Maximum DC-Link Voltage Utilization for Optimal Operation of IPMSM

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液晶杜邦17011电源电源测试系统说明书

EthernetMODEL 17011KEY FEATURESHigh precision output and measurement up to 0.015% of full scaleFast current response up to <100 µS High sampling rate up to 10 mS Flexible sampling recording ( t, V , I, Q, E)Channel parallel output function with maximum 1200A outputHigh efficiency charge and discharge with low heatingEnergy recycling during discharge (AC/DC bi-directional regenerative series) Waveform simulation function (current/power mode) Built-in DCIR test functionBuilt-in EDLC capacitance and DCR test functionOperating modes: CC / CP / CV / CR / CC-CV / CP-CV / Rest / SD test Multi-level safety protection mechanism Integrable data logger and chamberAPPLICATIONSElectric vehicle Electric scooter/bike Energy storage system Power toolsQuality inspection agency The Chroma 17011 Battery Cell Charge and D ischarge Test System is a high precision system designed specifically for testing lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, electrical double layer capacitors (ED LC), and lithium-ion capacitors (LIC). It is suitable for product development, quality control, and is helpful program editing and test results analysis much easier.The Chroma 17011 test system has flexible software editing functions embedded that can create basic charging/discharging or complex cycle tests for each channel to run BATTERY CELL CHARGE & DISCHARGETEST SYSTEM MODEL 17011P r o vided b vided by y : com (800)40404-A -ATE TEC CAd Advanced vanced T Test estE quipment Rentals®High precision – improving product qualityVoltage / current measurement accuracy: 0.015 of F.S. / 0.02 of F.S.Wide range of voltage output: Equipped with a 0V to 6V output range, and specific models allow to switch between three built-in voltage output modes. Voltage measurements distinguished up to 0.1mV.Multiple range measurement design: Providing various current or voltage ranges (depending on the model) to greatly improve measurement accuracy and resolution. The current range switches automatically and at the constant voltage mode there is no current output interruption.Fast current response – suitable for a variety of high-speed transient test applicationsCurrent response time (10% to 90%) < 100 µS *1Support dynamic waveform to simulate the rapid changing current and power states*1: The current response time <100 µS applies to model 17216M-10-6, the impedance of other UUTswill slightly differ.Rise Time<100 µS (17216M-10-6)Rise Time<250 µS (17208M-6-30)Model 17216M-10-6Model 17216M-6-12Model 17208M-6-30Model 17208M-6-60Multi-Voltage Range (17216M-10-6)Multi-Current RangeLoading waveform currentDynamic waveform simulation Dynamic waveform simulationCurrent and power dynamic charge/discharge waveform, simulate the actual battery usage of car driving or other real life applicationsImport the current and power waveforms from Excel fileSave 1,440,000 points in each channel for long hour dynamic testingMinimalize time interval for data output: 10 mS*1: 17216M-10-6 has three built-in voltage output modes that can be switched through the software settings.*2: 17208M-6-60 has to be paired with an external power supply and placed into a rack; other models contain an integrated power module and can beused either stand-alone or in a rack.Rise time < 5 mSEnergy recycling – optimal utilization of electricityDirect recycling: Automatically transfer the discharging energy to the battery cells to be charged with recycling efficiency >80% Grid recycling: Recycle the excessiveenergy to the grid with recyclingefficiency >60%Low carbon emissions for green energy,preventing waste heat from generatingduring dischargeSaving electricity costs with highefficiency power charge and dischargeSaving air conditioning costs on coolingequipmentCurrent harmonic distortion <5%for feedback to grid currentPower factor >0.98 at rated powerHigh precision – improving product qualityVoltage accuracy: (0.02% of Reading + 0.02% of F.S.)Current accuracy: 0.05% of F.S.Fast current response – waveform modeCurrent response speed (10% to 90%) < 5 mS applicablefor all kinds of testsSupport dynamic waveform to simulate the current and power stateof actual car driving with NEDC, FUDS and DST test standardsAC/DCChroma 17212M-6-100Chroma A691104Direct RegenerationAC/DC* A fitting AC/DC bi-directional converter is chosen according to the power input and placed into a rack.Flexible paralleling channels for outputT h e t e s t s y s t e m s a l l o w f l e x i b l e s e t t i n g f o for various UUTs.which supports full range of productsSuitable for high ratio charge and discharge test or diversified battery test applicationsData protection and recoveryPower loss data restoring mechanism: After a power loss, the PC will automatically recover the data status of the testingdata that already was written into the database. The user can choose to resume or restart testing.High frequency sampling measurement technology – improving measurement accuracyV / I sampling rate: 50 KHz (∆t 20 µS)Generally, battery testers use software to read current values for calculating power; however, limited data sampling rates could result in large errors when calculating the dynamic current capacity. By increasing the sampling rate and using a double integration method, Chroma 17011 is able to provide a capacity calculation with much higher accuracy. When the current changes, the data is not lost and the transmission speed is not affected.* Note: The current response time <100 µS applies to model 17216M-10-6, the impedance of other UUTs will slightly differ.General charger/discharger sampling rateChroma charge & discharge tester sampling rateHPPC TestHPPC test applicationHPPC is a test procedure developed by the USABC (U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium) for the battery power performance of hybrid and electric vehicles. Within the batteries operation voltage range, the procedure mainly establishes the function of the relationship between the depth of discharge and power and, secondarily, establishes the depth of discharge, conductive resistance and polarization resistance function via the voltage and current response curve from discharging, standing to charging. The measured resistance can be used to assess the battery's power recession during later life tests and its equivalent circuit model development. Chroma 17011 has a flexible editing program that allows HPPC testing.DCIR test (2)DCIR test (1)Lumped parameter model circuit diagram Battery capacity test applicationT h e c a p a c i t y c a n b e o b t a i n e d a s t h e i n t e g r a l o f t h e c u r re n t integrating the current versus time from the start of charging/discharging until the cut-off condition is reached. The comparison results are useful to analyze performance differences between products, and the common test items include current ratio and temperature characteristics tests. Higher accuracy of current, voltage measurement and faster sampling enable to distinguish more accurately the differences in battery cell capacity.Battery cycle life test applicationCycle life is one of the most important test items for batteries. In accordance with the experimental purpose, it tests the same battery through repeated charge and discharge conditions until the capacity falls to 80%, and calculates the cycle numbers. The cycle life test can be used to evaluate the battery performance or define the applicable conditions of use.Battery DCIR test applicationThe internal resistance value is related to the charge/discharge ratio of a battery. The larger the internal resistance value, the lower the efficiency when temperature rises. According to the lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit model, the ACIR measurement of traditional 1KHz LCR meters can only evaluate the conductive resistance (Ro) of the battery that affects the instantaneous power output, but is unable to evaluate the polarization resistance (Rp) produced during electrochemical reaction. The D CIR evaluation includes the ACIR that is closer to the actual polarization effect of battery under continuous power applications.The Chroma 17011 includes two types of D CIR test modes: DCIR test (1) calculates the DCIR value using the voltage difference caused by the change of one-step current, DCIR test (2) calculates the DCIR value using the voltage difference caused by the change of two-step current. Users can select the desired test mode and automatically, without any manual calculation, get the results that comply with IEC 61960 standards.CapacitydQ/dV vs voltageCoulombic efﬁciency test Incremental capacity analysis applicationThe high precision voltage measurement and V sampling function can draw dQ/dV versus voltage curve diagrams to analyze battery cell characteristics and capacity degradation.Coulombic efficiency test applicationCoulombic efficiency (CE) is calculated by the charge/discharge capacity ratio when the battery is fully charged and then fully discharged. Good batteries have higher coulombic efficiency, and need high precision and stable equipment to distinguish differences. An accurate coulombic efficiency test can estimate the batterylifespan with only a few cycles.EDLC capacitance (C) test applicationIn accordance with the Straight Line Approximation Method of the IEC 62391 testing standard, before measuring the capacitance (C) value, the ED LC first needs to be fully charged through a CC-CV charging mode. The capacity test is to discharge CC via the above discharge current. Then, the electric potential difference ( V) of two reference points on the discharge curve are taken against the time difference ( t) and the discharge current (I) to calculate the capacitance value of the EDLC.EDLC combined DCR and C test applicationChroma 17011 also has a direct current resistance (D CR) and capacitance (C) combined test application. Under the same CC-CV charged and CC discharged conditions, the user can use the electric potential in the chosen reference points to simultaneously calculate the DCR and C values of the EDLC to save testing time.The equivalent circuit model development of the classical EDLC includes an equivalent series resistance (ESR), a capacitance (C), and an equivalent parallel resistance (EPR). The ESR is used to evaluate the internal loss and heat of the EDLC during charging/discharging; the EPR to evaluate the leakage effect in the EDLC's long-term storage; the C to evaluate the EDLC cycle life.These parameters are not easily directly measured in a laboratory; researchers need data analysis and complex calculations to determine these important indicators. Chroma 17011 is equipped with the IEC 62391 testing standards and the user can use charge/discharge tests to obtain the ED LC parameters values, in order to evaluate the EDLC characteristics and cycle life.ED LC direct current resistance (D CR) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) test applicationChroma 17011 offers ED LC direct current resistance testing function compliant with test standard IEC 62391. Before testing, the ED LC has to be CV charged. The capacity test is to discharge CC via the above discharge current. When the discharge is completed, get the linear section on the discharge curve and extend it to discharge time and then get the voltage difference of rated voltage and discharge current to calculate the DCR value.EDLC equivalent circuit model developmentVoltage Characteristic Between EDLC TerminalsVoltage Characteristic Between EDLC TerminalsVoltage Characteristic Between EDLC TerminalsCharge/discharge performance and cycle life test applicationThe built-in direct current resistance (D CR) and capacitance (C) test modes can be combined with cycle function and variable set testing conditions to test the EDLC load endurance and reliability. After testing, the user can directly export DCR vs Cycle No. and Capacity vs Cycle No. reports to analyze the EDLC failure and deterioration mechanisms.Self-discharge test modeCoulombic efﬁciency testAutomatically change current range in CC-CV modeCharge-Discharge Rate Test Charge-Discharge Cycle TestingCoulombic efficiency test applicationChroma 17011 is equipped with low noise, automatically switching current range, and cut-off report as to quickly output accurate c u r re n t c h a rg e /d i s c h a rg e. T h e c o u l o m b i c e ff i c i e n c y (C E ) i s calculated by the charge/discharge capacity ratio, which indicates the ED LC internal capacity conversion as available capacity. A highly accurate CE is an important marker to distinguish differences between products.Leakage current test applicationED LC leakage current measurements generally need to CC-CV charging until a specific time and then it measures this tiny charging current, which is seen as leakage current. The Chroma 17011 CC-CV mode can automatically change current range without output interruption. Under stable voltage, the current range can be as small as 200µA.Current (A)Self-discharge test applicationChroma 17011 also has a built-in self-discharge test mode, when the ED LC is fully charged it can test the charge/discharge for a set time period. When this mode starts, the system will cut off the measuring circuit to provide the ideal open circuit and solely measure the starting potential (V1) and cut-off potential (V2). The software can automatically calculate the electric potential difference ( V).CE=Q Discharge / Q ChargeThe Chroma 17011 test systems are controlled by computer software with diverse functions for testing energy storage products. The safe, stable and friendly operation interface allows users to perform setting and testing rapidly.Support English, Traditional Chinese, and Simplified Chinese languages interfaces Real time multi-channel DUT status monitoringSecurity management: set user authority for safe managementFailure record tracking: independently record abnormalities for each channel, the charge and discharge protection will abort the testwhen an abnormal condition is detectedRecipe editing500 steps per recipeDouble loop (Cycle & Loop) with 999,999 repeat counts per loop Sub-recipe function: Call existing recipesTest steps : CC / CV / CP / CC-CV / CP-CV / CR / Rest / Waveform / DCIR / C / DCR, etc. Cut-off conditions : Time / Current / Capacity / Power / Variable, etc. Logical operations : Next / End / Jump / If-Then Recipe executingOperating modes: Start / Stop / Pause / Resume / Jump / Reserve Pause / Modify during test Display interfaces: Graphic display / Table display Instant monitoring windowStatistics reportAble to define report formats and export them as PDF, CSV, and XLS filesGraphical report analysis functions allow custom reports such as cycle life reports, Q-V reports, V / I / T time reports, etc.Real time monitoring Charge/Discharge test program editor Test diagram Test reportBattery Pro main panelWaveform current editorIntegrate with an environmental chamber through software to synchronize the settings conditions for charge/discharge testingIntegrate with a multifunctional data logger through software to read and set multiple temperature records during thecharge/discharge process. Change these conditions to protection or cut-off conditions17011 SystemData LoggerLinear circuit modelsThe tester can be used stand-alone to take up little space, which fits a handful of tests performed on the desktop. When the tester is configured with more test channels, it can be integrated into a standard 19-inch rack for use. The system can be configured as demanded by the user as the channel numbers are expandable, and up to 64 channels can be controlled by one PC at the same time.60A 36U rackModel 17208M-6-306A/12A/30A 36U rackModel 17216M-10-625U rackRegenerative modelsA charge/discharge tester and an AC/D C bi-direction converter can be integrated into a standard 19-inch rack for use. The system can be configured as demanded by the user as the channel numbers are expandable, and up to 48 channels can be controlled by one PC at the same time.Chroma 17011 system power consumption * Available space for data logger60A / 41U system100A / 41U systemORDERING INFORMATION17011 : Battery Cell Charge & Discharge Test System17216M-10-6 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 10V / 6A, 16CH 17216M-6-12 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 6V / 12A, 16CH 17208M-6-30 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 6V / 30A, 8CH 17208M-6-60 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 6V / 60A, 8CH 17212R-5-60 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 5V / 60A, 12CH 17212R-5-100 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 5V / 100A, 12CH 17212M-6-100 : Programmable Charge/Discharge Tester, 6V / 100A, 12CH A691103 : DC/AC Bi-direction Converter, AC 220V to DC 45V A691104 : DC/AC Bi-direction Converter, AC 380V to DC 45V* All speciﬁcations are subject to change without notice.* Continued on next pageNote*1: The maximum discharge current will derate at low voltage 17011-E-201908-PDFJAPANCHROMA JAPAN CORP .888 Nippa-cho, Kouhoku-ku,Yokohama-shi,Kanagawa,223-0057 Japan T +81-45-542-1118F +81-45-542-1080www.chroma.co.jp**************.jp U.S.A.CHROMA ATE INC.(U.S.A.)7 Chrysler, Irvine,CA 92618T +1-949-421-0355F + *****************CHROMA SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS, INC.19772 Pauling, Foothill Ranch, CA 92610 T +1-949-600-6400F + *******************EUROPECHROMA ATE EUROPE B.V .Morsestraat 32, 6716 AH Ede,The Netherlands T +31-318-648282F + ******************CHROMA GERMANY GMBH Südtiroler Str. 9, 86165,Augsburg, Germany T +49-821-790967-0F + ******************CHINA CHROMA ELECTRONICS (SHENZHEN) CO., LTD.8F , No.4, Nanyou Tian An Industrial Estate,Shenzhen, China T +86-755-2664-4598F +86-755-2641-9620 ******************SOUTHEAST ASIA QUANTEL PTE LTD.(A company of Chroma Group)46 Lorong 17 Geylang # 05-02 Enterprise Industrial Building,Singapore 388568T +65-6745-3200F + ************************HEADQUARTERS CHROMA ATE INC.66 Huaya 1st Road,Guishan, Taoyuan 33383, TaiwanT +886-3-327-9999F + ******************KOREA CHROMA ATE KOREA BRANCH 3F Richtogether Center, 14,Pangyoyeok-ro 192,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do13524, Korea T +82-31-781-1025F +82-31-8017-6614www.chromaate.co.kr ******************17011。

