ellen’s height, too, but her own height pleased her very well. What a pity legs could not be shown, she thought, pulling up her petticoats and regretfully viewing them, plump and neat un der pantalets. She had such nice legs. Even the girls at the Fayetteville Ac ademy had admitted as much. And as for her waist—there was no one in Fayetteville, Jonesboro or in three counties, for that matter, who had so s mall a waist. The thought of her waist brought her back to practical matters. The green muslin measured seventeen inches about the waist, and Mammy had lace d her for the eighteen-inch bombazine. Mammy would have to lace her ti ghter. She pushed open the door, listened and heard Mammy’s heavy trea d in the downstairs hall. She shouted for her impatiently, knowing she cou ld raise her voice with impunity, as Ellen was in the smokehouse, measuri ng out the day’s food to Cookie. “Some folks thinks as how Ah kin fly,” grumbled Mammy, shuffling up t he stairs. She entered puffing, with the expression of one who expects bat tle and welcomes it. In her large black hands was a tray upon which food smoked, two large yams covered with butter, a pile of buckwheat cakes dr ipping syrup, and a large slice of ham swimming in gravy. Catching sightof Mammy’s burden, Scarlett’s expression changed from one of minor irri tation to obstinate belligerency. In the excitement of trying on dresses she had forgotten Mammy’s ironclad rule that, before going to any party, the O’Hara girls must be crammed so full of food at home they would be una ble to eat any refreshments at the party. “It’s no use. I won’t eat it. You can just take it back to the kitchen.” Mammy set the tray on the table and squared herself, hands on hips. “Yas’m, you is! Ah ain’ figgerin’ on havin’ happen whut happen at dat las’ barbecue w’en Ah wuz too sick frum dem chittlins Ah et ter fetch you no tray befo’ you went. You is gwine eat eve’y bite of dis.” “I am not! Now, come here and lace me tighter because we are late alread y. I heard the carriage come round to the front of the house.” Mammy’s tone became wheedling. “Now, Miss Scarlett, you be good an’ come eat jes’a lil. Miss Carreen an’ Miss Suellen done eat all dey’n.” “They would,” said Scarlett contemptuously. “They haven’t any more spir it than a rabbit. But I won’t! I’m through with trays. I’m not forgetting the time I ate a whole tray and went to the Calverts’ and they had ice cream o ut of ice they’d brought all the way from Savannah, and I couldn’t eat but a spoonful. I’m going to have a good time today and eat as much as I ple ase.” At this defiant heresy, Mammy’s brow lowered with indignation. What ayoung miss could do and what she could not do were as different as black and white in Mammy’s mind; there was no middle ground of deportment between. Suellen and Carreen were clay in her powerful hands and harke ned respectfully to her warning. But it had always been a struggle to teach Scarlett that most of her natural impulses were unladylike. Mammy’s vict ories over Scarlett were hard-won and represented guile unknown to the white mind. “Ef you doan care ‘bout how folks talks ‘bout dis fambly, Ah does,” she r umbled. “Ah ain’ gwine stand by an’ have eve’ybody at de pahty sayin’ h ow you ain’ fotched up right. Ah has tole you an’ tole you dat you kin allu s tell a lady by dat she eat lak a bird. An’ Ah ain’ aimin’ ter have you go te r Mist’ Wilkes’ an’ eat lak a fe’el han’ an’ gobble lak a hawg.” “Mother is a lady and she eats,” countered Scarlett. “W’en you is mahied, you kin eat, too,” retorted Mammy. “Wen Miss Ell en yo’ age, she never et nuthin’ w’en she went out, an’ needer yo’ Aunt Pa uline nor yo’ Aunt Eulalie. An’ dey all done mahied. Young misses whut e ats heavy mos’ generly doan never ketch husbands.” “I don’t believe it. At that barbecue when you were sick and I didn’t eat b eforehand, Ashley Wilkes told me he liked to see a girl with a healthy app etite.” Mammy shook her head ominously. “Whut gempmums says an’ whut dey thinks is two diffunt things. An’ Ahain’ noticed Mist’ Ashley axing fer ter mahy you.” Scarlett scowled, started to