Controlling Spin Exchange Interactions of Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices

合集下载

大学物理实验报告英文版

大学物理实验报告Ferroelectric Control of Spin PolarizationABSTRACTA current drawback of spintronics is the large power that is usually required for magnetic writing, in contrast with nanoelectronics, which relies on “zero-current,” gate-controlled operations. Efforts have been made to control the spin-relaxation rate, the Curie temperature, or the magnetic anisotropy with a gate voltage, but these effects are usually small and volatile. We used ferroelectric tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic electrodes to demonstrate local, large, and nonvolatile control of carrier spin polarization by electrically switching ferroelectric polarization. Our results represent a giant type of interfacial magnetoelectric coupling and suggest a low-power approach for spin-based information control.Controlling the spin degree of freedom by purely electrical means is currently an important challenge in spintronics (1, 2). Approaches based on spin-transfer torque (3) have proven very successful in controlling the direction of magnetization in a ferromagnetic layer, but they require the injection of high current densities. An ideal solution would rely on the application of an electric field across an insulator, as in existing nanoelectronics. Early experiments have demonstrated the volatile modulation of spin-based properties with a gate voltage applied through a dielectric. Notable examples include the gate control of the spin-orbit interaction in III-V quantum wells (4), the Curie temperature T C (5), or the magnetic anisotropy (6) in magnetic semiconductors with carrier-mediated exchange interactions; for example, (Ga,Mn)As or (In,Mn)As. Electric field–induced modifications of magnetic anisotropy at room temperature have also been reported recently in ultrathin Fe-based layers (7, 8).A nonvolatile extension of this approach involves replacing the gate dielectric by a ferroelectric and taking advantage of the hysteretic response of its order parameter (polarization) with an electric field. When combined with (Ga,Mn)As channels, forinstance, a remanent control of T C over a few kelvin was achieved through polarization-driven charge depletion/accumulation (9, 10), and the magnetic anisotropy was modified by the coupling of piezoelectricity and magnetostriction (11, 12). Indications of an electrical control of magnetization have also been provided in magnetoelectric heterostructures at room temperature (13–17).Recently, several theoretical studies have predicted that large variations of magnetic properties may occur at interfaces between ferroelectrics and high-T C ferromagnets such as Fe (18–20), Co2MnSi (21), or Fe3O4 (22). Changing the direction of the ferroelectric polarization has been predicted to influence not only the interfacial anisotropy and magnetization, but also the spin polarization. Spin polarization [i.e., the normalized difference in the density of states (DOS) of majority and minority spin carriers at the Fermi level (E F)] is typically the key parameter controlling the response of spintronics systems, epitomized by magnetic tunnel junctions in which the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is related to the electrode spin polarization by the Jullière formula (23). These predictions suggest that the nonvolatile character of ferroelectrics at the heart of ferroelectric random access memory technology (24) may be exploited in spintronics devices such as magnetic random access memories or spin field-effect transistors (2). However, the nonvolatile electrical control of spin polarization has not yet been demonstrated.We address this issue experimentally by probing the spin polarization of electrons tunneling from an Fe electrode through ultrathin ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) tunnel barriers (Fig. 1A). The BTO polarization can be electrically switched to point toward oraway from the Fe electrode. We used a half-metallic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3(LSMO) (25) bottom electrode as a spin detector in these artificial multiferroic tunnel junctions (26, 27). Magnetotransport experiments provide evidence for a large and reversible dependence of the TMR on ferroelectric polarization direction.Fig. 1(A) Sketch of the nanojunction defined by electrically controlled nanoindentation. A thin resist is spin-coated on the BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayer. The nanoindentation is performed with a conductive-tip atomic force microscope, and the resultingnano-hole is filled by sputter-depositing Au/CoO/Co/Fe. (B) (Top) PFM phase image of a BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayer after poling the BTO along 1-by-4–μm stripes with either a negative or positive (tip-LSMO) voltage. (Bottom) CTAFM image of an unpoled area of a BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayer. Ω, ohms. (C) X-ray absorption spectra collected at room temperature close to the Fe L3,2 (top), Ba M5,4 (middle), and TiL3,2 (bottom) edges on an AlO x(1.5 nm)/Al(1.5 nm)/Fe(2 nm)/BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm)//NGO(001) heterostructure. (D) HRTEM and (E) HAADF images of the Fe/BTO interface in a Ta(5 nm)/Fe(18 nm)/BTO(50 nm)/LSMO(30 nm)//NGO(001) heterostructure. The white arrowheads in (D) indicate the lattice fringes of {011} planes in the iron layer. [110] and [001] indicate pseudotetragonal crystallographic axes of the BTO perovskite.The tunnel junctions that we used in this study are based on BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayers grown epitaxially onto (001)-oriented NdGaO3 (NGO) single-crystal substrates (28). The large (~180°) and stable piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) phase contrast (28) between negatively and positively poled areas (Fig. 1B, top) indicates that the ultrathin BTO films are ferroelectric at room temperature (29). The persistence of ferroelectricity for such ultrathin films of BTO arises from the large lattice mismatch with the NGO substrate (–3.2%), which is expected to dramatically enhance ferroelectric properties in this highly strained BTO (30). The local topographical and transport properties of the BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayers were characterized by conductive-tip atomic force microscopy (CTAFM) (28). The surface is very smooth with terraces separated by one-unit-cell–high steps, visible in both the topography (29) and resistance mappings (Fig. 1B, bottom). No anomalies in the CTAFM data were observed over lateral distances on the micrometer scale.We defined tunnel junctions from these bilayers by a lithographic technique based on CTAFM (28, 31). Top electrical contacts of diameter ~10 to 30 nm can be patterned by this nanofabrication process. The subsequent sputter deposition of a 5-nm-thick Fe layer, capped by a Au(100 nm)/CoO(3.5 nm)/Co(11.5 nm) stack to increase coercivity, defined a set of nanojunctions (Fig. 1A). The same Au/CoO/Co/Fe stack was deposited on another BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) sample for magnetic measurements. Additionally, a Ta(5 nm)/Fe(18 nm)/BTO(50 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) sample and a AlO x(1.5 nm)/Al(1.5nm)/Fe(2 nm)/BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) sample were realized for structural and spectroscopic characterizations.We used both a conventional high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and the NION UltraSTEM 100 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to investigate the Fe/BTO interface properties of the Ta/Fe/BTO/LSMO sample. The epitaxial growth of the BTO/LSMO bilayer on the NGO substrate was confirmed by HRTEM and high-resolution STEM images. The low-resolution, high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) image of the entire heterostructure shows the sharpness of theLSMO/BTO interface over the studied area (Fig. 1E, top). Figure 1D reveals a smooth interface between the BTO and the Fe layers. Whereas the BTO film is epitaxially grown on top of LSMO, the Fe layer consists of textured nanocrystallites. From the in-plane (a) and out-of-plane (c) lattice parameters in the tetragonal BTO layer, we infer that c/a = 1.016 ± 0.008, in good agreement with the value of 1.013 found with the use of x-ray diffraction (29). The interplanar distances for selected crystallites in the Fe layer [i.e.,~2.03 Å (Fig. 1D, white arrowheads)] are consistent with the {011} planes ofbody-centered cubic (bcc) Fe.We investigated the BTO/Fe interface region more closely in the HAADF mode of the STEM (Fig. 1E, bottom). On the BTO side, the atomically resolved HAADF image allows the distinction of atomic columns where the perovskite A-site atoms (Ba) appear as brighter spots. Lattice fringes with the characteristic {100} interplanar distances of bcc Fe (~2.86 Å) can be distinguished on the opposite side. Subtle structural, chemical, and/or electronic modifications may be expected to occur at the interfacial boundarybetween the BTO perovskite-type structure and the Fe layer. These effects may lead to interdiffusion of Fe, Ba, and O atoms over less than 1 nm, or the local modification of the Fe DOS close to E F, consistent with ab initio calculations of the BTO/Fe interface (18–20).To characterize the oxidation state of Fe, we performed x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements on a AlO x(1.5 nm)/Al(1.5 nm)/Fe(2 nm)/BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) sample (28). The probe depth was at least 7 nm, as indicated by the finite XAS intensity at the La M4,5 edge (28), so that the entire Fe thickness contributed substantially to the signal. As shown in Fig. 1C (top), the spectrum at the Fe L2,3 edge corresponds to that of metallic Fe (32). The XAS spectrum obtained at the Ba M4,5 edge (Fig. 1C, middle) is similar to that reported for Ba2+ in (33). Despite the poor signal-to-noise ratio, the Ti L2,3 edge spectrum (Fig. C, bottom) shows the typical signature expected for a valence close to 4+ (34). From the XAS, HRTEM, and STEM analyses, we conclude that theFe/BTO interface is smooth with no detectable oxidation of the Fe layer within a limit of less than 1 nm.After cooling in a magnetic field of 5 kOe aligned along the [110] easy axis of pseudocubic LSMO (which is parallel to the orthorhombic [100] axis of NGO), we characterized the transport properties of the junctions at low temperature (4.2K). Figure 2A (middle) shows a typical resistance–versus–magnetic field R(H) cycle recorded at a bias voltage of –2 mV (positive bias corresponds to electrons tunneling from Fe to LSMO). The bottom panel of Fig. 2A shows the magnetic hysteresisloop m(H) of a similar unpatterned sample measured with superconducting quantuminterference device (SQUID) magnetometry. When we decreased the magnetic field from a large positive value, the resistance dropped in the –50 to –250 Oe range and then followed a plateau down to –800 Oe, after which it sharply returned to thehigh-resistance state. We observed a similar response when cycling the field back to large positive values. A comparison with the m(H) loop indicates that the switching fields in R(H) correspond to changes in the relative magnetic configuration of the LSMO and Fe electrodes from parallel (at high field) to antiparallel (at low field). The magnetically softer LSMO layer switched at lower fields (50 to 250 Oe) compared with the Fe layer, for which coupling to the exchange-biased Co/CoO induces larger and asymmetric coercive fields (–800 Oe, 300 Oe). The observed R(H) corresponds to a negative TMR = (R ap–R p)/R ap of –17% [R p and R ap are the resistance in the parallel (p) and antiparallel (ap) magnetic configurations, respectively; see the sketches in Fig. 2A]. Within the simple Jullière model of TMR (23) and considering the large positive spin polarization of half-metallic LSMO (25), this negative TMR corresponds to a negative spin polarization for bcc Fe at the interface with BTO, in agreement with ab initio calculations (18–20).Fig. 2(A) (Top) Device schematic with black arrows to indicate magnetizations. p, parallel; ap, antiparallel. (Middle) R(H) recorded at –2 mV and 4.2 K showing negative TMR. (Bottom) m(H) recorded at 30 K with a SQUID magnetometer. emu, electromagnetic units. (B) (Top) Device schematic with arrows to indicate ferroelectric polarization. (Bottom) I(V DC) curves recorded at 4.2 K after poling the ferroelectric down (orange curve) or up (brown curve). The bias dependence of the TER is shown in the inset.As predicted (35–38) and demonstrated (29) previously, the tunnel current across a ferroelectric barrier depends on the direction of the ferroelectric polarization. We also observed this effect in our Fe/BTO/LSMO junctions. As can be seen in Fig. 2B, after poling the BTO at 4.2 K to orient its polarization toward LSMO or Fe (with a poling voltage of VP–≈ –1 V or VP+≈ 1 V, respectively; see Fig. 2B sketches),current-versus-voltage I(V DC) curves collected at low bias voltages showed a finite difference corresponding to a tunnel electroresistance as large as TER = (I VP+–I VP–)/I VP–≈ 37% (Fig. 2B, inset). This TER can be interpreted within an electrostatic model (36–39), taking into account the asymmetric deformation of the barrier potential profile that is created by the incomplete screening of polarization charges by different Thomas-Fermi screening lengths at Fe/BTO and LSMO/BTO interfaces.Piezoelectric-related TER effects (35, 38) can be neglected as the piezoelectric coefficient estimated from PFM experiments is too small in our clamped films (29). TER measurements performed on a BTO(1 nm)/LSMO(30 nm) bilayer with the use of a CTAFM boron-doped diamond tip as the top electrode showed values of ~200%(29). Given the strong sensitivity of the TER on barrier parameters and barrier-electrode interfaces, these two values are not expected to match precisely. We anticipate that the TER variation between Fe/BTO/LSMO junctions and CTAFM-based measurements is primarily the result of different electrostatic boundary conditions.Switching the ferroelectric polarization of a tunnel barrier with voltage pulses is also expected to affect the spin-dependent DOS of electrodes at a ferromagnet/ferroelectric interface. Interfacial modifications of the spin-dependent DOS of the half-metallic LSMO by the ferroelectric BTO are not likely, as no states are present for the minority spins up to ~350 meV above E F (40, 41). For 3d ferromagnets such as Fe, large modifications of the spin-dependent DOS are expected, as charge transfer between spin-polarized empty and filled states is possible. For the Fe/BTO interface, large changes have been predicted through ab initio calculations of 3d electronic states of bcc Fe at the interface with BTO by several groups (18–20).To experimentally probe possible changes in the spin polarization of the Fe/BTO interface, we measured R(H) at a fixed bias voltage of –50 mV after aligning the ferroelectric polarization of BTO toward Fe or LSMO. R(H) cycles were collected for each direction of the ferroelectric polarization for two typical tunnel junctions of the same sample (Fig. 3, B and C, for junction #1; Fig. 3, D and E, for junction #2). In both junctions at the saturating magnetic field, high- and low-resistance states are observed when the ferroelectric polarization points toward LSMO or Fe, respectively, with a variation of ~ 25%. This result confirms the TER observations in Fig. 2B.Fig. 3(A) Sketch of the electrical control of spin polarization at the Fe/BTO interface.(B and C) R(H) curves for junction #1 (V DC = –50 mV, T = 4.2 K) after poling the ferroelectric barrier down or up, respectively. (D and E) R(H) curves for junction #2 (V DC = –50 mV, T= 4.2 K) after poling the ferroelectric barrier down or up, respectively.More interestingly, here, the TMR is dramatically modified by the reversal of BTO polarization. For junction #1, the TMR amplitude changes from –17 to –3% when the ferroelectric polarization is aligned toward Fe or LSMO, respectively (Fig. 3, B and C). Similarly for junction #2, the TMR changes from –45 to –19%. Similar results were obtained on Fe/BTO (1.2 nm)/LSMO junctions (28). Within the Jullière model (23), these changes in TMR correspond to a large (or small) spin polarization at the Fe/BTO interface when the ferroelectric polarization of BTO points toward (or away from) the Fe electrode. These experimental data support our interpretation regarding the electrical manipulation of the spin polarization of the Fe/BTO interface by switching the ferroelectric polarization of the tunnel barrier.To quantify the sensitivity of the TMR with the ferroelectric polarization, we define a term, the tunnel electromagnetoresistance, as TEMR = (TMR VP+–TMR VP–)/TMR VP–. Largevalues for the TEMR are found for junctions #1 (450%) and #2 (140%), respectively. This electrical control of the TMR with the ferroelectric polarization is repeatable, as shown in Fig. 4 for junction #1 where TMR curves are recorded after poling the ferroelectric up, down, up, and down, sequentially (28).Fig. 4TMR(H) curves recorded for junction #1 (V DC = –50 mV, T = 4.2 K) after poling the ferroelectric up (VP+), down (VP–), up (VP+), and down (VP–).For tunnel junctions with a ferroelectric barrier and dissimilar ferromagnetic electrodes, we have reported the influence of the electrically controlled ferroelectric barrier polarization on the tunnel-current spin polarization. This electrical influence over magnetic degrees of freedom represents a new and interfacial magnetoelectric effect that is large because spin-dependent tunneling is very sensitive to interfacial details. Ferroelectrics can provide a local, reversible, nonvolatile, and potentially low-power means of electrically addressing spintronics devices.Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/science.1184028/DC1Materials and MethodsFigs. S1 to S5References∙Received for publication 30 October 2009.∙Accepted for publication 4 January 2010.References and Notes1. C. Chappert, A. Fert, F. N. Van Dau, The emergence of spin electronics indata storage. Nat. Mater. 6,813 (2007).2.I. Žutić, J. Fabian, S. Das Sarma, Spintronics: Fundamentals andapplications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76,323 (2004).3.J. C. Slonczewski, Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers. J.Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1(1996).4.J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, T. Enoki, Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48Asheterostructure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335 (1997).5.H. Ohno et al., Electric-field control offerromagnetism. Nature 408, 944 (2000).6. D. Chiba et al., Magnetization vector manipulation by electricfields. Nature 455, 515 (2008).7.M. Weisheit et al., Electric field–induced modification of magnetism inthin-film ferromagnets. Science315, 349 (2007).8.T. Maruyama et al., Large voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy changein a few atomic layers of iron.Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 158 2009).9.S. W. E. Riester et al., Toward a low-voltage multiferroic transistor:Magnetic (Ga,Mn)As under ferroelectric control. Appl. Phys.Lett. 94, 063504 (2009).10.I. Stolichnov et al., Non-volatile ferroelectric control of ferromagnetismin (Ga,Mn)As. Nat. Mater. 7, 464(2008).11. C. Bihler et al., Ga1−x Mn x As/piezoelectric actuator hybrids: A modelsystem for magnetoelastic magnetization manipulation. Phys. Rev.B 78, 045203 (2008).12.M. Overby, A. Chernyshov, L. P. Rokhinson, X. Liu, J. K. Furdyna, GaMnAs-based hybrid multiferroic memory device. Appl. Phys.Lett. 92, 192501 (2008).13. C. Thiele, K. Dörr, O. Bilani, J. Rödel, L. Schultz, Influence of strain on themagnetization and magnetoelectric effect inLa0.7A0.3MnO3∕PMN-PT(001)(A=Sr,Ca). Phys.Rev.B 75, 054408 (2007).14.W. Eerenstein, M. Wiora, J. L. Prieto, J. F. Scott, N. D. Mathur, Giantsharp and persistent converse magnetoelectric effects in multiferroic epitaxial heterostructures. Nat. Mater. 6, 348 (2007).15.T. Kanki, H. Tanaka, T. Kawai, Electric control of room temperatureferromagnetism in a Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3/La0.85Ba0.15MnO3 field-effect transistor. Appl.Phys. Lett. 89, 242506 (2006).16.Y.-H. Chu et al., Electric-field control of local ferromagnetism using amagnetoelectric multiferroic. Nat. Mater. 7, 478 2008).17.S. Sahoo et al., Ferroelectric control of magnetism in BaTiO3∕Feheterostructures via interface strain coupling. Phys. Rev. B 76, 092108 (2007). 18. C.-G. Duan, S. S. Jaswal, E. Y. Tsymbal, Predicted magnetoelectric effectin Fe/BaTiO3 multilayers: Ferroelectric control of magnetism. Phys. Rev.Lett. 97, 047201 (2006).19.M. Fechner et al., Magnetic phase transition in two-phase multiferroicspredicted from first principles.Phys. Rev. B 78, 212406 (2008).20.J. Lee, N. Sai, T. Cai, Q. Niu, A. A. Demkov, preprint availableat /abs/0912.3492v1.21.K. Yamauchi, B. Sanyal, S. Picozzi, Interface effects at ahalf-metal/ferroelectric junction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 062506 (2007).22.M. K. Niranjan, J. P. Velev, C.-G. Duan, S. S. Jaswal, E. Y. Tsymbal, Magnetoelectric effect at the Fe3O4/BaTiO3 (001) interface: A first-principles study. Phys. Rev. B 78, 104405 (2008).23.M. Jullière, Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett.A 54, 225 (1975).24.J. F. Scott, Applications of modern ferroelectrics. Science 315, 954 (2007).25.M. Bowen et al., Nearly total spin polarization in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 fromtunneling experiments. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 233 (2003).26.J. P. Velev et al., Magnetic tunnel junctions with ferroelectric barriers:Prediction of four resistance states from first principles. Nano Lett. 9, 427 (2009).27. F. Yang et al., Eight logic states of tunneling magnetoelectroresistancein multiferroic tunnel junctions.J. Appl. Phys. 102, 044504 (2007).28.Materials and methods are available as supporting materialon Science Online.29.V. Garcia et al., Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructivereadout of ferroelectric states. Nature460, 81 (2009).30.K. J. Choi et al., Enhancement of ferroelectricity in strained BaTiO3 thinfilms. Science 306, 1005(2004).31.K. Bouzehouane et al., Nanolithography based on real-time electricallycontrolled indentation with an atomic force microscope for nanocontactelaboration. Nano Lett. 3, 1599 (2003).32.T. J. Regan et al., Chemical effects at metal/oxide interfaces studied byx-ray-absorption spectroscopy.Phys. Rev. B 64, 214422 (2001).33.N. Hollmann et al., Electronic and magnetic properties of the kagomesystems YBaCo4O7 and YBaCo3M O7 (M=Al, Fe). Phys. Rev. B 80, 085111 (2009).34.M. Abbate et al., Soft-x-ray-absorption studies of the location of extracharges induced by substitution in controlled-valence materials. Phys. Rev.B 44, 5419 (1991).35. E. Y. Tsymbal, H. Kohlstedt, Tunneling across aferroelectric. Science 313, 181 (2006).36.M. Ye. Zhuravlev, R. F. Sabirianov, S. S. Jaswal, E. Y. Tsymbal, Giantelectroresistance in ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev.Lett. 94, 246802 (2005).37.M. Ye. Zhuravlev, R. F. Sabirianov, S. S. Jaswal, E. Y. Tsymbal, Erratum:Giant electroresistance in ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev.Lett. 102, 169901 2009).38.H. Kohlstedt, N. A. Pertsev, J. Rodriguez Contreras, R. Waser, Theoreticalcurrent-voltage characteristics of ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Phys. Rev.B 72, 125341 (2005).39.M. Gajek et al., Tunnel junctions with multiferroic barriers. Nat.Mater. 6, 296 (2007).40.M. Bowen et al., Spin-polarized tunneling spectroscopy in tunneljunctions with half-metallic electrodes.Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 137203 (2005).41.J. D. Burton, E. Y. Tsymbal, Prediction of electrically induced magneticreconstruction at the manganite/ferroelectric interface. Phys. Rev.B 80, 174406 (2009).42.We thank R. Guillemet, C. Israel, M. E. Vickers, R. Mattana, J.-M. George,and P. Seneor for technical assistance, and C. Colliex for fruitful discussions on the microscopy measurements. This study was partially supported by theFrance-U.K. Partenariat Hubert Curien Alliance program, the French RéseauThématique de Recherche Avancée Triangle de la Physique, the European Union (EU) Specific Targeted Research Project (STRep) Manipulating the Coupling inMultiferroic Films, EU STReP Controlling Mesoscopic Phase Separation, U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/E026206/I, French C-Nano Île de France, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) Oxitronics, French ANR Alicante, the European Enabling Science and Technology through European Elelctron Microscopy program, and the French Microscopie Electronique et Sonde Atomique network. X.M.acknowledges support from Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca (Generalitat de Catalunya).。