电力电子部分单词与缩写对照表

energy systems analysis consortium (ESAC)
gain margin and phase margin (GMPM) 增益裕量和相位裕量
maximum peak criteria (MPC)最大峰值标准
voltage-fed (VF)电压反馈，电压源型
voltage-output (VO)
flywheel energy storage system (FESS)
photovoltaic (PY) panel
fuel cell (FC)
hybrid electric vehicles (REVs) 混合电动汽车
Two phase induction motors (TPIM)两相感应电动机
permanent split-capacitor motor (PSCM)电容运转异步电机
magneto motive forces磁势
Voltage utilization factor (VUF)
permanent magnet (PM)
neutral point clamp(NPC)中点箝位
wind energy conversion systems (WECSs)
Permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) 永磁同步发电机
forced commutated cyclo-convertor (FCC)
adjustable speed drives (ASD)
Uninterruptible power supply（UPS）
active switches有源开关
THD 总谐波失真

电源连接前安装或维护前的警告：拆卸电源说明书

Warning: Disconnect power b efore installing or servicing.Ratings Open And EnclosedContinuous-30 Amperes Per Pole Maximumlighting Load Maximum AC V9lts line LoadTungsten Lamp 480 480Bal l ast 600 600Maximum DC VoltsLighting Load 125250Tungsten Lamp 2 Poles In 3 Potes In Load OnlySeries Per Series Per DC Load DC LoadFeaturesHorizontal straight-line motion makes contactor compact, easy to maintain.Strongbox coil. Straight-through wiring. 0 Large combination knockouts.Oversized power tenninals will accommodate up to AWG 8 wire.InstallationBefore connecting contactor to power supply: 1. Remove all packing,2.Clean magnet mating surfaces.3.Operate movable magnet and operating ann by pressing on the name-plate to assure free movement.4.Mount contactor on a sturdy vertical support.5.Be certain wiring connections are tight.6.Give installation a final check for conformance with codes, branch circuit protection and remove any foreign material from enclosure. Also check to see that no tools have been left in panel during installation.Review diagrams for intended operation and function.7.Before energizing, make final check to see that all power lines and terminals, are free of metal or pieces of wire that could cause shorts to other parts or ground and additionally that wiring and equipment on load side of contactor is free from grounds and shorts. An ohmmeter or other means, as appropriate, is recommended.Disconnect All Power Before Servicing. Read Instructions For This Equipment.COIL8MAGNET ASSEMBLYFigure 1. 30 ampere lighting contactor, CR360l.Maintenance1.Keep magnet mating surfaces free of any accumulated dirt or dust.2. DO NOT OIL OR GREASE the magnet mating surtaces.3.The silver-cadmium oxide contacts need only be replaced when nearly all tip material is gone and contact tip support material is exposed. DO NOT FILE the contacts. Filing or otherwise dressing the contacts results in lost tip material·and reduces contact life.4. Tenninal tightness should be checked periodically as part of preventive maintenance. Many users with average conditions find an annual check is satisfactory. Any point showing evidence of heating should immediately be checked for tightness.OperationWhen energizing, be certain all equipment is ready for power and that all personnel are clear. Always observe all safety rules when operating this equipment.Warning: The opening of the branch circuit protective device may be an indication that a fault has been interrupted. Following this or any other evidence of fault or uninterrupted overcurrent condition, the following must be done before reenergizing to provide continued protection against fire or shock hazard.1.Examine all current-carrying parts and other components of the controller and replace if damaged.2.Examine all contacts to make certain they are not welded. Separate or isolated control circuits must be examined in the same manner.Removal Of Coil1.Press against coil while pulling slightly on coil retainers (A-Fig.1), and move retainers away from coil.2.Pull one end of spring clip (B--Fig. 1) forward and slide out of slot.3, Draw movable portion of magnet assembly and coil from the contactor.4.Replace coil and reassemble, reversing the procedure,Normally Closed ContactsThe contacts may be converted from nonnally open to nonnally closed with no additional parts. Perfonn steps 1 through 3 shown under Removal Of Coil. Lift coil and magnet from movable ann, Remove return spring from center of movable ann. Depress movable contact spring and spring seat against movable contact and rotate these parts 1/2tum without re-1Caution: Before installing in a nuclearapplicafion, determine that theproduct is intended tor s uch use.GEH-5099 Installation Instructions 300-Line Lighting Contactors CR360LFor 30 Amperes Continuous Ratingmoving them from window, Remove the stationary contacts, install the movable arm in the device. Install the stationary contacts so that their silver pads face the movable contact silver pads.Reassemble the device, To change contacts from normally closed to nor� mally open position, reverse the procedure.Removal Of Contacts1.Press against coll while pulling slightly on coil retainer (A-Fig. 1 ), and move retainer away from coil.2, Draw magnet assembty, including coil, molded cover, and operating arm, from the contactor.3.Depress and slide movable contacts, spring, and spring seat from the support.4.Remove screws which hold stationary contacts to the molded support and remove the contacts.5.Reassemble by reversing the above procedure."Standard" Short Circuit RatinasSuitable For Use On A Circuit Capable Of Dellverlng Not More Than 5,000 RMS Symmetrical Amperes, 600 Volts Maximum. Use Fuses Rated 90 Amperes Maximum, or Circuit Breakers Rated 120 Amperes Maximum."Hiah-Available" Short Circuit RatinasSuitable For Use On A Circuit Capable Of Delivering Not More Than (a) RMSSymmetrical Amperes, (b) Volts Maximum, When Protected by (e) Type (f)Circuit Breakers, Rated (g) Amperes Maximum.Catalog Max Short Circuit Rating Maximum Breaker SizeNumber AmperesRMS Sym Volts Max Make Model Max. SizeAmperes(a)(b)(e) (ij (g)CR360L3 30 100,000 480 GE SEP 80CR360L3 30 65,000 480 GE SEL 60CR360L3 30 25,000 480 GE SEH 60CR360l3 30 18,000 480 GE SEO 60 Principal Renewal PartsComplete set of stationary and movable contacts wllh springs and screws For 4 poles ••......•...•.....•..•... C atalog Number 546A301G002 Coll (1 required) ••••••••••••••••••••••• Catalog Number 15021G***Coil Data (Order 15D21 G plus suffix number per table below) Frequency 115V200/ 230V 480V 585V 600V208V60 Hertz 002 023 003 004 005 006Frequency 110V 220V 380V 440V 550V 600V SO Hertz 007 008 064 009 010 011 Use 022 sufllx for 120V, 60 Hz/110V, 50 Hz coll,Example: 15D21G003 is complete catalog number for 230 volt, 6() Hertz coll.These Instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations In equipment nor to provide tor eve,y pos s/bis contingency to be met In connection with /nstallatlon, operation, or maintenance. Should particular p roblems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the Purchaser's purposes, the matter should be referred to the nearest ABB sales office.—ABB Inc.305 Gregson Drive Cary, NC 27511. —We reserve the right to make technicalchanges or modify the contents of thisdocument without prior notice. Withregard to purchase orders, the agreedparticulars shall prevail. ABB Inc. does notaccept any responsibility whatsoever forpotential errors or possible lack ofinformation in this document.We reserve all rights in this document andin the subject matter and illustrationscontained therein. Any reproduction orutilization of its contents – in whole or inparts – is forbidden without prior writtenconsent of ABB Inc.Copyright© 2019 ABBAll rights reserved—GE is a trademark of GE. Manufacturedby ABB Inc. under license from GE.1SQC9113M21GEH-599C,January22。