speak sharply and then caught herself. Mamm y had her there and there was no argument. Seeing the obdurate look on S carlett’s face, Mammy picked up the tray and, with the bland guile of her race, changed her tactics. As she started for the door, she sighed. “Well’m, awright. Ah wuz tellin’ Cookie w’ile she wuz a-fixin’ dis tray, ‘ You kin sho tell a lady by whut she doan eat,’ an’ Ah say ter Cookie, ‘Ah ain’ seed no w’ite lady who et less’n Miss Melly Hamilton did las’ time s he wuz visitin’ Mist’ Ashley’—Ah means, visitin’ Miss India.” Scarlett shot a look of sharp suspicion at her, but Mammy’s broad face ca rried only a look of innocence and of regret that Scarlett was not the lady Melanie Hamilton was. “Put down that tray and come lace me tighter,” said Scarlett irritably. “An d I’ll try to eat a little afterwards. If I ate now I couldn’t lace tight enough .” Cloaking her triumph, Mammy set down the tray. “Whut mah lamb gwine wear?” “That,” answered Scarlett, pointing at the fluffy mass of green flowered muslin. Instantly Mammy was in arms. “No, you ain’. It ain’ fittin’ fer mawnin’. You kain show yo’ buzzum befo’ three o’clock an’ dat dress ain’ got no neck an’ no sleeves. An’ you’ll git freckled sho as you born, an’ Ah ain’ figgerin’ on you gittin’ freckled afferall de buttermilk Ah been puttin’ on you all dis winter, bleachin’ dem frec kles you got at Savannah settin’ on de beach. Ah sho gwine speak ter yo’ Ma ‘bout you.” “If you say one word to her before I’m dressed I won’t eat a bite,’ said Sc arlett coolly. “Mother won’t have time to send me back to change once I’ m dressed.” Mammy sighed resignedly, beholding herself outguessed. Between the tw o evils, it was better to have Scarlett wear an afternoon dress at a morning barbecue than to have her gobble like a hog. “Hole onter sumpin’ an’ suck in yo’ breaf,” she commanded. Scarlett obeyed, bracing herself and catching firm hold of one of the bedp osts. Mammy pulled and jerked vigorously and, as the tiny circumference of whalebone-girdled waist grew smaller, a proud, fond look came into h er eyes. “Ain’ nobody got a wais’ lak mah lamb,” she said approvingly. “Eve’y ti me Ah pulls Miss Suellen littler dan twenty inches, she up an’ faint.” “Pooh!” gasped Scarlett, speaking with difficulty. “I never fainted in my l ife.” “Well, ‘twouldn’ do no hahm ef you wuz ter faint now an’ den,” advised Mammy. “You is so brash sometimes, Miss Scarlett. Ah been aimin’ ter te ll you, it jes’ doan look good de way you ‘doan faint ‘bout snakes an’ mo uses an’ sech. Ah doan mean round home but w’en you is out in comp’ny.An’ Ah has tole you an’—” “Oh, hurry! Don’t talk so much. I’ll catch a husband. See if I don’t, even i f I don’t scream and faint. Goodness, but my stays are tight! Put on the dr ess.” Mammy carefully dropped the twelve yards of green sprigged muslin ove r the mountainous petticoats and hooked up the back of the tight, low-cut basque. “You keep yo’ shawl on yo’ shoulders w’en you is in de sun, an’ doan you go takin’ off yo’ hat w’en you is wahm,” she commanded. “Elsewise you be comin’ home lookin’ brown lak Ole Miz Slattery. Now, you come eat, honey, but doan eat too fas’. No use havin’ it come right back up agin.” Scarlett obediently sat down before the tray, wondering if she would be a ble to get any food into her stomach and still have room to breathe. Mam my plucked a large towel from the washstand and carefully tied it around Scarlett’s neck, spreading the white folds over her lap. Scarlett began on t he ham, because she liked ham, and forced it down. “I wish to Heaven I was married,” she said resentfully as she attacked the yams with loathing. ‘Tin tired of everlastingly being unnatural and never doing anything I want to do. I’m tired of acting like I don’t eat more than a bird, and walking when I want to run and saying I feel faint after a walt z, when I could dance for two days and never get tired. I’m tired of sayin g, ‘How wonderful you are!’ to fool men who haven’t got one-half the sense I’ve got, and I’m tired of pretending I don’t know anything, so men c an tell me things and feel important