乒乓球英语作文

乒乓球英语作文英文回答：What is the history of table tennis?Table tennis emerged in England in the late 19th century, with the first official rules being established in 1887. Initially played on dinner tables using makeshift equipment, it evolved into a popular parlor game.What are the rules of table tennis?Table tennis is played on a 9-foot by 5-foot table with a net dividing the court in half. Players take turnshitting a lightweight ball back and forth over the net. Points are scored when an opponent fails to return the ball or hits it out of bounds.What are the different strokes used in table tennis?The main strokes used in table tennis include the forehand drive, backhand drive, forehand push, backhand push, and the serve.What are the different strategies used in table tennis?Playing table tennis effectively requires a combination of techniques and strategies. Common tactics include controlling the pace and spin of the ball, strategizing to outmaneuver opponents, and developing a strong defense.What are the physical benefits of playing table tennis?Table tennis is an excellent form of exercise,providing numerous physical benefits. It helps improve cardiovascular health, hand-eye coordination, reflexes, and agility.What are the mental benefits of playing table tennis?Beyond its physical benefits, table tennis also offers mental benefits. It enhances problem-solving skills,concentration, and decision-making abilities.What are the different types of table tennis tournaments?Table tennis tournaments vary in規模 and prestige, ranging from local competitions to international tournaments such as the World Championships and the Olympics.What are the different types of table tennis equipment?Table tennis equipment includes the table, paddles, net, and balls. Paddles come in various shapes, sizes, and materials, with players choosing the equipment that best suits their playing style.What are the different types of table tennis players?Table tennis players can be categorized based on their playing styles, including aggressive attackers, all-rounders, and defensive players.How can I improve my table tennis skills?To improve your table tennis skills, regular practice is essential. Additionally, seek guidance from a coach, watch professional matches to analyze techniques, and study training materials.中文回答：乒乓球的历史是什么？乒乓球起源于19世纪末的英国，1887年制定了第一批官方规则。

常用安全工程专业英汉词汇

常用安全工程专业英汉词汇为了便于一些同学使用英文撰写安全领域的论文和阅读安全领域的英文参考资料，下面给出了一些常见的安全领域中英文专业词汇。

安全Safety安全边界Safety limits安全辩证法Safety dialectic安全标志Safety sign安全标准Safety standards安全玻璃Safety glass安全操作规程Safety regulations for operations安全车Security vehicle安全成本Safety cost安全措施Safety measures安全带(飞行器) Safety belts(aircraft)安全带Safety belts安全灯Safety lamps安全等级Safety level安全电气工程Safety electric engineering安全调度(电力系统) Security dispatching(electrical power systems)安全度Degree of safety安全对策Safety countermeasures安全阀Relief valves安全法规Safety laws and regulations安全法学Safety jurisprudence安全防护Safety protection安全防护照明Protective lighting安全风险Safe risk安全工程Safety engineering安全工程技术人员Technical personnel of safety engineering安全工程师Safety engineer安全工作Safety work安全工作体系Safetywork system安全观Safety outlook安全管理Safety management安全管理Safetymanagement安全管理体系Safety administration system安全规程Safety regulation安全航速Safe ship speed安全极限Safety margins安全计量Safety measurements安全计量学Safety metrology安全技术Safety techniques安全监测Safety monitoring安全监察Safety supervision安全监控Safety supervising安全监控系统Safety monitoring system安全检测与监控技术Safety detection & monitoring-controlling technique 安全检查Safety inspection安全检查表Safety check lists安全健康产品Health and safety production安全鉴定Safety appraisal安全教育Safety education安全教育学Safety pedagogy安全经济效益Safety cost effectiveness安全经济学Safety economics安全考核Safety check assessment安全科学Safety science安全科学技术Safety technique安全壳(反应堆) Containments(reactors)安全壳系统Containment systems安全可靠性Safety reliability安全控制技术Safety control technology安全控制论Safety cybernetics安全离合器Overload clutches安全立法Safety legislation安全联锁系统Safety interlocking system安全联轴器Safety couplings安全伦理学Safety ethics安全美学Safety aesthetics安全模拟与安全仿真学Safety simulation & imitation 安全模式Safety pattern安全培训Safety training安全评价Safety assessment安全气囊Safety gasbag安全墙Safety walls安全人机界面Safetyman-machine interface安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人体学Safety livelihood science安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering安全认证Safety approval and certification安全三级教育Three degree safety education安全设备Safety equipment安全设备工程Safety equipment engineering work安全设备机电学Safety equipment electro-mechanics 安全设备卫生学Safety equipment hygienic安全设备学Safety guard science安全设计Safety design安全社会工程Safety social engineering work安全社会学Safety sociology安全审核员Safety auditor安全生产Safety production安全生理学Safety physiology安全生育Safety fertility安全史Safety history安全事故Safe accidents安全事故罪Crime of safety accident安全试验Safety experiment安全疏散Evacuation安全素质Safety disposition安全体系学Science of safety system安全统计Safety statistics安全头罩Hood安全投入Safety investment安全危害因素Hazardous elements安全唯物论Safety materialism安全委员会Safety committee安全文化Safety culture安全系数Safety factor安全系统Safety system安全系统分析Safety system analysis安全系统工程Safety systematic engineering work 安全系统学Safety systematology安全线迹缝纫机Safety stitch sewingmachines安全香料Safety flavoring安全销Shear pin安全心理学Safety psychology安全信号Safety signals安全信息Safety information安全信息工程Security in information technology 安全信息论Safety information theory安全行为Safe behavior安全性Nature of safety安全性理论Safety theory安全性约束Safety restrain安全宣传Safety propaganda安全训练Safety training安全烟Safe cigarettes安全仪表Safety instruments安全意识Safety consciousness安全因素Safety elements安全隐患Safety potential安全用电Electric safety安全阈值Safe threshold value安全员Safety personnel安全运筹学Safety operation research安全运输Safety transportation安全栅栏Safety barrier安全炸药Safety explosives安全哲学Safety philosophy安全执法Safety law enforcement安全质量隐患Safety quality potential安全中介组织Intermediary organization of safety 安全装置Safety devices安全自组织Safety self-organizing安全组织Safety organization靶场安全Range safety搬运安全Carrying safety保安矿柱Safety pillars保护装置Protection devices保险机构(引信) Safety and arming devices保险装置Physical protection devices报警设备Warning equipment报警系统Warning systems爆破安全Shotfiring safety爆破安全仪表Safety blasting instruments爆炸安全工程Explosion safety engineering本质安全Intrinsic safety本质安全电路Intrinsically safety circuit部门安全工程Industrial safety engineering产品安全性能Safety functions充气安全装备Inflatable devices船舶安全Ship safety导弹安全Guided missile safety低压安全阀Low-pressure safety valve地下生保系统Underground life support systems 电力安全Power system safety电气安全Electrical safety电子防盗器Electron theft proof instrument短路事故Short circuit accidents堆安全研究所Institute for reactor safety反应堆安全Reactor safety反应堆安全保险装置Reactor safety fuses防爆Explosion-proofing防爆试验Explosion-proof tests防尘工程Dust control engineering防毒Anti-toxin防毒工程Industrial poisoning control engineering防高温High temprature prevention防护设备Safeguard防火Fire safety防火堤Fire bank防冷To be protected from cold防热Solar heat protection防暑Heat stroke prevention防尾旋系统Anti-spin systems放射性Radioactivity放映安全技术Safety techniques of film projection飞机安全装备Air emergency apparatus飞机防火Aircraft fire protection飞行安全Air safety飞行安全装备Flight safety devices风险评价与失效分析Risk assessment and failure analysis 辐射防护Radiation protection辐射分解Radiolysis辐射屏蔽Radiation shielding辐射危害Radiation hazards妇女劳动保护Protection of women labour force高低温防护High and low temperature protection高温作业Hotwork个人飞行安全装备Personal flight safety fitting个体保护用品Individual protection articles个体防护装备Personal protection equipments工厂安全Factory safety工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故Industrial accident工业安全Industrial safety工业防尘Industrial dust suppression工业防毒Industrial gas defense工业通风Industrial ventilation工业灾害控制Control of industrial disaster工业照明Industrial lighting公共安全Public safety共同安全署(美国) Mutual Security Agency (U. S. )故障保险Fail safe锅炉安全Boiler safety锅炉爆炸事故Boiler explosion accidents锅炉事故Boiler breakdowns国际海上人命安全公约International convention for safety of life at sea 国家安全法National security law过卷保护装置Over winding safety gears航空安全Aviation safety航天安全Aerospace safety航天救生Space security航天器屏蔽Spacecraft shielding航行安全Voyage safety核安全Nuclear safety核安全保障Nuclear safeguard核安全保障规章Nuclear safeguard regulations核防护Nuclear protection厚板焊接式高压容器Thick platewelded high pressure vessels化工安全Chemical engineering safety火灾事故Fire accident激光安全Laser safety激光安全标准Laser safety standard激光危害Laserhazard激光眼睛防护Laser eye protection集体安全体系Collective security system计算机安全Computer safety家庭安全Family safety监测保护系统Surveillance protection system降温Falling temperature交通安全教育Traffic safety education交通运输安全Traffic safety结构安全度Structure safety金融安全区Financial safety zone井下安全阀Subsurface safety valve警报Alarm静态安全分析(电力系统安全分析)Electrostatic safety analysis救护Medical aid救生设备Rescue equipment救生装置Survival devices矿山安全Mine safety矿山安全仪器Coalmine safety apparatus矿业安全配备公司(美国)Mine Safety Appliances Company矿用安全型Mine permissible type劳保服装Safety and industrial costume劳保条例Labour insurance regulations劳动安全Labour safety劳动保护Labour protection劳动合同Labour contract劳动条件Labour conditions联合国安全理事会United Nations Security Council流星防护Meteoroid protection漏风Air leakage旅游安全Tourist safety美国公路安全研究所Highway Safety Research Institute (U. S. )美国国家安全委员会The National Security Council (U. S. )美国劳动部职业安全与卫生局Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Department of Labor, U. S. A. )美国全国公路交通安全管理局National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 逆电晕Corona quenching欧安会(1975) European Security Conference (1975)欧洲集体安全体系European collective security system欧洲青年安全会议European Youth Security Conference匹兹堡采矿安全研究中心Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center (PMSRC)破损安全设计方法Fail-safe designmethods企业安全Enterprise safety起重安全Lifting safety汽轮机事故Steam turbine accidents潜在危险Potential hazards驱进速度Migration velocity全球海上遇险与安全系统Global maritime distress and safety system缺水事故Water deficiency emergence (or accident)绕带式高压容器Band wrapped high pressure vessels热曝露Heat exposure热套式高压容器Multiwall high pressure vessels人为失误Man-made faults日美安全条约(1951)SecurityTreaty between the U. S. and Japan (1951)日美共同合作和安全和约(1960)Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the U. S. and Japan伤亡率Rate of casualty伤亡事故Casualty accidents烧毁事故Burn up accidents设备安全Equipment safety设备事故Equipment accident社区安全Community safety渗毒Toxin leaching生产噪声与振动控制Control of occupational noise & vibration生活安全Living safety生态安全Ecological safety失速警告系统Stall-warning systems食品安全Food safety事故Accident事故处理Accident handling事故分析Accident analysis事故类别Accident type事故模型Accident model事故频率Accident frequency事故树分析Accident tree analysis事故损失Accident loss事故统计Accident statistics事故预防Accidentprevention事故致因理论Accident-causing theory适航性Air worthiness适毁性Crashworthiness水雷保险器Mine safety seitchs苏必利尔湖矿山安全委员会Mines Safety Council Lake Superior 太平洋安全银行Security Pacific Bank提升安全装置Lifting safety features天然放射性Natural radioactivity听力保护Hearing protection通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning通信安全Communication safety头部保护Head protection危害公共安全罪Offences againstpublic security危急保安器Emergency protector危险辨识Hazard identific危险等级Danger level危险评估Risk assessment危险性Risk危险源Dangerous source危险源控制Dangerous source control微流星屏蔽Micrometeoroid shielding违章作业Operation against rules未成年工保护Protection of underage employee温度报警器Temperature alarm系统安全分析System safety analysis系统安全工程System safety engineering系统安全性System safety系统安全学System safety science消防工程Fire-fighting engineering消费安全Consumption safety信息安全Information safety行车安全Driving safety压力容器安全Pressure vessel safety压力释放Pressure relief亚洲集体安全体系Asian collective security system烟温Fume temperature眼部保护Eye protection异常气压防护Protection of anomalous barometric pressure易燃物品Inflammable article应急对策Emergency countermeasures英国矿山安全研究所Safety in Mines Research Establishment有害作业Harmful work再入屏蔽Reentry shielding职业安全卫生Occupational health and safety职业安全卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards职业安全卫生体系Occupational health and safety management system职业危害Occupational hazard重大危险源Major hazard sources主动安全性Active safety自动保护停机Automatic safety stop作业环境卫生Work environment hygiene座椅背带Seat harness上述词汇选自以下来源，部分词汇做了一些修改。

2021高考动词双写词尾 78个

高考英语：78个动词双写词尾+-ing（如bid, spin朗文词典解析）一般来说，单词以下辅音字母【l】【b】【d】【m】【n】【p】【r】【t】结尾，且重读其前的元音，元音字母前为辅音字母，需要双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-ing。