爱立信 MINI-LINK 6365 无线电单元用户手册说明书

MINI-LINK 6365MINI-LINK 6000The increasing complexity of today’s and future networks requires flexible and well-integrated microwave nodes. Building an efficient microwave backhaul network with end-to-end performance in mind, requires high node capacity, compact and modular building practice, advanced packet functionality and features that are aligned and backward-compatible across different network nodes. The microwave nodes also need to be capable of handling single hops as well as advanced hub sites for larger networks. By combining different units in the MINI-LINK 6000 portfolio, all network scenarios are supported with superior performance and lowest possible cost of ownership.Ericsson is the market leader in microwave transmission and has over 40 years of microwave experience with more than 4 million radio units delivered to over 180 countries. High capacities in a compact formatThe MINI LINK 6365 is to be used in split systems together with MINI-LINK 6000 nodes. The radio connects to the node via a single coaxial cable. It comes in all traditional frequency bands 6-42 GHz and is future proof with carrier aggregation and 16k QAM support. It supports 2.5 Gbps in a very compact format. The high output power caters for the need of high capacities and high availability, providing superior network performance.World’s smallest high power radioMINI-LINK 6365 builds on the strengths of MINI-LINK 6363 and RAU2 X, the world´s most widely deployed microwave radio. MINI-LINK 6365 has the same small footprint as MINI-LINK 6363. This enables easier and faster installations as well as less wind load on towers.Ericsson ABSE-417 56 Göteborg, Sweden 287 01-FGC 101 3676 Rev B© Ericsson AB 2020Carrier aggregation – 2x 112 MHz and 2.5 GbpsMINI-LINK 6365 is a 1T1R radio supporting carrier aggregation. It can transmit two channels, up to 2x 112 MHz, in the same polarization,doubling the capacity vs MINI-LINK 6363. The channels can be adjacent or non-adjacent, for maximum utilization of available spectrum. 2x 112 MHz carrier aggregation provides a capacity of 2.5 Gbps, to support the ever-growing need for higher capacities. Carrier aggregation is available as a SW license, making it possible to double the capacity without changing the hardware.Highest modulation scheme – 16k QAMThe radio supports the highest modulation scheme in the market 16k QAM, increasing capacity by 15% vs 4k QAM and 25% vs 2k QAM.Superior system gainMINI-LINK 6365, in combination with MINI-LINK 6000 nodes, has the highest system gain in the split mount market, maintained also for higher modulations. The high system gain is crucial to enable the use of the high modulations and carrier aggregation. A high system gain means more capacity, higher availability and smaller antennas. High output power is available as a SW license, which makes it possible to step up in modulation and capacity when needed.Modular antennas and flat panel antennasMINI-LINK 6365 uses the same antenna portfolio as MINI-LINK 6363. The 0.3-1.8 m reflector antennas are modular, making them upgradeable from single to dual polarization without the need for realignment. This is done by replacing the interface only. With high focus on visual appearance and minimized size, Ericsson has created the world's smallest outdoor unit (radio+antenna) in traditional bands with a range of flat panel antennas. Since antenna performance is key to secure network performance, the flat panel antennas are guaranteed to be ETSI class 3 compliant and typically close to ETSI class 4 compliance.Scalable multi-carrier solutions, with hardware protectionA scalable upgrade path from single to multi-carrier is supported:1+0 → 2+0 → 4+0 → 8+0. Investments can be taken as the need for more capacity arises, following a pay as you grow approach. With MINI-LINK 6365, a single type of radio be can be used throughout the network. This simplifies network rollout and reduces operation costs. Transceivers in separate housings also gives better hardware protection and ensures no downtime during replacement of faulty hardware.Backward compatibilityMINI-LINK 6365 is hop compatible with MINI-LINK 6363 and MINI-LINK RAU2 X, in single carrier mode. If a radio unit needs to be upgraded, the antenna and radio cable can be reused.Ingress protectionThe radio unit can be installed in very harsh environments as it fulfills IP66 protection against dust and water.ATEX certifiedWith ATEX certification MINI-LINK 6365 can be used in potentially explosive atmospheres (Zone 2).Technical Specification MINI-LINK 6365RADIO LINKCapacity: 2.5 GbpsChannel: 7 – 112 MHzCarrier aggregation: 2x 28 – 2x 112 MHzModulation:4 QAM – 16k QAMTX power: -10 to +30 dBmFREQUENCIES 6 – 42 GHzWEIGHT 2.5 kg / 5.5 lbsDIMENSIONS (H × W × D) 179 × 197 × 79 mm (2.8 l) 7.0 × 7.8 × 3.1 in (170 in 3)POWER SUPPLY +57 VDCPOWER CONSUMPTION 24 WREFLECTOR ANTENNAS 0.2 – 3.7 m / 9 in – 12 ft HP and HPX SHP and SHPXFLAT PANEL ANTENNAS 0.1 m SHP28 – 42 GHz, 30 – 34 dBiINTEGRATEDCONFIGURATIONS 1+0, 1+1, 2+0, 4+0 and 8+0INTERFACES Coaxial (modem)Waveguide (antenna) Alignment portSTANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ETSI, ECC, FCC, IC, IEC, ITU, ATEXENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS -45 to +60 °C / -49 to +140 °F IP66NODES MINI-LINK 6000NETWORK MANAGEMENTServiceOn Element Manager IP Transport NMSEricsson Network Manager。

3M 电解质电阻性布说明书

INSULATING MATS, MAKE THE RIGHT CHOICEPPE - CPE / Insulating mats, make the right choiceIN ACCORDANCE WITH STANDARDSThe insulating mats provide operators with individual and collective protection. Made of elastomer, they are used to cover the ground for the electrical protection of operators during work or interventions on electrical installations.Class and maximum voltageClass Voltage (AC)Voltage (DC)0 ) 1 000 V ) 1 500 V 1) 7 500 V ) 11 250 V 2) 17 000 V ) 25 500 V 3 ) 26 500 V ) 39 750 V 4) 36 000 V) 54 000 VPPE - CPE / Insulating matsINSULATING MATSC ompliant with the standard IEC 61111 andthe properties category “C” for bendability at very low temperatures (- 40° C).M ats compliant with RoHS2 and REACH Directives and not containing halogen (therefore not dangerous) for the operator in case of ﬁre).2D bar code (DataMatrix) on marking with direct link to user guide, technical sheet and periodic maintenance conditions.FOCUSINSULATING MATSInsulating mats with unique and innovative properties. The insulating material offers the best possible technical and electrical insulation characteristics. The improvement of the elastomer formulation allows to reach the drastic properties of “C” category of the IEC 61111: 2009 standard: mats do not degrade even when folded at very low temperatures (-40°c).The normative marking is repeated at least twice per linear metre, thus ensuring good visibility on the ground. Marking color is different according to the classiﬁcation:Class 0 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4100% of cut and rolled mats are tested after manifacturing.Standards and References: - I EC 61111: “Live working. Electrical insulating mat-ting”. Category “C”.- R oHS2: Directive 2011/65/EU Annexe II.- R EACH: List of HHCSs (High Level Product) based on the European Chemicals Agency’s publication (ECHA) in 2015 and the regulation N° 1907/2006 concerning REACH.- Z ero Halogen: Tests based on IEC 14582 guidelines.RoHS2 compliantThe material does not contain Lead, Mercury, Cadmium,Hexavalent Chromium, Biphenyl Polybrominate (PBB), Biphenyl Polybrominate Ether (PBDE).REACH compliantThe material does not contain any of the 163 substances considered to be Highly Hazardous Chemical Substances (HHCS).Zero halogenThe material does not contain Fluorine, Chromium, Bromine and Lodine. The absence of halogen is a positive indicator for the health and safety of the operator in case of ﬁre.INSULATING MATSPPE - CPE / Insulating matsLV AND MV INSULATING MATSAll references are in accordance with IEC 61111 standard and to speciﬁc properties of the “C” category (extremely low temperature folding test at – 40 °C).• I EC 61111: 2009 international standard is the single international standard concerning insulating mats.• R oHS2 compliant.• R EACH compliant.• Z ero Halogen.• 2 D bar code (DataMatrix) on marking with direct link to user guide and technical sheet.• I nsulating mats must be chosen according to the maximum service voltage of the installation.• H igh dielectric quality.• R ubber material with non-slip surfaces on both sides.• O perating temperature: - 40 to + 55 °C • S torage temperature: + 10 to + 21 °C • R epetitive marking (2 markings every 1 m minimum).IEC 61111: 2009INSULATING MATSPPE - CPE / Insulating matsACCESSORIES FOR INSULATING MATPPE - CPE / Accessories for insulating matStrap for insulating matBlack textile strap and hook-and-loop strap.Simple and quick to use thanks to the holding loops at each end. Stores up to 2 mats.Storage Tube for insulating matAdjustable length storage tube for any mat width up to class 3. Adjustable carrying strap. Delivered with wall mounting accessories.MO-161MO-160BAGS FOR INSULATING MATSpecially designed for carrying and protecting insulating mats. Fitted with a shoulder strap.MP-01MP-02INSULATING PLATFORMSPPE - CPE / Insulating platforms INSULATING PLATFORMS (INDOOR MODEL)Adapted to High Voltage.INSULATING PLATFORMS (INDOOR MODELS)INSULATING PLATFORM (OUTDOOR MODELS)CT-701 4 pads set。

光伏发电三相并网逆变器的设计

TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION88 科学与信息化2023年6月下光伏发电三相并网逆变器的设计曾庆龙常虎国网淮南市潘集区供电公司安徽淮南 232082摘要目前，在光伏发电行业中，并网逆变器的研究主要集中在硬件开发、电路控制算法等方面。

基于对近几年来的发展情况的搜集与研究,本文对电路控制算法和Matlab仿真进行深入探讨。

设计中的三相光伏并网逆变器主要由DC-DC直流变换电路和并网逆变电路构成。

前部分的DC-DC电路为多支路并联，各支路独立进行最大功率跟踪，满足了直流电压宽输入的要求，可用于各种各样的光伏产业系统；后部分的并网逆变电路采用SVPWM矢量控制进行逆变，提高电压利用率，减少电网的输入谐波。