while they’re doing it ... I can’t eat an other bite.” “Try a hot cake,” said Mammy inexorably. “Why is it a girl has to be so silly to catch a husband?” “Ah specs it’s kase gempmums doan know whut dey wants. Dey jes’ kno ws whut dey thinks dey wants. An’ givin’ dem whut dey thinks dey wants saves a pile of mizry an’ bein’ a ole maid. An’ dey thinks dey wants mous y lil gals wid bird’s tastes an’ no sense at all. It doan make a gempmum fe el lak mahyin’ a lady ef he suspicions she got mo’ sense dan he has.” “Don’t you suppose men get surprised after they’re married to find that th eir wives do have sense?” “Well, it’s too late den. Dey’s already mahied. ‘Sides, gempmums specs d ey wives ter have sense.” “Some day I’m going to do and say everything I want to do and say, and i f people don’t like it I don’t care.” “No, you ain’,” said Mammy grimly. “Not while Ah got breaf. You eat de m cakes. Sop dem in de gravy, honey.” “I don’t think Yankee girls have to act like such fools. When we were at S aratoga last year, I noticed plenty of them acting like they had right good sense and in front of men, too.” Mammy snorted.“Yankee gals! Yas’m, Ah guess dey speaks dey minds awright, but Ah ain ’ noticed many of dem gittin’ proposed ter at Saratoga.”“But Yankees must get married,” argued Scarlett. “They don’t just grow. They must get married and have children. There’s too many of them.” “Men mahys dem fer dey money,” said Mammy firmly.Scarlett sopped the wheat cake in the gravy and put it in her mouth. Perha ps there was something to what Mammy said. There must be something i n it, for Ellen said the same things, in different and more delicate words. I n fact, the mothers of all her girl friends impressed on their daughters the necessity of being helpless, clinging, doe-eyed creatures. Really, it took a lot of sense to cultivate and hold such a pose. Perhaps she had been too br ash. Occasionally she- had argued with Ashley and frankly aired her opini ons. Perhaps this and her healthy enjoyment of walking and riding had tur ned him from her to the frail Melanie. Perhaps if she changed her tactics — But she felt that if Ashley succumbed to premeditated feminine tricks, she could never respect him as she now did. Any man who was fool enou gh to fall for a simper, a faint and an “Oh, how wonderful you are!” wasn ’t worth having. But they all seemed to like it.If she had used the wrong tactics with Ashley in the past—well, that was t he past and done with. Today she would use different ones, the right ones. She wanted him and she had only a few hours in which to get him. If fain ting, or pretending to faint, would do the trick, then she would faint. If simpering, coquetry or empty-headedness would attract him, she would gla dly play the flirt and be more empty-headed than even Cathleen Calvert. And if bolder measures were necessary, she would take them. Today was the day!There was no one to tell Scarlett that her own personality, frighteningly vi tal though it was, was more attractive than any masquerade she might ado pt. Had she been, told, she would have been pleased but unbelieving. And the civilization of which she was a part would have been unbelieving too, for at no time, before or since, had so low a premium been placed on fem inine naturalness.As the carriage bore her down the red road toward the Wilkes plantation, Scarlett had a feeling of guilty pleasure that neither her mother nor Mam my was with the party. There would be no one at the barbecue who, by de licately lifted brows or out-thrust underlip, could interfere with her plan o f action. Of course, Suellen would be certain to tell tales tomorrow, but if an went as Scarlett hoped, the excitement of the family over her engagem ent to Ashley or her elopement would more than overbalance their displea sure. Yes, she was very glad Ellen had been forced to stay at home. Gerald, primed with brandy, had given Jonas Wilkerson his dismissal that morning and Ellen had remained at Tara to go over the accounts of the pl antation before he took his departure. Scarlett had kissed her mother good -by in the little office