如babysit,babysitting，以t结尾，且重读sit中的i，其前为s，构成重读闭音节，故双写词尾的t，从而构成babysitting。

如opening读作【'əʊpənɪg】，因为重音在o，而不是open中的e，故不双写词尾n。

这里的例外情况有1）aw, ew, ow（如单词draw, chew, snow）；2）类似的是ay, ey, oy, uy（如单词bay, key, boy）3）字母xi结尾时，通常读作ks，所以mix，fix, box也不双写词尾-ing。

这里所写内容，均以高考英语（3500词）为范围。

4个-l 结尾的单词control, quarrel, travel, equal——也都可以不双写词尾，直接添加-ing即可。

78个动词双写词尾+-ingtrekbeg, dig, drag, hug, plug, wag,infer, occur, prefer, refer, transfer, star, stir,rob, rub, sobclap, nap, tap, trap, wrap,dip, drip, ship, skip, slip, step, tip, trip,drop, mop, pop, shop, stop, top,ban, begin, plan, pin, run, spin, win, swimbid, forbid, rid, nodbet, forget, get, let, net, pet, regret, set, upset, wet,babysit, hit, fit, quit, knit, sit, split, spit, admit, permit, submit, transmitcut, shut, put, chat, pat, spot, rot, dot相应单词的过去式、过去分词、现在分词形式1. control, equal, quarrel, travel——也都可以不双写词尾，直接添加-ing 即可。

安全专业英语名词翻译

安全操作规程 Safety regulations for operations 安全极限 Safety margins 安全间隙 safe gap安全监测Safety monitoring 安全监察 Safety supervision 安全检查 safe review，SR安全检查表分析 safety checklist analysis，SCA 安全鉴定：Safety appraisal安全经济效益Safety Cost Effectiveness 安全经济学Safety economics安全考核 Safety check assessment 安全可靠性 Safety Reliability安全模拟与安全仿真学 Safety simulation & imitation 安全评价 Safety Assessment安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering安全认证Safety approval and certification 安全审核员 Safety auditor安全生产指标体系 safety production target system安全生产指数 safety production index 安全事故 Safe Accidents安全事故罪Crime of safety accident 安全疏散Evacuation安全梯，防火应急出口，安全出口 fire escape 安全危害因素Hazardous elements安全系数 Safety Factor 安全系统工程 Safety System Engineering 安全销Shear pin安全信息论Safety information theory 安全验收评价 Safety Assessment Upon Completion安全隐患 potential safety hazard 安全预评价 Safety Preliminary Evaluation 安全阈值Safe threshold value 保安矿柱 Safety pillars 保护装置：Protection devices 保险装置Physical protection devices 报警设备 Warning equipment 爆破 blasting 爆破地震 blast seism 爆破片 bursting disc 爆破有害效应 adverse effects of blasting 爆破有害效应 intrinsic safety 不安全行为 unsafe act 抽出式通风 exhaust ventilation 防爆Explosion-proofing防爆电气设备 explosion-proof electrical equipment防爆墙 anti-explosion wall 防尘工程Dust control engineering 防毒Anti-toxin防高温High temprature prevention 防护堤 protection embankment 防护口罩Safety mask防护设备 Safeguard 辐射防护：Radiation protection 高温作业Hotwork个体保护用品Individual protection articles 工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故 industial accidents 工业防尘：Industrial dust suppression 工业防毒：Industrial gas defense 工业通风：Industrial ventilation 工业灾害控制：Control of industrial disaster 共同安全署(美国) Mutual Security Agency (U. S. )故障假设分析方法 what…if，WI故障类型和影响分析 failure mode effects analysis，FMEA故障树分析 fault tree analysis，FTA 锅炉事故：Boiler breakdowns 核安全Nuclear safety化工安全 Chemical engineering safety 环保工程师 Environmental Protection Engineer机械通风 mechanical ventilation 极限载荷 limit load 监测点 monitoring point交通安全教育 Traffic Safety Education 局部通风 local ventilation可靠性分析 reliability analysis，RA 矿井通风 mine ventilation矿井通风方式 layout of ventilation shafts 矿用安全型：Mine permissible type 劳动保护Labour protection 临界安全 critical safety 临界量 threshold quantity 漏风 air leakage 起重安全Lifting safety 潜在危险Potential hazards 缺水事故 Water deficiency emergence (or accident) 人机工程学 ergonomics 人机界面：human-machine interface 人失误 human error 伤亡率 Rate of casualty 伤亡事故Casualty accidents 设备事故Equipment accident 审查人员 authorized person 生态安全 Ecological safety 事故处理Accident handling 事故树分析Accident tree analysis 事故致因理论：Accident-causing theory 事件树分析 Event Tree Analysis 通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning 危险辨识：Hazard identific危险和可操作性研究 hazard and operability study HAZOP危险评估Risk assessment 危险源Dangerous source 危险源辨识 hazard identification 危险源控制 hazard control 危险指数法 risk rank，RR 违章作业：Operation against rules 温度报警器：Temperature alarm 矽肺病 silicosis 系统安全分析System safety analysis 系统危险性评价 system risk assessment 压力容器 pressure vessels 易燃物品：Inflammable article 应急避难所 emergency shelter 应急对策：Emergency countermeasures 应急预案 emergency plan 有害作业：Harmful work 职业安全卫生Occupational health and safety 职业安全卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards 职业安全卫生体系Occupational health and safety management system 职业危害Occupational hazard 重大事故 major accident 重大危险源 major hazard installations 注册安全工程师Certified Safety Engineer 专项安全评价Safety Specific Evaluation 自然通风 natural ventilation 阻燃剂 flame retardant 最佳起爆距离 optimum burst range 作业环境卫生 Work environment hygiene 作业条件危险性评价法 job risk analysis,LEC安全边界Safety limits安全辩证法Safety dialectic安全标志Safety sign安全标准Safety standards安全玻璃Safety glass安全操作规程Safety regulations for operations安全车Security vehicle安全成本Safety cost安全措施Safety measures安全带(飞行器) Safety belts(aircraft)安全带Safety belts安全灯Safety lamps安全等级Safety level安全电气工程Safety electric engineering安全调度(电力系统) Security dispatching(electrical power systems)安全度Degree of safety安全对策Safety countermeasures安全阀Relief valves安全法规Safety laws and regulations安全法学Safety jurisprudence安全防护Safety protection安全防护照明Protective lighting安全风险Safe risk安全工程Safety engineering安全工程技术人员Technical personnel of safety engineering安全工程师Safety engineer安全工作Safety work安全工作体系Safetywork system安全观Safety outlook安全管理Safety management安全管理Safetymanagement安全管理体系Safety administration system安全规程Safety regulation安全航速Safe ship speed安全极限Safety margins安全计量Safety measurements安全计量学Safety metrology安全技术Safety techniques安全监测Safety monitoring安全监察Safety supervision 安全监控Safety supervising安全监控系统Safety monitoring system安全检测与监控技术Safety detection & monitoring-controlling technique安全检查Safety inspection安全检查表Safety check lists安全健康产品Health and safety production安全鉴定Safety appraisal安全教育Safety education安全教育学Safety pedagogy安全经济效益Safety cost effectiveness安全经济学Safety economics安全考核Safety check assessment安全科学Safety science安全科学技术Safety technique安全壳(反应堆) Containments(reactors)安全壳系统Containment systems安全可靠性Safety reliability安全控制技术Safety control technology安全控制论Safety cybernetics安全离合器Overload clutches安全立法Safety legislation安全联锁系统Safety interlocking system安全联轴器Safety couplings安全伦理学Safety ethics安全美学Safety aesthetics安全模拟与安全仿真学Safety simulation & imitation安全模式Safety pattern安全培训Safety training安全评价Safety assessment安全气囊Safety gasbag安全墙Safety walls安全人机界面Safetyman-machine interface安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人体学Safety livelihood science安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering安全认证Safety approval and certification安全三级教育Three degree safety education安全设备Safety equipment安全设备工程Safety equipment engineering work安全设备机电学Safety equipment electro-mechanics安全设备卫生学Safety equipment hygienic安全设备学Safety guard science 安全设计Safety design安全社会工程Safety social engineering work安全社会学Safety sociology安全审核员Safety auditor安全生产Safety production安全生理学Safety physiology 安全生育Safety fertility安全史Safety history安全事故Safe accidents安全事故罪Crime ofsafety accident安全试验Safety experiment安全疏散Evacuation安全素质Safety disposition安全体系学Science of safety system安全统计Safety statistics安全头罩Hood安全投入Safety investment安全危害因素Hazardous elements安全唯物论Safety materialism安全委员会Safety committee安全文化Safety culture安全系数Safety factor安全系统Safety system安全系统分析Safety system analysis安全系统工程Safety systematic engineering work安全系统学Safety systematology安全线迹缝纫机Safety stitch sewingmachines安全香料Safety flavoring安全销Shear pin安全心理学Safety psychology安全信号Safety signals安全信息Safety information 安全信息工程Security in information technology安全信息论Safety information theory安全行为Safe behavior安全性Nature of safety安全性理论Safety theory安全性约束Safety restrain 安全宣传Safety propaganda安全训练Safety training安全烟Safe cigarettes安全仪表Safety instruments安全意识Safety consciousness安全因素Safety elements安全隐患Safety potential 安全用电Electric safety安全阈值Safe threshold value安全员Safety personnel安全运筹学Safety operation research安全运输Safety transportation安全栅栏Safety barrier安全炸药Safety explosives安全哲学Safety philosophy安全执法Safety law enforcement安全质量隐患Safety quality potential安全中介组织Intermediary organization of safety安全装置Safety devices安全自组织Safety self-organizing安全组织Safety organization靶场安全Range safety搬运安全Carrying safety保安矿柱Safety pillars保护装置Protection devices保险机构(引信) Safety and arming devices保险装置Physical protection devices报警设备Warning equipment报警系统Warning systems爆破安全Shotfiring safety爆破安全仪表Safety blasting instruments爆炸安全工程Explosion safety engineering本质安全Intrinsic safety本质安全电路Intrinsically safety circuit部门安全工程Industrial safety engineering产品安全性能Safety functions充气安全装备Inflatable devices船舶安全Ship safety导弹安全Guided missile safety低压安全阀Low-pressure safety valve地下生保系统Underground life support systems电力安全Power system safety电气安全Electrical safety电子防盗器Electron theft proof instrument短路事故Short circuit accidents 堆安全研究所Institute for reactor safety反应堆安全Reactor safety反应堆安全保险装置Reactor safety fuses防爆Explosion-proofing防爆试验Explosion-proof tests防尘工程Dust control engineering防毒Anti-toxin防毒工程Industrial poisoning control engineering防高温High temprature prevention防护设备Safeguard防火Fire safety防火堤Fire bank防冷To be protected from cold防热Solar heat protection防暑Heat stroke prevention防尾旋系统Anti-spin systems放射性Radioactivity放映安全技术Safety techniques of film projection飞机安全装备Air emergency apparatus飞机防火Aircraft fire protection飞行安全Air safety飞行安全装备Flight safety devices风险评价与失效分析Risk assessment and failure analysis辐射防护Radiation protection辐射分解Radiolysis辐射屏蔽Radiation shielding辐射危害Radiation hazards妇女劳动保护Protection of women labour force高低温防护High and low temperature protection高温作业Hotwork个人飞行安全装备Personal flight safety fitting个体保护用品Individual protection articles个体防护装备Personal protection equipments工厂安全Factory safety工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故Industrial accident工业安全Industrial safety。

水环境中腐殖质金属离子键合作用研究进展_傅平青

水环境中腐殖质2金属离子键合作用研究进展3傅平青1,2　刘丛强133　吴丰昌1(1中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室,贵阳550002;2中国科学院研究生院,北京100039)摘　要　腐殖质(主要指腐殖酸和富里酸)普遍存在于各种水体中,它对金属离子的形态、迁移转化、生物可利用性等地球化学行为起着重要作用。

本文概述了水环境中腐殖质的一些基本性质,以及腐殖质2金属离子之间的键合作用机理、研究方法和影响因素。

并且对各种金属离子键合到腐殖质上的现代物理化学模型,尤其对Model Ⅵ及N ICA 2Donnan 模型进行了简要回顾和评述。

它们在许多条件下模拟腐殖质-金属离子键合作用可以得到令人欣喜的结果。

还简述了腐殖质对水环境中金属离子各种水环境地球化学行为的影响。

但是,若要更深入了解和阐述金属离子在水环境中的各种行为,还需考虑腐殖质与颗粒物质、胶体物质以及微生物等的相互作用。

关键词　腐殖质,金属离子,吸附,模型,键合机理中图分类号　X131 文献标识码　A 文章编号　1000-4890(2004)06-0143-06Binding of metal 2ions with humic substances in aqu atic environments :A review.FU Pingqing 1,2,L IU Congqiang 1,WU Fengchang 1(1S tate Key L aboratory of Environmental Geochemist ry ,Institute of Geochemist ry ,Chinese Academy of Sciences ,Guiyang 550002,China ;2Graduate School of Chi 2nese Academy of Sciences ,Beijing 100039,China ).Chinese Journal of Ecology ,2004,23(6):143～148.Humic substances are present in most of the surface and ground waters.They are important with re 2spect to the chemical speciation ,mobility ,and bioavailability of trace metals.In this paper ,we summa 2rized the basic properties of humic substances (mainly humic acids and fulvic acids )and discussed the binding mechanism of proton and metal ions onto humic substances ,which indicates the influential role of humic substances in controlling the environmental behaviors of metal ions in aquatic environ 2mental systems.Short description of the developing history of modern physio 2chemical models was given.Especially we recommended the lately emerged models :Model Ⅵand N ICA 2Donnan model.They showed encouraging success in modeling metal 2humic interactions over a wide range of condi 2tions.The effects of aquatic humic substances on the geochemical behaviors of metal ions in aquatic environments were also discussed.However ,it was also suggested that if inorganic colloids or biota in aquatic environments are to be included in metal s peciation and transportation codes ,a full under 2standing of the ternary interactions of HS with toxic metals and inorganic colloids or biota must be gained.K ey w ords humic substances ,metal ions ,adsorption ,model ,binding mechanism.3中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX3-SW -140,KZCX2-105)和中国科学院“百人计划”资助项目。