本文在分析了三相光伏逆变器原理的基础上，利用Matlab进行仿真，观察整个系统的可行性及不同变量对输出电压的影响。

关键词光伏发电；并网逆变器；最大功率点跟踪；SVPWMDesign of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic Power Generation Zeng Qing-long, Chang HuState Grid Huainan City Panji District Power Supply Company, Huainan 232082, Anhui Province, ChinaAbstract In the photovoltaic power generation industry, the current research on grid-connected inverters is mainly focused on hardware development and circuit control algorithms. Based on the collection and study of the developments in recent years, this paper provides an in-depth discussion of circuit control algorithms and Matlab simulation. The three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter in the design mainly consists of a DC-DC direct current converter circuit and a grid-connected inverter circuit. The DC-DC circuit in the front part is a multi-branch parallel connection with each branch independently for maximum power tracking, which meets the requirement of wide input of direct current voltage and can be used in various photovoltaic industry systems; The grid-connected inverter circuit in the rear part is inverted using SVPWM vector control to improve voltage utilization rate and reduce input harmonics to the grid. In this paper, based on the analysis of the three-phase photovoltaic inverter principle, Matlab is used for simulation to observe the feasibility of the whole system and the effect of different variables on the output voltage.Key words photovoltaic power generation; grid-connected inverter; maximum power point tracking; SVPWM引言目前我国已初步建立起一套比较完善的太阳能与风能的协同与互补工作系统，而对于光伏并网逆变系统的控制试验则缺乏深入的探讨[1-2]。

Concept驱动板在NPC三电平应用中的注意事项

Application of Gate Drivers for 3-Level NPC-2 Power Modules with Reverse Blocking IGBTsChristoph Dustert, CONCEPT Niederlassung der Power Integrations GmbHHellweg Forum 1, 59469 Ense, GermanyAndreas Volke, CONCEPT Niederlassung der Power Integrations GmbH,Hellweg Forum 1, 59494 Ense, GermanyAbstract3-level topologies have been widely used in various applications for several years. Such applications are typically based on the classical neutral-point-clamped (NPC1) topology with four power switches (IGBT) per half-bridge and two additional clamping diodes. A variant of this topology is known as the NPC2 topology which uses two IGBTs per half-bridge and two IGBTs connected as a common collector configuration in the clamping path. This topology is also available with two reverse blocking (RB) IGBTs instead of IGBTs in a common collector configuration to reduce the amount of conducting components. The gate driver requirements – especially concerning protection functions like desaturation monitoring and active clamping – are different for NPC1/NPC2 and NPC2 with RB-IGBT topology. This paper discusses these differences and provides proven solutions that enable standard gate drivers to be adapted for use in NPC2 topology designs with RB-IGBTs.1 IntroductionConventional 2-level converter topologies (Fig. 1a) feature two switching states; the positive and negative rail of the DC-link voltage (DC+, DC-). To reduce total harmonic distortion in the output waveforms, further switching states are desired. The well-known 3-level NPC1 topology (Fig. 1b) provides such an additional switching state, the neutral state of 0V of junction N. Due to the lower voltage waveform distortions, filtering requirements can be reduced. This makes these topologies more and more attractive as the cost of filters has become a significant factor in the design of converter systems. A drawback of implementing 3-level topologies is the increased amount of switching devices (IGBTs and diodes), which add to the complexity and also partially to the cost of the entire system [1]. With the implementation of the NPC2 topology (Fig. 1c) the amount of power semiconductors can be further reduced, compared to the classical NPC1 setup.Fig. 1 Overview of 2-level and 3-level NPC1/NPC2 half-bridge topologiesInstead of two IGBTs and diodes, which are connected as a common collector topology in NPC2 setups, two reverse-blocking (RB) IGBTs can be used. RB-IGBTs possess an altered internal structure, which enables the IGBT to sustain forward and reversed biased voltages of equal levels. In comparison, in the reverse blocking state a standard IGBT sustains only a fraction of the forward blocking voltage. Therefore, RB-IGBTs mean that NPC2 topology designs can be implemented using two fewer diodes (Fig. 1d). This leads to several advantages including reduced conduction losses, better utilization of package area, simplified auxiliary terminal arrangement of the power module and others [2].2 Gate driver considerationsThe requirements for the IGBT gate driver differ for the topologies presented in Fig. 1. For instance, a 2-level topology typically requires features such as short-circuit and overvoltage protection. A widely-used implementation of the short-circuit protection is called V CEsat or desaturation monitoring, shown in the Fig. 6. Overvoltage protection is commonly achieved using active clamping of the IGBT’s collector-emitter voltage. Fig. 4a shows an example.If a 3-level NPC1 topology is used, the turn-off sequence of the IGBTs during a short-circuit event is important. In this case, it is mandatory that first the outer IGBT of a half-bridge is turned-off before the inner IGBT is switched off. If this sequence is not followed, the inner IGBT will be exposed to the full DC-link voltage and will be destroyed as the IGBTs in a 3-level NPC1 topology are “only” rated for half of the DC-link voltage [1]. Accordingly, the gate driver shall not automatically turn-off the IGBTs in the event of short-circuit, but report the fault condition to the control unit, which will ensure the proper turn-off sequence. Only if Advanced Active Clamping is implemented for the inner IGBTs can the turn-off sequence be ignored and the gate driver allowed to turn-off automatically [3].Common for all the NPC topologies shown in Fig. 1 is that during normal operation the voltage of the phase output U alternates between 1/2DC+ and 1/2DC- with respect to the neutral point N, i.e. it changes its polarity. This fact is of particular interest for the IGBTs between junctions N and U of the NPC2 topology forming the bidirectional switch. The resulting voltages for these IGBTs are shown in Fig. 2 if the outer switches (not illustrated here) are turned on and off respectively.Fig. 2 Idealized voltage distribution for a bidirectional switchThe collector-emitter voltage of the IGBT switches in Fig. 2a is always positive or (idealized) zero; depending of the actual phase output voltage at position U. Hence, for short-circuit and overvoltage protection, no special requirements need to be considered. However, this is different if RB-IGBTs are used as the bidirectional switch, and the alternating voltage at junction U demands modifications of classical short-circuit and overvoltage protection schemes. Otherwise, the gate driver stage and eventually the IGBT switch(es) will be damaged.As an example, Fig. 3 (left) shows measurements using the NPC2 power module 4MBI650VB-120R1-50 from Fuji Electric. The load in this instance is connected between U and DC-, while the top switch T1 is turned on and turned off. The waveform of channel 2 (…V CE RB-IGBT T3“) illustrates the alternating voltage between N-U during the turn-on and turn-off phases of IGBT T1.Fig. 3 Switching waveforms of an NPC2 topology with RB-IGBTs (V DC = 800V, I load = 650A)2.1 Overvoltage protectionTo protect IGBTs in general against transient overvoltages during turn-off events, an active clamping circuit is commonly used. (For low power applications alternatives like “two-level turn-off” or “soft-shutdown” may also be used [1]). Overvoltage is caused by the stray inductance within the commutation loop and the change of commutation current (di/dt). Active clamping limits the overvoltage reliably, as proven in numerous applications by driving the IGBT into the active region and reducing the di/dt.Fig. 4 Active clamping circuit for a) standard IGBTs and b), c) RB-IGBTsA standard active clamping setup is shown in Fig. 4a for IGBT T1. The TVS diodes (D2 (x)are selected according to the actual application conditions (e.g. DC-link voltage, V CES-class of the IGBT) and are connected from the collector to the gate via a low-voltage Schottky diode or PIN diode (D1). This diode is necessary to avoid a current flow from the gate into the IGBT collector, and requires only a blocking capability of, for example, 40V. However, if an NPC2topology with RB-IGBTs is selected, the typical active clamping circuit with unidirectional TVS diodes and a low-voltage diode cannot be used. This is because the voltage across the RB-IGBTs will change the polarity depending on the switching states (Fig. 4b). As long as the polarity of the collector of the respective IGBT is positive, the TVS diodes of the corresponding gate driver can block this voltage from the driver. However, as soon as the collector voltage reverses its polarity the TVS diodes start to conduct and the full collector potential will be applied to the anode of low-voltage diode D1. This voltage is approximately equal to half of the DC-link voltage, and would lead to the destruction of the IGBT driver and the associated IGBT.As a counter measure, there are two possible options. For the first solution one must use bidirectional instead of unidirectional TVS diodes as shown in Fig. 4c. The drawback, however, as visible in Fig. 3, is that the negative voltage “Max(C2)” may reach levels which are equal to the break-down voltage of the bidirectional TVS diodes. This will still result in a too high reverse voltage of the diode D1. Therefore, this approach is not recommended.The second and preferred solution is easily realized by replacing the low-voltage diode D1 with a high voltage diode. This high voltage diode must have a blocking capability of at least half the DC-link voltage. Note, that besides the blocking voltage, the creepage and clearance distances of the diode must also be considered. In some cases it may be necessary to use more than one diode.2.1.1 Advanced Active ClampingTo increase the efficiency of the active clamping circuit, CONCEPT implemented in several of its gate drivers the so-called Advanced Active Clamping (AAC) function. AAC uses an additional feedback path at the internal gate driver output stage. Depending on the actual clamping current/overvoltage condition, the internal output stage MOSFET will be switched off progressively [4].Fig. 5 Advanced Active clamping circuit for a) standard IGBTs and b) RB-IGBTsUsing the NPC2 topology with RB-IGBTs requires a modification of the usual AAC design. Fig. 5a shows the widely-used AAC circuit for standard IGBTs with D1 and D3 (low voltage diodes). As only one bi-directional TVS diode is used (Dx), a dangerously high voltage will establish itself at junction A when –DC/2 is applied at terminal U. This will lead to an overload of diodes D1 and D3 and the 20R resistor, and eventually of the entire gate driver stage. To prevent this high voltage occurring, it is recommended that all uni-directional TVS diodes are substituted with bi-directional devices. In addition, a further uni-directional TVS diode D4 needs to be placed in series with those diodes (Fig. 5b). The now asymmetrical break-down voltage of the TVS diode network ensures that the established voltage at junction A is within safe range when the negative voltage (-DC/2) is present at the phase output, while the operation in forward direction with positive voltage (DC/2) is working as usual (assuming thatthe TVS diodes are selected in accordance to the actual application conditions).2.2 Short-circuit protectionTo protect IGBTs of any topology during a short-circuit event, a reliable desaturation monitoring function is required. A widely-used implementation of desaturation monitoring with high-voltage diodes is shown in Fig. 6. This setup is typically used to detect a short-circuit. A more advanced solution is to replace the high voltage diodes with a resistor network (R vce in Fig. 7a), which allows the V CE voltage to be measured during the IGBT turn-on state. This avoids inadvertent tripping of the monitoring function [1]. Both implementations can be used for 2-level and 3-level NPC1/NPC2 topologies.However, if NPC2 topology with RB-IGBTs is preferred, the desaturation monitoring with high-voltage diodes method will not work anymore. For the same reasons that were explained for the overvoltage protection, this approach will work for as long as the corresponding collector voltage has positive potential (referenced to the emitter) and the high voltage diodes of the corresponding gate driver can block this voltage from the driver’s low voltage sense input. But once the polarity turns negative, the diodes start to conduct and an excessive current will flow through the diodes, which will damage the driver and/or associated IGBT.By implementing short-circuit protection using a resistor network, the resistors R vce scale down the collector voltage as well as limiting the current flowing from the collector to the gate driver sense input. The next section of this paper briefly describes the principle of this circuitry. [5].Fig. 6 Desaturation monitoring with high-voltage diodes2.2.1 Short-circuit protection with resistor networkThe following explanation references Fig. 7. During an IGBT off-state, the driver’s internal MOSFET connects the sense pin to COM (negative potential of the gate driver). The capacitor C ax is then pre-charged/discharged to the negative supply voltage. Without diode D1, a voltage V K will establish itself at junction K, which can be calculated according to Eq. 1. Eq. 1 V K=V CC,mmm∙R mm R mm+R VCCThe function of D1 is to clamp the voltage V K to the positive supply voltage V CC to protect the sense input of the gate driver against high voltages. The maximum current flowing into junction K can be calculated according to the following formula:Eq. 2 I vvv=V CC−V CC R VCCTo limit the losses in the resistor network and diode D1 it is recommended to adjust the current to 0.6…1mA at maximum DC-link voltage.The current flowing into junction F can be calculated according to Eq. 3. This current will flow during the on-state and charges C ax. The time required to charge C ax determines the response time of the short-circuit protection.Eq. 3 I mm=V CC R mmAt IGBT turn-on and in the on-state the above mentioned MOSFET turns-off. While V CE decreases, C ax is charged from the COM potential to the IGBT saturation voltage. The voltage of C ax is constantly compared with a reference voltage determined by R ref. In the event of a short-circuit, the voltage of capacitor C ax increases as the IGBT is driven out of the saturation. Once the voltage of C ax is higher than the reference voltage, the gate driver will interpret this as a fault condition. Fig. 7b illustrates this scenario.Fig. 7 Schematic of desaturation monitoring using resistor networkIf a negative voltage is present during the off-state, the voltage a junction K will also be negative. To prevent a current flow out of the sense pin of the gate driver it is necessary to add a further diode D2 to the circuitry (Fig. 8). Otherwise, substrate currents and unintended latch-up effects will occur within the gate drive circuitry note: it is also possible to implement active rectification inside the ASIC to address this point). Diode D2 clamps the junction K to the emitter potential, preventing/limiting any current flow out of the sense pin of the gate driver.Fig. 8 Modified desaturation monitoring using a resistor networkFig. 9 illustrates the successful short-circuit handling capability of Fuji Electric’s RB-IGBT NPC2 4MBI300VG-120R-50 power module used together with an off-the-shelf 2SC0106T core gate driver from CONCEPT (other core gate driver like 2SC0108T and 2SC0435T are also suitable) and the proposed short-circuit and active clamping modifications. The applied DC-link voltage is 800V using a standard setup without snubber capacitors.Fig. 9 Short-circuit test with the proposed gate driver modifications3 ConclusionAs demonstrated, for NPC2 topologies using RB-IGBTs it is necessary to make modifications to classical protection functions like desaturation monitoring and collector-emitter clamping of a gate driver. These modifications can be easily implemented using standard gate driver cores from CONCEPT. Without these modifications the gate driver and eventually the entire power stage will be damaged as the negative voltage at the phase output will overload the gate driver unit. The proposed solutions open the way for the new technology of RB-IGBTs in applications like solar power and UPS.4 Reference[1] Andreas Volke, Michael Hornkamp, “IGBT Modules – Technologies, Driver andApplication”, Infineon Technologies AG, 2nd Edition 2012[2] Manabu Takei et al., “Application Technologies of Reverse-Blocking IGBT”, Fuji ElectricJournal Vol. 75 No. 8 2002[3] Olivier Garcia et al., “Safe Driving of Multi-Level Converters Using Sophisticated GateDriver Technology”, PCIM Shanghai 2013[4] Heinz Rüedi et al., “Advantages of Advanced Active Clamping”, Power ElectronicsEurope 2009[5] Application Note AN-1101, “Application with SCALE™-2 Gate Driver Cores”, CONCEPT2013[6] Datasheet, “4MBI650VB-120R1-50”, Fuji Electric[7] Datasheet, “4MBI300VG-120R-50”, Fuji Electric[8] Datasheet, “2SC0106T2x0-12”, CONCEPT。