where she sat before the tall secretary with its paper-stuffed pigeonholes. Jonas Wilkerson, hat in hand, stood beside her, his s allow tight-skinned face hardly concealing the fury of hate that possessed him at being so unceremoniously turned out of the best overseer’s job in t he County. And all because of a bit of minor philandering. He had told Ge rald over and over that Emmie Slattery’s baby might have been fathered b y any one of a dozen men as easily as himself—an idea in which Gerald c oncurred—but that had not altered his case so far as Ellen was concerned. Jonas hated all Southerners. He hated their cool courtesy to him and their contempt for his social status, so inadequately covered by their courtesy. He hated Ellen O’Hara above anyone else, for she was the epitome of all t hat he hated in Southerners.Mammy, as head woman of the plantation, had remained to help Ellen, an d it was Dilcey who rode on the driver’s seat beside Toby, the girls’ danci ng dresses in a long box across her lap. Gerald rode beside the carriage on his big hunter, warm with brandy and pleased with himself for having go tten through with the unpleasant business of Wilkerson so speedily. He ha d shoved the responsibility onto Ellen, and her disappointment at missing the barbecue and the gathering of her friends did not enter his mind; for it was a fine spring day and his fields were beautiful and the birds were sin ging and he felt too young and frolicsome to think of anyone else. Occasi onally he burst out with “Peg in a Low-backed Car” and other Irish ditties or the more lugubrious lament for Robert Emmet, “She is far from the land where her young hero sleeps.”He was happy, pleasantly excited over the prospect of spending the day s houting about the Yankees and the war, and proud of his three pretty daug hters in their bright spreading hoop skirts beneath foolish little lace paras ols. He gave no thought to his conversation of the day before with Scarlet t, for it had completely slipped his mind. He only thought that she was pre tty and a great credit to him and that, today, her eyes were as green as the hills of Ireland. The last thought made him think better of himself, for it h ad a certain poetic ring to it, and so he favored the girls with a loud and sl ightly off-key rendition of “The Wearin’o’ the Green.”Scarlett, looking at him with the affectionate contempt that mothers feel f or small swaggering sons, knew that he would be very drunk by sundown. Coming home in the dark, he would try, as usual, to jump every fence bet ween Twelve Oaks and Tara and, she hoped, by the mercy of Providence and the good sense of his horse, would escape breaking his neck. He woul d disdain the bridge and swim his horse through the river and come home roaring, to be put to bed on the sofa in the office by Pork who always wai ted up with a lamp in the front hall on such occasions.He would ruin his new gray broadcloth suit, which would cause him to s wear horribly in the morning and tell Ellen at great length how his horse f ell off the bridge in the darkness—a palpable lie which would fool no one but which would be accepted by all and make him feel very clever.Pa is a sweet, selfish, irresponsible darling, Scarlett thought, with a surge of affection for him. She felt so excited and happy this morning that she i ncluded the whole world, as well as Gerald, in her affection. She was pret ty and she knew it; she would have Ashley for her own before the day wa s over; the sun was warm and tender and the glory of the Georgia spring was spread before her eyes. Along the roadside the blackberry brambles were concealing with softest green the savage red gulches cut by the wint er’s rains, and the bare granite boulders pushing up through the red earth were being draped with sprangles of Cherokee roses and compassed abou t by wild violets of palest purple hue. Upon the wooded hills above the ri ver, the dogwood blossoms lay glistening and white, as if snow still linger ed among the greenery. The flowering crab trees were bursting their buds and rioting from delicate white to deepest pink and, beneath the trees whe re the sunshine dappled the pine straw, the wild honeysuckle made a varic olored carpet of scarlet and orange and rose. There was a faint wild fragra nce of sweet shrub on the breeze and the world smelted good enough to e at.