安全管理相关英语词汇

平安Safety平安边界Safety limits平安辩证法Safety dialectic平安标志Safety sign平安标准Safety standards平安玻璃Safety glass平安操作规程Safety regulations for operations平安岛Safety strip平安车Security vehicle平安本钱Safety cost平安措施Safety measures平安带〔飞行器〕Safety belts(aircraft)平安带Safety belts平安灯Safety lamps平安等级Safety level平安电气工程Safety electric engineering平安调度〔电力系统〕Security dispatching(electrical power systems)平安度Degree of safety平安对策Safety countermeasures平安阀Relief valves平安法规Safety laws andregulations平安法学Safety jurisprudence平安防护Safety protection平安防护照明Protective lighting平安风险Safe risk平安工程Safety engineering平安工程技术人员Technical personnel of safety engineering平安工程师Safety engineer平安工作Safety work平安工作体系Safetywork system平安观Safety outlook平安管理Safety management平安管理体系Safety administration system平安规程Safety regulation平安航速Safe ship speed平安极限Safety margins平安计量Safety measurements平安计量学Safety metrology平安技术Safety techniques平安监测Safety monitoring平安监察Safety supervision平安监控Safety supervising平安监控系统Safety monitoring system平安检测与监控技术Safety detection & monitoring-controlling technique平安检查表Safety check lists平安安康产品Health and safety production平安鉴定Safety appraisal平安教育Safety education平安教育学Safety pedagogy平安经济效益Safety cost effectiveness平安经济学Safety economics平安考核Safety check assessment平安科学Safety science平安科学技术Safety technique平安壳〔反响堆〕Containments(reactors)平安壳系统Containement systems平安可靠性Safety reliability平安控制技术Safety control technology平安控制论Safety cybernetics平安离合器Overload clutches平安立法Safety legislation平安连锁系统Safety interlocking system平安连锁装置Safety interlock device平安联轴器Safety couplings平安伦理学Safety ethics平安美学Safety aesthetics平安模拟与平安仿真学Safety simulation & imitation 平安模式Safety pattern平安培训Safety training平安评价Safety assessment平安气囊Safety gasbag平安墙Safety walls平安人机界面Safetyman-machine interface平安人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work平安人体学Safety livelihood science平安人因工程学Safety human factors engineering平安认证Safety approval andcertification平安三级教育Three degree safety education平安设备Safety equipment平安设备工程Safety equipment engineering work平安设备机电学Safety equipment electro-mechanics 平安设备卫生学Safety equipment hygienic平安设备学Safety guard science平安设计Safety design平安社会工程Safety social engineering work平安社会学Safety sociology平安审核员Safety auditor平安生理学Safety physiology平安生育Safety fertility平安史Safety history平安事故Safe accidents平安事故罪Crime of safety accident平安试验Safety experiment平安疏散Evacuation平安素质Safety disposition平安体系学Science of safety system平安统计学Safety statistics平安头罩Hood平安投入Safety investment平安危害因素Hazardous elements平安唯物论Safety materialism平安委员会Safety committee平安文化Safety culture平安系数Safety factor平安系统Safety sysytem平安系统分析Safety systematic engineering work 平安系统工程Safety systematic engineering work 平安系统学Safety systematology平安线迹缝纫机Safety stitch sewingmachines平安香料Safety flavoring平安销Shear pin平安心理学Safety psychology平安信号Safety signals平安信息Safety information平安信息工程Security in information technology 平安信息论Safety information theory平安行为Safe behavior平安性Nature of safety平安性理论Safety theory平安性约束Safety restrain平安宣传Safety propaganda平安训练Safety training平安烟Safe cigarettes平安仪表Safety instruments平安意识Safety consciousness平安因素Safety elements平安隐患Safety potential平安用电Electric safety平安阀值Safe threshold value平安员Safety personnel平安运筹学Safety operation research平安运输Safety transportation平安栅栏Safety barrier平安炸药Safety explosives平安哲学Safety philosophy平安执法Safety law enforcement平安质量隐患Safety quality potential平安中介组织Intermediary organization of safety 平安装置Safety devices平安自组织Safety self-organizing平安组织Safety organization靶场平安Range safety搬运平安Carrying safety保安矿柱Safety pillars保险丝，熔线Fuse保护装置Protection devices保险机构〔引言〕Safety and arming devices保险装置Physical protectiondevices报警设备Warning equipment报警系统Warning systems爆破平安Shotfiring safety爆破平安仪表Safety blasting instruments爆破平安工程Explosion safety engineering本质平安Intrinsic safety本质平安电路Intrinsically safety circuit部门平安工程Industrial safety engineering产品平安性能Safety functions充气平安装备Inflatable devices船舶平安Ship safety导弹平安Guided missile safety低压平安阀Low-pressure safety valve地下生保系统Underground life support systems电力平安Power system safety电气平安Electrical safety电子防盗器Electron theft proofinstrument短路事故Short circuit accidents堆平安研究所Institute for reactor safety反响堆平安Reactor safety反响堆平安保险装置Reactor safety fuses防爆Explosion-proofing防爆试验Explosion-proof tests防尘工程Dust control engineering防毒Anti-toxin防毒工程Industrial poisoningcontrol engineering防高温High tempratureprevention防护设备Safeguard防火Fire safety防火堤Fire bank防冷To be protected fromcold防热Solar heat protection防暑Heat strokeprevention防尾旋系统Anti-spin systems放射性Radioactivity放映平安技术Safety techniques of film projection飞机平安装备Air emergency apparatus飞机防火Aircraft fire protection飞行平安Air safety飞行平安装备Flight safety devices风险评价与失效分析Risk assessment and failure analysis辐射防护Radiation protection辐射分解Radiolysis辐射屏蔽Radiation shielding辐射危害Radiation hazards妇女劳动保护Protection of women labour force上下温防护High and low temperatureprotection高温作业Hotwork个人飞行平安装备Personal flight safety fitting个体保护用品Individual protection articles个体防护装备Personal protection equipments工厂平安Factory safety工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故Industrial accident工业平安Industrial safety工业防尘Industrial dustsuppression工业防毒Industrial gas defense工业通风Industrial ventilation工业灾害控制Control of industrial disaster工业照明Industrial lighting公共平安Public safety共同平安署〔美国〕Mutual Security Agency(U.S.)故障保险Fail safe锅炉平安Boiler safety锅炉爆炸事故Boiler explosion accidents锅炉事故Boiler breakdowns国际海上人命平安公约International convention for safety of life at sea 国家平安法National security law过卷保护装置Over winding safety gears航空平安Aviation safety航天平安Aerospace safety航天救生Space security航天器屏蔽Spacecraft shielding航行平安Voyage safety核平安Nuclear safety核平安保障Nuclear safeguard核平安保障规章Nuclear safeguard regulations核防护Nuclear protection厚板焊接式高压容器Thick platewelded high pressure vessels化工平安Chemical engineeringsafety火灾事故Fire accident激光平安Laser safety激光平安标准Laser safety standard激光危害Laserhazard激光眼睛防护Laser eye protection集体平安体系Collective security system计算机平安Computer safety家庭平安Family safety监测保护系统Surveillance protection system降温Falling temperature交通平安教育Traffic safety education交通运输平安Traffic safety结构平安度Structure safety金融平安区Financial safety zone井下平安阀Subsurface safety valve警报Alarm静态平安分析〔电力系统平安分析〕Electrostatic safety analysis 救护Medical aid救生设备Rescue equipment救生装置Survival devices矿山平安Mine safety矿山平安仪器Coalmine safety apparatus矿业平安配备公司〔美国〕Mine Safety Appliances Company矿用平安型Mine permissible type劳保服装Safety and industrialcostume劳保条例Labour insuranceregulations劳动平安Labour safety劳动保护Labour protection劳动合同Labour contract劳动条件Labour conditions联合全理事会United Ntions Security Council流星防护Meteoroid protection漏风Air leakage旅游平安Tourist safety美国公路平安研究所Highway Safety Research Institute(U.S.)美国国家平安委员会The National Security Council(U.S.)美国全国公路交通平安管理局National Highway Traffic Safety Administration逆电晕Corona quenching欧安会〔1975〕European SecurityConference(1975)欧洲集体平安体系European collective security system欧洲青年平安会议European Youth Security ConferencePDCA循环Plan(计划)、Do(执行)、Check(检查)、Act(行动)匹兹堡采矿平安研究中心Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center (PMSRC)破损平安设计方法Fail-safe designmethods企业平安Enterprise safety起重平安Lifting safety汽轮机事故Steam turbine accidents潜在危险Potential hazards驱进速度Migration velocity全球海上遇险与平安系统Global maritime distress and safety system却水事故Water deficiency emergence (or accident)绕带式高压容器Band wrapped high pressure vessels热暴露Heat exposure热套式高压容器Multiwall high pressure vessels人为失误Man-made faults日美平安条约〔1951〕Security Treaty betweenthe U.S. and Japan(1951)日美共同合作和平安合约〔1960〕Treaty of MutualCooperation and Security between the U.S. and Japan伤亡率Rate of casualty伤亡事故Casualty accidents烧毁事故Burn up accidents设备平安Equipment safety设备事故Equipment accident社区平安Community safety渗毒Toxin leaching生产噪声与振动控制Control of occupational noise & vibration生活平安Living safety生态平安Ecological safety失速警告系统Stall-warning systems食品平安Food safety事故Accident事故处理Accident handling事故分析Accident analysis事故类别Accident type事故模型Accident model事故频率Accident frequency事故树分析Accident tree analysis事故损失Accident loss事故统计Accident statistics事故预防Accidentprevention事故致因理论Accident-causing theory适航性Air worthiness适毁性Crashworthiness水雷保险器Mine safety seitchs必利尔湖矿山平安委员会Mines Safety Council Lake Superior 太平洋平安银行Security Pacific Bank提升平安装置Lifting safety features天然放射性Natural radioactivity听力保护Hearing protection通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning 通信平安Communication safety头部保护Head protection危害公共平安罪Offences againstpublic security危急保安器Emergency protector危险辨识Hazard identific危险等级Danger level危险评估Risk assessment危险性Risk危险源Dangerous source危险源控制Dangerous source control微流星屏蔽Micrometeoroid shielding违章作业Operation against rules未成年工保护Protection of underage employee温度报警器Temperature alarm系统平安分析System safety analysis系统平安工程System safety engineering系统平安性System safety系统平安学System safety science消防工程Fire-fighting engineering消费平安Consumption safety险兆事件Near Miss信息平安Information safety行车平安Driving safety压力容器平安Pressure vessel safety压力释放Pressure relief亚洲集体平安体系Asian collective security system烟温Fume temperature眼部保护Eye protection异常气压防护Protection of anomalous barometric pressure 易燃物品Inflammable article应急对策Emergency countermeasures英国矿山平安研究所Safety in Mines Research Establishment有害作业Harmful work再入屏蔽Reentry shielding职业平安卫生Occupational health and safety职业平安卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards职业平安卫生体系Occupational health and safety management system 职业危害Occupational hazard重大危险源Major hazard sources主动平安性Active safety自动保护停机Automatic safety stop作业环境卫生Work environment hygiene座椅背带Seat harness职业平安卫生occupationalsafety and health劳动平安卫生〔劳动保护〕work safety and health职业平安卫生监察occupational safety and health inspection本质平安intrinsic safety平安认证safety approval and certification职业平安occupational safety平安安康safety health作业operation特殊作业special operation入司entry在职in-service平安safety检查inspect工种worktype岗位Job法规laws and rules体检Health Check过期的Expired整改correct负责人responsible persons到期时间due date变更variance监测measure考核Assessment审批意见comments台帐standing book登高作业high operation动火作业fire operation平安生产标准化work safety standardization平安绩效safety performance策划、实施、检查、改良PDCA循环Plan Do Check Action危险化学品dangerous chemicals平安标志safety signs目标Objective组织机构和职责Organization and Responsibilities平安生产投入Input for Work Safety法律法规与平安管理制度Laws andRegulations and Safety Management System 教育培训ducation and Training生产设备设施Equipment and Facilities作业平安Operation Safety隐患排查与治理Hidden Hazard Investigation andGoverance重大危险源监控Major Hazard InstallationsMonitoring and Controlling职业安康Occupational Health应急救援Emergency Rescue绩效评定和持续改良Performance Evaluation and Continuous Improvement隐患Hidden Hazard隐患整改Hidden rectification危险源Hazard分厂branch车间workshop平安观察safety watch observation事件incident申请人applicant相关方interested parties演练exerise报废Scrap平安生产safety production事故管理accident management平安教育safety instruct消防平安fire control safety化学品平安chemistry safety电气平安electric safety机械平安engine safety压力容器平安pressure vessel safety职业卫生occupational health职业病occupational disease工伤保险Worker’s Compensation环境管理体系environmental management system职业平安与安康条例Occupational Safety and Health Act平安生产规程product safety program平安法规safety code环境法规condition code安康法规health code职业平安安康occupational health and safety(OHS)女职工劳动保护labor protection of female employee未成年工劳动保护laborprotection of underage employee.职业病occupational diseases职业禁忌症occupationalcontraindication事故accidents重大事故(恶性事故)tremendousaccidents职工伤亡事故injured and fatal accident ofstaffer急性中毒acute poisoning未遂事故〔准事故〕nearaccidents事故隐患accident potential不平安行为unsafe behavior违章指挥command against rules违章操作operation agaiinst rules工作条件〔劳动条件〕workingconditions工作环境〔劳动环境〕workingenvironment工作场所〔劳动场所〕wrkplace劳动强度intensity of work特种设备special equipment特种作业special work特种工种particular wording posts特种劳动防护用品specialpersonal protective devices 有害物质harmful substances有毒物质toxic substances危险因素hazardous factors有害因素harmful factors有尘作业dusty work有毒作业toxic work防护措施protection measures个人防护用品personal protective devices事故原理accident theory事故预防accident prevention事故现场accident scene工作环境适应性acclimatization管理控制administrative controls资源忽略事故contributory negligence可控环境controlled environment故障模式与影响分析failuremode and effects analysis 固定保护装置fixed guards保险丝fuses危险装备harmful equipment危险与操作检查hazard and operability review中暑heatstroke工伤事故industrial place accidents工伤赔偿协商agreement settlement工业平安工程师industrial safety engineer11 / 11。

北京市丰台区2023-2024学年九年级上学期期中考试英语试题(含答案)

2023北京丰台初三（上）期中英语2023.11注意事项1. 本试卷共10页、共五道大题, 38道小题, 满分60分。

考试时间90分钟。

2. 在练习卷和答题卡上准确填写学校名称、姓名和教育ID号。

3．练习题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上, 在练习卷上作答无效。

4、在答题卡上, 选择题用2B铅笔作答, 其他题用黑色字迹签字笔作答。

5、练习结束, 将本练习卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分本部分共33题,共40分。

在每题列出的四个选项中,选出最符合题目要求的一项。

一、单项填空（每题0.5分,共6分)从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. Jack is very kind. He often helps ____with my English.A. meB. mineC. ID. my2. My father was born__1980.A. atB. inC. onD. to3. I can look after myself, ___ it won’t be easy for me.A. becauseB. orC.soD. although4. —________ do you play basketball? —Once a week.A. How oftenB. How longC. How muchD. How far5. Bill does sports every day. He is one of ________ boys in my class.A. strongB. strongerC. strongestD. the strongest6. — Can you ride a bike?—No, I________.A. needn’tB. can’tC. may notD. mustn’t7. Mike and I ________ football yesterday. We had a good time.A. playB. will playC. playedD. are playing8. Where’s Helen? Her mother ________ her now.A. is looking forB. will look forC. has looked forD. looks for9. My uncle is a song writer. He ________ more than twenty songs since 2018.A. writesB. wroteC. has writtenD. will write10. —What were you doing at this time yesterday?—I ________ in the park.A. walkB. walkedC.am walkingD. was walking11. If you listen carefully in class, you________ what to do.A. understandB. understoodC. will understandD. have understood12. —Do you know ________ tomorrow?—At 9 o’clock in the morning.A. when will Mary comeB. when Mary will comeC. how will Mary comeD. how Mary will come二、完形填空（每题1分,共8分)阅读下面的短文,掌握其大意,然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选择最佳选项。

交换相关泛函英语

Exchange-Related Functionals in QuantumMechanicsIn the realm of quantum mechanics, exchange-related functionals play a pivotal role in understanding the interactions and properties of particles. These functionals describe the behavior of particles when they are interchanged or swapped within a given system. The exchange effect is particularly significant in areas such as electron exchange in chemistry, spin exchange in condensed matter physics, and particle exchange in quantum field theory.In the context of chemistry, the exchange-related functionals are often associated with the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This principle gives rise to the electron exchange interaction, which is responsible for the stability of multi-electron systems and the formation of chemical bonds. The exchange-correlation energy, which is a component of the total energy of a system, accounts for the interactions between electronsthat arise due to their mutual exclusion.In condensed matter physics, spin exchange functionals describe the interactions between magnetic moments or spins of particles. These interactions are crucial in determining the magnetic properties of materials, such as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and spin glasses. The exchange interaction is also responsible for the emergence of quantum spin liquids, which exhibit exotic magnetic behaviors due to strong spin correlations.In quantum field theory, particle exchange functionals are key in understanding the dynamics of particles andtheir interactions. These functionals describe the probabilities of particles being created, annihilated, or exchanged between different states. They play a fundamental role in quantum field theories such as the Standard Model, which describes the fundamental forces and particles in nature.The study of exchange-related functionals requires advanced mathematical techniques and computational methods. These functionals are often expressed as integrals over space and time, involving complex wavefunctions and operators. The development of accurate and efficientmethods for evaluating these functionals is crucial for making predictions and understanding the behavior of quantum systems.In conclusion, exchange-related functionals are essential in quantum mechanics, providing insights into the interactions and properties of particles. They underlie various phenomena in chemistry, physics, and quantum field theory, and their study requires advanced mathematical and computational techniques. The continuous development of methods for evaluating these functionals holds the promise of deeper understanding and new discoveries in the quantum realm.**交换相关泛函在量子力学中的应用**在量子力学领域，交换相关泛函对于理解粒子间的相互作用和性质起着至关重要的作用。