麦格纳电子MT系列大功率机柜式可扩展至多兆瓦的可编程直流电源型号订购指南说明书

MT 系列大功率机柜式程控直流电源 • 可扩展至多兆瓦概述麦格纳电子设备公司的MT系列产品使用与MagnaDC程控电源产品线中的其他产品具有相同的可靠电流馈电式功率处理工艺技术和控制方式，但具有更大的功率型号：分别为100kW、150 kW和250 kW规格。

基于高频IGBT的MT系列产品是市场上单体功率最大的标准程控直流电源产品之一，与小功率型号产品相比，最大限度地减少了开关元器件的数量。

使用UID47装置可实现兆瓦功率级的扩展，该装置可提供主从控制：一个主控电源产品控制其他从机电源产品，以实现真正的系统级操作控制。

所有MT系列产品均配备额定全功率的交流输入断路器，作为额外的安全防护措施。

250 kW型号标配嵌入式12脉冲谐波中和器，确保较低THD（总谐波失真）。

通过外部附加的500kW 24脉冲或1,000 kW 48脉冲谐波中和器可获得更优质的交流波形，此项功能由麦格纳电子设100 kW 和 150 kW 型号250 kW 型号备公司为其MT系列产品专门设计和制造。

1标准型号规定纹波。

对于具有高转换速率输出（+HS）的型号，纹波更高。

详情请参考选项页。

2通过多个250 kW MT系列型号的主从并联可实现大于250 kW的功率等级。

关于此类配置的更多详情，请联系您的麦格纳电子设备公司销售代表。

第 26 页麦格纳电子设备公司第 27 页数据表 (4.4.0)MagnaDC 程控直流电源规格通过 RoHS 认证是(170.2 x 182.9 x 80.0 cm)GPIB: IEEE-488额定型号 >1000 Vdc 或具有+ISO选项的型号±6000 Vdc, 对地最大输出电压主要特性• SCPI远程编程API （应用程序界面）• 程控设置保护限制• 高精度测量 • 主从式操作功能• 快速瞬态响应• 远地感应•远程接口软件• 37-pin外部模拟量I/O接口• NI LabVIEW™IVI驱动• RS232接口• 联锁功能迅速切断输入• 可选配以太网接口和GPIB接口•在美国设计和制造可用选项• 阻流二极管（+BD）• 高隔离输出（+ISO）• 高转换速率输出（+HS）• IEEE-488 GPIB通信（+GPIB）•LXI TCP/IP以太网通信（+LXI）注：参数如有更改，恕不另行通知。