“I’ll remember how beautiful this day is till I die,” thought Scarlett. “Perh aps it will be my wedding day!”And she thought with a tingling in her heart how she and Ashley might ri de swiftly through this beauty of blossom and greenery this very afternoo n, or tonight by moonlight, toward Jonesboro and a preacher. Of course, she would have to be remarried by a priest from Atlanta, but that would be something for Ellen and Gerald to worry about. She quailed a little as she thought how white with mortification Ellen would be at hearing that her d aughter had eloped with another girl’s fiancé, but she knew Ellen would f orgive her when she saw her happiness. And Gerald would scold and baw l but, for all his remarks of yesterday about not wanting her to marry Ashl ey, he would be pleased beyond words at an alliance between his family a nd the Wilkes.“But that’ll be something to worry about after I’m married,” she thought, tossing the worry from her.It was impossible to feel anything but palpitating joy in this warm sun, in this spring, with the chimneys of Twelve Oaks just beginning to show on the hill across the river.“I’ll live there all my life and I’ll see fifty springs like this and maybe mo re, and I’ll tell my children and my grandchildren how beautiful this sprin g was, lovelier than any they’ll ever see.” She was so happy at this though t that she joined in the last chorus of “The Wearin’o’ the Green” and won Gerald’s shouted approval.“I don’t know why you’re so happy this morning,” said Suellen crossly, f or the thought still rankled in her mind that she would look far better in S carlett’s green silk dancing frock than its rightful owner would. And why was Scarlett always so selfish about lending her clothes and bonnets? Andwhy did Mother always back her up, declaring green was not Suellen’s c olor? “You know as well as I do that Ashley’s engagement is going to be announced tonight. Pa said so this morning. And I know you’ve been swe et on him for months.”“That’s all you know,” said Scarlett, putting out her tongue and refusing t o lose her good humor. How surprised Miss Sue would be by this time to morrow morning!“Susie, you know that’s not so,” protested Carreen, shocked. “It’s Brent t hat Scarlett cares about.”Scarlett turned smiling green eyes upon her younger sister, wondering ho w anyone could be so sweet. The whole family knew that Carreen’s thirte en-year-old heart was set upon Brent Tarleton, who never gave her a thou ght except as Scarlett’s baby sister. When Ellen was not present, the O’Ha ras teased her to tears about him.“Darling, I don’t care a thing about Brent,” declared Scarlett, happy enou gh to be generous. “And he doesn’t care a thing about me. Why, he’s wait ing for you to grow up!”Carreen’s round little face became pink, as pleasure struggled with incred ulity.“Oh, Scarlett, really?”“Scarlett, you know Mother said Carreen was too young to think about be aux yet, and there you go putting ideas in her head.”“Well, go and tattle and see if I care,” replied Scarlett. “You want to hold Sissy back, because you know she’s going to be prettier than you in a yea r or so.”“You’ll be keeping civil tongues in your heads this day, or I’ll be taking me crop to you,” warned Gerald. “Now whist! Is it wheels I’m hearing? T hat’ll be the Tarletons or the Fontaines.”As they neared the intersecting road that came down the thickly wooded h ill from Mimosa and Fairhill, the sound of hooves and carriage wheels be came plainer and clamorous feminine voices raised in pleasant dispute so unded from behind the screen of trees. Gerald, riding ahead, pulled up his hone and signed to Toby to stop the carriage where the two roads met. “‘Tis the Tarleton ladies,” he announced to his daughters, his florid face abeam, for excepting Ellen there was no lady in the County he liked more than the red-haired Mrs. Tarleton. “And‘tis herself at the reins. Ah, there ’s a woman with fine hands for a horse! Feather light and strong as rawhi de, and pretty enough to kiss for all that. More’s the pity none of you hav e such hands,” he added, casting fond but reproving glances at his girls. “With Carreen afraid of the poor beasts and Sue with hands tike sadirons w hen it comes to reins and you, Puss—”“Well, at any rate I’ve never been thrown,” cried Scarlett indignantly. “A nd Mrs. Tarleton takes a toss at every hunt.”