乒乓球运动精神作文英语140字

乒乓球运动精神作文英语140字全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Spirit of Table TennisPing pong is way more than just a game to me. It's a way of life that has taught me so many important lessons. Ever since I first picked up that little paddle in my dad's basement, table tennis has been my passion.The first thing I learned from table tennis is the value of practice. In the beginning, I could barely get the ball over the net. I'd swing my paddle wildly, missing the ball completely or sending it flying off the table. But I kept at it, day after day, smacking that little white ball back and forth. Gradually, my hand-eye coordination improved, and I started making contact consistently. Then I worked on controlling the spin and placement of my shots. It took hours upon hours ofmind-numbing drills and repetitions, but that's what it takes to get good at something. Table tennis showed me that if you want to excel, you have to be willing to put in the hard work, no matter how tedious it feels at times.As I improved through diligent practice, I also learned the importance of having a positive attitude and not getting discouraged. There were times when it felt like I'd never be able to pull off a certain spin shot or return a wicked topspin serve. It would have been easy to get frustrated and give up. But I tried to stay positive, telling myself that I'd get there if I stuck with it. Having that mental toughness and belief in myself was key. Table tennis is as much a mental game as a physical one. If you let negative thoughts creep in, you're sunk before you even start. But if you keep pushing ahead with confidence and enthusiasm, you'll eventually break through.Another big lesson table tennis taught me is good sportsmanship. Unlike most other sports, in table tennis you're just a few feet away from your opponent, able to see every reaction on their face. There's no hiding frustration or gloating over a great shot. You have to be a good sport, gracious in victory and loss. I've seen plenty of poor sports in my time, slamming their paddles down or refusing to shake hands after a tough match. That's just never sat right with me. Win or lose, you need to have respect for the game, for your opponent's efforts, and for yourself as an athlete. As Ping-Pong players, we live by a code of honor and sportsmanship.More than anything though, table tennis is just pure fun! There's nothing quite like the thrill of a crazy whirlwind rally where the ball is just a blur pinging back and forth at warp speed. Or pulling off an insane spinning forehand loop that makes your opponent look silly. Or coming from behind with some clutch shots to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. The fun of the competition, of trying to outwit and outmaneuver your opponent with spins and placement and strategy, it just never gets old! Win or lose, you can't help walking off the table with a big smile, already eager for the next battle.At its core, the spirit of table tennis is all about joy, passion, perseverance, and respect for the game and your fellow players. It's an awesome sport that develops your physical skills and mental toughness in equal measure. Once you get hooked on table tennis, there's just no turning back. The little plastic ball rules your life in the best possible way! If you haven't given it a try yet, I highly recommend picking up a paddle. Who knows, you might just catch the ping pong bug like I did! It'll change your life for sure.篇2The Spirit of Table TennisTable tennis is way more than just a game to me. It's a way of life! Ever since I first picked up a paddle in second grade, I've been hooked. There's just something so special about this sport that keeps me coming back for more.I think a big part of why I love table tennis so much is the spirit behind it. It's a game that requires skill, strategy, and determination, but it's also supposed to be fun! Whenever I'm at the table, hitting that little white ball back and forth, I can't help but feel joy.The spirit of table tennis is all about never giving up. You might be down a bunch of points, but as long as you keep fighting, you always have a chance to come back and win. I've had so many matches where I was behind but didn't quit, and ended up turning it around for the victory. That feeling of scratching and clawing your way back is just incredible.Along with perseverance, sportsmanship is really important in table tennis. You have to be a good sport, whether you win or lose. If your opponent makes an amazing shot, you praise them for it. If you lose a tough match, you shake their hand and tell them "good game." Nobody likes a sore loser or a showoff. Treating your opponent with respect is a big part of the table tennis spirit.One of my favorite things about table tennis is how it brings people together from all walks of life. At my club, there are kids my age, teenagers, adults, and even senior citizens who play. We're all so different, but at the table, those differences fade away. We're all united by our love of this amazing sport. My best friend at the club is a 67-year-old grandpa, and he's shown me so many sweet spin serves and looping forehands. The bonding that happens over table tennis is really special.Table tennis has taught me so many important life lessons that I'll carry with me forever. Whenever I face a challenge, I think about how I never quit during a tough match, and I keep pushing forward with perseverance. If I get frustrated or discouraged, I remember the sportsmanship I've learned, take a deep breath, and keep my cool. And no matter who I'm around, I always try to be friendly and treat them with respect, just like I do my teammates and opponents.At the end of the day, the true spirit of table tennis is about more than just winning and losing. It's about passion, fun, determination, sportsmanship, and bringing people together. Every time I pick up that paddle, I'm reminded of how lucky I am to have this incredible sport in my life. Table tennis has shapedwho I am as a person, and I'll never stop playing with that indescribable spirit!篇3The Spirit of Table TennisPing pong, or table tennis as the grown-ups call it, is the best sport ever! I love everything about it - the bright orange ball zipping back and forth over the net, the hollow "pock" sound it makes when you hit it just right, and of course, the cool paddles with their groovy rubber surfaces. But what I love most about table tennis is the amazing spirit and values it teaches.First off, table tennis is all about focus and concentration. When you're in the middle of a rally, you have to watch that little ball like a hawk. Your eyes need to follow it perfectly so you can react quickly and get your paddle on it. If your mind wanders for even a second, bam! You miss the shot. Grandma always says I have the attention span of a goldfish, but not when I'm playing ping pong! My brain is totally locked in.Table tennis also teaches amazing hand-eye coordination. Think about all the tiny adjustments your hand and arm have to make to angle the paddle just right and put the perfect spin on the ball. Miss by just a little bit and the ball goes flying off insome crazy direction. Mastering that coordination takes tons of practice, but it's awesome when you nail it. You feel like a genuine athlete!But by far, the most important spirit of table tennis is good sportsmanship. There's no pushing, shoving, or trash talking in ping pong. It's just you, your opponent, and that little plastic ball. You have to stay calm and respectful, no matter how intense the game gets. When your opponent makes a lucky shot, you don't pout or complain - you compliment their skills. And when you accidentally mess up with a silly mishit, you laugh it off together. It's all about having fun and being a good sport.I'll never forget my first tournament. I was only 8 years old and flat-out terrible at the game. But when I missed an easy shot and looked all embarrassed, you know what my opponent did? She gave me a big smile and said "Nice try! You'll get it next time." That's the spirit of ping pong! It doesn't matter if you're the world champion or just a kid fooling around - we're all part of the table tennis family, encouraging each other to get better.Whenever adults ask me what I want to be when I grow up, I always say: "A professional ping pong player!" They usually laugh, but I'm totally serious. To me, there's no better way to spend your life than chasing a little white ball around, making friends,and living that positive table tennis spirit every single day. Focusing with laser precision, displaying incredible hand-eye coordination, and treating every opponent with respect and kindness - that's what the beautiful game of table tennis is all about.篇4The Spirit of Table TennisPing pong, or table tennis as the grown-ups like to call it, is way more than just a game to me. It's a way of life! Ever since I first picked up that little paddle in gym class, I've been hooked. There's just something special about the speed, the strategy, and the crazy spins that you can put on the ball.The first thing I love about table tennis is how fast-paced it is. One second the ball is sailing over the net, the next second you have to quickly react and smash it right back. It gets your heart pumping and makes you feel so alive! The rallies can go on for what seems like forever until somebody makes one tiny mistake. It teaches you to stay focused and on your toes at all times.But table tennis isn't just about mindless hitting either. Oh no, there's a huge mental side to the game too. You have to constantly be thinking a few shots ahead, setting up offensivespins and defensive angles to outmaneuver your opponent. Will you go for a heavy topspin to jump over their paddle? Or maybe a sneaky backspin to throw them off? The choices are endless and it really works out your brain as much as your body.Speaking of spins, who doesn't love just absolutely putting some crazy curve on the ball? Seeing your opponent's confused face when the ball dips and darts in some bizarre direction never gets old. Mastering all the different spin strokes is one of the most satisfying parts of table tennis. Backhand banana flip anyone? I live for making that tiny rubber sphere dance across the table in ways that seem to defy physics.But as fun as all the speed, spins, and crazy shots are, that's not really what table tennis means to me deep down. You see, at its core, this game is all about sportsmanship, respect, and an endless pursuit of self-improvement. Sure, you can play casually with friends and family. But the real table tennis players, we're always striving to get better through disciplined practice and self-reflection.After every match, whether I win or lose, I go over every point in my head. What did I do well? What mistakes did I make that I need to correct? There's always something to learn and improve upon for next time. The greatest players stay humblestudents of the game forever. That growth mindset of constantly seeking to elevate your skills to new heights - that's the true spirit of table tennis that I try to embody.And of course, through it all, you have to maintain respect and sportsmanship for your opponent. Table tennis may be an individual game, but it takes two people giving their all to create those epically competitive rallies. You have to appreciate your opponent for pushing you and recognize that you both made the match special through your efforts. A quick handshake and nod of respect after every game is essential pingpong etiquette.So while table tennis may seem like a simple game from the outside, us serious players know there's a whole deeper philosophy behind the paddle spins. It's a sacred dance of mental and physical exertion, where honor and self-betterment are just as important as putting stylish english on the ball. Every time I step up to that table, I'm not just playing a game, I'm participating in an ancient ritual of the human competitive spirit.Someday, I hope to be a table tennis master, displaying the speed, smarts, and sportsmanship that truly embodies the spirit of this great sport. But for now, as a young student of the game, I'll just keep practicing my banana flips and aiming to become alittle better, and a little more respectful, each and every day. That's what the spirit of table tennis is all about!篇5The Awesome Spirit of Table TennisHi there! Today I want to tell you all about the super cool spirit of table tennis. Get ready to learn why this sport is so awesome!Table tennis, also known as ping pong, might seem like a simple game of hitting a lightweight ball back and forth across a table. But there's a whole lot more to it than that. Playing table tennis takes skill, strategy, and most importantly - the right spirit!First off, you need to be determined. Whether you're practicing your serves or playing a match against an opponent, determination is key. You have to really want it and be willing to keep trying, even when things get tough. The most successful table tennis players never give up easily.Next up is focus. Table tennis requires incredible focus and concentration. That little ball can move crazy fast, almost too fast for your eyes to follow sometimes! You have to staylaser-focused on the ball, watching its every move and beingready to react in a split second. Losing focus for even a moment could cost you the point.Patience is another hugely important part of the table tennis spirit. You can't get flustered or rush things. You have to calmly watch, wait for your opportunity, and then strike with precision. Patience allows you to think smart and come up with clever tactics to outwit your opponent.Perhaps the most amazing part of the table tennis spirit though, is how it blends incredible physical ability with mental sharpness. Your body has to have the quickness and agility to rapidly move around the table, while your mind calculates spins, angles, and shot selections. It's an amazing mix of physical and mental talents all rolled into one!On top of all that, table tennis is just straight up fun! Hitting that ball back and forth at lightning speed, pulling off some epic rally exchanges, and hopefully emerging victorious at the end is such a rush. Win or lose, if you play with the true spirit of table tennis, you're guaranteed to have an awesome time.So there you have it - the key ingredients that make up the amazing spirit of table tennis: determination, focus, patience, competitiveness, physical/mental ability and just pure enjoymentof the game. Bring all of those together and you'll be playing ping pong like a champion!Whether you're an elite pro or just a rookie starting out, capturing the spirit of table tennis will make you love this sport. You'll improve your skills, challenge your mind, get a workout, and have tons of fun all at the same time. What could be better than that?Table tennis really is the total package. Once you get bitten by that ping pong spirit, you'll be hooked for life! So grab a paddle, hit the tables, and get ready to experience the awesomeness. The spirit of table tennis awaits you!篇6The Wonderful World of Table TennisPing! Pong! That's the sound that makes my heart skip a beat. Table tennis is the most exciting game in the whole wide world, and I'm going to tell you all about it!First of all, let me explain what table tennis is for those of you who don't know. It's a game played on a special table with a low net in the middle. Two players (or sometimes two teams of two players each) stand on opposite sides of the table and hit alightweight ball back and forth over the net using small paddles. The goal is to make the ball bounce twice on your opponent's side of the table before they can return it. Sounds simple, right? Well, let me tell you, it's not as easy as it looks!Table tennis requires lightning-fast reflexes, sharp eyesight, and quick thinking. You have to anticipate where the ball will go and position yourself accordingly. One moment you're standing still, and the next, you're lunging, twisting, and contorting your body in all sorts of crazy ways to reach that pesky little ball. It's like an intense dance, but with a lot more sweat and sometimes a few bruises!But that's what makes table tennis so exciting! The thrill of the chase, the adrenaline rush of a back-and-forth rally, and the pure joy of scoring a point after a hard-fought exchange. It's like a mini battle, but instead of weapons, you're armed with your trusty paddle and your wits.And let's not forget about the spirit of table tennis. This sport teaches you so many valuable lessons. It's all about perseverance, determination, and never giving up. Even if you're down by a huge score, you keep fighting until the very last point. You learn to respect your opponents and to be a good sport, whether you win or lose.Table tennis also promotes teamwork and camaraderie. If you're playing doubles, you have to communicate with your partner, anticipate their moves, and work together as awell-oiled machine. And even in singles, you're part of a larger community of table tennis enthusiasts who share your passion for the game.But above all, table tennis is just plain fun! It's a great way to stay active, challenge yourself, and make new friends. Whether you're a seasoned pro or a complete beginner, there's always room for improvement and new skills to learn.So, what are you waiting for? Grab a paddle, find a table, and let's play! Who knows, you might just discover your new favorite sport. And remember, in the world of table tennis, every point counts, every rally is an adventure, and every smash is a victory!。

凝聚态物理现象理论与计算I 周森

Individual myosin fibrils composed of repeating units of mysoin interact with another repeating polymer, actin, to create organized contraction.
Atomic/molecular correlations
No intrinsic magnetism or other correlations
Intrinsic length scale = large effective Bohr radius a0 Weak correlation and large a0 enable simple and accurate modeling
Experimental evidence Large Fermi surface with Luttinger volume proportional to 1-x
(ARPES + Quantum Oscillations)
Cuprates: doped AF Mott insulator
Two-dimensional layered structure Most important physics in the common CuO2 plane Copper
3d electrons Oxygen
2p electrons
Cuprates are p-d charge transfer systems
“New clues”: unconventional SCs are often found in the vicinity of electronic ordered phases induced by interactions

自动化专业英语词汇大全

自动化专业英语词汇大全acceleration transducer 加速度传感器acceptance testing 验收测试accessibility 可及性accumulated error 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter 交-直-交变频器AC (alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定actuator 驱动器，执行机构adaline 线性适应元adaptation layer 适应层adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统adjoint operator 伴随算子admissible error 容许误差aggregation matrix 集结矩阵AHP (analytic hierarchy process) 层次分析法amplifying element 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换annunciator 信号器antenna pointing control 天线指向控制anti-integral windup 抗积分饱卷aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解a posteriori estimate 后验估计approximate reasoning 近似推理a priori estimate 先验估计articulated robot 关节型机器人assignment problem 配置问题，分配问题associative memory model 联想记忆模型associatron 联想机asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移attitude acquisition 姿态捕获AOCS (attritude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动attitude maneuver 姿态机动attractor 吸引子augment ability 可扩充性augmented system 增广系统automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器automaton 自动机autonomous system 自治系统backlash characteristics 间隙特性base coordinate system 基座坐标系Bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器bearing alignment 方位对准bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表benefit-cost analysis 收益成本分析bilinear system 双线性系统biocybernetics 生物控制论biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法blind search 盲目搜索block diagonalization 块对角化Boltzman machine 玻耳兹曼机bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法breadth-first search 广度优先搜索butterfly valve 蝶阀CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造Camflex valve 偏心旋转阀canonical state variable 规范化状态变量capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表CARD 计算机辅助研究开发Cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascade compensation 串联补偿catastrophe theory 突变论centrality 集中性chained aggregation 链式集结chaos 混沌characteristic locus 特征轨迹chemical propulsion 化学推进calrity 清晰性classical information pattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析coarse-fine control 粗-精控制cobweb model 蛛网模型coefficient matrix 系数矩阵cognitive science 认知科学cognitron 认知机coherent system 单调关联系统combination decision 组合决策combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compartmental model 房室模型compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络compensation 补偿，矫正compliance 柔顺，顺应composite control 组合控制computable general equilibrium model 可计算一般均衡模型conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectionism 连接机制connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件consumption function 消费函数context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete event hybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混合系统仿真continuous duty 连续工作制control accuracy 控制精度control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数controllable canonical form 可控规范型[control] plant 控制对象,被控对象controlling instrument 控制仪表control moment gyro 控制力矩陀螺control panel 控制屏，控制盘control synchro 控制[式]自整角机control system synthesis 控制系统综合control time horizon 控制时程cooperative game 合作对策coordinability condition 可协调条件coordination strategy 协调策略coordinator 协调器corner frequency 转折频率costate variable 共态变量cost-effectiveness analysis 费用效益分析coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼critical stability 临界稳定性cross-over frequency 穿越频率，交越频率current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remote control 循环遥控cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比data acquisition 数据采集data encryption 数据加密data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器DC generator-motor set drive 直流发电机-电动机组传动D controller 微分控制器decentrality 分散性decentralized stochastic control 分散随机控制decision space 决策空间decision support system 决策支持系统decomposition-aggregation approach 分解集结法decoupling parameter 解耦参数deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混合建模法delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树derivative feedback 微分反馈describing function 描述函数desired value 希望值despinner 消旋体destination 目的站detector 检出器deterministic automaton 确定性自动机deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器DFD 数据流图diagnostic model 诊断模型diagonally dominant matrix 对角主导矩阵diaphragm pressure gauge 膜片压力表difference equation model 差分方程模型differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统differential game 微分对策differential pressure level meter 差压液位计differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducer 差动变压器式位移传感器differentiation element 微分环节digital filer 数字滤波器digital signal processing 数字信号处理digitization 数字化digitizer 数字化仪dimension transducer 尺度传感器direct coordination 直接协调disaggregation 解裂discoordination 失协调discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discriminant function 判别函数displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器dissipative structure 耗散结构distributed parameter control system 分布参数控制系统distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversity 多样性divisibility 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点dose-response model 剂量反应模型dual modulation telemetering system 双重调制遥测系统dual principle 对偶原理dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定duty ratio 负载比dynamic braking 能耗制动dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数dynamic exactness 动它吻合性dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型econometric model 计量经济模型economic cybernetics 经济控制论economic effectiveness 经济效益economic evaluation 经济评价economic index 经济指数economic indicator 经济指标eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计effectiveness 有效性effectiveness theory 效益理论elasticity of demand 需求弹性electric actuator 电动执行机构electric conductance levelmeter 电导液位计electric drive control gear 电动传动控制设备electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulic servo vale 电液伺服阀electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角emergency stop 异常停止empirical distribution 经验分布endogenous variable 内生变量equilibrium growth 均衡增长equilibrium point 平衡点equivalence partitioning 等价类划分ergonomics 工效学error 误差error-correction parsing 纠错剖析estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论evaluation technique 评价技术event chain 事件链evolutionary system 进化系统exogenous variable 外生变量expected characteristics 希望特性external disturbance 外扰fact base 事实failure diagnosis 故障诊断fast mode 快变模态feasibility study 可行性研究feasible coordination 可行协调feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿feedforward path 前馈通路field bus 现场总线finite automaton 有限自动机FIP (factory information protocol) 工厂信息协议first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑fixed sequence manipulator 固定顺序机械手fixed set point control 定值控制FMS (flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统flow sensor/transducer 流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器fluctuation 涨落forced oscillation 强迫振荡formal language theory 形式语言理论formal neuron 形式神经元forward path 正向通路forward reasoning 正向推理fractal 分形体，分维体frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction method 频域模型降阶法frequency response 频域响应full order observer 全阶观测器functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation) 功能电刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑game tree 对策树gate valve 闸阀general equilibrium theory 一般均衡理论generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计generation function 生成函数geomagnetic torque 地磁力矩geometric similarity 几何相似gimbaled wheel 框架轮global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性global optimum 全局最优globe valve 球形阀goal coordination method 目标协调法grammatical inference 文法推断graphic search 图搜索gravity gradient torque 重力梯度力矩group technology 成组技术guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真harmonious deviation 和谐偏差harmonious strategy 和谐策略heuristic inference 启发式推理hidden oscillation 隐蔽振荡hierarchical chart 层次结构图hierarchical planning 递阶规划hierarchical control 递阶控制homeostasis 内稳态homomorphic model 同态系统horizontal decomposition 横向分解hormonal control 内分泌控制hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达hypercycle theory 超循环理论I controller 积分控制器identifiability 可辨识性IDSS (intelligent decision support system) 智能决策支持系统image recognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulse function 冲击函数，脉冲函数inching 点动incompatibility principle 不相容原理incremental motion control 增量运动控制index of merit 品质因数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器inductive modeling method 归纳建模法industrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系inertial wheel 惯性轮inference engine 推理机infinite dimensional system 无穷维系统information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差initiator 发起站injection attitude 入轨姿势input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性instruction level language 指令级语言integral of absolute value of error criterion 绝对误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则integral performance criterion 积分性能准则integration instrument 积算仪器integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端interacted system 互联系统，关联系统interactive prediction approach 互联预估法，关联预估法interconnection 互联intermittent duty 断续工作制internal disturbance 内扰ISM (interpretive structure modeling) 解释结构建模法invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inventory theory 库伦论inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图inverter 逆变器investment decision 投资决策isomorphic model 同构模型iterative coordination 迭代协调jet propulsion 喷气推进job-lot control 分批控制joint 关节Kalman-Bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器knowledge accomodation 知识顺应knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化KBMS (knowledge base management system) 知识库管理系统knowledge representation 知识表达ladder diagram 梯形图lag-lead compensation 滞后超前补偿Lagrange duality 拉格朗日对偶性Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统lateral inhibition network 侧抑制网络least cost input 最小成本投入least squares criterion 最小二乘准则level switch 物位开关libration damping 天平动阻尼limit cycle 极限环linearization technique 线性化方法linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动linear motion valve 直行程阀linear programming 线性规划LQR (linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题load cell 称重传感器local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性local optimum 局部最优log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆lumped parameter model 集总参数模型Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理macro-economic system 宏观经济系统magnetic dumping 磁卸载magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度magnitude scale factor 幅值比例尺manipulator 机械手man-machine coordination 人机协调manual station 手动操作器MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式master station 主站matching criterion 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanism model 机理模型meta-knowledge 元知识metallurgical automation 冶金自动化minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体-目标相对运动仿真器modal aggregation 模态集结modal transformation 模态变换MB (model base) 模型库model confidence 模型置信度model fidelity 模型逼真度model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化MEC (most economic control) 最经济控制motion space 可动空间MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multi-attributive utility function 多属性效用函数multicriteria 多重判据multilevel hierarchical structure 多级递阶结构multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum hierarchical control 多段递阶控制multivariable control system 多变量控制系统myoelectric control 肌电控制Nash optimality 纳什最优性natural language generation 自然语言生成nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学noncoherent system 非单调关联系统noncooperative game 非合作博弈nonequilibrium state 非平衡态nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非单调逻辑nonparametric training 非参数训练nonreversible electric drive 不可逆电气传动nonsingular perturbation 非奇异摄动non-stationary random process 非平稳随机过程nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计nutation sensor 章动敏感器Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数observability index 可观测指数observable canonical form 可观测规范型on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制open loop pole 开环极点operational research model 运筹学模型optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术orbital rendezvous 轨道交会orbit gyrocompass 轨道陀螺罗盘orbit perturbation 轨道摄动order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制originator 始发站oscillating period 振荡周期output prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overall design 总体设计overdamping 过阻尼overlapping decomposition 交叠分解Pade approximation 帕德近似Pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性passive attitude stabilization 被动姿态稳定path repeatability 路径可重复性pattern primitive 模式基元PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器periodic duty 周期工作制perturbation theory 摄动理论pessimistic value 悲观值phase locus 相轨迹phase trajectory 相轨迹phase lead 相位超前photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句结构文法physical symbol system 物理符号系统piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器playback robot 示教再现式机器人PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动plug valve 旋塞阀pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构point-to-point control 点位控制polar robot 极坐标型机器人pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot 位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表pressure transmitter 压力变送器price coordination 价格协调primal coordination 主协调primary frequency zone 主频区PCA (principal component analysis) 主成分分析法principle of turnpike 大道原理priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真production budget 生产预算production rule 产生式规则profit forecast 利润预测PERT (program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 程序设定操作器proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器protocol engineering 协议工程prototype 原型pseudo random sequence 伪随机序列pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速率增量控制pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器pushdown automaton 下推自动机QC (quality control) 质量管理quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标qualitative physical model 定性物理模型quantized noise 量化噪声quasilinear characteristics 准线性特性queuing theory 排队论radio frequency sensor 射频敏感器ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺ratio station 比值操作器reachability 可达性reaction wheel control 反作用轮控制realizability 可实现性,能实现性real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人rectifier 整流器recursive estimation 递推估计reduced order observer 降阶观测器redundant information 冗余信息reentry control 再入控制regenerative braking 回馈制动，再生制动regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数relay characteristic 继电器特性remote manipulator 遥控操作器remote regulating 遥调remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器rendezvous and docking 交会和对接reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻resolution principle 归结原理resource allocation 资源分配response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵return ratio matrix 回比矩阵reverberation 回响reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器rewriting rule 重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学risk decision 风险分析robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言robust control 鲁棒控制robustness 鲁棒性roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝测量仪root locus 根轨迹roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计rotary eccentric plug valve 偏心旋转阀rotary motion valve 角行程阀rotating transformer 旋转变压器Routh approximation method 劳思近似判据routing problem 路径问题sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数SCARA (selective compliance assembly robot arm) 平面关节型机器人scenario analysis method 情景分析法scene analysis 物景分析s-domain s域self-operated controller 自力式控制器self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制semantic network 语义网络semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真sensing element 敏感元件sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sensory control 感觉控制sequential decomposition 顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor 伺服马达settling time 过渡时间sextant 六分仪short term planning 短期计划short time horizon coordination 短时程协调signal detection and estimation 信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺single level process 单级过程single value nonlinearity 单值非线性singular attractor 奇异吸引子singular perturbation 奇异摄动sink 汇点slaved system 受役系统slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统socio-cybernetics 社会控制论socioeconomic system 社会经济系统software psychology 软件心理学solar array pointing control 太阳帆板指向控制solenoid valve 电磁阀source 源点specific impulse 比冲speed control system 调速系统spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stability limit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定Stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决策理论state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristics curve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary random process 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic pattern recognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation 稳态偏差steady state error coefficient 稳态误差系数step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数stepwise refinement 逐步精化stochastic finite automaton 随机有限自动机strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器strategic function 策略函数strongly coupled system 强耦合系统subjective probability 主观频率suboptimality 次优性supervised training 监督学习supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点symbolic processing 符号处理synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性synergetics 协同学syntactic analysis 句法分析system assessment 系统评价systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期teaching programming 示教编程telemechanics 远动学telemetering system of frequency division type 频分遥测系统telemetry 遥测teleological system 目的系统teleology 目的论temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统thruster 推力器time constant 时间常数time-invariant system 定常系统，非时变系统time schedule controller 时序控制器time-sharing control 分时控制time-varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑结构TQC (total quality control) 全面质量管理tracking error 跟踪误差trade-off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差transient process 过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划utility function 效用函数value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计viscous damping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precession flowmeter 旋进流量计vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计WB (way base) 方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weighting factor 权因子weighting method 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克-香农采样定理Wiener filtering 维纳滤波work station for computer aided design 计算机辅助设计工作站w-plane w平面zero-based budget 零基预算zero-input response 零输入响应zero-state response 零状态响应zero sum game model 零和对策模型z-transform z变换。

