2014视频网站年度KEYWORDS
百度沸点2014年度热搜榜：21大榜单回顾这一年
12月17日，百度发布了一份由6亿网民历时一年"投票"选出来的榜单：百度沸点2014搜索风云榜，包括十大社会热点，十大焦点人物，十大移动热搜景点等21个子榜单。
榜单显示：2014年度最热事件是世界杯，最火的人是杨幂。
据介绍，这些榜单的排名依据PC网民和移动网民在过去一年搜索关键词的次数得出，是每年度最受期待、也最具权威性的年度榜单。
与往年不同，今年的热搜榜单除了一贯的社会热点等单项榜单外，还重点呈现了移动网民的关注点，发布了九大移动搜索榜单。
从移动榜单可以看出，手机开始成为网民获取信息的主流渠道，而网民在手机上更喜欢搜索票务、餐饮等服务相关的需求。
世界杯、马航：悲喜交加的一年对于刚刚过去的一年，每个人的感受不同，但是就榜单来看，这无疑是悲喜交加的一年。
四年一度的世界杯，百年也难遇的马航事件都在2014年留下是很深的印记。
世界杯期间，熬夜看球几乎成了上班族和学生党的必备内容。
每一届世界杯都会给网友留下深刻的记忆，巴西世界杯也一样让人过目难忘，范佩西的经典进球、卫冕冠军西班牙惨遭淘汰、德国第四次捧起大力神杯……世界杯对网友具有如此强大的号召，更反映出国民对热点的积极参与，随着互联网和移动互联网的发展，很多东西变得触手可及，也激发了国民主动参与的积极性。
与此同时，那些锒铛入狱的明星可能也会是这一年最具标志性的标签，对于他们而言，2014可能一生都难以忘怀。
移动主宰、90后为王的新网络时代与往年相比，今年的榜单也可以看出这一年互联网带来的诸多变化。
伴随着90后的崛起，以及移动化的浪潮，网络生活在短短一年的时间也发生了巨大的转变。
从“萌萌哒”这样的网络语言到“小苹果”之类的网络神曲的迅速窜红，你一天不上网，很可能就会感觉被这个时代所甩下。
如果一定要追问为什么的话，这在很大程度上得益于智能手机和移动互联网的普及，人们越来越习惯于能随时随地表达观点、抒发感情，而这些也促使了网络流行语的快速产生和更替，甚至形成了一种文化。
2014动影专题
2014动影专题A：hello大家好，欢迎收听本期的动影专题节目。
经过了一段冬日的积蓄，万物都开始焕发新的力量。
在前些天的柏林国际电影节上，由我国内地制作的《白日焰火》拿下了最佳影片金熊奖及最佳男演员银熊奖，这是第五部获得金熊奖的华语电影，也是华人演员第一次获得柏林影帝。
B:影片的导演习亦男以艺术电影创作出身，此次首次尝试艺术电影与商业结合，获得了巨大的成功。
再说影片的内容：五年前，吴志贞的丈夫梁志军被警方认定死于一桩离奇碎尸案，当时张自力破案后击毙了持枪拒捕的凶手，五年后，又发生了类似的连环案件，并且这些死者都曾与吴志贞相恋，心结未了的张自力主动接近吴志贞，却飞蛾扑火般的爱上了这个女人，两个遭遇重大生活挫折的人逐渐从惺惺相惜到相爱，随着更加亲密的接触，张自力发现了五年前的真相。
整部影片充斥着血色的浪漫，或者说唯美的重口。
好了，3月21公映，到时都给捧捧场吧。
A:下面再向大家介绍一部《斯巴达300勇士2帝国崛起》。
这部影片已于3月7日在北美上映。
承接前一部，第二部依然恢弘霸气。
《帝国崛起》承接《300勇士》，有回忆也有后续：波斯王薛西斯的父亲大流士远征希腊结果却在马拉松战役中带伤大败，大流士临死前告诉薛西斯不要去为报仇进攻希腊，因为希腊人只能由神来惩罚，为了给父亲报仇，薛西斯想办法把自己变成了神。
到了公元前5世纪，薛西斯成为了“万王之王”，万事已备，他带着血仇远征希腊。
一场希腊和波斯历史上波澜壮阔的“萨拉米斯海战”由此拉开了帷幕。
B:从《帝国崛起》的预告片来看，它与其前作是一脉相承的。
光影交错和血浆肌肉的慢镜搭配展现了惊人的视觉艺术，愤怒的战争、狂热的汗水以及钢铁般的肌肉都在预告片中尽显无遗。
动作戏更是从陆战升级为海战，王之军团在瀚海狂涛中乘风破浪与敌军相遇最后短兵相接，手刃仇敌。
史诗一般的画面想想就激动人心。
《帝国崛起》有望在暑期于内地上映，或者更晚。
A:其他近期上映的作品，国内的就不说了，上一期已经说得比较详尽。
2014年电影排次号
001106002014 我的早更女友
001206132014 太平轮（上）（数字3D）
001106132014 太平轮（上）
010100922014 鸣梁海战（数字）
001106232014 坏姐姐之拆婚联盟
077100932014 机器纪元（数字）
001101702014 老街警事
001405882014 黄飞鸿 英雄有梦（巨幕立体）
001105872014 匆匆那些年
001105862014 玩命试爱
001105852014 禅境宜春
001106042014 迟开的玫瑰（戏曲·眉户剧）
001106032014 男人不可以穷
051300772014 移动迷宫（数字IMAX）
051100772014 移动迷宫（数字）
001805672014 上海优秀经典科教纪录片展映周（2014）
001104422014 我的情敌是超人
075400782014 超体（数字IMAX3D）
075600782014 超体（中国巨幕）
001106752013 城南庄1948
001107362012 河曲马
001106512012 房车奇遇
001100682013 奈河
001105342014 最青春
001101892014 人间正道
001102652014 泡菜
001106562013 房子
051600712014 冰川时代2：融冰之灾（中国巨幕）
001104862014 梦之春
001102842014 十二生肖城市英雄
互联网女皇(Mary Meeker)2014互联网趋势报告
爱不释手!2014年最佳的20个优秀网页设计
爱不释手！2014年最佳的20个优秀网页设计就要同2014年说再见了，是时候回顾一下这一年里的伟大设计了!著名的设计博客Designmodo评选出了年度最佳的20个优秀网站，这些优秀的网页不仅设计精心，而且紧跟时下流行的设计趋势。
网页设计师们总会热衷于追随最新的设计趋势，所以你能在这些优秀的网页中看到这些趋势——扁平化设计、极简风、视差滚动、视屏背景，等等。
这些设计优秀的网站的另一个共同的特性，就是对移动端的良好支持——响应式设计。
真正优秀的网站，总会支持尽可能多的设备。
看案例前先预热，了解一下2014年不容错过的网页设计趋势!《设计师的必备技能!你需要学会设计有意义的动效》《知根知底的趋势!2014年最值得掌握的趋势”幽灵按钮”》《最新的别放过!30个尽显创意的视差滚动网站设计》那么接下来我们就一起来看看2014年最佳的20个优秀网站，了解一下为什么它们会吸引如此之多的关注。
这20个网站都已经被Awwwards所收录其中，值得你每天浏览获取灵感。
The Capitol这个网站完全是基于近年比较火爆的《饥饿游戏》系列来制作的，网站风格冷峻，与网站残酷的调性非常一致。
网站整体设计并不复杂，配色简单，但是风格简单而大胆，并且使用了视差滚动的设计。
网站使用大量的信息、视频和其他内容让用户与之互动，让他们仿佛置身于电影当中。
Grovemade这可能是今年最潮的网站之一，不仅内容精心制作，而且结合了诸多流行的设计趋势。
网站使用了大量的大图为背景，视觉上非常赏心悦目。
网站使用白色的文字和幽灵按钮，在深色背景下看起来相得益彰。
主屏之外的部分，设计师使用了精致的图片和文字，与白色的背景形成令人愉悦的对比。
SokrutaSokruta使用醒目的大图背景配合简单直观的导航，而拼图式滑块的运用让整个网站都充满了个性。
这些个性化的设计都是在视觉上吸引人的招数，并且确实有效。
除此之外，还有许多额外的效果，比如悬停在按钮上的时候会出现动效，令人乐此不疲。
2014年互联网视频分析报告
2014年互联网视频分
析报告
2014年7月
目录
一、网络视频前景广阔 (3)
1、网络视频行业总体市场规模保持上升，增速放缓 (3)
2、“宽带中国”战略提升互联网普及率 (4)
3、网络视频用户持续增长，使用率回升 (5)
4、网络视频行业收入构成 (6)
（1）广告 (7)
（2）版权分销 (9)
（3）付费 (10)
5、智能电视 (11)
二、行业成长驱动力：外延并购增厚业绩 (13)
1、并购对传媒企业的成长贡献度较高 (13)
2、电影与娱乐、广告营销子行业并购最为活跃 (15)
三、投资主线 (16)
1、网络视频行业盈利增长预期带来的投资机会 (16)
2、并购成为传媒行业业绩与股价增长的主要驱动力 (16)
四、重点公司简况 (17)
1、乐视网 (17)
2、华策影视 (18)
一、网络视频前景广阔
1、网络视频行业总体市场规模保持上升，增速放缓
随着互联网的普及与发展，网络在线视频因其内容的丰富、点播观看的便捷性被越来越多的人们所接受，从2009 年以来，市场规模不断上升，至2011 年规模增长率达到100%，2012 年起增速回落至47%左右，预计今后几年将保持40%左右的增速稳健发展，行业总体市场规模不断上升。
从季度增长来看，2014 年Q1，中国网络视频行业市场规模达36.8 亿元，同比增长67.3%，环比增长-17.5%，虽然在每年的第一季度规模均有所下降，但总体仍然保持平稳上升的态势。
1 Access to management and the informativeness of analyst research, JFE 2014
Access to management and the informativenessof analyst research$T.Clifton Green a,n,Russell Jame b,Stanimir Markov c,Musa Subasi da Goizueta Business School,Emory University,GA,USAb Gatton College of Business and Economics,University of Kentucky,KY,USAc Cox School of Business,Southern Methodist University,TX,USAd Trulaske College of Business,University of Missouri,MO,USAa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received4May2013Received in revised form20November2013Accepted5January2014Available online17July2014JEL classification:G14Keywords:Analyst researchInvestor conferenceEarnings forecastRegulation FDa b s t r a c tWe examine whether access to management at broker-hosted investor conferences leadsto more informative research by analysts.We find analyst recommendation changes havelarger immediate price impacts when the analyst's firm has a conference-hosting relationwith the company.The effect increases with hosting frequency and is strongest in the daysfollowing the conference.Conference-hosting brokers also issue more informative,accurate,and timely earnings forecasts than non-hosts.Our findings suggest that accessto management remains an important source of analysts'informational advantage in thepost-Regulation Fair Disclosure world.&2014Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionA large literature establishes the important informa-tional role that brokerage research analysts play in finan-cial markets.Analysts’earnings forecasts have been foundto be generally more accurate than statistical models(e.g.,Brown and Rozeff,1978;Bradshaw,Drake,and Myers,2012),and another line of research shows that analysts’stock recommendations tend to be profitable(e.g.,Womack,1996;Jegadeesh,Kim,Krische,and Lee,2004).Although analysts’expertise could arise from skillfulprocessing of public information,another common expla-nation for analysts’forecasting skill relies on superioraccess to management.Brokerage analysts interact withfirm management through visits to company headquar-ters,investor office meetings,and broker-hosted investorconferences.Despite the widespread nature of these costlyactivities,relatively little is known about the extent towhich access to management provides analysts withvalue-relevant information.Regulation Fair Disclosure(Regulation FD),enacted in2000,requires that management disclose material infor-mation to all investors at the same time,which likelydiminishes the value of private meetings with manage-ment.Koch,Lefanowicz,and Robinson(2012)survey theacademic literature and conclude that Regulation FD haslargely eliminated the benefits of management access.This calls into question analysts’supposed continuedContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/jfecJournal of Financial Economics/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.07.0030304-405X/&2014Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.☆We thank Kent Womack(referee),Paul Irvine(discussant)Narasim-han Jegadeesh,Stephannie Larocque(discussant),Eugene Soltes,Tyson Van Alfen,and workshop participants at University of Adelaide,University of Alabama,Case Western Reserve University,Emory Univer-sity,University of Hong Kong,University of New South Wales,Universityof Sydney,University of Technology Sydney,the2013Society for FinancialStudies Cavalcade,and the2013Financial Accounting and ReportingSection midyear meeting for helpfulcomments.n Corresponding author.E-mail address:clifton.green@(T.C.Green).Journal of Financial Economics114(2014)239–255emphasis on seeking and cultivating access to management.However,other recent studies rely on indirect measures of management access based on geographic proximity (Malloy,2005;Bernile,Kumar,and Sulaeman,2012),the timing of earnings announcements (Ivkovic and Jegadeesh,2004),analyst optimism (Gintschel and Markov,2004;Chen and Matsumoto,2006),or educational ties (Cohen,Frazzini,and Malloy,2010),leaving open the possibility that subtle variants of management access continue to be a source of analysts ’informational advantage.In this paper,we focus on an institutional mechanism that potentially enhances access to management and explore whether analysts using this mechanism produce more infor-mative stock recommendations and more accurate earnings forecasts.Broker-hosted investor conferences are organized to provide analysts and select investing clients with oppor-tunities to interact with senior corporate managers.The typical conference format includes formal company presen-tations followed by question-and-answer sessions,often moderated by the analyst-host,and sometimes a series of one-on-one meetings between management and select cli-ents,also often led by the analyst-host [see Bushee,Jung,and Miller (2011)and Green,Jame,Markov,and Subasi (forthcoming)for institutional details].Since other analysts are generally excluded from these events,investor confer-ences present an excellent opportunity for identifying varia-tion in management access and evaluating the extent to which management access is a source of analysts ’informa-tional advantage.1We thus hypothesize that a conference relation between a broker's analyst and a followed firm leads to greater access to management,and we investigate whether such a tie generally leads to more informative analyst research.Conferences provide specific opportu-nities for acquiring value-relevant information,and we examine whether the host analyst's informational advan-tage is stronger after the event.We measure the informa-tion content of analyst research primarily as the two-day buy-and-hold abnormal return following stock recom-mendation changes.Our methodology involves regressing the market reaction to recommendation changes on indi-cator variables related to the source (host or non-host)and the timing of the report relative to the conference,as well as various recommendation,firm,analyst,and broker characteristics to control for factors influencing the infor-mativeness of analyst research (Loh and Stulz,2011).We find markets respond strongly to the research of conference hosts.Our analysis of 2,749investor confer-ences hosted by 107brokerage firms reveals that host upgrades (downgrades)have two-day (0,1)abnormal returns that are 1.09%(À1.07%)larger than recommenda-tion changes by non-hosts.This difference is amplified for recommendations made in the quarter (63trading days)following the conference.Specifically,host upgrades (downgrades)have two-day abnormal returns that are 1.85%(À1.37%)larger than non-host upgrades (down-grades).We also examine the difference in market response between host and non-host recommendation changes over the subsequent two to 63trading