“And breaks a collar bone like a man,” said Gerald. “No fainting, no fussing. Now, no more of it, for here she comes.”He stood up in his stirrups and took off his hat with a sweep, as the Tarlet on carriage, overflowing with girls in bright dresses and parasols and flutt ering veils, came into view, with Mrs. Tarleton on the box as Gerald had s aid. With her four daughters, their mammy and their ball dresses in long c ardboard boxes crowding the carriage, there was no room for the coachm an. And, besides, Beatrice Tarleton never willingly permitted anyone, blac k or white, to hold reins when her arms were out of slings. Frail, fine-bon ed, so white of skin that her flaming hair seemed to have drawn all the col or from her face into its vital burnished mass, she was nevertheless posses sed of exuberant health and untiring energy. She had borne eight children, as red of hair and as full of life as she, and had raised them most successf ully, so the County said, because she gave them all the loving neglect and the stem discipline she gave the colts she bred. “Curb them but don’t brea k their spirits,” was Mrs. Tarleton’s motto.She loved horses and talked horses constantly. She understood them and h andled them better than any man in the County. Colts overflowed the pad dock onto the front lawn, even as her eight children overflowed the rambl ing house on the hill, and colts and sons and daughters and hunting dogs t agged after her as she went about the plantation. She credited her horses, especially her red mare, Nellie, with human intelligence; and if the cares of the house kept her busy beyond the time when she expected to take herdaily ride, she put the sugar bowl in the hands of some small pickaninny and said: “Giv e Nellie a handful and tell her I’ll be out terrectly.” Except on rare occasions she always wore her riding habit, for whether sh e rode or not she always expected to ride and in that expectation put on he r habit upon arising. Each morning, rain or shine, Nellie was saddled and walked up and down in front of the house, waiting for the time when Mrs. Tarleton could spare an hour away from her duties. But Fairhill was a dif ficult plantation to manage and spare time hard to get, and more often tha n not Nellie walked up and down riderless hour after hour, while Beatrice Tarleton went through the day with the skirt of her habit absently looped over her arm and six inches of shining boot showing below it.Today, dressed in dull black silk over unfashionably narrow hoops, she sti ll looked as though in her habit, for the dress was as severely tailored as h er riding costume and the small black hat with Ha long black plume perch ed over one warm, twinkling, brown eye was a replica of the battered old hat she used for hunting.She waved her whip when she saw Gerald and drew her dancing pair of r ed horses to a halt, and the four girls in the back of the carriage leaned out and gave such vociferous cries of greeting that the team pranced in alarm . To a casual observer it would seem that years had passed since the Tarlet ons had seen the O’Haras, instead of only two days. But they were a socia ble family and liked their neighbors, especially the O’Hara girls. That is, t。
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Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990)第五章英帝国的兴衰I.Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。
辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。
泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。
第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。
托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。