蜘蛛能干什么的英文小作文

蜘蛛能干什么的英文小作文英文：Spiders are fascinating creatures that have been around for millions of years. They are known for their ability to spin webs, but they are capable of so much more than that. Spiders have a number of unique abilities that allow them to survive and thrive in a variety of environments.One of the most impressive things about spiders istheir ability to hunt. Many spiders are skilled predators that use a variety of techniques to catch their prey. Some spiders spin webs to trap insects, while others actively hunt and pounce on their prey. Some spiders even use camouflage to blend in with their surroundings and surprise their prey.Another interesting thing about spiders is theirability to regenerate lost limbs. If a spider loses a leg, it can grow a new one to replace it. This is a remarkableadaptation that allows spiders to continue functioning even if they are injured.Spiders are also known for their venomous bites, which can be deadly to their prey. While some spiders are dangerous to humans, most are harmless and play an important role in controlling insect populations.Overall, spiders are amazing creatures that have a number of unique abilities that allow them to survive and thrive in a variety of environments.中文：蜘蛛是一种神奇的生物，已经存在了数百万年。

中英文文献翻译—离合器工作原理

附录How Clutches WorkIf you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.CIn!cp I山g?e CgIIeL入D!g?Lg山 o\ cgL 2poM!u? cIn!cp Iocg!!ou. eee 山oLe cIn!cp !山g?e2In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed,or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.In a car,you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time,but the car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnectedf rom the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about friction in How Brakes Work.A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.Fly Wheels,Clutch Plates and FrictionIn a car’s clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.Pressure plateThe amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.W h en the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below). This r eleases the clutch from the spinning engine.Common ProblemsFrom the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.Photo courtesy Carolina MustangClutch plateThe clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely p revent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are: Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. S o metimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch. Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch.If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages,you might have a problem with the throw-out.Types of ClutchesThere are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spacedridges, called splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.An air conditioning, compressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins s lowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, w eighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are m anufactured with centrifugal clutches.C lu tches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.离合器工作原理如果您驾驶手动变速箱的汽车，您可能会惊讶地发现，它有一个以上的离合器。

关于选择物理化学生物学科的英语作文

关于选择物理化学生物学科的英语作文Which Science is the Coolest? Physics, Chemistry, or Biology?Science is so much fun! There are all kinds of different science subjects to learn about, but the three main ones are physics, chemistry, and biology. Each one is super interesting in its own way, but which one is actually the coolest? I've been thinking about it a lot, and here's what I reckon:Physics is wicked awesome because it's all about the basic rules of the entire universe! It helps explain how everything works, from the biggest things like planets, stars, and galaxies, to the smallest things like atoms and particles we can't even see. Physics is what lets us understand gravity, motion, energy, light, sound, electricity, and more. That's some powerful stuff right there!One of the neatest things about physics is learning about forces and motion. Throwing a ball in the air and watching it arc through the sky before falling back down is basically physics in action. Running, jumping, kicking, anything where things are moving is ruled by the laws of physics. Physics is how we can send rockets and satellites into space too. Just imagine strappingyourself to a giant rocket engine and blasting off into orbit around the Earth - how amazing would that be?!Then there are the mind-bending concepts in physics like relativity, quantum mechanics, black holes, and the origins of the universe. That stuff makes my brain feel like a pretzel, but it opens up so many crazy possibilities about how reality works at the absolute smallest and biggest scales. Physics is what let the really smart scientists figure out that the universe started with a massive Big Bang explosion about 14 billion years ago. Let that one sink in for a minute!As fantastic as physics is though, chemistry might just edge it out as being more awesome. Chemistry is like the building blocks of absolutely everything in the entire universe. Not just the big stuff, but every material, every substance, every little piece of matter you can think of is made up of chemicals. Isn't that just nuts?The best thing about chemistry is definitely all the explosive and colorful experiments you get to do. There's nothing more fun than mixing up some concoctions in bottles or test tubes and watching crazy reactions happen right before your eyes. Beautiful crystals forming, color changes, fizzing, smoke, maybe even a small contained explosion if you're lucky! As long asyou're being safe and following the instructions, doing hands-on chemistry experiments is exhilarating every time.I'll never forget that wicked volcano experiment we did, with the red lava oozing over the sides. Or that time we made those tiny little capsules that expanded into ginormous animal-shaped gooey masses when you put them in water. Chemistry is packed with tons of examples like that where you get to witness amazing transformations and make awesome stuff happen through chemical processes.Plus, chemistry is the key to understanding so many important things all around us, like how food is made, how cleaning products work, and even how our own bodies operate. Our bodies are walking chemistry factories, with chemicals controlling everything from digesting food to fighting off sicknesses. That's some powerful chemistry right there!While physics rules the big universe and chemistry rules the small ingredients that make up everything, biology is sort of a blending of the two. It's all about the living creatures that exist thanks to the rules of physics and chemistry coming together in very specific ways.I have to admit, a lot of biology can seem pretty gross or disgusting at first glance. Learning about all the slimy, smelly,mushy things that happen inside plants, animals, and even our own bodies doesn't always sound super appealing. But once you get past that, biology is endlessly fascinating!Biology encompasses the entire world of life, from the teeniest single-celled microbes you need a powerful microscope to see, all the way up to the largest whales swimming through the oceans. It's just mind-blowing how many bizarre, wonderful, often weird kinds of living organisms exist all over our planet and beyond. No matter how long you study biology, there's always more weird and amazing life forms to discover.Some of the most awe-inspiring parts of biology are learning about the incredible abilities and behaviors in nature. The way spiders can spin intricate webs to trap prey. How butterflies transform from squishy caterpillars through an astounding metamorphosis process. Plants usingphotosynthesis to convert sunlight into food. The brilliant navigational skills of birds that let them migrate across continents. It's all so clever and amazing when you stop and think about it.And of course, biology is probably the most personal science since we're living, breathing examples of the intricate biology that allowed life to develop and flourish on Earth over billions of years. Our brains, our breathing, our beating hearts, our senses,everything that makes us human biological machines is something to feel really grateful for when you understand how extraordinarily complex it all is.So in the end... which is the coolest science subject? Honestly, they're all extremely fascinating in their own ways. Each one teaches us incredible insights about our universe, our world, and ourselves. Physics gives us the universal rules and forces that shape existence itself. Chemistry provides the building blocks that get assembled into all matter and materials. And biology shows the amazingness of the living systems that can arise when physics and chemistry combine just perfectly.I can't pick a definitive winner - I love them all! If I had to choose just one, I guess it would depend on the day and whatever crazy science thing we're learning about or experimenting with. One day physics is blowing my mind, the next day I'm in awe of a zany chemistry demonstration, and the next I'm grossed out but captivated by some bizarre biology example.The most important thing is keeping an open, curious mind about the entire world of science. Physics, chemistry, biology, it's all fantastic! Whichever science piques your interest the most, just stay eager to learn and discover more about our awesomeuniverse. Who knows, you might even be the next Einstein, Marie Curie or Charles Darwin and completely revolutionize our understanding of science someday. The only way to find out is to dive in and start exploring!。

生胶拨球正确方法

生胶拨球正确方法When it comes to playing table tennis with a Chinese rubber, it is important to understand the correct technique in order to make the most of the rubber's characteristics. The Chinese rubber is known for its tackiness and ability to generate maximum spin on the ball. In order to utilize these features effectively, players must adjust their playing style accordingly. This includes understanding the proper grip, stance, and stroke mechanics needed to execute shots with precision and power.在使用中国胶拨球打乒乓球时，理解正确的技术是很重要的，以充分发挥胶拨球的特点。

中国胶拨球以其粘性和产生最大旋转的能力而闻名。

为了有效利用这些特性，球员们必须相应地调整他们的打球风格。

这包括理解需要执行精确和有力的射击所需的正确握拍、站位和击球力学。

First and foremost, the grip plays a crucial role in controlling the ball and generating spin with a Chinese rubber. The shakehand grip is commonly used in table tennis and is recommended for playing with a Chinese rubber. This grip allows for greater wrist flexibility and control over the paddle, which is essential for imparting spin on theball. By gripping the paddle firmly but not too tightly, players can ensure a solid connection between the rubber and the ball, resulting in more spin and accuracy in their shots.首先，握拍在控制球和以中国胶拨球产生旋转方面起着至关重要的作用。