days following recommendation changes and find no significant evidence of drift or reversal.Conference-hosting analysts do differ systematically from non-host analysts.For example,host analysts are more likely to be designated as all-stars,tend to work at larger brokerage houses,and issue recommendations on smaller firms.After including controls for the recommendation,analyst,broker,and firm characteristics known to influence the informative-ness of analyst research,we find that host recommendations outperform on average by over 0.40%and the difference grows to about 0.80%in the post-conference period.The estimates are robust to the inclusion of analyst-firm fixed effects,and they are stable over time.Intuitively,we find that the informativeness of con-ference hosts ’research increases with hosting frequency.Specifically,recommendations by analysts that host a firm only once during the sample period incrementally outper-form by roughly 0.25%,and recommendations by analysts that host a firm more than five times outperform by roughly 0.75%.We also find that hosts ’incremental infor-mativeness is strongest in the period immediately follow-ing the conference.The difference in price impact between hosts and non-hosts peaks in the first three-day period of the post-conference quarter and persists for at least three quarters after the conference.The increased informative-ness immediately following the conference suggests that conferences provide specific opportunities for gathering information,and the persistent incremental informative-ness of hosts ’research supports the view that conferences signal an ongoing relationship between host analysts and firm management.We also study the effects of investor conferences on host analysts ’earnings forecast accuracy and timeliness.Consistent with the market impact results,we find evi-dence of increased forecast accuracy for conference hosts but not for other analysts in the post-conference period.Specifically,in the three months following the conference,the hosting analyst issues forecasts that are 5%more accurate than non-hosts.We also find that conference hosts issue more timely research than non-hosts,with host analysts ’earnings forecasts being significantly more likely to lead rather than lag those of non-hosts.Taken together,the greater market response to conference-host recommendation changes as well as host analysts ’more timely and accurate earnings forecasts suggests that broker-hosted investor conferences are a mechanism for hosts to gain an important informational advantage.Our findings are also generally consistent with alternative explanations.For example,the larger market impact of host analysts ’recommendations could reflect overreaction.However,the evidence that host analysts also issue more accurate earnings forecasts and the absence of a return reversal help mitigate this concern.More generally,analysts could choose to invite firms to conferences for which they have a comparative advantage1Discussions with market participants suggest that it is rare for non-host analysts to attend investor conferences.While other analysts could have access to webcasts or transcripts of the formal company presenta-tions,they are generally not privy to the information host analysts gather during the breakout sessions with select investing clients,as well as the informal interactions with management at conference events such as golf and dinners.T.C.Green et al./Journal of Financial Economics 114(2014)239–255240in covering.However,the evidence that host-analyst recommendations’market impact significantly increases with the proximity of the conference makes it less likely that the conference effects we observe are unrelated to analysts’access to management.Analysts expend significant resources to obtain private meetings with management.2Our findings provide some of the most direct evidence that interactions with management lead to more informative research,particularly following Regulation FD.Soltes(2014)analyzes brokerage analysts’interactions with the managers of a single firm over one year and finds no evidence that meetings lead to more accurate earnings forecasts.He concludes that analysts meet privately with management primarily for reasons other than firm-specific news,such as providing management access for their clients.In contrast to Soltes(2014),our analysis of more than three thousand companies over seven years provides strong evidence that brokerage research benefits from meet-ings with management.In related work,Bushee,Jung,and Miller(2012)and Solomon and Soltes(2012)find evidence that institutional investors benefit from private interactions with firm man-agement.While our result that investor conferences lead to more informative brokerage research is consistent with the evidence that management access leads to informed institu-tional trading,the findings are distinct.For example,Bushee, Jung,and Miller(2012)emphasize event-period returns and trading around conferences,while our analysis examines the market response to analyst research that is often issued weeks or months after the conference.Our findings suggest that host analysts disseminate value-relevant information that is distinct from information incorporated into prices through the trading of institutional investors.We caution against concluding that analysts obtain mate-rial nonpublic information at investor conferences in viola-tion of Regulation FD.Analysts could be able to create material information by piecing together public information and nonmaterial information from management,and this type of activity is specifically permitted by Regulation FD.3 Analysts could also be able to glean value-relevant informa-tion from management's body language or vocal cues (Mayew and Venkatachalam,2012).Although the consensus view is that Regulation FD has served to reduce selective disclosure practices,our evidence suggests that brokerage conferences are an important source of analysts’informa-tional advantage through recent access to management.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section2describes the sample and presents descriptive statistics.Section3examines the effects of investor con-ferences on the informativeness of analyst research;and Section4concludes.2.Data and descriptive statisticsIn this section,we describe our data on brokerage research reports and broker-hosted investor conferences and present descriptive statistics.2.1.Brokerage research reportsWe obtain data on stock recommendations from the Institutional Brokers’Estimate System(I/B/E/S)Recommen-dation History data set,which contains the recommenda-tions of individual analysts with ratings ranging from1 (strong buy)to5(strong sell).We focus on recommendation changes as prior research finds that recommendation changes are more informative than levels(e.g.,Jegadeesh, Kim,Krische,and Lee,2004).Recommendation changes are computed as the current rating minus the prior rating by the same analyst.We limit the sample to recommendation changes made between2004and2010to match the sample of investor conferences.We remove analysts coded as anonymous by I/B/E/S because it is not possible to track their recommendation changes.We also remove reiterations of earlier recommendations due to their typically lower information content(we examine reiterations separately as a robustness check).Our initial sample consists of75,174 recommendation changes.Following Loh and Stulz(2011),we exclude18,559 recommendations that fall in the three-day window [À1,1]around quarterly earnings announcement dates (obtained from Compustat)or management earnings gui-dance days(as reported in First Call's Company Issued Guidelines Database).We also exclude4,803recommen-dation changes in which multiple analysts issued a recom-mendation on the same day.The resulting sample has 51,812recommendation changes.We next merge our recommendation sample with the Center for Research in Security Prices(CRSP)and Compustat. We obtain share price,stock returns,and volume from CRSP and book value of equity from Compustat.We drop firms with missing return or volume data over the prior year,as well as firms with missing or negative book values of equity. The final sample has49,953recommendation changes.Prior research finds that recommendation changes have a greater price impact than earnings forecast revi-sions(e.g.,Loh and Stulz,2011).As a result,our primary focus is on recommendation changes,although we also present results for earnings forecast revisions.We obtain data on individual analyst's earnings forecasts from the I/B/E/S Detail History data set.Forecast revisions are computed as the current forecast for one-year-ahead earn-ings minus the prior forecast by the same analyst.4Our initial sample consists of397,514forecast revisions.This number is reduced to182,537after excluding firm-specific news days and to178,940after dropping firms with missing data in CRSP or Compustat.2Solomon and Soltes(2012)present survey evidence that97%of chief executive officers of publicly traded firms meet privately with investors,at an average of46times per year.The authors highlight the role that sell-side analysts play in arranging many of these meetings.3Securities and Exchange Commission Release Number33-7881, /rules/final/33-7881.htm,states:“An issuer is not prohibited from disclosing a non-material piece of information to ananalyst,even if,unbeknownst to the issuer,that piece helps the analyst complete a‘mosaic’of information that,taken together,is material.”4We also examine forecasts of quarterly earnings and find very similar results.T.C.Green et al./Journal of Financial Economics114(2014)239–2552412.2.Broker-hosted conferencesWe obtain data on broker-hosted investor confer-ences for the period January 2004to December 2010from the Bloomberg Corporate Events Database.The database includes information on the conference name,date,and hosting organization,as well as the presenting company name.We limit the sample to conferences hosted by I/B/E/S-listed equity research providers that employ at least five analysts in a given year.We then match companies presenting at investor conferences by name or ticker with the CRSP and Compustat databases.Our final sample consists of 68,194presentations by 4,394companies at 2,749conferences hosted by 107I/B/E/S-listed brokers.Panel A of Table 1examines the frequency with which companies participate at conferences.In a typical year,our sample includes roughly 2,500firms with nonzero analyst following and non-missing CRSP and Compustat data.Approximately 40%of these firms do not partici-pate in any conferences,another 