Chinese and English Idioms Related to Number and Their Translations 中英习语中有关数字的翻译研究
idioms
On Translation of Idioms in Chinese and English from CulturalPerspectiveIntroductionIdioms are the essence of language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotation. Both in Chinese and English, there are various idioms. The differences are significant. The main reason is that the idioms are culture-loaded. Language is a great part of culture, and idioms are considered as the cream of a language. Therefore, culture is fully reflected in the images and emotions of idioms. Hence, it is necessary to have a comparative study of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. When exploring English and Chinese idioms,one should pay attention to the cultural background of idioms. In this paper, the author will make an analysis of cultural resources between English idioms and Chinese idioms. Besides, this paper discussed the translation methods such as the literal translation, liberal or free translation, the method of borrowing, literal translation plus annotation and addition and omission. The aim is to enrich language learners' knowledge on cultural sources of English and Chinese idioms. So it is helpful to avoid misunderstanding in cross culture communication.1. Literature reviewMany Chinese scholars have made lots of researches on English and Chinese idioms. Their studies are mostly related to the classifications, features, structures, semantics, and so on. Only a few of them focus on their cultural sources. There are some examples. LianShuneng (2002) has discussed the different ways of thinking among Chinese and English users. According to Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing's studies (1995), the proverbs might provide little clues to a people's geographical environment, history, social customs, social values, and their attitudes. However, their studies have only touched part of the influence of culture on ChineseandEnglishidioms. But they have not made systematic studies on idioms from the perspective of cultural sources. In this paper, the author will analyze the idioms from cultural aspects.2. Definition of IdiomsIn most languages, there are idioms. However, in different languages, the ranges and forms of idioms are not the same. Even in a certain kind of language, such as English, there are many different kinds of definitions for“idiom”. So it is very hardto give a preciseand widely accepted definition of “idiom”. There are basic criteria to decide whether anexpression is an idiom or not. Firstly, an idiom mustbewell-established and acceptedthrough common practice; secondly, an idiom usually has an implied meaning. Sogenerally speaking, an idiom is expressions, which is a term or phrase or sentence whosemeaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts. It can be known from the commonually some peoplewould natural ly associate "idiom” with “chengyu” and they think that idiom is the equivalent of“chengyu”. In fact, English idioms and "chengyu”are not equivalent. It is more similar to that of "shuyu" in Chinese. We may find thatthey share quite a lot of common features. So they are corresponding linguistic and cultural phenomena. We can use with a contrastive approach to study them. In New Oxford Dictionary of English, (1998) idioms are a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.In Ci-ha i (1999), “shuyu” is defined as“熟语是语言中定型的词组或者词句，使用时一般不能改变其组织。
中英文之间的差异英语作文
中英文之间的差异英语作文The differences between the Chinese and English languages are numerous and profound, stemming from their distinct origins, structures, and cultural associations. As two of the most widely spoken languages in the world, understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and understanding.One of the most fundamental differences lies in the writing systems. Chinese is a logographic system, where each character represents a word or concept, while English is an alphabetic language, where letters combine to form words. This means that Chinese characters are not phonetic, and their meaning is not directly related to their pronunciation, unlike the letters in English words. This presents unique challenges for language learners, as Chinese characters must be memorized individually, while English words can be broken down and understood through their phonetic components.Another significant difference is the grammar and sentence structure. Chinese is considered a topic-prominent language, where the topic of a sentence is often placed at the beginning, followed by thecomment or information about the topic. In contrast, English is a subject-prominent language, where the subject of the sentence is typically placed at the beginning, followed by the verb and other elements. This difference in sentence structure can lead to misunderstandings and difficulties in translation, as the same idea may be expressed in a very different way in the two languages.Furthermore, the use of tenses and aspects in Chinese and English differ greatly. Chinese does not have a complex system of verb conjugations and tenses like English, and instead relies on context and adverbs to convey time and aspect. This can be challenging for English speakers learning Chinese, as they must adapt to a different way of expressing temporal relationships.Another notable difference is the use of honorifics and formality in the two languages. Chinese has a well-developed system of honorific language, where specific words and phrases are used to show respect and deference to elders, superiors, or people of higher social status. In contrast, English has a more egalitarian approach to language, with fewer formal distinctions. This can lead to misunderstandings or perceived rudeness when Chinese speakers interact with English speakers who are not familiar with these cultural nuances.Additionally, the two languages have vastly different approaches toidioms and figurative language. Chinese is renowned for its rich and often poetic idioms, which are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and history. These idioms can be challenging for non-native speakers to understand and use correctly. English, on the other hand, has a more diverse range of figurative expressions, from idiomatic phrases to metaphors and similes, which can also be difficult for non-native speakers to grasp.Another key difference lies in the use of particles and modal particles in Chinese. These small words, such as "le," "ba," and "ma," play a crucial role in conveying mood, emphasis, and subtle shades of meaning. They have no direct equivalent in English, and their proper use is essential for fluent and natural-sounding Chinese. Mastering these particles is a significant challenge for English speakers learning Chinese.Furthermore, the two languages differ in their approach to deixis, or the use of words that refer to the context of the speaker and listener. Chinese makes extensive use of spatial and temporal deixis, with words like "here," "there," "now," and "then" playing a central role in the language. English, on the other hand, tends to be more context-independent, relying less on these deictic expressions.Finally, the cultural and philosophical underpinnings of the two languages are vastly different. Chinese is deeply influenced byConfucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which have shaped the way Chinese speakers think about the world, relationships, and the individual's place within society. English, on the other hand, has been shaped by Western philosophical traditions, such as Greco-Roman thought and Judeo-Christian beliefs. These cultural differences are reflected in the languages themselves, from the emphasis on harmony and balance in Chinese to the more individualistic and linear thinking in English.In conclusion, the differences between the Chinese and English languages are numerous and profound, spanning writing systems, grammar, idioms, particles, and cultural associations. Understanding these differences is essential for effective cross-cultural communication and understanding. Whether you are a native speaker of Chinese or English, or someone learning either language, embracing and respecting these linguistic and cultural differences is the key to successful intercultural exchange and mutual enrichment.。
英汉习语对比及其翻译
英汉习语对比及其翻译【Abstract】Idioms are the essence of a language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotations. So it is difficult for both English and Chinese readers to understand the idiom translation thoroughly and exactly. This thesis first analyzes the similarity of English and Chinese idioms from the aspect of rhetorical means, such as alliteration, rhyme, repetition, antithesis and so on. Then it probes into the causes of the differences in English and Chinese idioms from the aspects of different living circumstances, different cognitions of things, different religions and beliefs, and different historical allusions and myths, etc. After that, it talks about the three typical problems in English-Chinese idiom translation, such as interpreting the English idioms too literally, copying Chinese customary sayings mechanically, and lacking in necessary explanatory notes. Finally, it summarizes five idiom translation methods, including literal translation with explanation, literal translation with association, transformation of meanings, application of Chinese couplet and equal consideration of both images and meanings. All the significance of this thesis is to convey the idioms’ cultural information as much as possible, which is very useful for the language learning.【Key Words】idiom; comparison; translation【摘要】习语通常包括成语、俗语、格言、歇后语、谚语、俚语、行话等。
中国习语与英国习语的不同翻译
Cultural Differences and Translation inEnglish and Chinese Idiom1. IntroductionWhat is an English idiom? An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. (Wang 2000) Idioms exist in any language. The English language is noted for its wealth of idioms. They are the essence of English language and the crystallization of English culture. They reflect typically the whole experiences of working people’s lives and the social history.Having experienced the evolution of eras, English idiom has formed in phrases and short sentences after ample social practices. Concerning its broad sense appellation, it includes idiom, phrase, proverb, slang, sequel, locution, allusion etc. Especially English and Chinese are defined to this sort of existing sentence, which is also called idiom (set phrase) that indicates from fixed versatile popular short sentence. These form-fixed short sentences have been gradually developed and can’t be torn apart freely or rebuilt. They generally possess fixed form and meaning, denotes a general conception, and appears in a sentence as a component with vivid image. Thus it is proper to modify matters for its character conciseness and being easily understood and remembered. Therefore it is popular among the masses.The meanings of some of the idioms are definite, and others are implicit which can raise luxuriant association. Comprehension of them should be based on the context in order to understand it accurately, for the idioms possess some extensive meanings. As frequent exchange of Chinese and west cultures, English idioms have found their way to all fields of our lives just as our national essence, at the same time. In the meantime, English idioms and Chinese idioms possess similar side and different side owing to the distinction between bilateral national cultures and social surrounding. In order to do the translation well we must carefully distinguish the differences. In this essay, we will analyze the sources and cultural background of the English idioms, and way of translating them into Chinese.2. Sources of English IdiomsThe abundance and variety of idioms in the English language may