5句你最喜欢乒乓球运动呢英语作文三年级

5句你最喜欢乒乓球运动呢英语作文三年级全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1I Love Playing Ping Pong!Ping pong is the best sport ever! I love everything about it - the bright orange ball zipping back and forth over the net, the sound of the paddle hitting the ball, and the feeling of running around the table trying to get to the ball in time. Ping pong is super fun and exciting to play.My favorite part is when I'm in a really long rally with my opponent and we're both running all over the place, getting the ball back over the net each time. Sometimes the rallies can go on for what feels like forever! My arms get tired from swinging the paddle over and over, and I'm huffing and puffing, but I never want to be the one to miss the ball and lose the point. It's such a thrilling feeling when I finally win the rally after what feels like a million hits back and forth. I pump my fist and do a little victory dance. Take that!Another thing I love about ping pong is using different spins on the ball to throw off my opponent. I'll put topspin on it tomake it dip down at the last second. Or I'll use backspin to make the ball bounce straight up after hitting their side. It's so satisfying when my trick shots work and they aren't expecting it. I can almost see the confused look on their face when the ball does something crazy. My favorite is definitely sidespin though - putting a huge spin on the ball that makes it curve around in a big arc is just the coolest thing ever.Ping pong lets me show off all my skills and athletic abilities. You have to have fast reflexes to rapidly hit the ball back, great hand-eye coordination to make contact perfectly, stamina to keep running around for long points, and mental focus to outthink your opponent. It combines so many different talents into one awesome game. I feel like a total pro when I'm able to do all those things and win a bunch of points in a row.I'm so grateful that my parents got me into ping pong at a young age and signed me up for lessons. My coach has taught me all the proper grips, stances, strokes, and strategies. He's always pushing me to improve my footwork and consistency. Sometimes practice is hard work, but it allows me to get better and better. I hope I can keep playing competitively as I get older. Maybe I'll even make it onto a college team or the Olympics someday! Who knows? For now, I'm just happy hitting that littleplastic ball back and forth, having a blast playing the game I love - ping pong!篇2Ping Pong, I love you! Ping pong is my favorite sport. It's so much fun to play with my friends. We gather in the school gymnasium and hit the small white ball back and forth over the net. I feel like a professional player when I hold the paddle and make the ball bounce on the table. Playing ping pong makes me happy and healthy. I can't wait for our next match!篇3Why I Love Playing Table TennisPing! Pong! That's the sound of the little white ball bouncing back and forth across the green table. It's the sound of table tennis, which is one of my all-time favorite sports! I just love everything about this super fun game.First of all, table tennis is really easy to learn how to play. All you need is a table, a net, two rackets, and that hollow plastic ball. The basic rules are simple - you hit the ball back and forth across the net, trying to make it bounce twice on your opponent's side. When I first started playing a couple years ago, I could rally theball back and forth right away after just a little practice. Of course, it takes a lot more skill to develop good strokes and strategies, but even beginners can enjoy knocking the ball around.Another reason I love table tennis is because it's the perfect indoor sport. You don't have to worry about the weather being too hot, too cold, too rainy, or anything like that. You can play anytime in a nice indoor setting. Our school has a ping pong table in the gym, and I love coming in for recess on cold, rainy days to play a few games. Table tennis is also great for playing at home in the basement or garage. My parents got me a table for my last birthday and I spend hours down there batting the ball against the robot machine.While ping pong is easy to learn, it's also a real challenge as you advance to higher levels. There are so many different spins and strokes to master - topspin, backspin, sidespin, smashes, loops, blocks, and chops. Putting those skills together with footwork, positioning, and strategy makes it an incredibly complex game that takes years to fully develop. The best players in the world have blazing hand-eye coordination and extraordinary athleticism. Watching the pros go at it in a championship match is like witnessing a blurring dance ofgravity-defying spins and blinding speed. I have so much respect for their talents and hope to get pretty good myself one day.Most of all though, ping pong is just crazy fun! It's an addictive game of back-and-forth action that never gets boring. You're always having to react, think a step ahead, and stay on your toes. Even a casual game with friends gets your heart pumping as you dive and lunge all over the place. For me, table tennis is the perfect mix of simplicity to just start playing yet depth and complexity to spend forever trying to improve. Whether I'm looping towering topspin bombs or shakily wavering back pedestrian pushes, I'm always grinning and dying for the next point.Table tennis is a real sport that requires stamina, coordination, mental focus and strategy. Yet it's also light and joyfully playful at the same time. That's what I love most about this quirky game - the way it balances the physically intense and seriously competitive with the purely fun and addictively engaging. Whenever I hear that crisp "ping" of ball on paddle, I just want to grab my racket and play all day and night long. Ping pong forevermore!篇4My Favorite Sport: Table TennisTable tennis is the best sport ever! I just love everything about it. It's super fun to play and really exciting to watch the professionals compete. Table tennis is my absolute favorite!One of the main reasons I enjoy table tennis so much is because it's a fast-paced game that requires quick reflexes and hand-eye coordination. The little plastic ball can zip back and forth over the net at incredible speeds. You have to stay on your toes and be ready to react in a split second. It's an adrenaline rush trying to keep the rally going by hitting the ball at just the right angle to keep it on the table. My heart races during every point!I also love how table tennis is a real skill to master. It takes a lot of practice to develop the proper techniques for serving, stroking, spinning, and placing the ball accurately on the table. The best players make it look easy, but there is so much subtle artistry involved in controlling the spin and speed of the ball. Watching elite players go back and forth in a rally is like a beautiful dance - their movement is so fluid and the ball seems to defy physics with all the crazy spins and angles. I have so much respect for how talented the pros are. I practice my strokes and footwork drills constantly, trying to emulate their skill. It'sincredibly satisfying when I'm able to pull off an awesome shot after months of training.Another awesome aspect of table tennis is that it's the perfect mix of an individual and team sport. During tournaments, it's exhilarating being all alone at the table, relying totally on my own abilities and reflexes. But it's also so fun to play on a team with my best friends, cheering each other on and swapping high-fives between games. We have such a blast strategizing about serves, analyzing our opponents' weaknesses, and figuring out creative spins to throw them off their game. I've made so many amazing memories playing table tennis, both as an individual and with my squad.Finally, I just adore how table tennis is a sport that anyone can play, no matter their age or size. Some of the best players in the world are fairly short! All you need is a table, a couple paddles, and a net. You can set up and play anywhere - at school, at home, at a friend's house, the park, wherever. Table tennis is highly accessible and affordable compared to many other sports. The portability and simplicity of the equipment levels the playing field and makes it such an inclusive game for people of all backgrounds.In conclusion, table tennis will always be my #1 favorite sport and hobby. I'm completely obsessed with the fast pace, skillful artistry, exciting individual/team dynamic, and sheer accessibility of it all. Hitting that little plastic ball back and forth over the net just brings me so much joy and adrenaline. One day I hope to become a professional table tennis player and get the opportunity to represent my country at the Olympics. For now though, you can find me at the local club practicing my strokes and spins, dreaming of glory on the grand stage. Table tennis is simply the perfect game!篇5I Love Table Tennis!Table tennis is the best sport ever! It's so much fun to play and I love everything about it. Let me tell you why I like ping pong so much.First of all, it's a really easy game to learn how to play. You just need a table, a net, two small rackets, and a hollow plastic ball. My dad taught me how to play when I was 6 years old and I picked it up pretty quickly. The basics are simple - you hit the ball back and forth over the net, trying not to let it bounce twice onyour side. But even though the rules are straightforward, table tennis takes a lot of practice and skill to get really good at.That's another reason why I love ping pong so much - it's challenging and you can always work on improving your game. There are so many different shots and spins you can put on the ball. My favorite is the topspin smash - you brush up on the ball and put a ton of topspin on it so it dips down quickly over the net. It's so satisfying when you nail one of those! I'm also working on developing a good backhand block to return those super spinny shots.Playing table tennis takes quick reflexes, hand-eye coordination, mental focus, and footwork. You have to stay light on your feet, moving side-to-side to position yourself correctly. It's like a fun little workout and gets your heart pumping, especially if you're playing a really long rally. I love the thrill of those crazy back-and-forth exchanges where you and your opponent are just blasting the ball at each other as hard as you can. Sometimes my dad and I will play a game to 31 points and those matches can last a really long time if we're both on our game.But the absolute best thing about table tennis is that it's so social and brings people together to play. My dad and I play atthe community center near our house a few times a week. There's always a fun bunch of people there - kids my age, teenagers, adults, and even some senior citizens who have been playing for decades. Everyone is friendly and we rotate in playing matches against different opponents. You can play singlesone-on-one or doubles with teams of two. I love the camaraderie and sportsmanship, cheering each other on and having a good time together.After a night of playing ping pong, I'm always worn out but in the best way possible. My cheeks hurt from smiling and laughing so much! I come home feeling energized, proud of myself for practicing and improving, and happy to have connected with others over this shared hobby. Table tennis brings me so much joy - the quick movements, the mental challenge, the social fun. I really can't imagine my life without it at this point. If you've never tried it before, I highly recommend giving ping pong a shot. Who knows, you might just get hooked like me!篇6I Love Playing Ping Pong!Ping pong is the best sport ever! It's so much fun to play. I really love hitting that little white ball back and forth over the net. Ping pong is my absolute favorite game.There are lots of reasons why I like ping pong so much. First of all, it's a really exciting game. The rally can go back and forth many times before someone scores a point. It's super thrilling when you get a long rally going. My heart starts racing and I get all tense and focused, trying to keep the ball in play. I love the feeling of nailing the perfect shot and watching the ball zip right past my opponent. It gives me such a rush!Another reason I love ping pong is because it's challenging. You have to really concentrate hard and react quickly to return the ball. The ball can move so fast, zipping this way and that. You have to stay light on your feet, rotating your body quickly to cover the whole table. My mind has to work super fast, reading my opponent's shot and deciding the perfect angle and speed to return it. It's a real mental workout as much as a physical one! Mastering the różne spins and shots takes a ton of practice. I'm still learning, but that makes it even more fun to keep playing and improving my skills.Ping pong is also a great way to get exercise without even realizing it. By the end of a long game or tournament, I'm huffingand puffing and have worked up a serious sweat. All that running across the table, lunging for shots, and putting spin on the ball really gets your heart pumping. But it's such an enjoyable activity that I don't even notice how hard I'm working. I just have a blast the whole time.My favorite part about ping pong, though, is that I can play it with my family and friends. We all gather around the table in our basement or at the rec center and have ping pong tournaments and challenges. Sometimes my dad and I pair up for doubles matches against my mom and brother. Other times we play "king of the table" games where we compete to see who can stay as the winner the longest. No matter what, we always have a really fun time together. There's a ton of laughing and joking around in between points. Ping pong is an awesome social game that brings my loved ones closer through some friendly, active competition.I definitely want to keep playing ping pong forever. I'm going to join my school's ping pong club next year and maybe someday I'll be good enough to compete at a really high level! Even if I never make it as a professional player, though, ping pong will always have a special place in my heart. Hitting that lightweight ball across the net gives me such an incredible thrilland joy. I can't imagine life without this exhilarating, addictive game. Ping pong is simply the best!。

2023-2024学年广东省东莞中学、广州二中等六校高三毕业班第四次联考英语试题

2023-2024学年广东省东莞中学、广州二中等六校高三毕业班第四次联考英语试题What is PayQuick?PayQuick is a fast payment service for shopping in the biggest supermarket in UK — Tesco. It allows you to add your credit or debit card details to the app so you can use your smartphone to pay for your shopping with just one scan, which means you can go wallet-free in all UK Tesco stores. What are the benefits?●Collect your Tesco points automatically●Pay for your weekly shopp ing up to £250●Use PayQuick offline, even with no signal●Track your spending in TescoHowever, only one qualifying deal per week will collect the extra Tesco points. Additional payments in the same week won’t receive extra points. Tesco points will be ad ded to your future Tesco points statement.How to get your PayQuick?Available to new customers who sign up by 3rd March 2024, the PayQuick app can be downloaded from the App Store or our official website. Once you have the app on your phone, register your personal details on the app to get an account. Note that for each customer, only one account is allowed and a family shared account will not be acknowledged. Finally, with all the preparation work done, you’ll be ready to shop using just your phone.Plus, there’s no need to worry about your bank details being stored on your phone —they’re all securely protected in our data centers. So not only is it quicker and easier, it’s safer than going shopping with your wallet as well.1. If customers use PayQuick in UK Tesco stores, they can ______.A．purchase things only offlineB．get their Tesco points automaticallyC．keep track of their daily spendingD．pay for their shopping without limit2. Which is NOT a must for PayQuick users?A．To register by 3rd March 2024.B．To download the PayQuick app.C．To bring their phones with them.D．To share the account with their family.3. What is the author’s intention in writing this passage?A．To ensure the safety of PayQuick.B．To stress the importance of PayQuick.C．To popularize the use of PayQuick.D．To illustrate the application of PayQuick.Tonight, our family was going out to play under the full moon.My husband Todd and I first started going on full moon walks for ourselves, as we needed these little doses of moonlight to stay happy, though sometimes we had to hike through the forest to find a perfect spot. But after we became parents, we did this for our children. We wanted to show Sierra and Bryce that it was not necessary to travel far from home to have an adventure and learn something new, and that there was much magic in the natural world, available to all.Once we arrived at our location, Sierra and I stood holding hands, waiting to cheer the full moon in its rising—a thin sliver of the appealing moon emerged above the ridge of the mountain afar. Soon, more of the moon came out until it turned into a brilliant orange sphere. Todd explained to Sierra and Bryce that the moon generates no light, but simply acts like a mirror, reflecting the sunlight back to us. “Does the moon’s face change?” Bryce asked. I told him that the moon rotates (旋转) around the earth, but does not spin by itself, so the same side of the moon is always facing the earth. Sierra remarked that the moon looked larger and closer when it was rising. I explained that it is a visual illusion (错觉) because it is so close to the horizon that the moon magically tricks our eyes into comparing it with nearby objects, thus creating the impression of the increased size.Much of the knowledge that I shared with the kids was learned from my parents. During my childhood, they would take me on educational adventures out in the woods, and as I later found, so did their parents. So every time I go for a full moon walk with my beloved family, I thank those wise educators who came before me.To educate, sometimes all it takes is going outdoors and gazing up at the heavens.4. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Going on a hike through the forest.B．Taking a walk under the full moon.C．Watching magic shows every month.D．Traveling far from home for adventure.5. What can we learn from their family outing?A．The kids were reluctant to participate.B．Todd mentioned the mirror to explain sunlight.C．The kids exhibited a spirit of exploration about the moon.D．The author used a magic trick to explain the larger moon.6. Which of the following best describes the parents?A．Creative and faithful. B．Selfless and brave.C．Inspiring and generous. D．Insightful and patient.7. What does the story convey to the readers?A．Life is what you make it.B．Every cloud has a silver lining.C．Nature is the best teacher.D．God helps those who help themselves.As humanity has got richer, animal’s roles have changed. People need their services less than before. Fewer wolves and thieves meant less demand for dogs for protection; the internal combustion engine (内燃机) made horses unneeded; modern sanitation (卫生设备) kept rats in check and made cats less useful. Domestic animals are no longer necessities, but commonly seen companions. Pet-keeping seems to become more and more popular, as a recent survey found that 69% of American households keep at least one pet.The pet business is growing even faster than pet numbers, because people are spending more and more money on them. No longer are they food-waste-recyclers, fed with the remains that fall from their masters’ tables. Pet food shelves ar e full of cuisines tailored to satisfy a range of appetites, including ice cream for dogs and foods for pets that are old, diabetic, or suffer from sensitive digestion.In the business, this is called “pet humanization” — the tendency of pet owners to treat their pets as part of the family. This is obvious in the names given to dogs, which have evolved from Fido, Rex, and Spot to Bella, Lucy, and Max.People still hold the false assumption that pets must be working for humanity in some way, perhaps making people healthier or less anxious. But the evidence for that is weak. New research suggests that dogs have evolved those “cute eyes” to affect human emotions and control them, which works very well. Humans now work very hard to pay for the care of their pets. For example, Americans often refer to themselves not as cat owners but as the cat’s “mommy” or “daddy”. South Koreans go one step further, describing themselves as cat “butlers (管家)”. Watch an unlucky man walking his dog, plastic bag in hand to pick up its mess, and we have to doubt: who’s in charge now? Is this relationship what we really want?8. What can we learn about the animal-keeping trend?A．People’s needs for animal services are increasing.B．The price for purchasing a domestic pet is on the rise.C．Pet foods are less various and customized than before.D．Both the pet number and the pet business are growing.9. Which of the following is the evidence of “pet humanization”?A．Pets’ ability to make their owners less anxious.B．Human’s increa sing investment in pet-keeping.C．Pet’s roles as both working staff and companions.D．The owners’ preference to give pets human names.10. What is the author’s attitude towards the current human-pet relationship?A．Skeptical. B．Conservative. C．Unclear. D．Approving.11. Which might be the best title of the passage?A．The Changing Roles of PetsB．The Growing Trend of Pet BusinessC．The Craze for Pet-keepingD．The Pros and Cons of Keeping PetsHibernation (冬眠) is a classic topic of science fiction. In movies such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, Alien, or Passengers, crew members are put into a state of sleep to take year-long journeys to space. Now a new study from Washington University has shown that human hibernation may soon become a reality.The research team carried out tests on rats — animals that do not naturally hibernate. They first identified a group of neurons (神经元) in a deep brain region, which were found to be involved in controlling body temperature during hibernation. They showed that, in mice, these neurons could be stimulated using ultrasound (超声波), which was delivered through a helmet without causing an injury.When receiving the ultrasound, the mice showed a drop in body temperature of about3°C, and their heart rates fell by about 47%. When the ultrasound system was switched off, they woke up again. The result was “surprising and fascinating”, said Hong Chen, a professor who led the work. Researchers are also trying to determine how to harness the power of hibernation to help humans. They bel ieve that it could be key to addressing health conditions like heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, hibernation’s ability to slow aging, which was observed in bats, could benefit space exploration, enabling longer missions with less food requirements. Research in animals also suggests that bodies of hibernating astronauts might lose less bone and muscle, making them fit and ready to start challenging exploration soon after they wake up.By unlocking the secrets of this remarkable process, researchers may uncover ways to improve human health, as well as gain new insights into the natural world. Therefore, the exploration of hibernation is an exciting area that is sure to yield numerous benefits in the years to come.The scientists now plan to look at how lowered body temperature might affect the cognitive abilities of humans. “Our next experiments will test working memory in monkeys. This is important because while astronauts physically hibernate as they fly into deep space, their brain still needs to be working,” said Chen.12. How did researchers put rats into hibernation?A．By lowering their body temperature.B．By activating specific brain neurons.C．By putting a regular helmet on them.D．By using ultrasound through an operation.13. What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A．Employ. B．Challenge. C．Overlook. D．Discover.14. What advantage might hibernation bring to humans?A．It improves people’s mental health.B．It predicts a variety of heart diseases.C．It helps astronauts keep physically fit.D．It enables astronauts to build up muscle.15. What’s the purpose of the last paragraph?A．To point out the significance of the study.B．To bring out the focus of follow-up studies.C．To discuss other factors affecting hibernation.D．To explain practical applications of the finding.Make a difference at schoolBesides being a great place to learn, school offers a great opportunity to make friends, try new things, and give back to others. The beginning of a school year is a good time for you to take advantage of opportunities and activities that your school offers. 16 . Here’s how to get started.Reach outTry to be more involved in activities, clubs, and teams. All of these help you meet more people, including teachers and staff, who can give you an idea of the needs the school might have. 17 . Ask if you can attend meetings to share ideas and listen to what others want to change at school.18Your school may have a variety of clubs — from robotics to anime. If you have an interest that’s not covered by a current school club, you could consider forming your own. Many schools have a standard process for approving clubs, which may include asking a teacher to advise the club, and finding a place and time to meet.Identify a need and take actionThink about what makes you feel happy at school. Maybe you enjoy having lunch or playing soccer during break. Now think about ways those could be even better. You might wish there were more food options or more balls to play. Once you have your idea, talk to a staff to see if students could help. 19 .Be kind20 . However, you can help create a positive atmosphere at school by being kind and respectful to others. This includes respecting a teacher’s rules, saying thank you when a student helps you, cleaning up any mess you make, and saying hello to others in the hallway. Attitude is infectious!My mom loved to pass her wisdom to me: ”Nothing beats a good bite that bites back.” She was referring to her bitter-taste foods like dill pickles and rhubarb (大黄叶). But I was not a big fan.Three years ago, I finally decided to ask if I could ________ out her rhubarb while weeding the garden. “________ not!” Mom gasped, throwing me a(n) ________ look. Clearly, I had underestimated her________ for it. However, as I continued ________, I thought about how rhubarb is one of the first to appear in spring. It ________ the snowy ground before the arrival of other plants. How can anyone fail to ________ it? When those first sprouts (嫩芽) appeared, Mom would count them like a ________ counting a newborn’s fingers and toes.When I was a kid and my mom gave me that pie, it made me ________ to try. In my teens, it made me complain about the bitterness. Even ice cream or candies did not ________ the deal for my young taste buds (味蕾). Rhubarb was something to be ________ at all costs.Then, last summer, I came across the ________ for her rhubarb pie in an old drawer. So I decided to give it a ________. A few attempts later, I served rhubarb pie to family and guests. All agreed, including me, that it tasted incredible.Since then I’ve come to a ________ about rhubarb. Rhubarb’s taste may be lost on children, but adults can________ it. Like my wise mother, I now understand that “Nothing beats a good bite that bites back.”21.A．dig B．check C．figure D．smell22.A．Absolutely B．Possibly C．Basically D．Technically 23.A．warm B．anxious C．curious D．sharp24.A．talent B．affection C．patience D．ambition25.A．asking B．weeding C．assessing D．walking26.A．makes for B．takes in C．breaks through D．puts down 27.A．admire B．miss C．ignore D．question28.A．friend B．doctor C．parent D．child29.A．grateful B．content C．guilty D．reluctant30.A．enlarge B．cancel C．sweeten D．postpone31.A．obtained B．gathered C．praised D．avoided32.A．letter B．bill C．recipe D．menu33.A．break B．shot C．second D．rest34.A．resolution B．suggestion C．decision D．conclusion35.A．appreciate B．achieve C．tolerate D．provide阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