15%participate in oneconference,40%of firms participate in between two and ten conferences,and a little over 2%of firms participate in more than ten conferences a year.In contemporaneous work,Green,Jame,Markov,and Subasi (forthcoming)examine the determinants of con-ference participation.They find that conference participa-tion is generally driven by the same factors that drive published research,such as firm size,institutional owner-ship,and trading volume.However,they also find that hard-to-value firms [e.g.,firms with high levels of research and development and intangible assets]are more likely to be hosted at conferences than receive published research,consistent with conferences playing a distinct role in resolving valuation difficulties.We merge the stock recommendation and earnings forecast samples with our conference data by both broker and stock.For each recommendation change and forecast revision we create four conference indicator variables:1.Host:an indicator variable equal to one if the recom-mendation change is for a firm that participated in anTable 1Summary statistics.The table presents summary statistics for conference participation and analyst stock recommendation changes and earnings forecast revisions from the Institutional Brokers ’Estimate System data set for the period January 2004to December 2010.Panel A reports the fraction of firms with no missing data that participate in broker-hosted investor conferences by year.In Panel B,recommendation changes are computed as the current recommendation level minus the previous recommendation by the same analyst.Forecast revisions are computed as the current forecast for one-year ahead earnings minus the prior forecast by the same analyst.Host (Non-Host )refers to a recommendation change or forecast revision on a firm that the broker has (has never)hosted at a conference.Host Post-Conf Qtr (Non-Host Post-Conf Qtr)is the subset of Host (Non-Host )recommendations or forecast revisions issued in the 63trading day post-conference period.Detailed variable definitions appear in the appendix .Panel A:Proportion of companies that participate in broker-hosted conferences YearNumber of firms No conference participation One conference Two to three conference Four to five conferences Six to ten conferencesMore than ten conferences20042,58457.4%18.9%16.1% 5.3% 2.1%0.2%20052,61936.2%15.3%21.9%12.0%11.6% 3.1%20062,61536.8%13.7%22.0%11.9%12.7% 2.8%20072,59135.6%14.6%20.5%12.4%14.2% 2.7%20082,52034.9%16.5%21.5%11.7%12.8% 2.6%20092,51338.8%16.3%22.3%11.3%9.9% 1.4%20102,45633.0%13.9%23.3%13.3%13.9% 2.6%Average2,55739.0%15.6%21.1%11.1%11.0%2.2%Panel B:Frequency of analyst research by revision type Revision typeFull sampleExcluding newsNo missingdataNon-HostHostHost Post-ConfQtrNon-Host Post-ConfQtrRecommendation changes À436523823019040695À319513813611521262À216,47410,86210,5687,23333355023,318À122,07214,70314,1028,70553978194,098120,88115,05614,4338,70557287654,026214,76210,49210,1856,76634194283,14631481191099613145427720419015931178Upgrades 36,06825,87124,91715,7269,1911,1957,295Downgrades 39,10625,94125,03616,2438,7931,3297,573All 75,17451,81249,95331,96917,9842,52414,868Earnings forecast revisions Upward 201,57582,65480,93450,46330,4713,86421,833Downward 195,93999,88398,00659,09338,9134,99325,070All 397,514182,537178,940109,55669,3848,85746,903T.C.Green et al./Journal of Financial Economics 114(2014)239–255242investor conference hosted by the analyst's brokerage house at any point over the sample period.52.Non-Host:an indicator variable equal to one if therecommendation change is for a firm that has never participated in a conference hosted by the analyst's brokerage house at any point over the sample period.3.Host_Post-Conf_Qtr:an indicator variable equal to one ifthe recommendation change is for a firm that partici-pated in a conference in the past63trading days,and the report is authored by the conference host.64.Non-Host_Post-Conf_Qtr:an indicator variable equal toone if the recommendation change is for a firm that participated in an investor conference in the past63 trading days,and the report is authored by a non-host.We conjecture that firms that participate at broker-hosted investor conferences have a closer relation with the hosting analyst than with non-hosts,resulting in more private interactions(e.g.,more company visits and meet-ings with management)and a continual flow of value-relevant information throughout the sample period.We therefore hypothesize that analysts generally issue more informative research for firms that participate at their conferences,that is,Host recommendations are more informative than Non-Host recommendations.In addition to providing a signal of access to manage-ment,investor conferences provide a specific opportunity for the transfer of value-relevant information.We there-fore predict that hosts issue unusually informative research in the post-conference period(i.e.,Host_Post-Conf_Qtr recommendation changes are more informative than Host recommendation changes).We include Non-Host_Post-Conf_Qtr to address the possibility that the formal conference presentation,which is often made publicly available,could help all analysts issue more informative research in the post-conference period.Panel B of Table1describes the sample of recommen-dation changes.Of the49,953recommendation changes in our sample,31,969are classified as Non-Host recommen-dation changes,and the remaining17,984are Host recom-mendation changes.Our sample contains2,524Host_Post-Conf_Qtr recommendation changes,1,195(1,329)of which are upgrades(downgrades).The table also presents results for earnings forecast revisions.Our sample has109,556 Non-Host forecast revisions and69,384Host forecast revisions,of which8,857are Host_Post-Conf_Qtr forecast revisions.2.3.Other variable construction and descriptive statisticsIn this subsection we introduce research,analyst,bro-ker,and firm characteristics likely associated with research informativeness,with construction details presented in appendix.We first consider characteristics of the research output itself.In most settings we examine up and down recommendations and forecast revisions separately. In pooled specifications,we introduce an Upgrade dummy variable because research could have an asymmetric effect on prices.We define Abs(Rec change)and Abs(Revision)/ Price as measures of the magnitude of the recommenda-tion and forecast revision,respectively.We create the variable Excess optimism to address the concern that hosts obtain management access because they issue more opti-mistic research(Gintschel and Markov,2004;Chen and Matsumoto,2006).Kecskes,Michaely,and Womack(2010)find that stock recommendations accompanied by earnings forecast revi-sions lead to larger price reactions.Thus,for recommenda-tion changes we include a Concurrent forecast dummy,and for forecast revisions we include a Concurrent recommen-dation dummy.Ivkovic and Jegadeesh(2004)show that recommendations prior to(after)an earnings announce-ment lead to greater(weaker)price responses.We control for these effects by including a Pre-earnings(Post-earnings) dummy variable equal to one if the research was issued in the two weeks prior to(after)an earnings announcement. Earnings forecast and recommendation changes that move away from the consensus(i.e.,bold changes)lead to larger price impacts(Gleason and Lee,2003;Jegadeesh and Kim, 2010).To capture this effect,we include an Away from consensus stly,we include an Affiliation dummy equal to one if the brokerage company was a lead under-writer for the firm at any point prior to issuing the recommendation.We include the affiliation dummy because the presence of an investment banking relation with the firm could influence the informativeness of analyst research(Malloy,2005).We next include analyst characteristics.Stickel(1995) finds that recommendation changes made by all-star analysts have greater price effects,so we create an All-star analyst dummy variable.We also include Past forecast accuracy because Loh and Mian(2006)show that analysts who possess more accurate earnings forecasts also issue more profitable recommendations.Mikhail,Walther,and Willis(1997)highlight the importance of analyst experi-ence as a forecast accuracy determinant.We include two measures of experience:Total experience,which measures the number of years since the analyst first started to issue research on any stock,and Firm experience,which mea-sures the number of years the analyst has covered that specific firm.The firm experience measure is adjusted by subtracting the average experience for all other analysts covering the firm.Finally,we include Broker size,which reflects resources available to the analyst(Clement,1999), and several firm characteristics:Book-to-market,Size,Turn-over,Volatility,Momentum,Analyst coverage,and Confer-ence participation.Panel A of Table2presents descriptive statistics for the sample of recommendation changes.Columns1and25We define Host at the broker level instead of the analyst levelbecause the broker's resources are required to host the conference and,therefore,the hosting relation might not travel with analysts acrossbrokers.We find similar results if we define Host at the analyst level.In additional untabulated analysis,we find similar(and generally slightlystronger)results when Host is defined to cover only recommendationchanges issued within a year before or after the conference,as opposed toduring the full sample period.6We begin the post-conference period two days after the event.Weexclude recommendation changes released on the conference day(15observations)and the day after(35observations),as these could havebeen initiated prior to the event.T.C.Green et al./Journal of Financial Economics114(2014)239–255243reveal substantial differences between Host and Non-Host recommendation changes.We observe that affiliated ana-lysts account for8%of Host recommendations and2%of Non-Host recommendations.7Because affiliated brokers tend to have a closer relation with firm management,this finding is consistent with the view that brokers are more likely to invite a firm to their conferences if they have a close relationship with the firm's management.We also find that Host recommendations are more likely to beTable2Investor conferences and characteristics of analyst research.This table describes research output characteristics for different analyst,broker,and firm types.The details of the variable construction are presented in the appendix.The sample includes stock recommendations and earnings forecasts over the2004–2010sample period with non-missing data:49,953 recommendation changes