数字时间开关产品说明书

67DDT067DDT969HDT0Digital Time Switches&®• Precise time programming for Daily/Weekly/Pulse switching • 25 ON/OFF programs• Weekend Exclusion (FRI SAT or SAT SUN) and Weekly OFF programming • LED Indication of Relay status• 12/24 h display formats • 6 Years Battery reserve• Simple Reset & Manual override • Settable DST & Keypad Lock FeatureOrdering InformationDescription110 - 240 VAC, Digital Time Switch - Crono, 1 C/O 24 VDC, Digital Time Switch - Crono, 1 C/O 12 VDC, Digital Time Switch - Crono, 1 C/O 110 - 240 VAC, Digital Time Switch - Pulse, 1 C/O 24 VDC, Digital Time Switch - Pulse, 1 C/O 12 VDC, Digital Time Switch - Pulse, 1 C/OCat. No.67DDT06GHDT069HDT0 67DDT9 6GHDT969HDT9Digital Time Switches&®Cat. No.Supply Voltage Supply Variation Frequency110 - 240 VAC -20 % to +10%50/60 Hz Parameters 67DDT9 ( )67DDT0 ( )®Number of Programs Number of Operating Modes Display 3 Lines Text LCD Power Consumption (Max.)Minimum Switching Time Pulse Duration6 VA5325 ON/OFF Programs16 Pulse Programs1 min 1 sN A 1 to 59 s (Programmable)Description of Modes• AUTO• ON AUTO• AUTO OFF• ON• OFFProgram Run Instant ON up to next Auto Event Instant OFF up to next Auto Event Continuous ON Continuous OFF --------• AUTO • ON• OFF Program RunContinuous ON Continuous OFFDSTClock AccuracyPower Reserve from Factory± 2 s/day max. over the Operating Temperature range 16A (For 'NO') & 5A (For 'NC') @ 240 VAC / 24 VDC (Resistive), Inductive (cos ø = 0.6):- 6 A @ 250 VAC 1 C/O43x1045x10ProgrammableStorage TemperatureOperating Temperature -10°C to + 60°C -10°C to + 55°C 6 Years Degree of Protection2r 4r o IP 0 fo Terminals, IP 0 fo Encl sureApplicationsIdeal for Lighting applications like street lighting,Advertising Displays, Glowsigns.Also can be used for Air conditioners / Coolers, Geysers, conveyors, pumps etc.Ideal for Siren, Bell applicationsUtilization CategoryAC - 15DC - 13Rated Voltage (Ue): 120/240 V, Rated Current (Ie): 3/1.5 ARated Voltage (Ue): 24/125/250 V, Rated Current (Ie): 2.0/0.22/0.11 A Humidity (Non Condensing)95% (Rh)Certification Relay Output Contact RatingElectrical Life Mechanical LifeOutputEnclosureFlame Retarda t UL 4-V0n 9Dimension (W x H x D) (in mm)36X 0 9X 65LED Indication Red LED elay ON R 110gWeight (unpacked) Approx. Mounting Base / DIN railRoHS CompliantEMI / EMCHarmonic Current Emissions IEC 61000-3-2ESDIEC 61000-4-2Radiated Susceptibility IEC 61000-4-3Electrical Fast Transients IEC 61000-4-4SurgesIEC 61000-4-5Conducted SusceptibilityIEC 61000-4-6Voltage Dips & Interruptions (AC)IEC 61000-4-11Conducted Emission CISPR 14-1Radiated Emission CISPR 14-1Environmental Cold Heat IEC 60068-2-1Dry Heat IEC 60068-2-2VibrationIEC 60068-2-6Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Non-Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27• Astronomical Time Switch in 35mm • Latitude/Longitude precise to the minute with time zone• Sunrise/Sunset or Twilight rise/set trigger modes• Ease of Programming & NavigationAstronomical Time Switch®Mini• DST, Offset, OFF Hours, Weekly OFF features • 12/24 Hour display format • 6 years Battery reserve• Easy Manual Override & Keypad Lock feature • Ideal for Outdoor & Street lighting applicationsOrdering InformationDescription110 - 240 VAC, Astronomical Time Switch - Astro Mini, 1 C/O110 - 240 VAC, Astronomical Time Switch - Astro Mini, 1 C/O (With Pre-defined City codes)Cat. No.T2DDT7 T2DDT8Cat. No.T2DDT7ParametersSupply Variation FrequencyPower Consumption 110 - 240 VAC50/60 Hz 6 VAProgramming Number of Operating Modes Description of Modes31 min• AUTO• ON AUTO• AUTO OFFAs per user defined program settings Instant ON up to next Auto Event Instant OFF up to next Auto Event ---Clock AccuracyPower Reserve from Factory± 2 s/day max. over the Operating Temperature range 16A (For 'NO') & 5A (For 'NC') @ 240 VAC / 24 VDC (Resistive), Inductive (cos ø = 0.6) :- 6 A @ 250 VAC 1 C/O43x1045x10Storage TemperatureOperating Temperature -10°C to + 60°C -10°C to + 55°C 6 Years Degree of Protection2r 4r o IP 0 fo Terminals, IP 0 fo Encl sureApplicationsUtilization CategoryAC - 15DC - 13Rated Voltage (Ue): 120/240 V, Rated Current (Ie): 3/1.5 ARated Voltage (Ue): 24/125/250 V, Rated Current (Ie): 2.0/0.22/0.11 A Humidity (Non Condensing)95% (Rh)Certification Relay Output Contact RatingElectrical Life Mechanical LifeOutputEnclosureF ame Re a t 4l t rdan UL9-V0Dimension (W x H x D) (in mm) 36 X 90 X 65 LED Indication R E el y N ed L D R a O10 g 1Weight (unpacked) Mounting Base / DIN railMinimum Switching Time Display3 Lines Text LCDTrigger Modes OffsetOFF Hours Weekly Off DSTBased on Latitude/Longitude precise to the minute with time-zone Sunrise/Sunset or Twilight Rise/Set 1 min to 10 hr 59 min (Programmable)Programmable User Defined User Defined i p t o s t m Street light ng ap lica i ns in cities, indu trial ownships, university ca puses t s s o p i Ligh ing automation in port complex, h tels,parks & other outdoor a plicat ons.Supply Voltage ( )-20 % to +10% (of )RoHS CompliantAstronomical Time Switch®MiniEMI / EMCHarmonic Current Emissions IEC 61000-3-2ESDIEC 61000-4-2Radiated Susceptibility IEC 61000-4-3Electrical Fast Transients IEC 61000-4-4SurgesIEC 61000-4-5Conducted SusceptibilityIEC 61000-4-6Voltage Dips & Interruptions (AC)IEC 61000-4-11Conducted Emission CISPR 14-1Radiated Emission CISPR 14-1Environmental Cold Heat IEC 60068-2-1Dry Heat IEC 60068-2-2VibrationIEC 60068-2-6Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Non-Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27• Dynamic and Accurate control based on Astronomical Mathematics• Sunrise / Sunset or Twilight rise / set trigger • Yearly programming with Season mode, DST, Offset, OFF hours, Weekly Off features • Protection against Under Voltage and Over Voltage • Alternate Mode with Auto Load Changeover feature• Three Independent channel outputs • Active Phase selection • Manual override facility• Single phase and Three phase versions • Modbus Communication• User friendly software for device configurationAstronomical Time Switch®Ordering InformationCat. No.DescriptionT2DDT0110 - 240 VAC, Single Phase Astronomical Time Switch - Astro, 2 NO T3DDT0110 - 240 VAC, Three Phase Astronomical Time Switch - Astro, 3 NO TGDDT6Windows based Application software for Astro GFDNN3M Memory CardGFDNN2S RS 232 Serial Interface Cable GFDNN1USB Interface CableCat. No.T2DDT0T3DDT0ParametersSupply Variation Frequency 110 - 240 VAC 110 - 240 VAC (3 Phase, 4 Wire)50/60 HzProgramming Trigger Modes OffsetOFF Hours Weekly Off Alternate Mode Seasonal Mode Number of Operating Modes Mode Description31 min (1s for Pulse)• AUTO• ON AUTO• AUTO OFFAs per user defined program settings Instant ON up to next Auto Event Instant OFF up to next Auto Event ---DSTUser Defined Under Voltage Trip Level Over Voltage Trip Level Trip TimeRecovery Time N A N AN A N A0 - 220 V (Settable)130 - 330 V (Settable)5 - 16 sec1 - 4 sec Clock AccuracyPower Reserve from Factory± 1 s/day max. over the Operating Temperature range 8A @ 240 VAC & 5A @ 30 VDC (Resistive)2 NO 3 NO51x1071x10Storage TemperatureOperating Temperature -10°C to + 60°C -10°C to + 50°C 6 yearsUtilization CategoryAC - 15DC - 13Rated Voltage (Ue): 120/240 V, Rated Current (Ie): 3/1.5 ARated Voltage (Ue): 24/125/250 V, Rated Current (Ie): 2.0/0.22/0.11 A Humidity (Non Condensing)95% (Rh)Relay Output Contact RatingElectrical Life Mechanical LifeOutputDegree of Protection2r 4r o IP 0 fo Terminals, IP 0 fo Encl sureCertification EnclosureF ame Retard t U 4-V0l an L9Dimension (W x H x D) (in mm)72X 0 9X 65 190gWeight (unpacked) Mounting Base / DIN railMinimum Switching Time DisplayBacklit LCDBased on Latitude/Longitude precise to the minute with time-zone Sunrise/Sunset or Twilight Rise/Set 1 min to 10 hr 59 min (Programmable)Programmable User Defined YesUser Defined Supply Voltage ( )-20 % to +10% (of )RoHS Compliant20g 8 EMI / EMCHarmonic Current Emissions IEC 61000-3-2ESDIEC 61000-4-2Radiated Susceptibility IEC 61000-4-3Electrical Fast Transients IEC 61000-4-4SurgesIEC 61000-4-5Conducted SusceptibilityIEC 61000-4-6Voltage Dips & Interruptions (AC)IEC 61000-4-11Conducted Emission CISPR 14-1Radiated Emission CISPR 14-1Environmental Cold Heat IEC 60068-2-1Dry Heat IEC 60068-2-2VibrationIEC 60068-2-6Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Non-Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Astronomical Time Switch®36.0Ø 4.265.017.090.068.045.0100.0 C /CMOUNTING DIMENSION (mm)TERMINAL TORQUE & CAPACITYCONNECTION DIAGRAM®®Crono , Pulse & Astro Mini65.017.068.545.072.0100.0 C /C90.5®AstroT2DDT0, T3DDT0T2DDT0, T3DDT0C1,M ,Y ,M :CO CT CO LSM C2,MR M B NTA OR I 67DDT0, 67DDT9, T2DDT7, T2DDT8T2DDT0, T3DDT0, T2DDT7, T2DDT8, 67DDT0, 67DDT9Ø 3.5...5.0 mmAWG Torque - 1.1 N.m (10 Lb.in)Terminal screw - M3.52Solid Wire - 2 X 0.2...2.5 mm 1 X 24 to 102 X RELAY / 8AOUTPUT 50 / 60 Hz110 -240 V AC Q1Q2MC1250mAESCZ1Z2OKZ3Z4DEL ALTL NLOAD MC2N PPHASEAstroL/+N/-L/+N/-67DDT0, 6GHDT0, 6GHDT9, 67DDT9,69HDT0, 69HDT9, T2DDT7, T2DDT8Q1Q3Q2MRMYMBR PhY PhB PhNYRB AstroESCZ1Z2OKZ3Z4DELALT 250mAR Ph Y PhB Ph N 50 / 60 Hz110 - 240 V AC [ 3Ph 4 Wire ]Ph - N 3 X RELAY / 8AOUTPUT Astronomical Time Switch®Lighting Automation with using GSM Technology®Ordering InformationDescription Surge SuppressorAstro GSM Module (GSM-ERT5), Remote SideCommunication Cable (TTL-TTL) between Astro & GSM Module Windows based application software for AstroCat. No.19D2000C 19D20B00 19A1000B TGDDT6• Most of the "ASTRO" parameters can be set remotely using SMS queries. I.e. Output mode, Offset Hrs etc, UV, OV settings.• Relay Output can be override remotely using SMS query.• Energy Meter Functionality. Parameter like Load current, Supply voltage, Power, Energy can be known remotely.• With the help of "Auto Error Code Update" following onsite error can be know remotely during output event. - Under Voltage - Over Voltage - Over Current - Output actuator short. - Load OpenCat. No.Parameters19D20B00 (ERT 5)Supply Variation FrequencySupply Voltage ( )Active Phase selection Operating Temperature GSM TypeGPRS Packet dataAT cCommand set Suitabiltiy Mounting EnclosureSMS Type Functionality SIM Holder AntennaAntenna Impedance Energy MeasurementEnergy Measurement Accuracy Current Sensing Range CT RatioLED Indications Pulse Out rate Auxiliary Output Note:1. ERT5 can measure maximum 5A & 1A current respectively.2. Maximum current measurement limit for ERT-5 is 200A.Ex: 1. For CT selection if current required to be measured is upto 200A then CT of 200:5 A ( CT ratio 40) needs to be used.Dimension (W x H x D) (in mm)Weight (unpacked)Certification50/60 Hz 240 VAC (3 Phase, 4 Wire)-30% to +25% (of )Yeso o -15C to + 60CDual band 900 / 1800 GSM Class 10 coding scheme N. A.Data Call through GSM, SMS Text, Cell BroadcastConnected with the product 50 YesClass 0.55ASettable up to 40Tx, Rx, Network, Power, Pulse Out 3200 pulses / kWh 12 V DC, 200 mA Base / DIN Rail72 X 90 X 67 190 gF ame Re a d t 40l t r an UL9-V RoHS CompliantEMI / EMCHarmonic Current Emissions IEC 61000-3-2ESDIEC 61000-4-2Radiated Susceptibility IEC 61000-4-3Electrical Fast Transients IEC 61000-4-4SurgesIEC 61000-4-5Conducted SusceptibilityIEC 61000-4-6Voltage Dips & Interruptions (AC)IEC 61000-4-11Conducted Emission CISPR 14-1Radiated Emission CISPR 14-1Environmental Cold Heat IEC 60068-2-1Dry Heat IEC 60068-2-2VibrationIEC 60068-2-6Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Non-Repetitive ShockIEC 60068-2-27Lighting Automation with using GSM Technology®TERMINAL TORQUE & CAPACITY Ø 3.5...5.0 mmAWG Torque - 1.1 N.m (10 Lb.in)Terminal screw - M3.52Solid Wire - 2 X 0.2...2.5 mm 1 X 24 to 1065Lighting Automation withusing GSM Technology®• Maximum 5 valid users can access the system remotely, using GSM functionality.• To avoid Remote module's SIM theft, "SIM PIN" facility can be enabled remotely using SMS query.• To avoid changes in system configuration by unauthorized user amongst valid users, important SMS queries are provided with "MODULE PIN" lock.• Device supports for 12 to 14 digit mobile number. i.e. (10 Digit Mobile number + 2/3/4 digit country code).CONNECTION DIAGRAMC. T.1. MR: - Coil of Contactor 12. MY: - Coil of Contactor 23. MB: - Coil of Contactor 34. MRC1: - NO of Contactor 15. MRC2: - NO of Contactor 26. MRC3: -NO of Contactor 367DDT067DDT969HDT0。