be to great extent accounted for by the historical development of the language. And as part of language, idiom’s emerging and growing is just the result of the enrichment of English language. So the sources of English idioms are deeply involved in the process of people’s communication in whichlanguage is the essential media. Idioms are often short and brief, but to write down the thoughts and feeling they contain needs lots of books.As idiom’s definition states, it is created by the people who speak English during a long period of time. Knowledge of the sources of these idioms may help us to comprehend what they really mean, so it is worth our effort to give an account of the factors which lead to their formation.2.1 Idioms from Daily LifeGenerally speaking, the sources of English idioms are basically lives of working people, such as agricultural life, economy life, nautical and military life and so on. For example, ―A nine to five job‖: regular work as an employee, especially in an office, shop, and factory, etc. It corresponds to ―常日班‖ in Chinese. In English speaking countries, work normally begins at nine in the morning and ends at five in the afternoon. Hence comes up the idiom.2.2 Idioms from LiteratureThere are a lot of idioms coming from literary works, such as The Bible, works writen by William Shakespeare, The Fables of Aesop, and other myths and legends. For example ―a thorn in one’s flesh‖ means (fig) ―constant source of annoyance‖. ―To flutter the dovecotes‖means ―to alarm quiet people‖. ―The lion’s share‖ means ―the larger or largest parting‖. (The Lion’s Share from Arnold Bennett)3. The Cultural Differences Reflected in Idiom Translation―The most elusive thing to comprehend and translate the foreign literature is its associated meanings,‖as Mr. Zhu Guangqian said in his On Translation, ―translation possesses special emotional environment, which is very broad and delicate and tremendously important, but can not be found in the dictionary. We will be confused if we are not familiar with the local conditions and customs abroad as well as its historical cultural backgrounds. However this is absolutely difficult to handle with in translation.‖(1996, 110)The British anthropologist Edward Tailor, in his original culture, mentioned culture as a conception first time, and added that ―culture, including knowledge, beliefs, arts, morality, law and customs, is a sort of complex ability and habits acquired in social practice‖. (Worrall 1975)Obviously, culture, which covers fields, is a compound system. As a component of culture, idiom reflects colorful ethic cultural phenomenal. As stated above, we can say cultural difference reflected in English idioms can be divided into varieties and mainly embodied in the following areas.3.1 Cultural Differences in Living SurroundingsIt has close relations between the formation of idioms and people’s activities and lives. As an insular county, Britain had once been the master of the sea. Comparatively, our Han People lived long on the Asian continent people and could not live any more once they stepped out of the land. There are many words about ―boat‖ and ―water‖ in English idioms. It’s a pity that no completely corresponding idioms can be selected in Chinese language. For example, ―to rest on one’s oars‖ (暂时歇一歇), ―to keep one’s head above water‖ (奋力图存), ―all at sea‖(不知所措) etc. Simultaneously, in Chinese cultural circumstance, west wind refers to the wind in siring, and summer is always connected with brutal and sultry words, “赤日炎似火烧，骄阳似火”. All these words are adapted to describe summer weather. In Britain, which is located in the northern temperate zone in western hemisphere, and enjoys ocean weather, west wind is the symbol of spring’s coming, a famous British poet Shelley expressed his praise of spring in his Ode to the West Wind. It is jolly and amiable in England when summer is coming, so English people like to use ―lovely, warm, nice‖to describe summer weather. Moreover, Shakespeare compared the lovely summer in one of his sonnets. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art lovelier and more temperate‖.3.2 Cultural Differences in CustomsThere are many differences in English-Chinese idioms. Nothing if more typical than people’s opinions toward ―dog‖, which is a humble animal in China, and it is frequently associated with derogatory meanings such as dog-associated words, ―狐朋狗党，狗急跳墙，狼心狗肺，狗腿子‖etc. seemingly dog’s status has been accepted and increased in recent years due to more and more people adopt dogs as pets in China, the dogs are deemed as the most loyal friends in western English-speaking countries. Most of dog-associated words are not derogatory except some of them affected by other culture. We can usually compare a person’s behaviors with dog in English idioms, for example, ―you are a lucky dog‖ (你是一个幸运儿), ―every dog has its day‖ (凡人皆有得意日), lead a dog’s life (过穷困潦倒的日子) etc. When expressing a person’s terrible illness, people like to use ―sick‖ as a ―dog‖, when expressing a quite exhausted person, people use ―dog-tired‖. On the contrary Chinese people are found of cat, thus they like to use ―馋猫‖ to indicate a person’s greediness for food with affectionate sense. But in the western culture ―cat‖is used to describe ―a tricky and malevolent woman (包藏祸心的女人).3.3 Cultural Differences in Religion and BeliefsThere is a host of religion-and –belief associated words in English and Chinese idioms.People believe that there exists God who masters all things in the world. Buddhism has adopted by Chinese over one thousand years, which has many associated idioms, e.g. 闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚. People believe in Christian very much in western countries, especially in the U.S. and the U.K. so there are many associated idioms such as ―god helps those who help themselves‖ (上帝帮助自助的人), a famous curse idiom ―go to hell‖ (见鬼去吧).3.4 Differences in Historical AllusionsThere are a number of idioms originating from historical in English and Chinese history. They are usually simple in structure and profound in meanings. Insomuch we translate their meanings from the Chinese history. For example, 东施笑颦，名落孙山，and 叶公好龙etc. Most of the English allusions come from the Bible and ancient Greek and Roman Myths, e.g. ―Achilles heel‖ (唯一致命的弱点), ―meet one’s waterloo‖ (一败涂地) ―Penelope’s web‖ (永远完不成的工作), ―Pandora’s box‖ (潘多拉之盒—灾难，麻烦，祸害的总根源) etc. Though there are no completely the same expression in English and Chinese, for example, to hold one’s head high (昂首挺胸，充满自信), still we have similar or related counterparts.4. Ways of translating English Idioms into ChineseTo understand the background and sources of English idioms and the difference between English and Chinese idioms basically are the prerequisite to translate idioms into the good, correct, corresponding version, which we are familiar with. There are a lot of methods to translate English idioms, but the main are literal translation, free translation and equivalent translation. Let’s analyze them with examples respectively.4.1 Literal TranslationWhen conducting this method to translate, we should not violate the Chinese language rules. Under this condition, we not only should keep the original comparison, image, characteristics and the obvious tint of nation, locality and history reflected in the idioms, but also contribute to absorb in some new words, sentence structure and expressions etc. e.g.1) Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.In this sentence, the translator translated armed to the teeth as 武装到牙齿. It is more vividly and lively, simultaneously, and the tone is stronger. If the translator translated it as 全副武装, the tone will be reduced.2) Say one word more and I’ll bury a white blade in you and pull it red.再说别的，我让你白刀子进去红刀子出来。
Comparison and Contrast between Chinese and English Idioms
Comparison and Contrast between Chinese andEnglish IdiomsbyZhang HongdaA thesis presented to the School of Further Education ofXi’an International Studies Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofBachelor of ArtsApril 15th, 2006Student ID NO.: 2004016O025Class: 18Grade: 2004Advisor: Zhu ChunyanEmail: ********************Comparison and Contrast between Chinese and EnglishIdiomsTable of ContentsⅠ. Abstract (2)Ⅱ. Introduction (3)Ⅲ.General Remarks about Idioms (4)IV. Language Features of Chinese and English Idioms (5)1.Phonological Features (5)2.Lexical Features (8)3.Structural Features (9)4.Semantic Features (10)5.Rhetoric Features (10)V. Classification of Idioms (12)1.Idioms in Relation to Geography (12)2.Idioms in Relation to Religion (13)3.Idioms in Relation to Living Style (15)4.Idioms in Relation to Literature (16)5.Idioms in Relation to Others (17)VI. Translation of Idioms (19)VII. Conclusion (21)VIII. Reference (22)I. AbstractThis research paper concentrates on the comparison and contrast between Chinese and English idioms, based on their specific cultural background. Among the various angles to study this center of interests, the paper is inclined to take up the viewpoint of that language, a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication, is the carrier, container and mirror of culture; The relationship between language and culture is not just that between a part and the whole and they intrinsically depend on each other, each influencing and shaping other; Above all, the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in idioms of a language, because idioms as one of the basic unit of meaning, are the cream and crystallization of language and they manifest the cultural characteristics of language. Therefore, the significance of this paper is in improving cultural attainments by making comparisons and contrasts. To support this thesis, the paper is developed into four major parts. The first part deals with the general remarks about idioms. The second part focuses on the language features of Chinese and English idioms. The third part presents the classification of Chinese and English idioms from cultural scope. The fourth part is aimed at the translation of idioms between two languages under discussion. The conclusion highlights the relationship between language and culture and restates the thesis of the paper.II. IntroductionSince the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people, the relationship between language and culture cannot absolutely be separated. On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being，permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality; Moreover, different languages may reflect cultures; Different cultures entail different language expressions. Idioms as cream and crystallization in different origins, naturally demonstrate cultural differences. Cultural is a historical and national phenomenon. Each nation has been living in its unique geographical and historical framework in which a unique culture has been established and is developing. As there are in two languages in the world which are identical in every way, they are no two cultures which are the same in every aspect. Each culture is unique, but this is not to say that there are no similarities between cultures, people living in different national boundaries are all human beings living in the same world. There should be in theory and are in reality many similarities among national cultures. These cultural similarities can be referred to as cultural universals. These cultural universals may lead to linguistic universals. The paper is engaged in a comparative analysis of the differences or contrasts in idioms between English and Chinese cultures in the following sections.III. General remarks about idiomsGenerally speaking, all languages have three major components, a sound system of lexicogrammar, and a system of semantics. The vocabulary in a language is a system of combination of sound and meaning, including such two parts as words and idioms. Word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. Idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements and consist of set phrases and short sentences that are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native culture and ideas. English and Chinese are all highly developed languages that are abounding in idioms. In broad sense, idioms may include proverbs, catchphrases, colloquialisms, and allusions etc. Most term of idioms in English have counterparts in the Chinese language, otherwise translation from English into Chinese or vice versa would be impossible. In this matter, however, the corresponding term of idioms in the two languages may not convey the identical meaning. as the following chart shows:This paper is inclined to select idioms(广义,习语) which mainly consist of idioms (狭义,成语) and proverbs as a whole under discussion。