in Panel A and178,940earnings forecast revisions in Panel B.Host(Non-Host)refers to a recommendation change or forecast revision on a firm that the broker has(has never)hosted at a conference.Host Post-Conf Qtr(Non-Host Post-Conf Qtr)is the subset of Host(Non-Host) recommendations or forecast revisions issued in the63trading day post-conference period.Post-conference difference reports the difference between Host Post-Conf Qtr and Non-Host Post-Conf Qtr.The last column reports the t-statistic testing whether the difference in Column5is significantly different from zero.The t-statistic is based on standard errors clustered by analyst and firm.Non-Host Host HostPost-Conf QtrNon-HostPost-Conf QtrPost-conference t-Stat(Post-conferencedifference)Characteristic(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(3)–(4)Panel A:Recommendation changesUpgrade0.490.510.470.49À0.02(À1.52) Excess optimism0.17À2.01À0.510.75À1.27(À0.40)All-star analyst0.080.190.190.080.11(6.21) Affiliated broker0.020.080.090.020.08(9.46) Concurrent forecast0.180.170.160.18À0.01(À1.05) Pre-earnings0.150.150.140.16À0.02(À2.23) Post-earnings0.190.160.140.19À0.05(À5.05) Away from consensus0.500.520.540.520.03(2.64) Past forecast accuracy 2.52 2.54 2.46 2.51À0.05(À1.16) Firm experience0.220.540.540.200.35(4.30) Total experience7.297.697.657.300.36(1.55) Broker size46.9990.2187.5144.2343.28(9.53) Book-to-market0.560.520.490.52À0.03(À1.42) Size(billions of dollars)10.747.62 5.8412.76À6.92(À10.75) Turnover(percent)14.2813.3214.5115.44À0.94(À2.17) Volatility(percent) 2.99 3.07 3.06 2.980.07(1.12) Momentum21(percent)0.98 1.21 1.310.660.66(1.40) Momentum21–252(percent)13.0711.8312.3313.23À0.90(À0.38) Analyst coverage16.2515.3514.7518.63À3.88(À7.30) Conference participation 3.33 4.87 6.06 5.410.65(4.52)Panel B:Earnings forecast revisionsUpgrade0.460.440.440.47À0.03(À3.75) Excess optimismÀ0.29 1.05 1.000.650.35(0.18)All-star analyst0.120.240.240.110.12(6.55) Affiliated broker0.030.100.110.030.08(12.46) Concurrent recommendation0.060.050.050.06À0.01(À3.11)Pre-earnings0.1717.890.180.180.00(0.12) Post-earnings0.250.20.190.24À0.05(À6.08) Away from consensus0.410.450.450.420.03(4.23) Past forecast accuracy 2.48 2.41 2.43 2.48À0.05(À2.43) Firm experience0.170.440.540.120.42(3.47) Total experience7.557.757.847.550.29(1.31) Broker size66.41103.4296.5565.3831.16(8.73) Book-to-market0.620.580.560.60À0.04(À2.08) Size(millions)13.1811.4810.8215.10À4.28(À5.80) Turnover(percent)13.8613.9713.7714.96À1.19(À3.99) Volatility(percent) 2.84 2.94 2.96 2.860.09(2.02) Momentum21(percent)0.390.05À0.150.32À0.47(À1.97) Momentum21–252(percent)10.679.628.7510.24À1.48(À1.56) Analyst coverage17.6616.9816.2020.14À3.93(À12.21) Conference participation 2.90 4.55 5.85 4.85 1.00(10.14)7If we restrict the sample to recommendations on firms with non-missing lead underwriter data,14%of host recommendations are issuedby the lead underwriter versus4%by non-hosts.In unreported analysis, we also find evidence that affiliated brokers are significantly more likely than unaffiliated brokers to host firms in the year after a seasoned equity (footnote continued)offering(17.5%versus3.8%)and in the year following an initial public offering(8.2versus0.9%).T.C.Green et al./Journal of Financial Economics114(2014)239–255 244。
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EG 201 400-1 V1.1.1 (1999-02)ETSI Guide Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) access networks;Part 1: Interworking with PSTN, N-ISDN, Internet and digital mobile networksReferenceDEG/NA-080201 (cyo90icq.PDF)Keywordsaccess, digital, internet, interworking, ISDN,mobile, network, PSTNETSIPostal addressF-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCEOffice address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 CAssociation à but non lucratif enregistrée à laSous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88Internetsecretariat@etsi.frIndividual copies of this ETSI deliverablecan be downloaded fromIf you find errors in the present document, send yourcomment to: editor@etsi.frCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1999.All rights reserved.ContentsIntellectual Property Rights (5)Foreword (5)Introduction (5)1Scope (6)2References (6)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (9)3.1Definitions (9)3.2Symbols (10)3.3Abbreviations (10)4Service Requirements (11)5Functional requirements (11)6Reference Configuration and Reference Points (13)6.1The HFC access network general architecture and boundaries (13)6.2Digital section for HFC access network (14)6.3General reference configuration for HFC Access Networks (15)6.3.1User Port Function (15)6.3.2Service Port Function (16)6.3.3Core Function (16)6.3.4HFC User Interface Function (16)6.3.5HFC Access Node Function (17)6.3.6HFC Transport Network Function (17)6.3.7AN System Management Function (17)6.4HFC Access Network configuration for the considered networks (17)6.5Reference Points (18)6.5.1Reference points at the user interface side (18)6.5.2Reference points at the network interface side (19)7User Interfaces (19)7.1Broadcast UNI (19)7.1.1Analogue Broadcast UNI (19)7.1.1.1Interface references (20)7.1.1.2Protocol stack reference (20)7.1.2Digital Broadcast UNI (21)7.1.2.1Interface references (21)7.1.2.2Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference (21)7.2PSTN UNI (22)7.2.1Interface references (23)7.2.2User Interface functions - POTS Cable Network Termination (23)7.2.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference configuration (23)7.3N-ISDN UNI (24)7.3.1Interface references (25)7.3.1.1Basic access (25)7.3.1.2Primary access (25)7.3.2User Interface functions - N-ISDN Cable Network Termination (25)7.3.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference (26)7.4Internet Terminal UNI (27)7.4.1Interface references (28)7.4.2User interface functions - IP Cable Network Termination (28)7.4.2.1Definition (28)7.4.2.2Functions and Technology (28)7.4.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference (29)7.5Leased Lines UNI (30)7.5.1Interface references (31)7.5.2User Interface functions - Leased Cable Network Termination (31)7.5.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference (31)8Service Node Interfaces (SNI) (Access Node Interface) (32)8.1Broadcast Service (32)8.2PSTN Service specific Service node (32)8.2.1Interface references (32)8.2.2Network interface functions - PSTN Cable Line Termination (32)8.2.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference configurations (33)8.2.3.1Protocol stacks (33)8.2.3.1.1V5.1N interface (33)8.2.3.1.2V5.2N interface (33)8.2.3.2Protocol peer configurations (34)8.2.3.2.1V5.1 interface (35)8.2.3.2.2V5.2 interface (35)8.3N-ISDN Service specific Service node (36)8.3.1Interface references (36)8.3.2Network interface functions - N-ISDN Cable Line Termination (36)8.3.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference configurations (36)8.3.3.1Protocol stacks (36)8.3.3.1.1V5.1N interface (36)8.3.3.1.2V5.2N interface (37)8.3.3.2Protocol peer configurations (38)8.3.3.2.1V5.1 interface (38)8.3.3.2.2V5.2 interface (39)8.4PSTN/N-ISDN Modular Service node (40)8.4.1Interface references (40)8.4.2Network interface functions - PSTN/N-ISDN Cable Line Termination (40)8.4.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference configurations (40)8.4.3.1Protocol stacks (40)8.4.3.1.1V5.1N interface (40)8.4.3.1.2V5.2N interface (41)8.4.3.2Protocol peer configurations (42)8.4.3.2.1V5.1 interface (42)8.4.3.2.2V5.2 interface (43)8.5Internet network (44)8.5.1Interface references (44)8.5.2Network interface functions - IP Cable Line Termination (45)8.5.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference (45)8.5.3.1Protocol stacks (45)8.5.3.2Protocol peer communication (46)8.6Leased lines Specific Service network (46)8.6.1Interface references (46)8.6.2Network interface functions - Leased Line Cable Line Termination (46)8.6.3Protocol stack and peer communication stack reference configurations (46)9Internal HFC Access Network Aspects (47)9.1Interface references (47)9.2Internal HFC Access Network Structure (47)9.3HFC Access network channel structure and protocols (48)Bibliography (49)History (50)Intellectual Property RightsIPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found in SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available free of charge from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (/ipr).Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.ForewordThis ETSI Guide (EG) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Network Aspects (NA).The present document is part 1 of a multi-part EG covering the Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) access networks, as identified below:Part 1:"Interworking with PSTN, N-ISDN, Internet and digital mobile networks";Part 2:"Interworking with B-ISDN Networks".IntroductionCable TV networks are more and more used for other services than just broadcast service. At the user side service terminals other than TV and radio are attached. At the terminal side, the head end needs to interwork with a number of service related networks. The present document presents a number of different interfaces at the user side and the network side and shows how the HFC access network interconnects them, both for user and signalling data.1 ScopeThe present document is focussed on the interworking between HFC networks and other networks. The different user equipment and the different user network interfaces to the access network have an influence on the interworking, and as such, are also considered.It may be the case that an independent cable operator operates an HFC access network that has no interface to a switching network at all. In this case the HFC network is maybe not regarded as an access network, but nevertheless the network may provide services to its customers beyond just Broadcast services. This case is beyond the scope of the present document, since no interworking is involved. If, on the other hand, an independent cable operator has interfaces to other switching networks, the contents of the present documents applies.The present document considers the following public telecommunication networks:- public switching telephone network;- narrowband ISDN network;- internet;- leased lines networks.Other public telecommunication networks will be considered in a later document.Looking at broadcasting, it is considered as a service rather than as a network. The interfaces for broadcast services at the HFC access network are however also considered. Analogue and digital broadcasting are handled separately.2 ReferencesThe following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.