自动控制专业英语词汇

自动控制专业英语词汇（一）acceleration transducer 加速度传感器acceptance testing 验收测试accessibility 可及性accumulated error 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter 交-直-交变频器AC (alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定actuator 驱动器，执行机构adaline 线性适应元adaptation layer 适应层adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统adjoint operator 伴随算子admissible error 容许误差aggregation matrix 集结矩阵AHP (analytic hierarchy process) 层次分析法amplifying element 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换annunciator 信号器antenna pointing control 天线指向控制anti-integral windup 抗积分饱卷aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解a posteriori estimate 后验估计approximate reasoning 近似推理a priori estimate 先验估计articulated robot 关节型机器人assignment problem 配置问题，分配问题associative memory model 联想记忆模型associatron 联想机asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移attitude acquisition 姿态捕获AOCS (attritude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动attitude maneuver 姿态机动attractor 吸引子augment ability 可扩充性augmented system 增广系统automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器automaton 自动机autonomous system 自治系统backlash characteristics 间隙特性base coordinate system 基座坐标系Bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器bearing alignment 方位对准bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表benefit-cost analysis 收益成本分析bilinear system 双线性系统biocybernetics 生物控制论biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法blind search 盲目搜索block diagonalization 块对角化Boltzman machine 玻耳兹曼机bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法breadth-first search 广度优先搜索butterfly valve 蝶阀CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造Camflex valve 偏心旋转阀canonical state variable 规范化状态变量capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表CARD 计算机辅助研究开发Cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascade compensation 串联补偿catastrophe theory 突变论centrality 集中性chained aggregation 链式集结chaos 混沌characteristic locus 特征轨迹chemical propulsion 化学推进calrity 清晰性classical information pattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析coarse-fine control 粗-精控制cobweb model 蛛网模型coefficient matrix 系数矩阵cognitive science 认知科学cognitron 认知机coherent system 单调关联系统combination decision 组合决策combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compartmental model 房室模型compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络compensation 补偿，矫正compliance 柔顺，顺应composite control 组合控制computable general equilibrium model 可计算一般均衡模型conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectionism 连接机制connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件consumption function 消费函数context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete event hybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混合系统仿真continuous duty 连续工作制control accuracy 控制精度control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数controllable canonical form 可控规范型[control] plant 控制对象,被控对象controlling instrument 控制仪表control moment gyro 控制力矩陀螺control panel 控制屏，控制盘control synchro 控制[式]自整角机control system synthesis 控制系统综合control time horizon 控制时程cooperative game 合作对策coordinability condition 可协调条件coordination strategy 协调策略coordinator 协调器corner frequency 转折频率costate variable 共态变量cost-effectiveness analysis 费用效益分析coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼critical stability 临界稳定性cross-over frequency 穿越频率，交越频率current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remote control 循环遥控cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比data acquisition 数据采集data encryption 数据加密data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器DC generator-motor set drive 直流发电机-电动机组传动D controller 微分控制器decentrality 分散性decentralized stochastic control 分散随机控制decision space 决策空间decision support system 决策支持系统decomposition-aggregation approach 分解集结法decoupling parameter 解耦参数deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎及归纳混合建模法delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树derivative feedback 微分反馈describing function 描述函数desired value 希望值despinner 消旋体destination 目的站detector 检出器deterministic automaton 确定性自动机deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器DFD 数据流图diagnostic model 诊断模型diagonally dominant matrix 对角主导矩阵diaphragm pressure gauge 膜片压力表difference equation model 差分方程模型differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统differential game 微分对策differential pressure level meter 差压液位计differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducer 差动变压器式位移传感器differentiation element 微分环节digital filer 数字滤波器digital signal processing 数字信号处理digitization 数字化digitizer 数字化仪dimension transducer 尺度传感器direct coordination 直接协调disaggregation 解裂discoordination 失协调discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discriminant function 判别函数displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器dissipative structure 耗散结构distributed parameter control system 分布参数控制系统distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversity 多样性divisibility 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点dose-response model 剂量反应模型dual modulation telemetering system 双重调制遥测系统dual principle 对偶原理dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定duty ratio 负载比dynamic braking 能耗制动dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数dynamic exactness 动它吻合性dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型econometric model 计量经济模型economic cybernetics 经济控制论economic effectiveness 经济效益economic evaluation 经济评价economic index 经济指数economic indicator 经济指标eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计effectiveness 有效性effectiveness theory 效益理论elasticity of demand 需求弹性electric actuator 电动执行机构electric conductance levelmeter 电导液位计electric drive control gear 电动传动控制设备electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulic servo vale 电液伺服阀electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角emergency stop 异常停止empirical distribution 经验分布endogenous variable 内生变量equilibrium growth 均衡增长equilibrium point 平衡点equivalence partitioning 等价类划分ergonomics 工效学error 误差error-correction parsing 纠错剖析estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论evaluation technique 评价技术event chain 事件链evolutionary system 进化系统exogenous variable 外生变量expected characteristics 希望特性external disturbance 外扰fact base 事实failure diagnosis 故障诊断fast mode 快变模态feasibility study 可行性研究feasible coordination 可行协调feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿feedforward path 前馈通路field bus 现场总线finite automaton 有限自动机FIP (factory information protocol) 工厂信息协议first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑fixed sequence manipulator 固定顺序机械手fixed set point control 定值控制FMS (flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统flow sensor/transducer 流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器fluctuation 涨落forced oscillation 强迫振荡formal language theory 形式语言理论formal neuron 形式神经元forward path 正向通路forward reasoning 正向推理fractal 分形体，分维体frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction method 频域模型降阶法frequency response 频域响应full order observer 全阶观测器functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation) 功能电刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑game tree 对策树gate valve 闸阀general equilibrium theory 一般均衡理论generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计generation function 生成函数geomagnetic torque 地磁力矩geometric similarity 几何相似gimbaled wheel 框架轮global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性global optimum 全局最优globe valve 球形阀goal coordination method 目标协调法grammatical inference 文法推断graphic search 图搜索gravity gradient torque 重力梯度力矩group technology 成组技术guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真harmonious deviation 和谐偏差harmonious strategy 和谐策略heuristic inference 启发式推理hidden oscillation 隐蔽振荡hierarchical chart 层次结构图hierarchical planning 递阶规划hierarchical control 递阶控制homeostasis 内稳态homomorphic model 同态系统horizontal decomposition 横向分解hormonal control 内分泌控制hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达hypercycle theory 超循环理论I controller 积分控制器identifiability 可辨识性IDSS (intelligent decision support system) 智能决策支持系统image recognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulse function 冲击函数，脉冲函数inching 点动incompatibility principle 不相容原理incremental motion control 增量运动控制index of merit 品质因数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器inductive modeling method 归纳建模法industrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系inertial wheel 惯性轮inference engine 推理机infinite dimensional system 无穷维系统information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差initiator 发起站injection attitude 入轨姿势input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性instruction level language 指令级语言integral of absolute value of error criterion 绝对误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则integral performance criterion 积分性能准则integration instrument 积算仪器integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端interacted system 互联系统，关联系统interactive prediction approach 互联预估法，关联预估法interconnection 互联intermittent duty 断续工作制internal disturbance 内扰ISM (interpretive structure modeling) 解释结构建模法invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inventory theory 库伦论inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图inverter 逆变器investment decision 投资决策isomorphic model 同构模型iterative coordination 迭代协调jet propulsion 喷气推进job-lot control 分批控制joint 关节Kalman-Bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器knowledge accomodation 知识顺应knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化KBMS (knowledge base management system) 知识库管理系统knowledge representation 知识表达ladder diagram 梯形图lag-lead compensation 滞后超前补偿Lagrange duality 拉格朗日对偶性Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统lateral inhibition network 侧抑制网络least cost input 最小成本投入least squares criterion 最小二乘准则level switch 物位开关libration damping 天平动阻尼limit cycle 极限环linearization technique 线性化方法linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动linear motion valve 直行程阀linear programming 线性规划LQR (linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题load cell 称重传感器local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性local optimum 局部最优log magnitude-phase diagram 对数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆lumped parameter model 集总参数模型Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理自动控制专业英语词汇（二）macro-economic system 宏观经济系统magnetic dumping 磁卸载magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度magnitude scale factor 幅值比例尺manipulator 机械手man-machine coordination 人机协调manual station 手动操作器MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式master station 主站matching criterion 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanism model 机理模型meta-knowledge 元知识metallurgical automation 冶金自动化minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体-目标相对运动仿真器modal aggregation 模态集结modal transformation 模态变换MB (model base) 模型库model confidence 模型置信度model fidelity 模型逼真度model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化MEC (most economic control) 最经济控制motion space 可动空间MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multi-attributive utility function 多属性效用函数multicriteria 多重判据multilevel hierarchical structure 多级递阶结构multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum hierarchical control 多段递阶控制multivariable control system 多变量控制系统myoelectric control 肌电控制Nash optimality 纳什最优性natural language generation 自然语言生成nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学noncoherent system 非单调关联系统noncooperative game 非合作博弈nonequilibrium state 非平衡态nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非单调逻辑nonparametric training 非参数训练nonreversible electric drive 不可逆电气传动nonsingular perturbation 非奇异摄动non-stationary random process 非平稳随机过程nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计nutation sensor 章动敏感器Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数observability index 可观测指数observable canonical form 可观测规范型on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制open loop pole 开环极点operational research model 运筹学模型optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术orbital rendezvous 轨道交会orbit gyrocompass 轨道陀螺罗盘orbit perturbation 轨道摄动order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制originator 始发站oscillating period 振荡周期output prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overall design 总体设计overdamping 过阻尼overlapping decomposition 交叠分解Pade approximation 帕德近似Pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性passive attitude stabilization 被动姿态稳定path repeatability 路径可重复性pattern primitive 模式基元PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器periodic duty 周期工作制perturbation theory 摄动理论pessimistic value 悲观值phase locus 相轨迹phase trajectory 相轨迹phase lead 相位超前photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句结构文法physical symbol system 物理符号系统piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器playback robot 示教再现式机器人PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动plug valve 旋塞阀pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构point-to-point control 点位控制polar robot 极坐标型机器人pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot 位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表pressure transmitter 压力变送器price coordination 价格协调primal coordination 主协调primary frequency zone 主频区PCA (principal component analysis) 主成分分析法principle of turnpike 大道原理priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真production budget 生产预算production rule 产生式规则profit forecast 利润预测PERT (program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 程序设定操作器proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器protocol engineering 协议工程prototype 原型pseudo random sequence 伪随机序列pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速率增量控制pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器pushdown automaton 下推自动机QC (quality control) 质量管理quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标qualitative physical model 定性物理模型quantized noise 量化噪声quasilinear characteristics 准线性特性queuing theory 排队论radio frequency sensor 射频敏感器ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺ratio station 比值操作器reachability 可达性reaction wheel control 反作用轮控制realizability 可实现性,能实现性real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人rectifier 整流器recursive estimation 递推估计reduced order observer 降阶观测器redundant information 冗余信息reentry control 再入控制regenerative braking 回馈制动，再生制动regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数relay characteristic 继电器特性remote manipulator 遥控操作器remote regulating 遥调remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器rendezvous and docking 交会和对接reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻resolution principle 归结原理resource allocation 资源分配response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵return ratio matrix 回比矩阵reverberation 回响reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器rewriting rule 重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学risk decision 风险分析robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言robust control 鲁棒控制robustness 鲁棒性roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝测量仪root locus 根轨迹roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计rotary eccentric plug valve 偏心旋转阀rotary motion valve 角行程阀rotating transformer 旋转变压器Routh approximation method 劳思近似判据routing problem 路径问题sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数SCARA (selective compliance assembly robot arm) 平面关节型机器人scenario analysis method 情景分析法scene analysis 物景分析s-domain s域self-operated controller 自力式控制器self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制semantic network 语义网络semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真sensing element 敏感元件sensitivity analysis 灵敏度分析sensory control 感觉控制sequential decomposition 顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor 伺服马达settling time 过渡时间sextant 六分仪short term planning 短期计划short time horizon coordination 短时程协调signal detection and estimation 信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺single level process 单级过程single value nonlinearity 单值非线性singular attractor 奇异吸引子singular perturbation 奇异摄动sink 汇点slaved system 受役系统slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统socio-cybernetics 社会控制论socioeconomic system 社会经济系统software psychology 软件心理学solar array pointing control 太阳帆板指向控制solenoid valve 电磁阀source 源点specific impulse 比冲speed control system 调速系统spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stability limit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定Stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决策理论state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristics curve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary random process 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic pattern recognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation 稳态偏差steady state error coefficient 稳态误差系数step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数stepwise refinement 逐步精化stochastic finite automaton 随机有限自动机strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器strategic function 策略函数strongly coupled system 强耦合系统subjective probability 主观频率suboptimality 次优性supervised training 监督学习supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点symbolic processing 符号处理synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性synergetics 协同学syntactic analysis 句法分析system assessment 系统评价systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期teaching programming 示教编程telemechanics 远动学telemetering system of frequency division type 频分遥测系统telemetry 遥测teleological system 目的系统teleology 目的论temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统thruster 推力器time constant 时间常数time-invariant system 定常系统，非时变系统time schedule controller 时序控制器time-sharing control 分时控制time-varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑结构TQC (total quality control) 全面质量管理tracking error 跟踪误差trade-off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差transient process 过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划utility function 效用函数value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计viscous damping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precession flowmeter 旋进流量计vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计WB (way base) 方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weighting factor 权因子weighting method 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克-香农采样定理Wiener filtering 维纳滤波work station for computer aided design 计算机辅助设计工作站w-plane w平面zero-based budget 零基预算zero-input response 零输入响应zero-state response 零状态响应zero sum game model 零和对策模型z-transform z变换。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

localized on site i, and niσ = a†iσ aiσ . For the cubic lattice (µ = x,y,z) and using a
harmonic approximation around the minima of the
potential [3], the spin-dependent tunneling energies
atoms Uσ ≈ (8/π)1/2 (kasσ) (ERV1σV2σV3σ)1/4 (asσ are the corresponding scattering lengths). For fermionic
atoms, Uσ is on the order of Bloch band separation ∼ 2 VµσER, which is typically much larger than U↑↓ and can be taken to be inﬁnite. In writing Eq. (1), we have neglected overall energy shifts
a periodic potential Vµσsin2(kµ · r) in a certain direc-
tion µ, where kµ is the wavevector of light. For suﬃciently strong periodic potential and low temperatures, the atoms will be conﬁned to the lowest Bloch band as has been conﬁrmed from experiments [1], and the low energy Hamiltonian is then given by
to probing a model with complex topological order that supports exotic anyonic excitations.
PACS numbers:03.75.Fi,03.67.-a,71.10.-w,42.50.-p
Recent observations of the superﬂuid to Mott insulator in the Mott insulator regime, and the atomic density of
and tµσ
≈th(4e/√oπn)-sEitR1e/4
interaction energies are given (Vµσ)3/4 exp[−2(Vµσ/ER)1/2], U↑↓
by ≈
(8/π)1/2(kas↑↓)(ERV 1↑↓V 2↑↓V 3↑↓)1/4. Here V µ↑↓ =
4Vµ↑Vµ↓/(Vµ1↑/2 + Vµ1↓/2)2 is the spin average poten-
This Letter describes a general technique to control many-body spin Hamiltonians using ultra-cold atoms. Speciﬁcally, we show that when two-state bosonic or
fermionic atoms are conﬁned in an optical lattice, the interaction between spins of the particles can be controlled by adjusting the intensity, frequency, and polarization of the trapping light. The essential idea is to induce and control virtual spin-dependent tunneling between neigh-
We consider an ensemble of ultracold bosonic or fermionic atoms conﬁned in an optical lattice formed by several standing wave laser beams. We are interested
phenomena associated with strongly correlated systems with the eﬀective spin index σ =↑, ↓, respectively. We
in a highly controllable environment [1–4]. For instance, assume that the atoms with spins σ =↑, ↓ are trapped by
Such techniques are of particular signiﬁcance since quantum magnetic interactions are central to understanding complex orders and correlations [10]. We illustrate this with several examples: (i) we show that one of the generated Hamiltonians provides us an easy way to realize the so-called cluster states in two or three dimensions [11], which are useful for an implementation of scalable quantum computation with neutral atoms; (ii) we show that the realized Hamiltonian has a rich
states of neighboring atoms in an optical lattice. We show that the properties of spin exchange
interactions, such as magnitude, sign, and anisotropy can be designed by adjusting the optical
Here i, j denotes the near neighbor sites in the direction
µ, aiσ are bosonic (or fermionic) annihilation operators respectively for bosonic (or fermionic) atoms of spin σ
H=−
tµσ a†iσajσ + H.c.
ij σ
+
1 2
Uσniσ (niσ − 1) + U↑↓ ni↑ni↓,
(1)
i,σ
i
boring atoms in the lattice that results in a controllable Heisenberg exchange interaction. By combining this simple experimental technique with the design of the lattice geometry, it is possible to “engineer” many interesting spin Hamiltonians corresponding to strongly correlated systems.
the recent studies have shown that, with spinor bosonic independent standing wave laser beams through polar-
or fermionic atoms in optical lattices, it may be possible ization (or frequency) selection. Each laser beam creates
arXiv:cond-mat/0210564v2 [cond-mat.soft] 25 Sep 2003
Controlling Spin Exchange Interactions of Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices
L.-M. Duan1, E. Demler2, and M. D. Lukin2 1 Institute for quantum information, California Institute of Technology, mc 107-81, Pasadena, CA 91125
to observe complex quantum phase transitions [5,6], to probe novel superﬂuidity mechanisms [7,8], or to demonstrate the spin-charge separation predicted from the Luttinger liquid model [9].
2 Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
We describe a general technique that allows to induce and control strong interaction between spin
transition in a system of ultracold atoms in an optical lat- roughly one atom per lattice site. Each atom is assumed