英语专业毕业论文可选题目参考
英语专业毕业论文可选题目参考一、翻译类毕业论文选题1．Study on Translation of Trade Marks and Culture商标翻译与文化研究2．The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice影响翻译实践的社会和文化因素3．On the Translation of English Idioms论英语习语的翻译4．Study on Features and Translation of English Idioms英语习语翻译特点研究5．The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms中英习语翻译与比较6．Study on Loyalty in English-Chinese Translation中英互译的忠实性研究7．Cultural Equivalence in Translation翻译中的文化对等性研究8．Literature Translation and the Important of it文学翻译与重要性研究9．On the Du Fu’s Poems Translation论杜甫的诗词翻译10．The Analysis of Techniques for Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation通过翻译学习外语的技巧分析11．中英颜色词的文化差异及翻译Cultural Differences and Translation in Chinese and English Color words翻译中不可译性的文化阐释12．An Cultural Perspective on Untranslatability中英动物文化内涵的不同及翻译13．Cultural Connotation and Translation in Chinese and English Animals浅论翻译中的译者主体性发挥的度14．On Degree of Translator's Subjectivity in Translation修辞策略在广告英语中的效用探究15．A Probe of the Effect of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement16．Error Analysis of the English Translation of the Information about Scenic Spots in Wuhan武汉旅游景点资料的英译错误分析17．Semantic--Transliteration-the Most Favorable Method for Translating Foreign Words into Chines e音意兼译—外来词中译之首选方法Chinese Translation of Pride 18．A Tentative Study on the Cohesion and Coherence in Sun Zhili’sand Prejudice浅论《傲慢与偏见》孙致礼中译本的衔接与连贯19．Chinese Translation of Attributive Clauses in English for Science and Technology科技英语中定语从句的汉译20．Film Titles and Their Translation——A cross-cultural perspective从跨文化角度分析电影片名及其翻译21．Translating Expressions on Public Signs from Chinese into English汉语公示语英译22．论文化差异与翻译Cultural differences and translation23．商标名的翻译原则与品牌文化The Translation Principle of Brand Names and Brand Culture24．英文电影片名的翻译策略与翻译方法研究On Translation of English Film Names25．意美、音美、形美--英文商标的汉译Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form--On Translation of English Trademarks into Chinese26．中文商标英译探On the Translation of Trademarks from Chinese into English二、文化类毕业论文选题27．国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略The Win-Win Pragmatic Strategies in International Business Negotiation28．Grice 的合作原则在国际商务谈判中的应用Cooperation Principle in International Business NegotiationThe Application of Grice’s29．中西文化面子观差异对比分析An Analysis on Differences between Chinese and Western Ideas on Face30．中西文化中女性角色意识差异及其对职业发展影响Differences between Chinese and Western Role Awareness of Women and the Effects on Their Ca reer Development31．英语学习中文化障碍Cultural Obstacles in English Learning32．从中西委婉语的对比透视中西文化差异Understand Chinese and English Cultural Differences through the Comparison between Chinese an d western Euphenism33．中英禁忌语比较A Comparison between Chinese and English taboos34．从隐私权看中西文化差异A Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultural Differences from the Aspect of Privacy right 35．中西社会习俗比较A Comparison Between Chinese and Western Social Conventions36．言语行为理论及其应用Speech Act and its Application37．湖北经济学院英语自主学习现状调查English Autonomous Learning in Hubei University of EconomicsA Survey on the Students’ 38．湖北经济学院双语课程学习现状调查A Survey on Bilingual Courses’ Learning in Hubei University of Economics39．1The Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学40．English idioms—A Mirror Reflecting British Culture英语习语与英国文化反映41．On Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon从词汇角度读中国人的价值观42．On Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese论中英体态语文化差异43．The Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western P eople东西方人际关系要素差异探析44．Approach to Cultural Differences in Sino-U.S. Business Negotiation and its Impacts中美商务谈判中的文化差异及其影响探析45．Asymmetrical Features of Politeness Principle in Cross-cultural Communication跨文化交际中的礼貌原则的非对称性研究46．English and Chinese Euphemisms: A Comparison between Their Cultural Implications从英汉委婉语对比中透析中西文化差异47．On the Cultural Differences of the Etiquette Norms in Chinese and English Nonverbal Commun ication中英非语言交际礼俗规范的文化差异研究48．A Comparative Study on the Different Cultural Connotations of Basic Chinese and English Colo r Words英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究49．Characteristic and Cultural Differences of the English and Chinese Idioms中英文习语的特点以及文化差异50．Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language从广告语中看中西方文化观51．The Differences of Family Values between China and American中国和美国家庭观差异52．The Comparison of Chinese and Western Interpersonal Relationships中西人际关系比较53．Cultural Difference Between Chinese and English on Politeness从中英文礼貌用语中看文化差异54．谈跨文化交际中的“面子”观On Face Perception in Cross-cultural Communication55．委婉语在跨文化交际中的应用The Application of Euphemism in Cross-cultural Communication56．从英汉习语看东西方文化异同Differences and Similarities between Eastern and Western Cultures in Chinese and English Idioms 57．中英文化中的礼貌对比研究A Contrastive Study of Politeness in English and Chinese Cultures58．解析文化差异引起的语用失误The Study of Pragmatic Failure: From the Perspective of Cultural Differences59．从文化角度论英汉语中的性别歧视On the Sexism in Chinese and English from the Cultural Perspective60．中美商务谈判中的文化因素探析Approach to Cultural Factors for the Sino-American Business Negotiation61．英汉道歉语的对比研究A contrastive study of apologies in English and Chinese62．跨文化交际中颜色词的运用Application of colors in intercultural communication63．英汉寒暄语的差异研究Some difference of small talks between Chinese and English64．不同交际风格中恭维语及其回应的研究Compliment and its response with different communication styles65．英汉动物词汇文化内涵意义对比研究The cultural connotations of animals in Chinese and English66．英语委婉语的功能与效果研究On functions and effects of euphemism in English67．中外幽默的跨文化对比A intercultural comparison between Chinese and foreign humor68．英语副语言交际研究A survey on communication of paralanguage三、语言类毕业论文选题69．语篇分析中的语境功能研究The function of context in discourse analysis70．语篇分析在英语阅读教学中的运用研究Discourse analysis in the application of teaching English reading71．英语广告语言特点分析An analysis on the feature of English advertisement72．非语言交际与身势语研究Nov-verbal communication and gesture language73．英语委婉语研究About English euphemism74．On Puns in English Advertisements—from the Perspective of Relevance Theory 从关联理论看英语广告双关语75．(My) Dialects and its Negative Effect upon English Pronunciation Learning(本人)方言及其对英语语音学习的负面影响76．A Comparative Study of Euphemisms in English and Chinese英汉委婉语对比研究77．A Study of Sexism in the English Language英语语言中的性别歧视研究78．Thematic Theory and Its implications to English Writing主位理论及其对英语写作的启示79．英语拒绝方式研究Research on the Ways of Rejection in English80．论中美广告中所反映的文化价值观On the Cultural Values in the Advertisements of China and US81．从历史文化的发展看某个英语词或短语的语义演变Semantic Evolution of A Word or Phrase from the Perspective of History82．社会不平等现象在美国英语中的反映The Reflection of Social Inequality in American English83．英语财经报道的语言特点Language Features of English Financial Report四、英语教育类毕业论文选题84．Body Language in English Teaching英语教学中的身体语言研究85．The Diversification of English Language Teaching英语教学多样性研究86．The Present Situation of Bilingual Education in China中国双语教学现状研究87．Culture and English Teaching文化与英语教学88．Consideration on Bilingual Teaching双语教学的思考89．The English Teaching Based on Multimedia基于多媒体的英语教学90．Cultural Difference and English Teaching文化差异与英语教学91．Cross-cultural Communication and English Teaching跨文化交际与英语教学92．Some Designs on English Learning in school93．中学英语教学设计The Contrast of Middle School Education between China & West94．中西方中学教育对比研究The Practice of English Class Teaching95．英语课堂教学实践96．English Classroom Teaching: Teacher-dominant or Student-centered英语课堂教学——教师主宰还是学生中心97．Personality Factors to the Success of Foreign Language Learning个性因素在外语学习中的作用98．The Application of Communicative Approach Techniques in English Learning交际法手段在英语学习中的运用99．On the Reading Strategies of English as a Foreign language谈英语的阅读策略100．Cultural influence on English Reading论文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用101．On basic qualities of a successful English teacher论英语教师的基本素质102．On the principle of adhering to student-centred teaching论以学生为中心的教学原则103. On the principle of combining restriction and utilization of native language in foreign languag e teaching论在外语教学中控制和利用母语的原则104. Applying the Communicative Approach in the middle school English teaching交际法在中学英语教学的运用reading skills in English text teaching in middle school105. Cultivating students’ 在中学英语课文教学中培养学生的阅读技巧106. Analysis of Factors Influencing College Student on Autonomous English Learning影响大学生英语自主学习的因素分析107. Evaluation of Autonomous English Learning自主英语学习的质量评估108. Application of Internet and Multi-media in English Teaching网络多媒体在英语教学中的应用109. A Survey Research on Relevance between English vocabulary and reading ability词汇量与英语阅读能力的相关性调查研究110. A Survey of using College English Network Platform大学英语网络学习平台使用情况调查研究111. The Effect of Conceptual Metaphor Theory on the English Vocabulary Acquisition of Chinese Senior High School Students概念隐喻理论对中国高中生英语词汇习得的影响112. Negative Transfer of Native Language in Chinese Senior High School Students' EFL Writing a nd Its Implications to the English Language Teaching中国高中生英语写作中的母语负迁移及其对英语教学的启示113. On Developing Communicative Competence in Teaching English to Chinese High School Stud ents论中国中学英语教学中学生交际能力的培养114. An Investigation of Vocabulary Learning Strategies Taken by Chinese Senior High School Stu dents中国高中生英语词汇学习策略调查115. An Investigation of the English Learning Motivation of Three-year College Students and Its I mplications for English Language Teaching大专生英语学习动机调查研究及其对英语教学的启示116. 经济院校非英语专业学生自主学习态度调查研究A Survey on the Attitude towards Learner Autonomy of Non-English Majors in the University of Ec onomics117. 大学生使用英语多媒体学习光盘现状的调查研究A Survey on the Use of Multimedia Learning CD by College Non-English Majors118. 论多媒体辅助英语教学环境下教师、教材和学生的角色与作用On the Role and Functions of Teachers, Teaching Materials and Learners in the Multimedia-aided English Classroom119. 语用推理对英语听力理解的影响The Effect on English Listening Comprehension from Pragmatic Interference120. 论阅读理解教学中学习者写作能力的培养Writing Competence in Teaching ReadingOn the Culti vating of Learner’s五、英语文学类毕业论文选题121. The Independent Spirit of Hester Brynne in The Scarlet Letter《红字》中海丝特。
论文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译 英语习语的文化差异及其翻译对比...
二、英汉成语所反映的文化差异
如果说语言是反映文化的一面镜子，那么作为语言的核心和精华的成语更是文化的结晶，集中的体现了各自文化的差异。英语和汉语作为两门完全不同的语言，体现的是两种完全迥异的文化。
文化的最早定义是来自英国人类文化学家泰勒，他下的定义：文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。可见，文化是一个很复杂的系统。通过比较，英汉成语所反映的文化差异主要体现在地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰和历史文化四方面。
To C translation, language and culture to deal with the contradiction, not only translated the image of the original language idioms, figurative meaning, rhetoric, have translated their cultural meaning. Such as the phrase "passive" is an ancient Chinese story, if translated into the stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare, would be puzzling. If translated stick to old practice and refuse to have a change or a trust to chance and windfall, although its meaning expressed, but the idiom of cultural identity is gone, and therefore undesirable. Shows that the key to dealing with C translation is to use the perspective of cultural differences.