• References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific.• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.• For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies.• A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number.[1] ETR 306: "Transmission and multiplexing (TM); Access networks for residential customers".[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.960 (1993): "Access digital section for ISDN basic rate access".[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.962 (1993): "Access digital section for ISDN primary access at2 048 kbit/s".[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.963 (1993): "Access digital section for ISDN primary access at1 544 kbit/s".[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.964 (1994): "V-interfaces at the digital local exchange (LE) - V5.1interface (based on 2 048 kbit/s) for the support of access network (AN)".[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.965 (1995): "V-interfaces at the digital local exchange (LE) - V5.2Interface (based on 2 048 kbit/s) for the support of access network (AN)".[7] ISO/IEC 10038 (1993): "Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchangebetween systems - Local area networks - Media access control (MAC) bridges".[8]ISO/IEC 8802-2 (1997): "Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchangebetween systems - Local and metropolitan area networks- Specific requirements - Part 2: Logicallink control".[9]ISO/IEC 8802-3 (1997): "Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchangebetween systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Part 3: Carrier sense multiple accesswith collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications".[10]ITU-T Recommendation G.902: "Framework Recommendation on functional access networks(AN) – Architecture and functions, access types, management and service node aspects".[11]ETR 148: "Private Telecommunication Network (PTN); Integrated services architecture for highspeed private networks".[12]ITU-T Recommendation N.51: "Definitions for application to international televisiontransmissions".[13]ITU-T Recommendation I.112: "Vocabulary of terms for ISDNs".[14]ITU-T Recommendation Q.512: "Digital exchange interfaces for subscriber access".[15]ITU-T Recommendation Q.551: "Transmission characteristics of digital exchanges".[16]ITU-T Recommendation Q.552: "Transmission characteristics at 2-wire analogue interfaces ofdigital exchanges".[17]EN 50083-1: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 1: Safetyrequirements".[18]EN 50083-2: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 2:Electromagnetic compatibility for equipment".[19]EN 50083-3: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 3: Active coaxialwideband distribution equipment".[20]EN 50083-4: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 4: Passive coaxialwideband distribution equipment".[21]EN 50083-5: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 5: Headendequipment".[22]EN 50083-6: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 6: Opticalequipment".[23]EN 50083-7: "Cabled distribution systems for television and sound signals - Part 7: Systemperformance".[24]ETS 300 429: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding andmodulation for cable systems".[25]ITU-T Recommendation J.83: "Digital multiprogramme systems for television, sound and dataservices for cable distribution".[26]ITU-T Recommendation H.222.0: "Information technology - Generic coding of moving picturesand associated audio information: Systems".[27]EN 300 001: "Attachments to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); General technicalrequirements for equipment connected to an analogue subscriber interface in the PSTN".[28]ITU-T Recommendation I.411: "ISDN user-network interfaces - Reference configurations".[29]ITU-T Recommendation Q.921: "ISDN user-network interface - Data link layer specification".[30]ITU-T Recommendation Q.931: "ISDN user-network interface layer 3specification for basic callcontrol".[31]ITU-T Recommendation I.430: "Basic user-network interface - Layer 1 specification".[32]ITU-T Recommendation I.431: "Primary rate user-network interface - Layer 1 specification".[33]ETS 300 288: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 64 kbit/s digital unrestricted leased linewith octet integrity (D64U); Network interface presentation".[34]ETS 300 418: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 2 048 kbit/s digital unstructured andstructured leased lines (D2048U and D2048S); Network interface presentation".[35]ETS 300 448: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); Ordinary quality voice bandwidth 2-wireanalogue leased line (A2O); Connection characteristics and network interface presentation". [36]ETS 300 449: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); Special quality voice bandwidth 2-wireanalogue leased line (A2S); Connection characteristics and network interface presentation". [37]ETS 300 451: "Business Telecommunications (BTC); Ordinary quality voice bandwidth 4-wireanalogue leased line (A4O); Connection characteristics and network interface presentation". [38]ETS 300 452: "Business Telecommunications (BTC); Special quality voice bandwidth 4-wireanalogue leased line (A4S); Connection characteristics and network interface presentation". [39]ETS 300 766: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); Multiple 64 kbit/s digital unrestricted leasedlines with octet integrity presented at a structured 2 048 kbit/s interface at either or both ends(D64M); Connection characteristics and network interface presentation".[40]ETS 300 686: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 34 Mbit/s and 140 Mbit/s digital leasedlines (D34U, D34S, D140U and D140S); Network interface presentation".[41]ETS 300 687: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 34 Mbit/s digital leased lines (D34U andD34S); Connection characteristics".[42]ETS 300 688: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 140 Mbit/s digital leased lines (D140U andD140S); Connection characteristics".[43]ETS 300 689: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 34 Mbit/s digital leased lines (D34U andD34S); Terminal equipment interface".[44]ETS 300 690: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 140 Mbit/s digital leased lines (D140U andD140S); Terminal equipment interface".[45]TBR 25: "Business TeleCommunications (BTC); 140 Mbit/s digital unstructured and structuredleased lines (D140U and D140S); Attachment requirements for terminal equipment interface". [46]ETS 300 166: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Physical and electrical characteristics ofhierarchical digital interfaces for equipment using the 2 048 kbit/s - based plesiochronous orsynchronous digital hierarchies".[47]ETS 300 167: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Functional characteristics of 2 048 kbit/sinterfaces".[48]ETS 300 347: "V interfaces at the digital Local Exchange (LE); V5.2 interface for the support ofAccess Network (AN)".[49]ETS 300 324: "V interfaces at the digital Local Exchange (LE); V5.1 interface for the support ofAccess Network (AN)".[50]ITU-T Recommendation I.361: "B-ISDN ATM layer specification".[51]ITU-T Recommendation I.363: "B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer specification".[52]ITU-T Recommendation I.432: "B-ISDN User-Network Interface – Physical layer specification".[53]ETS 300 800: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Interaction channel for Cable TV distributionsystems (CATV)".[54]ITU-T Recommendation J.112: "Vocabulary of terms for ISDNs".[55]EN 50083-9: "Cable networks for television signals, sound and interactive services --Part 9:Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transportstreams".[56]EN 50083-8: "Cabled networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services --Part 8: Electromagnetic compatiblity for networks".[57]EN 50083-10: "Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services --Part 10: System performance for return paths".[58]IETF RFC 894 (1984): "A standard for the transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks".[59]IETF RFC 1042 (1988): "A standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over IEEE 802Networks".3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1DefinitionsFor the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply:Access Network: an implementation, comprising those entities which provide the required transport bearer capabilities for the provision of telecommunication services between a Service Node Interface and each of the associated user-network interfaces. An Access Network can be configured and managed through a Q3 interface. In principle there is no restriction on the types and the number of UNIs and SNIs which an Access Network may implement. The access network does not interpret (user) signalling.Access Node (AN): a node providing access to the public network [ETR 148].broadcast organisation: organisation which is concerned with sound and/or television broadcasting[ITU-T Recommendation N.51].broadcast network: network providing sound and/or television signals to the user, either directly to the user or via an HFC access network.CATV: used as a general term for "cable television" (historically used to indicate "Community Antenna TeleVision" - a centralized installation of television antennas that serves a community of users).downstream direction: direction from the network towards the subscriber.digital section: the whole of the means of digital transmission of a digital signal of specified rate between 2 consecutive reference points. The term should be qualified by the type of access supported, or by a prefix denoting the V interface at the digital section bounderies.Head End (HE): (definition in HFC access network context): equipment in an HFC access network, providing interfaces between the HFC Access network and one or more other networks, and providing an RF communication interface with the user interface functions.Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC) Access Network: a mixed fibre and coaxial network architecture using FDM transmission technology based on RF frequencies, in which fibre links are used for the main distribution path, while coaxial links are used as the final link into the users' premises.network interface functions: functions belonging to the Head End in a HFC access network.service node: a network element that provides access to various switched and/or permanent telecommunication services. In case of switched services the SN is providing access call and connection control signalling, and access connection and resource handling [ITU-T Recommendation G.902].service node interface: the interface between an Access Network and a Service Node. (ITU-T Recommendation G.902: The interface which provides customer access to a service node).telecommunication network: a set of nodes and links that provides connections between 2 or more defined ports to facilitate telecommunication between them [ITU-T Recommendation I.112].upstream direction: direction from the subscriber towards the network.User Interface Functions (UIF): functions in an access network, interacting with the user equipment, and providing a RF communication interface with the Head End it is connected to.User Network Interface (UNI): the interface at which the user equipment is connected to the network.3.2SymbolsFor the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:<R>C Reference point related to BroadCast service<R>I Reference point related to IP-based service<R>L Reference point related to Leased Line Service<R>N Reference point related to Narrowband ISDN service<R>T Reference point related to Telephony serviceC64User channel of 64 kbit/sD16Data channel of 16 kbit/sD64Data channel of 64 kbit/sM Reference point at a service interface residing in a networkP Reference point at a service interface residing at the border of a networkQ3Telecommunication Network Management InterfaceV5Reference point at the SNI interface of an Access NetworkZ Reference point at the UNI interface of analogue telephony3.3AbbreviationsFor the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:AN Access NetworkANI Access Network InterfaceCATV Community Antenna TeleVisionCF Core FunctionFDM Frequency Division MultiplexFE Function ElementHFC Hybrid Fiber CoaxHE Head EndLE Local ExchangePC Personal ComputerPRA Primary Rate AccessSN Service NodeSNI Service Node InterfaceSPF Service Port FunctionUIF User Interface FunctionsUPF User Port FunctionUNI User Network Interface4 Service RequirementsAn HFC Access Network may support a number of telecommunication services and telecommunication service components. The basic function of an HFC Access Network is that it uses RF frequencies for transportation of the information between the user side and the network side of the access network. As such, the information, including both signalling and user information, must be mapped in one way or another into the RF frequency spectrum and the traditionally used frequency bands for Radio and Television. In addition to the downstream traffic, some upstream traffic may be required. Depending upon the type and bandwidth of the information, different solutions may be required for different services to be supported.HFC Access Networks may support (but are not required to support) the following Telecommunication services. Supporting" means that the HFC AN does not provide the services itself, but provides the necessary channels, control, management and security functions for transporting the service information between Service Node and User equipment.- Basic service: Radio and TV distribution service.- Telephony service, its supplementary services, and all value added services such like telefax, DECT and voice data modem services.- Internet services: basic TCP/IP en UDP/IP communication and Internet services ftp, telnet, e-mail, usenet, www and gopher.- Mobile services as defined for GSM, DCS 1800 and IMT-2000.- B-ISDN services as defined in the F.700 and F.800 series.- X25 based data services (PSPDN services).The service component information types to be supported are:- Sound: voice, music, etc.;- Video: TV-programme, movie, etc.;- Data: files, static pictures, text, low speed data, high speed data, real-time data, etc.5 Functional requirementsThe fundamental principles of an access network and a HFC access network in particular are reflected by the following functional requirements:- an (HFC) AN is used in order to multiplex/demultiplex the signalling and data streams from UNIs in a cost effective manner and then to present this information stream to the SN in a manner such that the SN can determine the source or sink UNI;- concentration shall be supported across a V5reference point as an option (although it shall always be possible to guarantee bandwidth for user ports who require such a facility such as the security services);- the HFC AN does not interpret (user) signalling. Signalling for Telecommunication services should be handled as near to transparently as possible. This means that the contents of signalling messages should not be checked unless it is unavoidable;- the V5reference point shall not be limited to a single physical interface (for redundancy and to allow more user ports to be connected);- it is not a requirement for local switching to be carried out within the Access Network itself, either under SN control or under local control;- the responsibility for call control and associated connection control resides in the SN (i.e. the HFC AN may have no knowledge of ongoing services and the call state during normal operation);-tones and announcements should be generated in the service node(s) and not in the access networks themselves, except for local ringing and some kind of announcement when the user is not reachable from the service node (e.g.all access network lines busy);-selection of the service provider by the HFC AN based on user signalling information shall not be possible, because this would require SN functionality in the HFC AN.However, for ATM based access types the HFC AN shall support access to different SNs through a single UNI at the same time by using the corresponding VPs associated to these SNs via provisioning. In this case the selection of the service provider is a matter of the user terminal and does not concern the HFC AN or the SNI;-time critical management functions which require real time co-ordination between HFC AN and SN shall be performed by communication across the V5 reference point;-technology specific functions, such as control of echo cancellers which might be required in a radio based access network, shall not be supported unless they are already supported by either V5 (in the case of narrowband services) or B-ISDN (in the case of broadband services);-charging information is only provided by the SN. This information may be passed over the V5 reference point whena user requires it as part of the service to which he has subscribed and is not passed over the V5 reference point as ameans of providing information for use by the HFC AN. Also tones and announcements shall be generated in the SN and not in the HFC AN;-if multicasting is provided in the HFC AN, this shall be allowed to be performed in the SNI to UNI direction only.Otherwise multicasting is presumed to be a service provided by the SN;-the V5 reference point at the SN has a signal structure which is a multiplex of several accesses of the same or of different access types.The HFC AN may serve service specific SNs or modular SNs as defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.902.Service affecting faults in the AN need to be advised to the SN in real time.Signalling streams need to be protected.A HFC AN makes use of RF signals for user, signalling, and maintenance information in the HFC Transport Network.A HFC AN supports basically distribution (analogue and digital audio/video) services, but may be bi-directional and may support (not provide!) telephony service, IP based service, data services, video on demand services.The downstream bandwidth (towards the user) of an HFC is in principle much bigger than the upstream bandwidth.。
2014上半年豆瓣电影【口碑榜】Top50
2014上半年豆瓣电影【口碑榜】Top502014年7月5日，豆瓣电影口碑榜公布了2014第27周榜单结果，至此，口碑榜已经完成了2014上半年的更新。
根据这半年的上榜条目，我们整理了最受好评的前50部影片，供你参考。
为了让这份榜单更纯粹，我们过滤了以下类型的条目：短片、微电影、动漫剧场版、特别篇以及部分2013范畴的电影。
榜单根据影片“评分+评分人数+已上映天数”等元素综合排序。
韩国电影《辩护人》登顶半年最佳，《布达佩斯大饭店》《达拉斯卖家俱乐部》分别位列第2、第3。
前10名里有七部美国电影，日韩法国电影各一部，0部华语片，排名最高的华语片为第28名的《天注定》。
以下为完整榜单：1 辩护人9.0分변호인/ 剧情/ 韩国/ 2013-12-18导演: 杨宇锡主演: 宋康昊/ 吴达洙/ 金英爱/ 郭道元/ 任时完重要的不是这个电影拍的如何，而是韩国电影人在拍这样的电影，韩国观众在看这样的电影，没有审查阻止、禁止、扼止你拍，没有无形之手阻止、禁止、扼止你看，这，就是民主。
韩国电影这20年的迅猛发展，离不开韩国电影人的勇气和毅力！（via 老晃）2 布达佩斯大饭店8.8分The Grand Budapest Hotel / 剧情喜剧/ 美国德国/ 2014-03-07导演: 韦斯·安德森主演: 拉尔夫·费因斯/ 托尼·雷沃罗利/ 艾德里安·布洛迪/ 威廉·达福/ 裘德·洛/ 爱德华·诺顿/ 西尔莎·罗南/ 蒂尔达·斯文顿/ 比尔·默瑞/ 蕾雅·赛杜/ 欧文·威尔逊《布达佩斯大饭店》里的各种对称，安德森的各种讲究，从色彩到布局甚至是时间线和情感线上均有始有终，新世界和旧世界如齿轮一样完美暗合，不失为一种优雅。
在梦境之上再造梦境，在废墟之上再建废墟，明明颓唐又万分克制，难怪会为你入迷。
（via 眠去）3 达拉斯买家俱乐部8.6分Dallas Buyers Club / 剧情/ 美国/ 2013-11-01导演: 让-马克·瓦雷主演: 马修·麦康纳/ 詹妮弗·加纳/ 杰瑞德·莱托/ 史蒂夫·茨恩一流的表演，除口音尚可辨识，麦康纳已经完全成为了剧中人，莱托的表现也非常惊人，值得敬佩。
2014 Manuscript preparation
Keywords
Emergy-based urban health evaluation and development pattern analysis G.Y. Liu, Z.F. Yang, B. Chen, S. Ulgiati
Keywords: Urban ecosystem health; Emergy evaluation; Urban development mode
Editor in Chief, Ecological Modelling
Outline
•Writing a quality manuscript •Preparations •Article construction •Language •Technical details •Revisions and response to reviewers •Ethical issues
Bad keywords: ecosystems, health, development, pattern analysis
Highlights
Consist of a short collection of 3 to 5 bullet points that convey the core findings of the article. (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point)
Use unnecessary jargon
Use uncommon abbreviations
Be concise
Be complete Attract readers
Use ambiguous terms
Use unnecessary detail Focus on part of the content only
中国视频网站数据分析8页word文档
中国视频网站数据分析1．视频行业最新统计数据：截至2011年12月底，中国网民规模突破5亿，达到5.13亿，全年新增网民5580万。
互联网普及率较上年底提升4个百分点，达到38.3%。
截至2011年12月底，中国网络视频用户数量增至3.25亿，年增长率达到14.6%，在网民中的使用率由上年底的62.1%提升至63.4%。
视频网站分类及基本情况：2．视频网站分类3．网站基本数据统计4．视频网站现有资产节目：优酷原创：《泡芙小姐》、《11度青春》、《父亲》《老男孩》《晓说》《揭露奥斯卡游戏规则》优酷原创专区的网络电影频道为低成本的网络电影提供了一个展示平台，目前该平台已有近300部网络电影上线，这些电影大多以百姓生活中的小事为素材，影视内容十分贴近生活。
喜欢看动漫的网友也可以到优酷原创动画专区，专区内有超过200部原创动画，搞笑、温馨的动画一点即播。
激动网出品网视联播”“明星演播室”“美女天气预报”“天下游戏”“雷闻天下”“穿帮汇”“车闻联播”腾讯出品：《足球风暴》、《西甲大爆炸》、《篮球星播客》《最佳人物》、《名人坊》、《娱乐爆点》《大师》、《商业人生》、《某某某》、《游戏人生》、《游戏工厂》Channel豆：《爱啊哎呀我愿意》、自制综艺节目《哈林哈时尚》以及《土豆通台湾》搜狐出品：《7电影》系列、《秘密天使》、《钱多多嫁人记》、《夏日甜心》及《疯狂办公室》等影片。
《7电影》《幸福速递》、黄渤执导的《特殊服务》《大鹏嘚吧嘚》、《综艺马后炮》、《先锋人物》、《Newface》及《明星在线》奇艺出品：2011年爱奇艺推出首部自制剧《在线爱》，邀请日本知名艺人苍井空加盟演出。
之后的《城市映像》系列微电影也获得很大的成功。
影视剧之外，爱奇艺还自制了柳岩主持的综艺节目《健康相对论》，陈汉典主持的《爱够了没》以及一档婚恋交友类节目《浪漫满车》。
《时尚爆米花》、《娱乐猛回头》、《音乐不要停》以及《接拍瞬间》乐视制造：版权众多的乐视网在自制方面也丝毫不落于人，乐视制造是乐视网除版权购买、分销之外非常重要的一步战略。
2014年Q1长安标致雪铁龙DS 数字营销媒体投放效果评估报告
目标Objective：
• • • 门户Portal -增强DS 5LS品牌及产品形象，推动新车上市 Build DS 5LS image and drive DS 5LS launch. 垂直Vertical -大面积曝光新车，精准收集销售线索 Create awareness and collect core leads. 手机端Mobile -最大化曝光新车上市，同时选择用户活跃度高且覆盖高的手机端媒体来增强DS 5LS品牌及产品知名度并收集销售线索Choose high TGI & coverage APP to strengthen DS 5LS awareness and collect leads.