三电平升压MPPT控制的三相光伏系统

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 20082319Three-Phase Photovoltaic System With Three-Level Boosting MPPT ControlJung-Min Kwon, Student Member, IEEE, Bong-Hwan Kwon, Member, IEEE, and Kwang-Hee Nam, Member, IEEEAbstract—This paper proposes a three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system with three-level boosting maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. A simple MPPT control using a power hysteresis tracks the maximum power point (MPP), giving direct duty control for the three-level boost converter. The three-level boost converter reduces the reverse recovery losses of the diodes. Also, a weighted-error proportional and integral (PI) controller is suggested to control the dc link voltage faster. All algorithms and controllers were implemented on a single-chip microprocessor. Experimental results obtained on a 10-kW prototype show high performance, such as an MPPT efﬁciency (MPPT effectiveness) of 99.6%, a near-unity power factor, and a power conversion efﬁciency of 96.2%. Index Terms—Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV) system, three-level boost converter.I. INTRODUCTION NVIRONMENTAL concerns about global warming, fossil fuel exhaustion, and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions provide the stimulus to seek renewable energy sources. Speciﬁcally, solar energy has the advantages of no pollution, low maintenance cost, no installation area limitation, and no noise due to the absence of the moving parts. However, high initial capital cost and low energy conversion efﬁciency have deterred its popularity. Therefore, it is important to reduce the installation cost and to increase the energy conversion efﬁciency of photovaltaic (PV) arrays and the power conversion efﬁciency of PV systems. PV arrays are known to be nonlinear, and there exists one operating point where the PV array generates maximum power. In order to achieve maximum utilization efﬁciency of the PV array, the MPPT control technique, which extracts the maximum possible power from the PV array, is essential. Various MPPT control methods have been proposed, such as the lookup table method [1], [2], incremental conductance (IC) method [3]–[6], and perturb-and-observe (P&O) method [6]–[9]. The lookup table method requires prior examination of the PV array characteristics. However, PV array characteristics depend on many complex factors, such as temperature, aging, and the possible breakdown of individual cells. Therefore, it is difﬁcult to record and store all possible system conditions [1], [2]. In contrast, theManuscript received January 02, 2008; revised April 23, 2008. Current version published November 21, 2008. Recommended by Associate Editor R. Teodorescu. The authors are with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Kyungbuk, South Korea (e-mail: jmkwon@postech.ac.kr; bhkwon@postech.ac.kr; kwnam@postech.ac.kr). Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online at . Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/TPEL.2008.2001906EIC method and P&O method have an advantage of not requiring solar panel characteristics. The IC method uses the PV array’s . At the MPP, it utilizes an exincremental conductance . This method pression derived from the condition provides good performance under rapidly changing conditions [3]–[5]. The P&O method perturbs the operating voltage of the PV array in order to ﬁnd the direction change for maximizing power. If power increases, then the operating voltage is further perturbed in the same direction, whereas if it decreases, then the direction of operating voltage perturbation is reversed [6]–[9]. This paper suggests a simple MPPT method for the three-level boost converter. This MPPT control uses power hysteresis to track the MPP, giving direct duty control. As a conventional PV system, a single-stage inverter with transformer is widely utilized. Its circuit has advantages in that much more utility grid-tie voltage options can be selected by selecting different turns ratios of the isolation transformer. However, the transformer lowers the overall power efﬁciency and increases the cost and the size [10]. Recently, two-stage PV systems have been proposed without the bulky 50/60 Hz step-up transformer [11]–[15]. These transformerless PV systems have the advantages of small size and reduced cost. This paper proposes a three-phase PV system composed of a three-level boost converter and a three-phase inverter as shown in Fig. 1. The three-level boost converter reduces the switching losses and the reverse recovery losses. The interleaving technique is utilized for the three-level boost converter to reduce the input ﬁlter size by input current ripple cancellation. Also, EMI is lower since the PWM actions are happening between half output voltages. A weighted-error PI controller is suggested for fast dc link voltage control. All control functions are implemented fully in software with a single-chip microprocessor. Thus, the three-phase PV system is realized with minimal hardware and at low cost. Experimental results obtained on a 10-kW prototype show high performance, such as wide range of the PV voltage, high MPPT efﬁciency (99.6%), high power conversion efﬁciency (96.2%), a near-unity power factor, and low current THD (2.0%). II. SYSTEM CONTROL AND ANALYSIS The proposed PV system is composed of the three-level boost converter and the three-phase inverter. The three-level boost converter performs MPPT control and also gives step-up function of the PV voltage. The three-phase inverter regulates the dc link voltage and generates the ac power. Thus, the three-phase inverter performs a step-down function. The power converter with step up/down function allows a wide range of PV voltages. The three-level boost converter has several advantages in high voltage applications such as reduced switching losses and reduced reverse recovery losses of the diode [16]–[18]. The high0885-8993/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE2320IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2008Fig. 1. Proposed three-phase PV system.voltage rated IGBT used in the conventional boost converter has a larger on-drop voltage than the low voltage rated IGBT. However, the IGBT used in the three-level boost converter has half the rating of that used in the conventional boost converter. Assuming the same output capacitance for devices with different voltage ratings, the capacitive turn-on loss of the three-level boost converter is reduced eight times. The reverse recovery losses of the diode are also reduced, since the reverse voltage is half of the output dc link voltage, and the diodes with half voltage rating are faster. A. Maximum Power Point Tracking The P&O method has an advantage of not requiring solar panel characteristics as inputs and being easy to implement. This paper suggests a simple P&O method for the three-level boost converter. The MPPT process and its ﬂowchart are shown in denotes the duty direction Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The is 0 and for MPPT. The PV voltage is decreased when the is 1. Therefore, in Fig. 2, the s of increased when the are 0, and the s of paths and are paths , , and 1. The starting point is the open circuit voltage point. At startup , , , and are iniof the MPPT control, the tialized as follows:(1) The current PV power is calculated by the PV voltage and the PV current , which are averaged during the MPPT control period. After the startup of the MPPT conand trol, the operating point moves to MPP through the path . After the operating point reaches the MPP, the operating point varies between point and point . Point and point are determined by the comparative power for the MPPT has a hysteresis chardirection. The comparative power acteristic as follows: (2)Fig. 2. MPPT process.is the PV power updated at the previous cycle and where is the power hysteresis for perturbing the power variation. Finally, the duty ratio direction of the three-level boost converter . The duty ratio is increased is directly determined by the is 0 and decreased when the is 1. when theKWON et al.: THREE-PHASE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH THREE-LEVEL BOOSTING MPPT CONTROL2321Fig. 3. Flowchart of the MPPT control.B. Three-Level Boost Converter and DC Link Voltage Balancing Control When the duty ratio is less than 0.5, the waveforms of the three-level boost converter are shown in Fig. 4(a). Prior to , and are turned off. At , which is the beginswitches is turned on and the ning of a switching cycle, the switch , , and . The PV current current ﬂows through , increases as follows: (3) where (4) At , the switch is turned off and both switches are not , , , and conducting. The current ﬂows through , , and the PV current decreases as follows: (5) , the switch is turned on and the current ﬂows through , , , and . The PV current increases like as is turned off and both switches are not (3). At , the switch , , , and conducting. The current ﬂows through , . The PV current decreases, as in (5). When the duty ratio is grater than 0.5, the waveforms of the three-level boost converter are shown in Fig. 4(b). Prior to , the is turned off and the switch is turned on. At , the switch At , the switch , , , and lows: At0 5. (b)Fig. 4. Theoretical waveforms of the three-level boost converter. (a) 0 5.:D > :D switch is turned on and both switches are conducting. The increases like a conventional boost converter PV current(6) is turned off and the current ﬂows through . The PV current decreases as fol-(7) is turned on and both switches are conAt , the switch increases again, as in (6). At , ducting. The PV current is turned off and the current ﬂows through , the switch , , and . The PV current decreases as in (7). and are alternatively charged, Since the capacitors and are theoretically balanced. In retheir voltages ality, they are not since the parameters of the components are not exactly balanced. To ensure equal voltages of the two capacand , a voltage balancing controller is essential. itors Fig. 5 shows the controller of the three-level boost converter2322IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2008and are the -axis output voltage and current, and where and are the -axis output voltage and current. The grid and . For a unity power voltages of -axis are factor, it is desirable that the -axis current is zero. Then the -axis current is controlled with the zero reference current . The active power supplied to the grid is (12)Fig. 5. DC link voltage balancing controller.that ensures equal balancing of the dc link voltages and . The duty ratio of the boost switch is determined by is the MPPT control and the duty ratio of the boost switch determined by adding an additional duty for the dc link voltage . The additional duty for current balance balance is (8) is the integral control gain of the dc link voltage where balancing controller. is regulated The total dc link voltage is increased, the inby the inverter. As the dc link voltage verter increases the output power. On the other hand, as the dc is decreased, the inverter decreases the output link voltage power. C. Fast DC Link Voltage Control In Fig. 1, , , and are the grid voltages and , , are the output leg voltages. , , and are the output and frame currents. The voltage equations in the stationary areSince the active power is directly proportional to the -axis current , the -axis reference current is generated from the PI voltage controller for the dc link voltage regulation. The conventional PI voltage controller is (13) (14) and are the reference dc link voltage and the dc where link voltage, and are the proportional and integral control gains of the PI voltage controller, and is the error voltage beand . The regulated dc link voltage is an important tween factor for achieving high performance. However, the conventional PI voltage controller controls the dc link voltage slowly and the dc link voltage variation exists. To reduce the dc link voltage variation, a weighted-error PI voltage controller is suggested. The suggested controller is (15) (16) is the weighted-error between and , and is where the weighting scale factor. Compared to the error term of the conventional PI voltage controller in (14), the term is included. Fig. 6 shows the difference of the error term of the conventional PI controller (14) and the error term of the suggested weighted-error PI controller (16). The horizontal axis and , and the vertical axis represents the difference of . Due to the term of represents the weighted error in error term of the suggested controller, a large error and increases the weighted-error more than between the error voltage of the conventional PI controller . Therefore, if the voltage error is large, then the dc link voltage is controlled rapidly as the PI controller has a large gain. In contrast, if the voltage error is small, the suggested controller gives almost the same characteristic as the conventional PI controller. Since the stability problem based on the small-signal analysis is handled with almost zero voltage error, the stability of the proposed weighted-error-based PI controller is almost the same as the conventional PI controller. D. Current Controller for Unity Power Factor The voltage equations (9) are transformed from the stationary frame to the synchronous frame as follows:(9) where and are the maximum phase voltage and angular frequency of the grid, respectively. The voltage equations in the stationary frame are given by (10) The voltage equations in the synchronous by frame are given(11)(17)KWON et al.: THREE-PHASE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH THREE-LEVEL BOOSTING MPPT CONTROL2323Fig. 7. Decoupled control diagram for three-phase inverter.Fig. 6. Difference of (a) the error term of the suggested weighted-error PI controller ( = 10) and (b) the error term of the conventional PI controller.of switching is about 33% less at the same carrier frequency than the ones obtained by the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation method. An effective software implementation of the SVM for current control on the rotating frame [19] is adopted. III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The