English - and - Chinese - Idioms - Translation[1]
![English - and - Chinese - Idioms - Translation[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/690e521a08a1284ac95043b3.png)
English - and - Chinese - Idioms - Translation[1]苏晓宁 2021303172 13010802Professor Ruan HongmeiTheory and Practice of Translation Between English and ChineseEnglish and Chinese Idioms TranslationBoth Britain and China have a long history which creates many idioms and they are widely used in people’s daily life. However, because of the differences in geographic environment, culture traditions, social customs and religions, there are some difficulties in the translation between English and Chinese idioms. The purpose of this paper is to show the aspects thatinfluence the translation of English and Chinese idioms, and to offer some methods in idioms translation.Geographic environment is the foundation of humans’ existence and development, so different geographic environments have different influences on the formation and development of the nations’ culture (李红艳，2021). Chinais always a country which agriculture plays an important role since ancient time, so a large number of idioms related to agriculture have been in use.e.g. (1) 槁木死灰――withered wood or cold ashes (2) 骨瘦如柴――belean as a rakeLiving on an island, the English are keen on sailing and traveling, the English language abounds in idioms connected with navigation (Ouyang Hongxiang, 2021).e.g. (1) all at sea――不知所措(2) in the same boat――同舟共济1Culture traditions also have a profound influence on the language. Many Chinese idioms come from fables, historical events and folk legends (李红艳，2021).e.g. (1) 亡羊补牢――It’s never too late to mend.(2) 三顾茅庐――make three calls at the thatched cottage (3) 愚公移山――how Yukong moved the mountainsCompared with that, many English idioms are from ancient Greek and Roman myths and the works written by great masters such as Shakespeare (李红艳，2021).e.g. (1) the Trojan horse――特洛伊木马(2) arrow of Cupid――丘比特之箭(3)at one fell swoop――刹那之间Social custom is an important part of culture and it is also a critical difference between English and Chinese culture. The differences are indicated from the idioms related to animals and colors (李红艳，2021 ). In China,idioms related to dragon are usually positive while idioms related to dog are often negative. However, English idioms are opposite. Red is usuallyconsidered as a symbol of happiness and thriving, but it is usually related to violence and blood in English.e.g. (1) 狗急跳墙――a concerned beast will do something desperate (2)乘龙快婿――an ideal son-in-law (3) a lucky dog――幸运儿(4) Love me, love my dog――爱屋及乌 (5) 红极一时――the day in the sun2(6) a red rag to a bull――激起暴怒的缘由Every nationality has its own religious belief and culture and it has influence on human’s values, behaviors and ling uistic expression. As a result, many idioms related to religion appeared in both English and Chinese (李红艳，2021). Buddhism and Taoism are the two major religions in China’s history. On the other hand, Christianity has the biggest impact in Europe, and manyEnglish idioms are from the Bible and Christianity.e.g. (1) 借花献佛――offer a present to a guest with other people’sthings(2) 道高一尺，魔高一丈――While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten (3) finger on the wall――不祥之兆(4) Forbidden fruit is sweetest――禁果分外甜Because of the culture differences existed between China and Britain, itis almost impossible to achieve absolute equivalency in translation. What the translator can do is just to make the translation as close as the meaning ofthe original work. Several methods can be used in the translation of idioms such as literal translation, semantic translation, a combination of the two methods and annotation.Literal translation is not word for word but the translation of theoriginal thoughts and contents without changing the way of expression. This method best shows the national traits of original works(吕瑞昌等 et al., 1983). By using the literal translation, translators can remain the characters of original works and make the reader realize the culture of foreign countries.e.g. (1) 有其父必有其子――like father, like son3(2)好事不出门，恶事行千里。
idioms(English-Chinese)中国成语,中英文对照,整理
42.七零八落go to reck(顾虑)and rain
43.八面玲珑dance and sing all weathers
44.人山人海a sea of faces
45.人之常情human nature
46.人云亦云echo one’s words
47.人心不古Human hearts are not what they were in the old days.
60.九牛一毛a drop in the bucket
61.九死一生have a close brush with death
62.力不从心One’s spirit is willing ,but the flesh is weak.
63.力挽狂澜stem(滋生,阻止,逆行) the tide
64.了无瓜葛have nothing to do with
135.心满意足to one’s heart’s content
136.引以为荣plume(荣耀,羽毛)oneself on
137.引狼入室set a fox to keep the geese
138.以身作则set a good example for/to others
139.以卵击石throw a straw against the wind
52.人困马乏The entire force was exhausted .
53.人言可畏Opinion rules the world.
54.人穷志短poverty chills(使冷) ambition
55.人定胜天Man can conquer nature.[nature前无the ]
英汉习语的特点及其文化差异-学位论文
各专业完整优秀毕业论文设计图纸本科毕业论文（设计）题目Characteristics and Cultural Differencesof English and Chinese Idioms英汉习语的特点及其文化差异作者学院外国语学院专业英语学号指导教师二〇一二年四月十五日毕业论文（设计）任务书学生姓名： __ 学号： _ 专业班级：毕业论文（设计）题目：英语习语的特点及其文化差异题目类型]1[：理论研究 ___毕业论文（设计）时间: 自 2011 年 9 月 15 日开始至 2012 年 4 月 15 日止1.毕业论文（设计）内容要求：[1]题目类型：(1)理论研究(2)实验研究(3)工程设计(4)工程技术研究(5)软件开发2.主要参考资料3.毕业论文（设计）进度安排指导教师（签章）：____________ 日期：__________________ 系(教研室)主任(签章)：____________ 日期：__________________ 二级学院院长(签章)：____________ 日期：__________________ 注：任务书由指导教师本人填写，经教研室主任（学术小组组长）审核后下发给学生。
毕业论文（设计）指导教师评语毕业论文（设计）评阅教师评语毕业论文（设计）答辩记录日期：学生姓名：学号：专业班级：ABSTRACTAs is known to all, language is the most direct way for mankind to communicate information and exchange ideas, and it serves as a bridge between different peoples and different cultures. Idiom, as a crystallization of human wisdom, is regarded as the essence of a national language. Besides, idiom, as a special form of language, carries a large amount of cultural information and thus is closely related to culture. It is the heritage of history and product of cultural evolvement. Both English and Chinese are abundant in idiom, which mirrors the well-established, broad and profound culture of the East and the West respectively. The present paper, adopting a contrastive approach, expounds the distinctive characteristics of both English and Chinese idioms, which are nationality, folkishness, figurativeness, integrity, and harmony, and then it makes an analysis of cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms in terms of historical culture, geographical condition, social custom and religious belief in the hope that people can know more about English and Chinese cultures by studying English and Chinese idioms and get a better understanding of the idioms by learning the cultural backgrounds behind them and their cultural characteristics.Keywords: idiom; English and Chinese; characteristic; cultural difference摘要众所周知，语言是人类传达信息和交流思想的最直接方式并且在不同民族和文化中起着桥梁的作用。
paper(1)
A comparative translation of the commonly-used Englishand Chinese idiomsIntroductionLanguage is a mirror of culture. It has long been recognized that language is an essential part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensible. In other words, a kind of culture has its corresponding language. Idiom is an essential part of language. One can find the trace of culture in many idioms. Idioms are phrases of two or more words established by usage and have a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. They are more or less invariable or fixed in form or order. They can not be changed or varied in the way literal expressions are normally varied, whether in speech or writing. Many, but not all, of these expressions belong to informal spoken form rather than to formal written one.To study the translation of English and Chinese languages, one will inevitably come to the translation of their idioms. Further more, as the two countries both bear a long history of human culture, a deep study of their translation of idioms is necessary.Idioms are the heritage of human culture, the fruits of human activities. Therefore, studying their forming process will significantly help us translate much better and more precisely. Culture and natural environment are two main factors that influence immensely the forming of idioms.1. Literature ReviewThe difference between English and Chinese idioms and practices of the two peoples differences in performance in different living habits, modes of production and even on the ecological environment. This is evident from the two groups of people to treat animals as evidenced by the attitude.and Chinese idioms, and can benefit greatly from them.In recent years, many scholars have do some research in this areas. In 1978, a representative work----A study on Chinese Idiomatic Usages was published by Rose in Hong Kong. Following that, many articles and books on English and Chinese idioms emerged in China. Chinese scholars such as Chen Wenbo, in his book-English and Chinese idioms, Yang Zijian&Luan Xuemei, in their article---A Contrasive Study English and Chinese Idioms, Yu Fumin and Guo Shanlian in their bool----AComparative Study of English-Chinese Idioms(1999), Ping Hong and Zhang Guoyang in their article---English Idioms----A Mirror Reflecting British Culture, Tang Degen in his article—Barriers caused by Idioms in Interculural Communication(2002), and Luo Shiping, in his book-----A Research on English Idims(2006), made some significane researches on English and Chinese idioms. Some other scholars have also probed into this study in recent year s.Besides that, many different kinds of dictionaries of idioms have been publishesd. In 1982, A Dictionary of Chinese-English Idioms complied by Nie Chongxin was presented to both Chinese and English learners. In 1988, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese-English Idioms and Phrases was compiled by Luo Xianhua, Zhang Changgui and Xin Wei. Later, many other dictionaries were published. Just name a few: A Corresponding Chinese-English Idioms a cultural factors in idioms, it is still needed to make more studied of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of culture.This paper mainly talk about the cultural sources and natural environment as well as the main cases we mostly encounter in the translating of idioms.2. Cultural sources2.1.1 English idioms: mostly developed from the Bible and some literary works.As a treasure for English language, a considerable amount of English idioms, proverbs and allusions are originated from the Bible. An English learner will more or less come into contact with it. The exact number of idioms derived from the bible is unknown, but it can be sure that the number is enormous enough to involve almost every aspect of English people’s life. For example, when describing someone as poor, one often say “as poor as Job”. The idiom “as poor as Job”comes from the paragraph “Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and worshipped, and said, naked come I out of my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return thither; the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the lord. In all this Job sinned not, nor changed God foolishly.” (Bible, Job: 20-22). Some other idioms are as follows: "hide one’s light under a bushel” (Bible, Matt. 5:15), “the Fall of man”(Bible, Gen. 3:17-23), “fall on stony ground”(Bible, Matt. 13:5-6), “cloud like a man’s hand”(Bible, King 18:44-45), “cast pearls before swine”(Bible, Matt. 7:6), “cast the first stone” (Bible, John. 8:7), etc.Literary works are another important source for English idioms, especially those of Shakespeare and other prolific writers. Some famous idioms of this kind are as follows: “in one’s mind’s eye”(W. Shakespeare, The Tempest, 2:2), “cudgel one’s brains”(W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, 5:1), “to the crack of doom”(W. Shakespeare,Macbeth, 4:1), “bite one’s thumb at somebody” (W. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet,1:1), “hanging is too good for somebody” (J. Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress) etc.2.1.2 Chinese idioms: mostly derived from realistic life and classical works.China has a long history of human activity. So the impact of human life on idioms is profound. Chinese idioms are the combination of people’s wisdom, experience and hard work. The forming process of idioms is of long duration. They formed not in one day, but in a long-term process, during which they are perfected by people and finally come to their comparatively steady forms. Here are some examples: Empty vessels make the most noise(一瓶子不响,半瓶子晃荡), Lover’s quarrel are soon mended( 夫妻无隔夜之仇), cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth(量体裁衣).Another copious source of Chinese idioms are the literary works composed from the ancient times to the present, which contains numerous idioms contract and refined, then gradually enjoy a great popularity, such as: better to reign in hell than in serve in heaven(宁为鸡头，不为牛后), blow hot and cold(朝三暮四), burn one’s boat(破釜沉舟), one request breeds appetite for another(得陇望蜀), the touch of Midas(点石成金), cry wolf(烽火戏诸侯).2.2 Natural environmentsThe geographical surroundings are where people’s activities take place; hence one can not deny the close relationship between geographical features and language (idioms). One can find a huge amount of idioms that reflect the features of the geographical environment.2.2.1 England2.2.1.1 CharacteristicsThe key feature that makes England is water. Water has shaped the climate, the landscape and the history of England. The study of English geography is the study of how profoundly water can influence a land, a people and a language. Firstly, England is surrounded by seawater. Lying on the Atlantic Ocean, England has a coastline of 8800 km (including all the little islands), which is more than 60% of that of the People’s Republic of China (though china’s land area is more than 30 times of that of England). Secondly, England has a remarkably wet climate, which is as the result of the influence of North Atlantic drift current and the west wind. It is probably for an English to experience rain in four or five consecutive days or three or four kinds of weather in one day. There is no wonder that the ever-lasting topic for English is the weather.2.2.1.2 ConsequenceAs the consequences of what is mentioned above, English idioms are featured by abundance in water-related concepts. Examples are: all at sea(不知所措)，to clearthe deck(准备战斗), go with the stream(随波逐流)，between the devil and the bluesea(进退两难), all is fish that comes to one’s net(抓到篮里便是菜), neither fish nor fowl(非驴非马), it never rains but pours(祸不单行).From these examples, one can see that the weather-related English idioms use either the words “sea”, “water”, “rain”directly, or some tools, creatures( mostly fish) in water .2.2.1 China2.2.2.1 CharacteristicsLying in the southeast of Asia, China has a huge land area. The cradle of Chinese civilization is mostly the inner land, where the climate is dry and the agriculture is developed. As the result of the natural surroundings, many Chinese idioms have the following characteristics.Firstly, many Chinese idioms contain the immediate word of the natural sources. For example, 土崩瓦解, 面如土色, 挥金如土, 骄阳似火, 烈日炎炎似火烧, 晴天霹雳.All of these idioms contain the characters “土(dust)” or “日(sun)”. Both of them can be seen directly in people’s daily life.Secondly, as China is an agricultural country where most of its people have bent on farming since thousands of years ago and they make their living mainly on agricultural produce, so there comes various idioms on farming. The idioms “人勤地不赖”, “人杰地灵”, “解甲归田” all reveal Chinese people’s close relationship with their ground and farm.Thirdly, there are many other idioms standing for Chinese identical characteristics. For example, the plant “bamboo(竹)” in “势如破竹”、”胸有成竹”、“竹报平安” is very commonly seen in China while is rather rare in England. Another extreme example is the animal “snake(蛇)”. In Chinese idioms, snake is frequently used character, such as “蛇蝎心肠”, “画蛇添足”, “虎头蛇尾”, “打草惊蛇”, “蛇无头而不行”. But in English idioms, as there are few snakes in its land, the word “snake”is hard to find in idioms.3.Three main cases we mostly encounter in the translating of idiomsIt is worth researching that whether each English idiom has its corresponding Chinese counterparts. If so, is there any difference between them? Do they differ in form, or in part of their meaning? Here we will discuss these problems in the following 3 aspects.3.1 The correspondence in both form and meaningCorrespondence in form and meaning doesn’t mean that they are totally identical in form and meaning. Disparity still exists. But generally speaking, they can be translated by each other without misunderstanding.3.1.1an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth(以牙还牙，以眼还眼).This is a special example. Actually the idiom “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” is an English one which originated from the Bible. In Chinese, the expression “以牙还牙，以眼还眼” is not native, but a loaned one (Chinese has only a few loaned idioms)-loaned from its English corresponding expression “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. Nowadays many Chinese speakers use this idiom without acknowledging its origin and even take it as its local idiom. As the two expressions are of the same derivation and the meaning has not changed in the process of applying, we can translate them freely, without worrying about their divergence.3.1.2add/pour oil on the flame(火上浇油)These two idioms are fundamentally corresponding, both mean making something much worse, getting somebody angrier, letting an argument more fierce, etc. In Chinese, “火上浇油”, in most context, but not all, can be replaced by “雪上加霜”, “添油加醋”. We must choose the most proper one to the situation. There is another English expression “pour oil on troubled waters”. Here the object “flame” is replaced by “troubled waters”. At the first sight, one may consider the two are of the same meaning. While their meanings are just the opposite: this idiom means to clam a disagreement or disturbance, especially with conciliating words. So when we translate the sentence “If you see two people quarrelling you should try to pour oil on the troubled waters, not add fuel to the flames.”, we can do it correctly to “见到两人吵架时应当排纷解难，不应火上浇油。
On Translation of English-Chinese and Chinese-English Idioms 英汉互译中对习语翻译的探析
On Translation of English-Chinese and Chinese-English Idioms英汉互译中对习语翻译的探析ContentsAbstract (1)Key Words (1)1. Introduction (2)2. Gaps between English Idioms and Chinese Idioms (2)2.1 The Gaps in Religion (3)2.2 The Gaps in Living Circumstances (3)2.3 The Gaps in Social Custom and Habit (3)2.4 The Gaps in History Allusion (4)3. The Categories of Translation of Idioms (4)3.1 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms (4)3.1.1 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms in English (5)3.1.2 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms in Chinese (5)3.2 The Translation of Partial Corresponding Idioms (5)3.3 The Translation of Specific Idioms (6)4. The Methods of Translating Idioms (8)4.1 Literal Translation (8)4.2 Literal Translations with Notes (9)4.3 Free Translation (9)4.4 Free Translation with Notes (9)4.5 Free Translation-Replacements with Similar Idioms (10)4.6 Combination of Literal and Free Translation (10)5. Conclusion (10)References (11)On Translation of English-Chinese and Chinese-English IdiomsAbstract: Idioms are linguistic chunks formed by the regular phrases and sentences. It is a special and inseparable part of language. An idiom takes a very important partin the language, which reflects the national colors of the native speakers and isconsidered as the sinew of the language. Every language has its own idioms.There are a large number of idioms existed in both English and Chinese, andthey make the two languages more colorful and beautiful. This thesis is aboutthe translation of idioms in both English and Chinese. After the generalunderstanding and introduction to the source of idioms, a series of methods ofidioms’ translation would be discussed. The thesis is divided into three parts.Firstly, it will give the general understanding and introduction to the source ofthe idioms. And the source of the idioms will be divided into four parts.Secondly, it is discussed the ways of translation of the three kind idiomsaccording to the relationship between English idioms and Chinese idioms.Thirdly, several practical translating methods of the English idioms andChinese idioms would be introduced from the point of the view of keeping theflavor of the original idioms.Key words: English idioms; Chinese idioms; categories; translating methods摘要：习语是指由固定词组和句子组成的模块。
收录牛津词典的中式英语
收录牛津词典的中式英语Here is an essay of over 1000 words on the topic of "Incorporating Chinese English into the Oxford Dictionary":The English language has long been a global lingua franca, with its reach and influence extending far beyond the shores of its native speaking countries. As the world has become increasingly interconnected, English has evolved to adapt to the diverse cultural and linguistic influences it has encountered. One of the most significant of these influences has been the rise of Chinese English, a distinct variety of the language that has emerged from the unique linguistic and sociocultural context of China.Chinese English, or "Chinglish" as it is sometimes called, refers to the unique blend of English and Chinese that has developed among Chinese speakers of the language. This hybrid form of English incorporates Chinese syntax, vocabulary, and cultural references, resulting in a distinct linguistic identity that is both familiar and foreign to native English speakers.The origins of Chinese English can be traced back to the late 19th century, when increasing contact between China and the Westernworld led to the adoption of English in various spheres of Chinese society. As Chinese speakers began to learn and use English, they inevitably brought with them the influence of their native language and cultural frames of reference. This resulted in the emergence of unique linguistic features that set Chinese English apart from standard varieties of the language.One of the most notable characteristics of Chinese English is its incorporation of Chinese vocabulary and idioms. Words and phrases from the Mandarin and Cantonese languages have been seamlessly integrated into the English lexicon, often retaining their original meanings and cultural connotations. For example, the term "guanxi," which refers to the complex system of social connections and obligations that are essential in Chinese business and personal relationships, has become a widely recognized term in the English-speaking world.Similarly, Chinese English often features the direct translation of Chinese grammatical structures and expressions into English. This can result in unique turns of phrase that may seem strange or even nonsensical to native English speakers, but which carry deep cultural significance for Chinese users of the language. For instance, the phrase "I eat dinner" in Chinese English may be used to convey the meaning of "I have had my dinner," reflecting the cultural importance placed on the act of eating in Chinese society.Another distinctive feature of Chinese English is the way it reflects the unique cultural and sociopolitical context of China. Chinese English often incorporates references to Chinese history, literature, and popular culture, as well as terminology related to Chinese government and political structures. This can create a sense of cultural specificity that can be challenging for non-Chinese speakers to fully comprehend.Despite these distinct features, Chinese English is not merely a collection of linguistic quirks or errors. Rather, it represents a genuine and vibrant form of the language that has evolved to meet the needs of Chinese speakers in an increasingly globalized world. Chinese English has become an essential tool for communication, allowing Chinese individuals and organizations to engage with the international community while maintaining a strong sense of their own cultural identity.Moreover, the rise of Chinese English has significant implications for the way we understand and conceptualize the English language as a whole. Traditionally, the standard varieties of English, such as American or British English, have been viewed as the "correct" or "proper" forms of the language. However, the emergence of Chinese English, along with other regional and cultural variations of English, challenges this narrow perspective and calls for a more inclusive anddynamic understanding of what it means to speak and use the English language.In recognition of the growing importance and influence of Chinese English, there have been calls for the incorporation of Chinglish terms and expressions into major English dictionaries, such as the Oxford English Dictionary. Proponents of this idea argue that the inclusion of Chinese English in authoritative references would not only validate the linguistic legitimacy of this variety of the language, but also enrich the overall understanding and appreciation of the English language's global diversity.Incorporating Chinese English into the Oxford Dictionary would be a significant step towards acknowledging the linguistic and cultural contributions of China to the evolution of the English language. It would also signal a shift in the way we perceive and value linguistic diversity, moving away from a prescriptive approach that privileges certain forms of the language over others, and towards a more descriptive and inclusive understanding of how English is used and transformed around the world.Moreover, the inclusion of Chinese English in the Oxford Dictionary would have practical implications for cross-cultural communication and understanding. By providing definitions and contextual information about Chinglish terms and expressions, the dictionarywould help bridge the gap between Chinese and non-Chinese speakers, facilitating more effective and nuanced exchanges across linguistic and cultural boundaries.Of course, the incorporation of Chinese English into the Oxford Dictionary is not without its challenges. There are concerns about the potential dilution or "adulteration" of the English language, as well as debates around the criteria and process for determining which Chinglish terms and expressions should be included. Additionally, there are questions about the extent to which the inclusion of Chinese English in the dictionary would reflect the diverse regional and dialectal variations within China itself.Nonetheless, the potential benefits of recognizing and legitimizing Chinese English within the framework of the Oxford Dictionary outweigh these challenges. By embracing the linguistic and cultural diversity that Chinese English represents, the dictionary would not only strengthen its own relevance and authority in an increasingly globalized world, but also contribute to a more nuanced and inclusive understanding of the English language as a whole.In conclusion, the incorporation of Chinese English into the Oxford Dictionary would be a significant milestone in the ongoing evolution of the English language. It would acknowledge the unique linguistic and cultural contributions of China, while also fostering greatercross-cultural understanding and communication. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the recognition of Chinese English and other regional varieties of the language will be essential in ensuring that the English language remains a truly global and inclusive means of expression.。