Teaser 3.14-3.28
Display
OTV
着重在DS重点市场北京,上海,深圳,成 都 PC+Pad端曝光前贴片，引起目标受众关注， 为新车上市造势 Focus on key markets in BJ, SH, SZ, CD PC + Pad exposure , and cause TA attent汇总Media Type Performance Summary
• • 门户点击完成率最高，同时CPM也较高，由于在上市前期，着重投放了大流量点位曝光新车上市，同时点击表现优 异，如凤凰-咨询首页浮层Portal sites has high click% and CPM because we choose high traffic positions for launch campaign. Such as Ifeng news homepage banner. 垂直媒体CPM完成数比预估低将近一半，由于易车和汽车之家网站自身流量较高，同时在上市投放阶段着重选择首 页通栏、天幕广告等大曝光点位Vertical sites has 50% lower CPM than est. cause the PV of Bitauto & Autohome is higher among all the vertical sites and we choose position such as homepage banner. 移动媒体CPM最低，主要选择用户活跃度高且覆盖高的APP，如驾考宝典 Mobile APP has low CPM cause we choose high TGI & coverage APP such as Jiakao baodian.
2014年中国网络广告行业年度监测报告
3
目录
1. 2013年中国网络广告市场年度盘点
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
盘点一：并购频发，上市迭起，资本市场迎来回暖新浪潮
盘点二：植根热点，互动播报，优质内容缔造新闻深耕点
盘点三：地图定位，微信分发，巨头入驻带来移动新机遇 盘点四：多屏互动，台网协同，互联网电视开启全新视界
盘点五：巨头纷纷布局RTB市场，广告产业链进入新阶段
4.48亿美元，搜搜、搜
狗业务整合。
58同城、去哪儿相继上市，汽车之家提交IPO：6月6日，跨境电商企业兰亭集势在纽交所上市，成为2013年 第一个中国互联网企业海外上市案例。随后，网络广告或网络媒体相关领域也涌现出上市或提交IPO的企业：
（1）2013年10月31日，分类 信息网站58同城在纽交所上市。
艾瑞点评：新闻客户端一度被认为是继微博、微信之后的第三张移动互联网门票，三家新闻客户端作为门户向 移动端转移的产品，凭借着良好的门户媒体基础和不同的资源优势，这为行业洗牌提供了一次绝好的机会。无 论是网易、搜狐还是腾讯，在门户时代都积累了良好的媒体业务基础，在新闻资讯类移动应用的发展上可谓全 力以赴，但移动背景下，未来的前景还取决于能否更好的变现，照搬门户的盈利模式恐怕不会有想象空间。
2014-11、12
– – – – – – – – – – – 1、网站外链的推广度、数量和质量。 2、网站的内链够强大。 3、网站的原创质量。 4、网站的年龄时间。 5、网站的更新频率。 6、网站的服务器。 7、网站的流量:流量越高网站权重越高； 8、网站的关键词排名:关键词排名越靠前，网网站或者数量越多，积累的权重也会越高，不过，这还要看 关键词的流量，如果关键词的流量非常的低，即便排名很靠前，权重也不会积累 到很多，不过可以积少成多。
• 相关搜索 • 英汉互译词典 • 智能搜索
– 火车票 股票代码 快递
综合搜索引擎-关键词排序
搜索引擎是怎么判断网站页面是 做的什么关键词的? • • • • • 1、三标签写法 2、关键词布局 3、相关关键词语义分析 4、关键词锚文本 5、关键词密度
综合搜索引擎-关键词排序
• 1、三标签写法
– 标题标签
综合搜索引擎
• 搜索引擎是可以互补的
– 互联网虽然只有一个，但各搜索引擎的能力和偏好不同，所以抓取的网 页各不相同，排序算法也各不相同。大型搜索引擎的数据库储存了互联 网上几亿至几十亿的网页索引，数据量达到几千G甚至几万G。但即使最 大的搜索引擎建立超过二十亿网页的索引数据库，也只能占到互联网上 普通网页的不到30%，不同搜索引擎之间的网页数据重叠率一般在70% 以下。我们使用不同搜索引擎的重要原因，就是因为它们能分别搜索到 不同的内容。而互联网上有更大量的内容，是搜索引擎无法抓取索引的， 也是我们无法用搜索引擎搜索到的。 – 搜索引擎只能搜到它网页索引数据库里储存的内容。你也应该有这个概 念：如果搜索引擎的网页索引数据库里应该有而你没有搜出来，那是你 的能力问题，学习搜索技巧可以大幅度提高你的搜索能力。
6711622_在线视频网站的现状与发展趋势____
回顾2012年的中国广播电视行业,会发现在线视频网站的表现十分引人注目。
在线视频网站持续发力,表现出与以往不一样的特点。
2012年关于在线视频的年度热词应当是“整合”:2012年3月12日下午,优酷、土豆宣布将以100%换股的方式正式合并;2012年8月20日,优酷土豆集团公司正式成立。
同年4月24日,搜狐视频、腾讯视频、爱奇艺在北京联合宣布达成协议,共同组建“视频内容合作组织”。
整合之余,不变的王者依然是内容。
在经历了前两年高价竞购电视剧版权的大潮之后,如今各大视频网站变得更加理性,更加注重有针对性地与传统广电媒体展开合作。
例如,2012年12月11日,搜狐视频与《中国好声音》主办方之一星空华文传媒在上海宣布达成战略合作,搜狐视频成为其独家新媒体战略合作伙伴,获得2013年《中国好声音》、《中国好声音之对战最强音》等综艺内容的独家视频权益,并深度开展网台联动和营销创新。
可以说,目前在线视频网站的竞争正处于白热化阶段,未来几年后,也许最终会剩下几家巨头存活并形成垄断,不过更有可能的情况是出现多赢局面。
各家在线视频网站进行差异化竞争,从不同方面满足受众的需求。
实际上,这一趋势已经露出端倪,如今行业内领先的几家在线视频网站都独具特色。
一、国内行业领先在线视频网站分析(一)优酷土豆自2006年正式运营以来,优酷网仅用一年时间就实现了用户数过千万,并连续6年保持行业领军地位。
作为国内最大的视频分享类网站,其商业模式一直备受行业内外的关注。
2012年3月11日,优酷网和土豆网签署协议,将以100%换股的方式合并。
相关数据显示,2011年第四季度在整个国内网络视频市场中,优酷市场份额位居首位,达21.8%,土豆次之,约为13.7%,预计两者合并之后将占领整个市场的1/3。
优酷网作为行业领军者,以强大的融资能力、合理的产品理念为商业核心,善于资源整合与合作共赢,与个体拍客和官方的媒体网站都有合作关系,包括新浪、腾讯以及地方电视台等,从而为用户提供更为优质、人性化的特色需求。
KEYWORDS TO UNDERSTAND CHINA
64K eywords t o U nderstand C hinaS ince China introduced the policy of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, great economic and social progress has been made, leading to significant improvement in the overall standards of living. As a result, several hundred million people have been lifted out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of poverty reduction worldwide during the period. Much remains to be done, however, to eliminate still substantial pockets of poverty, given the fact that China, a country with a large population, is still in the primary stage of socialism, and its diverse regions show varying levels of development.At the end of 2015, some 55.75 million of China’s rural residents still lived below the national poverty line, with an annual net income of less than RMB 2,300 per capita. China’s poverty alleviation initiatives are now facing some of their most daunting challenges. Against such a backdrop, in 2014 China launched its first National Poverty Alleviation Day, which is now marked on October 17 each year. China will allocate greater resources to poverty relief and mobilize all sectors of society to join the fight against poverty. Development efforts aimed specifically at reducing poverty will be increased to put an early end to poverty. Effective measures will be implemented to steadily improve access to adequate food and daily necessities, compulsory education, basic medical services and housing.A t the close of the Central Economic Work Meeting on December 11, 2014, central leadership floated the idea of a targeted approach to alleviating poverty. On June 18, 2015, during a visit to Guizhou Province, Chinese President Xi Jinping once again brought up the subject, declaring that it would determine the success of the poverty alleviation drive. It has subsequently become a hot topic with the general public. In its Proposal for Formulating the 13th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in November 2015, the 18th CPC Central Committee specified targeted measures for the coming five years. Targeted efforts are designed to ensure that average income statistics do not eclipse the true living conditions of many in hardship. Such efforts require attention to detail. Greater emphasis will be placed on identifying low-income groups in need of assistance, so that they receive proper attentionand their basic standard of living is guaranteed. Central leadership proposed such a targeted approach as China faces the dauntingchallenge of eliminating the final pockets of poverty across the country. To ensure that poverty reduction efforts are optimally effective, Xi Jinping called for policies and programs of assistance to be tailored to the needs of individual families in conjunction with targeted funding and village-specific expert support, and to be pursued with results-oriented focus.打好扶贫攻坚战改革开放30多年来，中国经济社会发展取得很大成就，人民生活水平总体上发生很大变化，几亿贫困人口脱贫，完成这期间全世界超过70%的减贫任务。