(Whigs and Tories) these two names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears the nickname today.在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。
他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。
辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。
大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。
(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)Whigs stood for (1) a reduction in Crown patronage (the power to appoint people to important positions and offices); (2) sympathy towards Nonconformists (Methodists and other Protestant sects who had broken away from the Church of England); and (3) care for the interests of merchants and bankers.托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。
他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。
他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。
他们想要严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。
他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。
Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England’s influence on the people; they wanted strict maintenance of law and order and were afraid of mob riot; and they did not always agree to all reforms. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms, but were certainly against Parliament reforms.议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。
他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。
议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。
他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。
激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。
本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。
他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。
任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。
激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。
Only a handful of Parliamentary members were Radicals, but in the late 18th and early 19th centuries Radicals were active in Parliament spreading radical ideas. Their one common aim was thorough reform of the Parliamentary system.= In the late 18th and early 19th centuries Radicals were active in English Parliament spreading radical ideas whose common aim was thorough reform of the Parliamentary system.II.Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业改革农业是18世纪英国的重要产业，农村与农业是国家的支柱，因此农耕方法的改变会影响几百万人的生活。
18世纪末19世纪初的农业变革是如此巨大以致配得上"革命"这个词。
传统的农作包括开放式农田的农村，这种制度可追溯到5世纪。
村庄被三块巨大的没有地界的田地包围，所有的耕地都集中在这三块地内。
村民们把这些地分为一块块，每户家庭的地四处分散，因此良田被均分。
许多事都以集体为基础，每年有一块大田"休耕"以便经过两年耕种后土壤能通过休耕恢复肥沃。
这意味着任何时候只有三分之二的土地被耕种。
除了可耕地外，还有公地和荒地供村民们喂养牲畜。
这种农作制对于现代工业时代之前农村的俭朴生活和以生存为目的农业是理想的。
当然它有缺陷：(1)由于休耕地为道路用地而浪费了土地；(2)浪费了劳动力和时间；(3)牧业很难发展，公地上蔓延疾病，冬天粮食不够吃，因此秋天时经常把动物杀掉腌肉；(4)开放式田地制是搞试验的障碍。
Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century.Much (thing) was done on a community basis. One great field left “fallow” each year (i.e. unused/unsown after ploughing) so that its soil recovered its richness after two years’ cultivation. This meant only 2/3 of the land was cultivated at any time.18世纪中叶，英国人口剧增，城镇尤甚，要靠农村供应粮食。
生产力的进一步提高意味着相当可观的利润，因此，地主们愿意用规模更大的、经济效益更好的"分界田地"农作法取代那种小规模的"开放田地"农作法。
18世纪19世纪初，《圈地法》被通过，这使较富有的地主可以夺取佃农的土地--如果佃农不能证明是合法的私有土地，并把夺来的土地划入圈地内，至此"开放田地"制结束，并引进农作物轮耕制度。
这意味着饲料作物的耕种使牲畜在冬天也能喂养，土地也得到充分利用。
像杰瑟罗·塔尔发明的播种机这样的新型农业机械和人工化肥使农业更高效更高产。
18世纪罗伯特·贝克威尔(1725-1795)发明了通过选种繁殖牛、羊和马。
到1800年，牲畜已增加到以前的两到三倍。
鼓励佃农们引进变革的观点与托马斯·考克(1754-1842)有关，他是南英格兰诺福克郡人。
甚至连乔治三世也对温莎的农业变革极为热心，以至于他得了"农夫乔治"的绰号。
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the “open-field” system ended.A system of crop rotation was introduced.Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming more efficient and more profitable.Even George III was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname “Farmer George”.1740年后圈地运动更为频繁，在世纪交替时达到高潮。
当时进行的对法战争使粮价居高不下，因此战争是地主圈地的诱因。
农业圈地的结果有好有坏。
(1)随着大农场兼并小农场，农场变得越来越大；(2)人们消费的蔬菜，奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；(3)圈地对佃农而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作，因此城镇很快过分拥挤。
许多地区发生暴动，但不能阻止前进的步伐，在爱尔兰和苏格兰高地，圈地运动导致了很多人移民海外，尤其是移民至新大陆；(4)农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立，土地集中在少数人手里，土地价格上涨，农民们拥有自己土地的希望被粉碎，失去公地饲养家畜更使农民们雪上加霜，许多人不得不背井离乡而谋生，其他人成为劳工，尽管农业繁荣，但他们的工资却非常低。