The Cultural Differences between English and Chine
The Cultural Differences between English andChinese AnimalAbstract在漫长的人类历史的发展进程中,动物通常与人类的密切关系和影响人类的生存和发展。
密切关系导致人类喜爱的复杂感情,同情或厌恶。
同时,人们经常使用动物来表达他们的感情。
有很多与有关动物词汇在中英文文化。
词的语言反映了文化发展的差异。
历史上因为文化的影响组件,习俗,定价,看来,宗教、信仰等,这两种语言,中文和英文,给自己的内涵的动物单词。
这篇文章是关于文化方面的异同对比动物词的文化背景和基础,英语和汉语中动物词汇的文化内涵。
还分析了如何翻译英语和汉语之间动物帮助人们在跨文化交流沟通顺利,正常。
In the long course of the development of human history, animals usually keep a close relation with human beings and influence human existence and development deeply. The close relation results in human complex feelings of fondness, sympathy or antipathy. Also, people often use animals to express their feelings. There are so many vocabularies with relation to animals in both English and Chinese culture. Words of the language reflect differences of cultural development. Because of the influence of cultural components in history, custom, pricing, view, religion, belief etc, the two languages, Chinese and English, give their own connotations to animal words. This article is about contrasting the cultural similarities and differences in terms of animal words’ cultural backgrounds and their fundaments, and cultural connotations of animal words in English and Chinese. It also analyzes how to translate animal words between English and Chinese to help people do well in the cross –cultural communication smoothly and properly.1. Introduction1.1 The causes of cultural differencesV ocabulary is very rich in English and Chinese languages, including vocabularyrelated to the animals very much. Animal words refer to words and said animals including these words phrases and other idioms. These words not only can vividly show a certain quality, personality, and can describe some events and succinctly convey certain emotions. In daily life, animal words with rich expressive force, are often used to express their feelings, enrich their own language, language has been integrated into the people of all nationalities, and for people to accept and widely used. Because of the difference of all ethnic groups, all sorts of animals are endowed with moral with strong national culture characteristic and the profound historical origin, cultural connotation of animal words in English and Chinese differ greatly, embodies the cultural background of the groups to which he belongs.Due to the two peoples lives for a long time in different cultural background, naturally to the same animal word different association, endowed with abundant cultural connotation of animal words in a more.2. Comparative Study on Animal Words in English and Culture2.1 Animal Word—DogChinese and English people like to have a dog, but as a result of national customs and habits of dogs have different views, the image of the "dog" in both English and Chinese, there are differences. The Chinese have a dog has a long history. The ruling class in ancient China musicians often love to play with a dog, national policy, has four of the wars and said "outside the royal palace treasures, dog Ma Shi stables and beauty under Chen." Here are written "timbres total" ruler is dissolute erosion life portraiture. Hoarders and affluent family dog to see door, and often put a dog bite, the resulting "or", "seeing dogs were low," such as idioms.In addition, in Chinese views, the dog is always dirty lowly animals, people generally have an aversion to the dog on the psychological, the image of the dog is often used to describe actions mean bad or ugly bad thing.In Chinese, the dog has the meaning of "cheerleading, accomplice",give a person the lenovo is disgusting things, there are "dog, the dog slave", "or", "dog take a mouse", "a coward", "the dog's mouth emits no ivory", "asshole" and so on. Although a dog some of the advantages of good with the Chinese, such as loyalty, brave, intelligent, but I can't put it in China is very important position; In the west, the dog is "men 's best friend". In English, there are many good words about the dog of choose and employ persons. Such as: You 'r e a lucky dog (You are a lucky man.; Man; and fun of a gay dog (merry);A top dog (senior);The bush during the campaign says, "I will put into a campaign to like a dog fight." In the English language, of course, also has a derogatory sense of the term "dog" a dog 's life (dog's life);A yellow dog (contemptible man), dog eats dog (the competing heavily, refers to a bad situation).Again as the magpies (pay-per-tweet), Chinese have a good news, they say "called magpie branches, an occasion came to". But in English means "speak ill of others behind their backs," as the poet John Clare: pay-per-tweet that chatted, no komen so black (Magpie noise is the worst, one million).2.2 Animal Word—BatThe bats are mammals, insects such as mosquitoes and moth. In western folklore, the bat is an evil animal, always linked with sin and darkness. Mention the bat, think English people to deliberate (vampire bats).Legend deliberate from the grave at night to eat sleep is blood, let a person fear and disgust. Some English idioms in the table also shows that for the bat bad associations, such as the as blind as a bat (blind as a bat);Crazy as a bat (crazy as a bat), etc. Bats in the have nationality, however, due to its pronunciation and "f" word is the same, and therefore is considered a good luck, happiness and longevity and health of our country's traditional picture the bats and deer design together, constitute a deer "bat" (pronounced "blessing"), on behalf of riches, bless the people the meaning of "blessed with green". And because "red bat" and "most" unisonant, so red bat is a symbol of good luck. There are a lot of the same animal words in English and Chinese two languages with different cultural connotation, reflects the huge differences between English and Chinese two kinds of culture, reflect the national culture personality.2.3 Animal Word—DragonDragons are the wings and a mouse, a huge mouth to jet fire lizard. In English, the dragon represents the "atrocious - cruel" and "evil, evil," dragon on behalf of evil and the devil, if the woman likened to the dragon, means that the woman is fierce and unpleasant.(1) She is a dragon, so you had better keep away from its ehrs. (2) She is a bit of a dragon around the lace, however, in Chinese, the meaning of dragon and English LTD is just the opposite. In Chinese, giving people the blessing, auspicious dragon is a dragon is a symbol of auspiciousness and rights. In feudal society and even today, the dragon has a high status in Chinese: the feudal society, the dragon is the symbol of the king and the supreme ruler. Today, I am a descendant of the dragon, the descendants of the dragon, dragon become our Chinese totem. for example: (1) long To hope one 's son will have a bright future. (2) Long Zi long sun - the sons and grandsons of dragon. It is usually informs the to call oneself by Chinese people.Dragon (dragon) is a mythical animals of the Chinese and western culture. Auspicious distinguished "dragon" in Chinese and English in the vicious evil dragon in stark contrast. In Chinese culture, the dragon is a symbol of auspiciousness, authority, dignity and prosperity. The Chinese nation is the "descendants of the dragon". In the feudal society, the dragon is the symbol of the emperor, emperors are called himself "the real dragons". Today, the dragon in the Chinese people's heart is still the supreme, we put our own country known as the "Oriental dragon", the dragon can be seen as the totem of the Chinese nation. In Chinese there are a large number of idioms about dragons, while, in extremely good fortune, dynamic display of the dragon culture connotation in Chinese culture. However in western culture, people believe that dragon is evil, is a ferocious monster, and is the devil incarnate."3. Culture Difference Embodied in Animal Words3.1 Social FactorsEnglish and Chinese two ethnic groups living in different natural environment, allbelong to different system of civilization, China belongs to the loess civilization Britain belongs to Marine civilization, thus formed a distinctive regional culture. English and Chinese nation is closely related to its life animals endowed with different cultural connotation and meaning. Our country is an agricultural country since ancient times, "cow" in the history of our country agriculture as the main farming tools, have to effect, is an indispensable tool in people working. Cattle culture in our country, therefore, is a very popular image, the emotion is reflected in language. There are a lot of belt "cow" words in the Chinese idioms are rich in good color, such as books, dote on one's children, the workhorse, willing ox, strong such as cattle, etc. Instead of the people who speak English countries people don't "family treasure" for cattle, but only "dishes". They see cows with faults, such as a bull in a China shop reckless trouble; Like a bull at a gate rage fierce; Throw the bull crap. John Bull (John Bull) is the British nicknames, the word in John Arbuthnot (1667-1735), the pen first appeared, refers to a man named John Bull from England, who says what being reckless, restless, funny. Calf (calf), cow (cow), buffalo (buffalo) the cultural connotation is derogatory, such as the calf metaphor stick; Cow metaphors fat ugly people; The to buffalo sb. Refers to trick someone.