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2014年，是中国视频网站走过的第一个十年。
10年间，视频网站历经各种波折，目前竞争态势相对稳定，有人更是将过去的一年称为视频网站的“黄金元年”。
这一年中，视频网站行业格局经过多方洗牌，呈现出了前所未有的活力和竞争态势、神曲《小苹果》掀起了全民广场舞的狂欢；“冰桶事件”为公益慈善传播提供教程，《来自星星的你》进入广告语、冷笑话、流行语，甚至餐饮业，旅游业，形成独特的文化景观……不可否认视频网站对我们生活的渗透与塑造，它甚至改变了我们的流行文化、公益传播、衬会文木，乃全生活方式与时代气质。
当我们同顾2014年视频网站的十大关键词时，其实也是在素描整个影视产业乃至社会形态的震荡与微调。
大数据人人都在说大数据，到底什么是大数据？科学的解释是，巨量资料，指的是所涉及的资料量规模巨大到无法通过主流软件工具，在合理时间内达到撷取、管理、处理并整理成为帮助企业经营决策更积极目的的资讯。
“大量（volume）、高速（velocity）、多样（variety）、价值（value）”是大数据专属的“4v”特点。
对于视频网站来说，天然的互联网属性让其对于用户的研究和传统媒体相比，拥有天然的优势。
大数据的时代，每个网民都是样本，每个人的行为都会留下痕迹，强大的大数据分析，能通过分析比对大量样本，将用户的行为习惯分析得近乎透明。
一个有意思的例子，传统意义上认为，体育类节目的贴片广告应该是啤酒、剃须刀等男性属性十分明显的商品，而实际上，在体育类节目中加入纸尿裤的贴片广告，同样能达到相当满意的宣传效果。
因为数据告诉我们，很大部分家庭中，婴儿的纸尿裤是由奶爸们在网上购买的。
对用户个性化、多样化的收视需求实现全面了解，从而完成有针对性的内容订制，对于视频网站来说，大数据的意义正在于此。
在各个项目的立项初期，需要严格的数据支撑，用数据和流量来预测出项目上线后的流量预期，划出两个极值，再反向推演出该项目是否能够收回成本；在招商阶段，数据是项目最有力的武器，帮助销售团队精准定位客户群，从而提高招商的成功率和成交价格；在项目上线阶段，视频网站将尽可能贴合项目目标用户群的使用习惯，打破固有的传播习惯，更加注重用户体验，开发互联网式的传播规律，从上线时间到播放界面布局，均在数据分析结果的支撑下变得更加直接有效。
圈地运动视频网站并非仗着荷包满满而四处撒钱的暴发户，每一个赶上了第一轮发展期的视频网站都不简单。
如果说之前的竞争还仅仅停留在最直接而末端的广告收入和用户资源争抢的阶段，那么2014年的竞争内容则更加显现出了一个行业的商业布局。
网站们不再满足于简单的独播权争抢，也不再满足于对国内各大传统王牌卫视的节目和剧目资源争抢，他们有了更为明确而精准的匹配标准和自我定位。
当各自主攻方向确认之后，挖掘程度必然变得更深，随之展现的内容更有趣，而一直存在的网络节目同质化严重等问题也将得到有效缓解，对于受众来说，可供收看的节目类型也更加丰富。
往年各大国际电视节上，各类传统电视媒体往往是最为财大气粗的团队，而2014年，从爱丁堡小镇到戛纳海边，视频网站买手的身影随处可见，他们手握重金，源源不断地将各类优秀节目模式、剧集、成片等优质资源收入囊中。
曾有行内人士开玩笑说：“这年头，手里没几个拿得出手的版权，就别在视频江湖上玩儿了。
”从目前各个主流视频网站的主要内容上来看，它们均已完成了对于自身的定位，重合肯定存在，竞争不会停止，但江湖格局基本已定，一场大戏，才刚刚开始。
自制原创，是所有以内容为王的节目最需要也最缺乏的重要元素，再更进一步地想，卧榻之侧岂容他人酣睡，如果视频网站始终停留在成品内容采买的阶段，其发展必然受到极大的限制和阻碍。
4月20日，湖南卫视旗下两个新媒体平台“金鹰网”和“芒果tv”完成改版融合，推出全新的“芒果tv”网络视频平台。
这意味着传统电视台正式开始涉足视频网站独享的领域，当蛋糕足够诱人，必然引来更多人的瓜分。
面对传统电视老大哥的正面宣战，视频网站当然不会坐以待毙。
芒果tv的成立，彻底打破了电视台和视频网站固有的合作模式，2014年，各大视频网站纷纷开始发力自制。
跟电视台相比，视频网站的决策者们非常清楚自身的优势和短板。
自制领域按内容被划分为自制剧、自制电影以及自制综艺等三大领域。
有数据显示，2014年，爱奇艺划拨3亿元投入自制，截至目前，生产出了15部302集自制剧以及《奇葩说》《晓松奇谈》《时尚江湖》《纹理》《大魔术师》等多档优质综艺节目，而在其201 5年的计划中，投入资金将“上不封顶”，预计自制剧数量将达到30部、500集，总时长达到15000分钟，每两周一部的节奏，对全年52周实现了全面覆盖；自制综艺将有50至60档，既有常规伴随式的娱乐栏目，也有重金打造的大型季播节目。
和传统电视台相比，视频网站拥有更大的空间和自由度，依靠数据支撑对用户进行的研究和依据研究结果提供的定制服务正互为助力，将视频网站的自制推向更具质量和深度的方向，同时，视频网站所具备的天然优势，让电商和节目内容契合成为可能，商品转化更直接，从而真正打通了线上线下的立体式营销。
2014年，是毋庸置疑的视频网站“自制元年”。
限外令广电总局的“限外令”成为悬在视频网站头顶的一把利剑，从此，在线追看引进剧将成历史。
新规指出，“2015年新上线的境外影视剧必须拿到1季的全片并配好字幕交审，审核通过后，取得引进许可证号方可上线播出。
2014年9月前上线播出的境外影视剧必须在2015年4月1日前完成登记，在线播出的内容协议到期后如续签沿用新政。
”“限外令”无疑可以起到规范、严格化视频网站引进剧环境的作用，同时这一政令也将部分引进剧从视频网站逆流回电视荧屏；它对视频网站的冲击无疑是巨大的，对其引进剧的点击率和流量均有巨大损失，尤其视频网站的新剧集受影响最大。
新规之下，视频网站购剧更加谨慎，多家视频网站也表示暂时不考虑首播和独播引进剧。
近日刚在韩国首播的韩剧《海德、哲基尔与我》是玄彬复出之作，在韩国呼声很高，但该剧竟然没有一家国内视频网站同步跟播。
团队如果说，数年前，某传统媒体大佬转投视频网站行业的新闻会在业内引起不小的震动，那么2014年，同样的新闻可能会换来更多人的会心一笑。
没有人敢断言传统媒体已死，但就现阶段来看，传统电视行业的发展，确实已进入了疲惫期，而视频lxxj站正以其充满新鲜活力的新人姿态，在传媒领域起着越米越举足轻重的作用。
2014年，各大视频网站集体发力自制，这个战略之下的人才缺口，无疑是巨大的。
“树挪死，人挪活”，2014年，多位拥有相当程度的公众影响力的传统媒体符号性人物的跳槽，让越来越多的人认识到，视频网站是在玩儿真的。
仍然足在通过节目进行价值观输出，但同时被提供给更宽松的工作空间，更多的自主选择权，加之不菲的薪资，媒体大佬们似乎真的没有拒绝的理由。
曾有观点认为，国内最优秀的电视人，其主要活动范围仍然是大型电视台，而今，这个范围，应该加入视频网站。
版权不可欺如果说2013年的版权收购只是拉开了版权争夺战的序幕，那么2014年的视频网站版权争夺战则进阶成为实打实的当面厮杀。
在这场血战的外围，有一些网站，因为版权的问题退出互联网的舞台，有的甚至永远地消失在了大众的视野中。
快播在2014年5月因涉嫌盗版遭到相关部门2.6亿天价处罚，快播的官方网站也不得不关闭。
11月22日，著名网络字幕组“射手网”发布公告《断?舍?离》正式与广大用户告别。
无独有偶，在同一天，另一著名的网络字幕组“人人影视”发公告称冈清理内容而暂时无法访问网站。
经历停摆风波之后，人人影视在12月20日正式宣布关闭，从停到关不足一个月。
“快播”和“字幕组”的倒闭让许多人不舍，但从积极的角度来说，这说明视频网站的版权意识在与日俱增。
合纵连横“合纵连横”是用来形容2014年视频网站行业热钱走向十分恰当的一个词。
这场资本的角力起始自2012年3月，优酷网和土豆网宣布以100%换股的方式完成合并，合力登顶视频网站霸主地位，远超当时其他竞争对手；2013年5月，百度3.7亿美元收购pps视频业务，并将其与爱奇艺进行合并成立新爱奇艺公司，打破了优酷土豆独霸第一、其他视频网站勇争第二的市场格局；10月，苏宁宣布联合联想控股集团旗下弘毅资本以4.7亿美元注资pptv；2014年11月，小米旗下的顺为基金宣布以累计18亿人民币的资本人股爱奇艺，一跃成为爱奇艺第二大股东，随后百度宣布追投，仍然是爱奇艺第一大股东……此外，腾讯视频、搜狐视频等均有不同动作，纷纷开始发力。
视频网站江湖格局，正在资本的力量推动下，形成群雄争霸的局面。
作为国内视频网站行业内第一家赴美成功上市的公司，优酷土豆在经过看似不计回报的“砸银子”行为之后，终于首次实现季度盈利，其2014年2月公布的财报显示，2013年第四季度，优酷土豆净收入9.013亿元，较2013财年同期增长42%，彼时的这个消息，对于正陷入服务器、版权、自制等严峻资本竞争的行业伙伴们来说，确实是一个及时的利好消息。
都说互联网行业热钱多，但天下没有免费的午餐，大量砸钱的金主们，无疑都想通过前期的资本投入换得后期盈利时分一杯羹的权利。
视频网站整个行业，能够得到数目令人咂舌的资本青睐，也从另一个侧面证明了其拥有的行业竞争力不容小觑。
多屏时代与传统的电视传播方式相比，视频网站还拥有一个得天独厚的条件――终端多样化，即所谓的多屏互动。
而通讯技术的日趋发达，4g业务普及，为提高用户通过多屏收看时的质量提供了越来越优质的技术保证。
对于相当数量的网络用户来说，回家开电脑或者开移动设备的习惯，早已替代了回家开电视的习惯，与此同时，智能手机和平板电脑的普及，使用户在任何场合任何时间观看成为了可能，这一优势，恰恰是传统电视媒体的短板所在。
多屏的优势，不仅体现在用户和时长的占有量上，当使用移动设备观看视频产品被培养成为一个长期而稳固的用户习惯时，随之而来的长尾效应所创造的价值，将更为可观。
从现有的技术层面，实现观众和在线电商买家的重合已经不是问题。
而当这个重合度越来越高的时候，视频网站也就真正实现了从“为用户提供节目”到“为用户提供服务”的完美进阶。
审丑审丑是对应审美而出现的新词汇。
有人把审丑看作是“审美疲劳”的产物，也有人认为审丑本身就是审美的一种表现形式。
区别于平媒和电视所强调的传统审美，网络作为更自由的平台，它在提供审美的同时，也给审丑提供了广袤而辽阔的空间。
2014年之前就有芙蓉姐姐、凤姐、小月月等奇葩，2014年更是长江后浪推前浪――年度撕逼三部曲《100块都不给我》《我的项链2000多》《我和你什么怨什么仇》由百元哥、项链姐、瓜子哥联袂出演。
从积极的角度来说，网友拿着视频拍下那些痛揍，宣泄了心头的愤懑，我们是如此痛恨那些不遵守公共秩序的人，不过，有时候是不是自己也有疏失的地方，比如，像瓜子哥一样都热爱将食物带上车，旁若无人地吃起来。