(3) due to the different custom culture and the cultural connotation differences between English and Chinese nation some dogs, and dogs and dog alleged object completely consistent, but the English and Chinese national purpose and attitude towards a dog is not in English nation is not only for the sake of hunting dogs, housekeeping, and often for the company. Some people do not have children, and he took the dog instead, their dog can get quite a lot of "preferential treatment" and "privilege". They eat, wear, and composed of musicians for "dog". When the dog got sick, can please vet, also please psychologists, specialized subject doctor to treat. When master outside false, they can also enjoy the "best" treatment "… holiday. But in the have nationality, this kind of phenomenon is not possible. And in English, there are "dog" good phrases and sentences. For example, "Love me, Love my dog" refers to Love me, Love my dog, "a lucky dog" refers to the lucky guy, "Every dog has its day" means "Every dog has his day", "a good dog deserves a good ipads" refers to a reward, "Help a lame dog over a stile"refers to the timely, Help others in distress, etc.3.2 Mode of ThinkingOne of the Chinese ways of thinking in images show, is a pictographic character, with fractal signal is one of the important characteristics of Chinese characters. The characteristics of British and American people logic way of thinking can see from the functional sex of the English. Chinese is self-explanatory characters image, a see will know that it means cheng yi, such as the "up" and "down" and "a", such as: "the sea", "river" and "river", there are Chinese character component "water", said they are related to water. High number of Chinese quantifiers, culture connotation is rich, like, this is Chinese visual expression. Such as "a mirror" and "flower", "a chair" "a table" "a stick" "tree" "a coat" and so on. In the han and the English translation is only retained the stating meaning of the original, quantifier iconicity has failed to retain the original.Empirical "Chinese heavy intuition, British and American people pay attention to the practical experience of Chinese traditional thought, pay attention to the overall thinking, and with the aid of intuitive awareness, through perception in general fuzzy and grasp the understanding of the essence of object and law directly." Intuitive thinking emphasizes perceptual knowledge, inspiration and enlightenment. This characteristic of thinking comes from the idea of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, also is the product of "nature and humanity" philosophy. Such as Chinese words are: an Epiphany, goes through this. Understanding language tend to highlight the "meaning", and tries to comprehend "between the lines", not too attaches great importance to the scientific analysis of the language. Evaluation of event and often take the form style, essays, historical context showed his feelings and experience, less use system theory to empirical research is discussed. And always attaches great importance to the rational knowledge of British and American people thinking tradition, value analysis, and therefore takes the empirical, advocated through theanalysis of a large number of empirical science, objective conclusion, so the English language system comprehensive analysis. No analysis of the grammatical relations of Chinese sentences, we can also understand the meaning of the sentence, but without analysis of English sentence grammatical relations, especially the complicated relationships in the long sentences. We can't understand the meaning of English sentences.4. ConclusionBy above this paper shows that our understanding of animal words, not only in the surface layer of vocabulary that sense, should understand vocabulary profound cultural connotation. As a language learner to grasp the connotation of words must be in understanding the words. Same to truly understand the cultural connotations of words, should be kept on a lot of reading, to study the cultural differences, avoid by all means while reading means. Only in-depth understanding of the national cultural traditions and customs, to communicate smoothly, truly in the cross-cultural communication "assurance". So, in the teaching should combine language teaching and culture teaching, and using a variety of ways -heavy reading original English newspapers, watching English movies, video, etc., let the student English in a real situation, so that the students in the process of learning vocabulary really realize the meaning of words in the original culture, correctly use learned words in intercultural communication from communication, really achieve the goal of language teaching.Bibliography1.By ram, Lyons. J. [M]. Language and culture in foreign language teaching and research press, 1998.2.Mankind. Introduction to intercultural communication [M]. Foreign language teaching and research press, 1999.3. Mankind. Culture and communication [M]. Foreign language teaching and research press, 1994.4.Jiang Lei.Cultural connotation of English idioms and comparison [M]. Wuhan university press, 2000.5. Liao Guan Grong. Animal words between English and Chinese culture contrast [J]. Journal of foreign languages, 2000。
关于端午节英语谚语
关于端午节英语谚语范文1：Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Duanwu Festival, is a traditional Chinese holiday that falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It is a day to commemorate the great Chinese poet and patriot Qu Yuan, as well as to celebrate the beginning of summer. As a student, I am particularly interested in the English idioms related to Dragon Boat Festival.The first and most famous idiom is "eat zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival". Zongzi is a pyramid-shaped sticky rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves, usually stuffed with sweet or salty fillings such as red bean paste, pork, or egg yolks. It is said that, on the day of Qu Yuan's death, his admirers threw zongzi into the river to prevent the fish from eating his body. Nowadays, eating zongzi has become a custom and a symbol of reunion, as families and friends gather to enjoy this delicious and meaningful food.The second idiom is "hang mugwort and calamus on the door on Dragon Boat Festival". Mugwort and calamus are two kinds of fragrant herbs that are believed to repel evil spirits and insects. It is said that Qu Yuan used them to purify his house and protect his family from harm. Nowadays, hanging mugwort and calamus on the door is a way to ward off bad luck and welcome good luck, especially during the hot and humid summer days.The third idiom is "race dragon boats on Dragon Boat Festival". Dragon boat racing is a traditional sport that originated in southernChina and has been popular for over 2,000 years. It involves teams of rowers paddling a long and narrow boat while a drummer beatsa steady rhythm and a steersman navigates the course. The fastest and most synchronized team wins the race, which is considered a celebration of teamwork, bravery, and perseverance. Watching or participating in dragon boat racing is a great way to experience the spirit and excitement of Dragon Boat Festival.In conclusion, the idioms related to Dragon Boat Festival reflectthe rich cultural heritage and values of Chinese people, such asfilial piety, respect for ancestors, harmony with nature, and pursuit of excellence. As a student of Chinese culture and language, I find them fascinating and inspiring, and I hope to share them with more people around the world.要点分析：本文介绍了端午节与英文谚语的相关性。
节约粮食的英语谚语
节约粮食的英语谚语范文一：In order to save food and reduce waste, people have come up with many proverbial sayings over the years. As a student, I have also learned many related idioms and proverbs in Chinese and English.In Chinese, there is a saying that goes, "饭可以少吃一口，粮食可以省下一份" (You can eat one less bite of rice and save one unit of grain). This proverb reminds us that even the smallest actions can make a difference and contribute to a bigger picture. We should appreciate the food on our plate and not waste it.In English, there is a well-known idiom that says, "Waste not, want not." This means that if we do not waste things, we will not lack things in the future. If we save food and avoid wasting it, we are not only being responsible citizens but also setting an example for others to follow.To achieve the goal of saving food, there are some key points that we should keep in mind. Firstly, we should only take what we can eat and avoid taking too much. Secondly, we should not waste food by leaving it on our plates or throwing it away. Lastly, we should be mindful of the resources and effort that go into producing and cooking the food we consume, and not take them for granted.In terms of vocabulary, the idioms and proverbs related to saving food are often concise and meaningful. They use simple words andphrases to convey powerful messages. By memorizing and applying these phrases in our daily lives, we can cultivate a habit of saving food and promoting sustainability.范文二：As a responsible citizen and student, I believe it is important to observe the principle of saving food to reduce waste, protect the environment, and contribute to a sustainable society. To achieve this goal, we can learn from various idioms and proverbs related to this topic.In the Chinese culture, there is a proverb that goes, "勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为" (Do not do bad things because they are small, and do not refrain from doing good things because they are small). This proverb reminds us that even small actions can lead to big changes. Similarly, we should not underestimate the impact of saving small amounts of food, such as leftovers or scraps. We can use these resources creatively and turn them into delicious new dishes or compost them for gardening.In English, there is a popular saying that says, "A penny saved is a penny earned." This means that every bit of savings counts and adds up over time. Similarly, every grain of food saved is a valuable contribution to the environment. By reducing food waste, we can save money, reduce pollution, and conserve natural resources.The key points of saving food include being conscientious about portion size, being creative with leftovers, and being respectful ofthe efforts that go into producing and cooking food. We can also spread awareness about the importance of saving food and encourage others to join us in this cause.In terms of vocabulary, idioms and proverbs related to saving food often use imagery and metaphors to drive home their messages. They also use simple and concise language to emphasize their importance. By learning and using these phrases in our daily lives, we can cultivate a habit of saving food and promoting sustainability.。
Animals in different cultures英语作文
Animals in different culturesIn the process of learning English, have you ever seen English idioms related to animals? Have you ever known the special significance of animals in British and American culture? Have you ever known the differences between Chinese and English cultures in their views on animals? Today, let's take magpies and dogs as objects to see the animals in Chinese and Western cultures.The first is the magpie, which is a symbol of "jubilation" in Chinese culture. As the Chinese saying goes, "A good thing comes when a magpie crows.". When it comes to magpies, people often think of the "Magpie Bridge Meeting" between Cowherd and Weaver Girl, so they call matchmaking for others "Building Magpie Bridge". In western culture, magpie has the connotation of "gossiping and spreading gossip", that is, "gossip". The English magpie not only does not report good news, but also reports bad news. It isgenerally believed that this bird is a sign of bad luck.The second is "dog", the best animal friend of human beings. With the improvement of living standards, it is quite common for people to keep pet dogs, but in fact, in Chinese, the metaphorical meaning of "dog" is mostly derogatory. In English, the metaphorical meaning of "dog" is sometimes derogatory, but more often, the metaphorical meaning of "dog" is neutral and has a commendatory color.Because different cultures live in different cultural backgrounds for a long time. Therefore, it is natural to have different associations with the same animal words and endow them with richer cultural connotations.。
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Chinese and English Idioms Related to Number and TheirTranslations中英习语中有关数字的翻译研究AcknowledgementsThis thesis would not have been completed without much generous assistance. First and foremost, for encouragement, support, and frank criticism at various stages of the development of this thesis, I deeply appreciate Associate Professor , my supervisor, who has afforded me valuable scholarly advice and corrected my paper patiently.Many heartfelt thanks also go to all the professors in English Department of College, who have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures.I am grateful to my classmates, without whose care and support I could not have completed this thesis.Abstract: Idioms have been studied by many people from many respects. This thesisnumbers, and to discuss the translation strategies. As is known, numeral idioms are for med on the basis of a nation’s history, economy, culture, tradition and custom. Their m eanings are beyond the simple sum of each word in the idioms, and much more profou nd than that of a single number. To correctly comprehend and properly translate nume ral idioms calls for a wide range of background knowledge concerning the cultural elements in both source language and target language. This thesis studies the origin of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers and discusses the strategies of translating Chinese and English idioms related to numbers so that people from two counties can understand and communicate well.Keywords: idioms; numbers; translation strategies摘要：习语已经被很多人从不同方面研究过。
本文主要研究中英习语中的数字以及它们的翻译技巧。
众所周知，有关数字的习语是在一个国家历史、经济、文化、传统、习俗的基础上形成的,所以,习语中数字的意思要比一个单独的数字的意思要深刻。
为了能够准确地理解并恰当的翻译中英习语中的数字习语，需要对原语言和目的语言的背景做充分的了解。
本文通过对中英数字习语的来源以及它们四种翻译技巧的研究，让人们更准确地翻译中英数字习语，从而使中英两国人民能有更好的理解及交流。
关键词：习语数字翻译Table of ContentsA cknowledgements (i)Abstract in English (ii)Abstract in Chinese (iii)1Introduction (1)1.1 Definition of Chinese and English idioms (1)1.2 The origin of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers1.2.1 From history perspective……………………………..1.2.2 From custom perspective2 Chinese and English idioms related to numbers...................2.1 Chinese and English idioms related to numbers2.2 Comparison of Chinese and English idioms related tonumbers.2.3 Connotations of Chinese and English idioms related tonumbers3Strategies for the translations of Chinese and Englishidioms related to numbers (9)3.1 Literal Translation3.2 Free Translation3.3 Replacement of numerals3.4 Accession or omission of numerals4 Some problems existing in the translations of Chineseand English idioms related to numbers and theirsolutions4.1 Similar Counterpart in the Target Language withDifferent Use in Context4.2 Hard to Maintain National Flavor of Numerical Idioms5 Conclusions References (22)Chinese and English Idioms Related to Number and TheirTranslations1 IntroductionThis thesis consists of four parts. First, it studies the concept of idioms, and also the main origin and understandings of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers. Second, it gives the comparison and contrast of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers and their cultural connotations. The third part is the body of the thesis. It lists some practical examples and analyzes the specific translating skills. Finally it demonstrates some difficulties and problems in the translation of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers and their solutions..1.1 Definition of Chinese and English idioms1.1.1Definition of Chinese and English idiomsMany definitions of idioms are given in different dictionaries. It is found that the definition from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary(Tenth Edition)is more reasonable and authoritative, which goes like this: Idiom is” an expression in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either grammatically or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements.”From this definition, some characteristic of idioms can be summarized: One is that an expression can refer to either a phrase or a sentence. The next is that the expression used in a language must be peculiar to itself either in grammar or in meaning. And the last one is that its meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and must be learnt as a whole unit.The typical idioms are“胸有成竹”and “spill the beans”, which cannot be understood from the individual words.1.1.2 Definition of idioms related to numbersOn the basis of the above definition of idiom, numerical idiom in this study is defined as the idiom containing numbers. For instance,耳目一新,二龙戏珠,三顾茅庐,四通八达,五谷丰登,六亲不认,one by one, in two twos, three cheers, give somebody five, at sixes and sevens, have nine lives and ten to one.1.2 The origins of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers1.2.1 From history perspectiveThe different historical backgrounds of the English and Chinese peoples have provided rich and varied materials for their numerical idioms, and consequently give a national color to the numerical idioms in the two languages.Chinese numerical idiomsIn the following idioms it is evident that the historical events contribute much to their distinctive national features.1)三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮(Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhu geliang the master mind---the wisdom of the masses exceeds that of the wisest individual)In the Period of Three Kingdoms, ZhuGe liang was Prime Minister of Shu and very talented statesman and then became the symbol of wisdom.2)三顾茅庐(to call on somebody three times to show one’s sincerity)This idiom comes from “Romance of the Three Kingdoms.” Liu Bei made three personal calls at the thatched cottage where Zhuge Liang was living to solicit his help to conquer the country and it was during the last call that Zhuge Liang promised to help him.English numerical idiomsCompared with Chinese historical events, English-speaking countries have their own history, which has much to do with English numerical idioms. The following are some examples regarding their own distinctive history:1) Rome was not built in one day(it takes time, patience, and hard work to do a difficult or important job).2) Six of one and half a dozen of the otherThe first English numerical idiom was created in the Period of Roman Conquest,while the second one was produced after Denmark Conquered England.1.2.2 From custom perspectiveChina and English-speaking countries have their own social customs, which are very crucial to the form of numerical idioms in these two countries.Chinese numerical idioms1)三媒六证(through three negotiators and the sending of the six kinds of bridal gifts---marriage according to all the traditional rules)2)三从四德(The Three Obedience’s, to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son when widowed, and the Four Virtues, morality, proper speech, modest manner and diligent work---spiritual fetters imposed on women in feudal society)In the above examples, the first two are about the social customs of China,.English numerical idiomsa nine days’ wonder(a person or e vent that attracts a lot of notice and is the subject of much talk for a short time but is soon forgotten) This idiom comes out of the custom of the ancient Rome. Roman regarded the abnormal phenomenon in the nature as the bad omen. As a consequence, in order to prevent misfortune, the Roman Catholic Church would hold a nine-day religious ritual to pray for good luck, which was also known as “novena”. But no one would talk about it after the ending of the nine-day praying.From the example above, it can be seen that it is closely related to the social customs.2 Chinese and English idioms related to numbers2.1 Comparison of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers2.1.1Similarities of English and Chinese Numerical IdiomsAs to the contain slang, range of English and Chinese numerical idioms, both of these two languages proverbs2.1.1.1RangeSlangSlang is a colorful, alternative vocabulary. It bristles with humor, vituperation. So in everyday use, it is necessary for the learner to master a certain amount of slang, including some slang with numbers. In Chinese, slang is not as popular as in English, the number of which is only a few, for example:(1) four-letter man一a slow-witted man(2) ten o'clock scholar一a floppy student(3)二百五住一a bold or stupid fellowProverbsHuman experiences and observations of the world are in many respects similar. In spite of the dissimilar cultural backgrounds of the Chinese and the English-speaking peoples, the number used in proverbs with numbers in the two languages is surprisingly approximate. Consider the following:(4)百闻不如一见一Seeing is Believing.(5)一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳一Once bitten by a snake, one shies at coiled rope for ten years; he that has been bitten by a serpent is afraid of rope.2.1.2Differences2.1.2.2 Cultural differencesThis part explores the cultural differences including the following 6 aspects: religious beliefs, aesthetic perceptions, historical events, classical works, mythologies, and social customs and living conditions.Different religious beliefsReligion plays a very important role in both Chinese and English numerical idioms. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those notions about life that could not be understood. According to Nanda(1994),religion” deals with the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society and groups within the society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of human kind to nature”. Therefore, the differences between Chinese and English numerical idioms can be traced back to the religion.Chinese numerical idiomsFrom ancient to present. Secondly, a large number of Chinese numerical idioms can be traced back to Buddhism. It has been a part of Chinese culture and exerted enormous influence on Chinese traditional culture and present life as well. The following are a few Chinese numerical idioms concerning religion:The idiom“道高一尺,魔高一丈”is originally the warning in Buddhis m to warn Buddhist disciples against the outside temptations, which reminds the disciples of the tough prospect to overcome all the difficulties both inside and outside in order to make slightest achievement. Now it is used to tell there is always at least one power stronger than the other.English numerical idiomsIn the English-speaking countries, many people believe in Christianity and regard the Bible as one of the most important classics in their life. The Bible is comprehensive of nearly all the matters in life so that it acts as not only a classic in religion but also an important supporter of British culture, or even of western culture. Therefore, the Bible has contributed greatly to English numerical idioms.The following are some typical examples:1) Three in one (the trinity)2) Three cheers (an expression of approval, cheering by a crowd to salute sb/sth with three times)2.2 Connotations of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers2.2.1 The connotative meanings of numeral 1In English and Chinese Numeral 1 is the simplest and the most complicated one.No matter in Eastern culture or in Western culture, numeral 1 represents the meaning of “beginning”,“integrity” and “self”. In Chinese traditional culture, the connotations of numeral 1 are mentioned in many famous works. Laotzi(老子),a Chinese philosopher of late Spring and Autumn period and the founder of Taoism, said:“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”(Tao produced one, one produced two, two produced three, three produced everything)in his work Tao Teh Ching(《道德经》).Thus numeral 1 can be used for marking the beginning, the founder and the origin of all things; besides,“一”in the works can be explained as “self” or“self-consciousness”. Under the influence of this notion, today we are used to calling “I” the first person;” you” the second person ;“he/she” the third person. The meaning of “integrity” can be caught in a famous thought presented by Zhuangzi(庄子),a Taoist philosopher in the Warring States period,“天人合一”（harmonious union of Man with Nature）,in which the numeral means “integrity”. As a result of the numeral’s special place in Chinese culture, Chinese people have a special feeling to numeral 1.It is the feeling that drives people unconsciously to pursue integrity and consummation for everything.2.2.2 The connotative meanings of numeral 10 in English and Chinese Numeral 10 is a full, perfect and auspicious number in Chinese people’s mind. The same is true with English culture. Numeral 10 embodies “complete integrityand “consummation”. Chinese people like to us e the following expressions with numeral 10:“十全十美”,“十拿九稳”,“十分”,“十足”,etc. There are relevant English expressions, for example,“the upper ten”,(社会精英)“ten-minute man”(能挣钱的人),and so on.In China, there are lots of explanations about the nature of numeral 10.For example, Han Shu (《汉书》)says“The numeral starts with one, ends with ten.”(“数始于一,终于十”).In addition, the meaning of numeral 10 derives from its form of written character“十”.One part“一”means“the east and the west”;while the other part“│”refers to“the south a nd the north. So the character“十”includes all the directions. It is clear that numeral 10 contains the meaning of “completion and perfection, and peak, etc.In English numeral 10 is the symbol of perfection and completion. In the prayer of the Pythagoreans addressed to the tetraktys, hey described numeral 10 as “the mother of all, the all-comprising, the all-bounding, the first-born, the never-swerving, the never-tiring holy ten, the key holder of all”(Tobias Dantzig,1947).Furthermore, according to Pythagoreans, the numeral is the sum of the first four numerals:1,2,3,4; and it is a return to numeral 1 from the other nine numerals as well(1+0=1).If everything starts with it, they must end with it.(陈卫国等,2006)3 Strategies for the translations of Chinese and English idioms related to numbers3.1 Literal TranslationLiteral translation, also known in everyday usage as direct translation, denotes the rendering of text from one language to another "word-for-word" (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") rather than conveying the sense of the original. However, in translation studies, literal translation denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts.[1] Another term for literal translation, in translation theory, is metaphrase; and for prasal ("sense") translation —paraphrase.When considered a bad practice of conveying word by word (lexeme to lexeme or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical type literal translations has the meaning of mis-translating idioms [2], for example, or in the context of translating an analytic language to a synthetic language, it renders even the grammar unintelligibleEnglish and Chinese share a lot in common in their use of numerals, i.e. there are certain numerals used in both languages for more or less the same concepts. In translating numerals of this kind, a translator can well use an equivalent numeral in the target language, e.g. `one (一)，two(二)，three(三)，and nine(九)’.For instance:A stitch in time saves nine.一针及时省九针。