hardware circuit of the three-phase PV system in Fig. 1 is implemented. It is divided into two parts: the microprocessor-based control circuit and the power circuit. In the microprocessor-based control system, software ﬂexibility facilitates the development and updating of control algorithms and allows modern control theory to be adopted for higher performance. Moreover, a single-chip microprocessor can implement the controller at a lower cost and a smaller size than a general-purpose microprocessor with accompanying external circuits. The overall control diagram of the PV system, as shown in Fig. 8, is implemented fully in software using a single-chip microprocessor, Microchip dsPIC30F6015. Voltage and current signals are measured by using the 10-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter in the microprocessor. The implementation of the voltage and current controllers is performed every sample period of 100 s. Also, the MPPT controller is performed every 100-ms period. The selected PV array parameters for the experimental results are presented in Table I. The three-phase PV system was tested over the 380-V line-to-line output voltage, and the switching frequencies of the three-level boost converter and the inverter were 10 kHz. The major components and parameters of the hardware circuit used for experiments are presented in Table II. A photograph of the experimental setup of the three-phase PV system is shown in Fig. 9. The perturbing power variation for searching the MPP is de. If the power hysteresis pendent on the power hysteresis is too small, the MPPT control becomes very sensitive and can be easily disturbed by the measurement uncertainty even though averaged sensing data is used. For proper MPPT opershould be greater than the maxation, the power hysteresis imum measurement error. However, a large power hysteresis decreases the MPPT efﬁciency at a low insolation. To overcome relative to the PV this problem, a variable power hysteresis power (insolation) is used. Thus, the perturbing power variationTo make the input currents track the reference currents, the PI current controllers can be utilized. However, the PI current controllers do not work well as rapid tracking controllers for the coupled system in (17). To avoid this problem, the following decoupling control is effective:(18) With the addition of the overall current controller (18) to the inverter (17), which is originally a coupled dynamic system, the input-output relations of the inverter become ﬁrst-order decoupled linear dynamic systems with easy controllability as follows:(19) and of the current controllers genThe output signals erate transient additional voltages required to maintain the sinusoidal input currents(20) and are proportional control gains and and are integral control gains. Thus, the overall current controller in the synchronous reference frame relaxes the burden of the PI current controllers and improves the input current waveform. Fig. 7 shows the decoupled control diagram for the inverter system. The PWM pulses of the three-phase inverter are generated by the space-vector modulation (SVM) technique. The SVM technique is a popular PWM method for the three-phase inverter with isolated neutral load because of two excellent features: Its maximum output voltage is 15.5% greater and the number2324IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2008Fig. 9. Prototype of the proposed three-phase PV system.Fig. 8. Overall control diagram of the PV system.TABLE I PV ARRAY SPECIFICATIONSTABLE II PV SYSTEM PARAMETERS Fig. 10. Startup of the MPPT. (a) PV Power against PV voltage. (b) PV Power against time.is minimized and the MPPT efﬁciency is increased. The variis adopted as able power hysteresis(21) where and are a proportional factor and an offset is selected as a power, respectively. The offset powermaximum measurement error 0.2% of the PV power system. should be higher To track the MPP, the constant value of than the maximum peak-to-peak PV power variation at rated PV power. The selected value was 0.01, which is the percent peak-to-peak PV power variation plus an additional 50% margin at rated PV power. Fig. 10(a) and (b) show the startup behavior of the proposed MPPT control in a PV1 characteristic condition. Fig. 10(a) shows the PV power against PV voltage and (b) shows the PV power against time. The MPPT control is started at point a. After 15 s, the PCS input power reaches the maximum PV power at point b. The MPPT efﬁciency (MPPT effectiveness) is measured by Myway MWBFP APL2 simulator and MWBFP2-SIM simulation software. After the PCS input power reaches the MPP, the measured average PCS input power isKWON et al.: THREE-PHASE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH THREE-LEVEL BOOSTING MPPT CONTROL2325Fig. 12. DC link voltage of PV array power is changed suddenly. (a) DC link voltage when the weighted-error PI controller is not adopted. (b) DC link voltage when the weighted-error PI controller is adopted.Fig. 11. Maximum PV array power and PCS input power. (a) PV array power of 2 (point c) and 7 kW (point d). (b) Maximum PV array power is changed abruptly from 2 to 7 kW (point c point d). (c) Maximum PV array power is changed abruptly from 7 to 2 kW (point d point c).Fig. 13. Grid voltage and current waveforms.!!6.97 at 7 kW maximum PV power. The MPPT efﬁciency is obtained as 6.97 kW 7 kW(22)Fig. 11(a)–(c) show the MPPT performance during abruptly transient PV power. When the maximum PV power is changed point d) during 1 s, the generating from 2 to 7 kW (point c power is tracked to the new maximum PV power in about 3 s. When the maximum PV power is changed from 7 to 2 kW (point point c) during 1 s, the generating power is tracked to the d new maximum power instantaneously. Fig. 12(a) and (b) show the dc link voltage variation when the PV array power is changed abruptly. The dc link voltage variation is large when the conventional PI controller is adopted as shown in Fig. 12(a). However, the variation of the dc link voltageis reduced when the weighted-error PI controller is adopted as shown in Fig. 12(b). This result shows the good performance of the weighted-error PI controller for fast dc link voltage control. Fig. 13 shows the measured grid voltage and current waveforms at 10 kW. It explicitly shows that the grid current is sinusoidal and in phase with the grid voltage, which implies feeding only real power to the grid. The grid current produces a nearunity power factor of 99.5%, and its THD was measured at 2.0%. Additionally, each harmonic component was less than 1.1%. Thus, the THD and harmonic components were kept at low levels, and these also satisfy the following grid current regulation: THD less than 5% and each harmonic component less than 3%. Fig. 14(a) shows the measured efﬁciency of the proposed PV system and a two-level boosting PV system which is composed of the conventional two-level boost converter and the threephase inverter at full load. At the 300-V PV voltage where the reverse-recovery losses are signiﬁcant, the power efﬁciency of the proposed system is 94%, a 2% increase in power efﬁciency. At the 600-V PV voltage where the reverse-recovery losses are not2326IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2008Fig. 14. Measured efﬁciency of the proposed PV system and the two-level PV system. (a) Against PV voltage at full load. (b) Against load at 450-V PV voltage.severe, the power efﬁciency of the proposed system is 96.2%, a 0.2% increase in power efﬁciency. Fig. 14(b) shows the measured efﬁciency against the load at 450-V PV voltage, where the calculated European efﬁciency [20] is 94.1%. Compared with the conventional two-level boosting PV system, the power efﬁciency is increased 0.8%. IV. CONCLUSION A three-phase PV system with three-level boosting MPPT control is proposed. A simple MPPT control using a power hysteresis tracks the MPP, giving direct duty control for the three-level boost converter. The three-level boost converter reduces the reverse recovery losses of the diodes and increases the overall power efﬁciency. The weighted-error PI controller is suggested to control the dc link voltage faster. All algorithms and controllers are implemented on a single-chip microprocessor. Experimental results obtained on a 10-kW prototype show high performance of the proposed technique. REFERENCES[1] T. Hiyama, S. Kouzuma, and T. Imakubo, “Identiﬁcation of optimal operating point of PV modules using neural network for real time maximum power tracking control,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 360–367, Jun. 1995.[2] T. Hiyama and K. Kitabayashi, “Neural network based estimation of maximum power generation from PV module using environmental information,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 241–247, Sep. 1997. [3] J. H. Lee, H. S. Bae, and B. H. Cho, “Advanced incremental conductance MPPT algorithm with a variable step size,” in Proc. IEEE 12th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf., Aug. 2006, pp. 603–607. [4] J. M. Kwon, K. H. Nam, and B. H. Kwon, “Photovoltaic power conditioning system with line connection,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1048–1054, Aug. 2006. [5] W. Libo, Z. Zhengming, and L. Jianzheng, “A single-stage three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system with modiﬁed MPPT method and reactive power compensation,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 881–886, Dec. 2007. [6] T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, “Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, pp. 439–449, Jun. 2007. [7] L. Egiziano, N. Femia, D. Granozio, and M. Vitelli, “Photovoltaic inverters with perturb & observe MPPT technique and one-cycle control,” in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2006, pp. 3718–3721. [8] N. Khaehintung, T. Wiangtong, and P. Sirisuk, “FPGA implementation of MPPT using variable step-size P&O algorithm for PV applications,” in Proc. IEEE ISCIT, 2006, pp. 212–215. [9] J. Enslin, M. Wolf, D. Snyman, and W. Sweigers, “Integrated photovoltaic maximum power point tracking converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 769–773, Dec. 1997. [10] Y. Huang, J. Wang, F. Z. Peng, and D. Yoo, “Survey of the power conditioning system for PV power generation,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 2006, pp. 1–6. [11] R. Gonzalez, J. Lopez, P. Sanchis, and L. Marroyo, “Transformerless inverter for single-phase photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 693–697, Mar. 2007. [12] E. Roman, R. Alonso, P. Ibanez, S. Elorduizapatarietxe, and D. Goitia, “Intelligent PV module for grid-connected PV systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1066–1073, Aug. 2006. [13] P. G. Barbosa, H. A. C. Braga, M. C. B. Rodrigues, and E. C. Teixeira, “Boost current multilevel inverter and its application on single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1116–1124, Jul. 2006. [14] C. Liu and J. S. Lai, “Low frequency current ripple reduction technique with active control in a fuel cell power system with inverter load,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1429–1436, Jul. 2007. [15] I. S. Kim, M. B. Kim, and M. J. Youn, “New maximum power point tracker using sliding-mode observer for estimation of solar array current in the grid-connected photovoltaic system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1048–1054, Aug. 2006. [16] M. T. Zhang, Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, and M. M. Jovanovic, “Single-phase three-level boost power factor correction converter,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, Mar. 1995, pp. 434–439. [17] P. Barbosa, F. Canales, and F. Lee, “Analysis and evaluation of the two-switch three-level boost rectiﬁer,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 2001, pp. 1659–1664. [18] G. Yao, M. Ma, Y. Deng, W. Li, and X. He, “An improved ZVT PWM three level boost converter for power factor preregulator,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 2007, pp. 768–772. [19] J. H. Youm and B. H. Kwon, “An effective software implementation of the space-vector modulation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 866–868, Aug. 1999. [20] H. Haberlin and L. Borgna, “Total efﬁciency—A new quantity for better characterization of grid connected PV inverters,” presented at the 20th Euro. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Barcelona, Spain, 2005.Jung-Min Kwon (S’08) was born in Ulsan, Korea, in 1981. He received the B.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, in 2004. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electronic and electrical engineering from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea. His research interests include renewable energy, distributed generation, and switch-mode power supplies.KWON et al.: THREE-PHASE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH THREE-LEVEL BOOSTING MPPT CONTROL2327Bong-Hwan Kwon (M’91) was born in Pohang, Korea, in 1958. He received the B.S. degree from Kyungbuk National University, Taegu, Korea, in 1982, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Since 1987, he has been with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea, where he is currently a Professor. His research interests include renewable energy, high-frequency converters, and switch-mode power supplies.Kwang-Hee Nam (S’83–M’86) was born in Seoul, Korea, in 1956. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in chemical technology and control and instrumentation engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1980 and 1982, respectively, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics and electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, in 1986. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea. His research interests include motor design and control, personnel rapid transit, computer networks, and nonlinear systems analysis.。

变压器设计原理和失效分析-Delta

Vmax 400 Vmin 200 Krp 0.9 Vo 20 Io 4.5 Vd 0.4 f 65103
Bac 0.15 Dmax 0.33 0.9
Ku 0.2 Jc 400104 Ta 25 Tr 35
Step 1. Calculate primary average current Iin, peak current Ipk and RMS current Iprms
***導磁率高的材料,居里溫度較小. Temperature(0C)
5.鐵損比较Core Loss（200KHZ）
。
3F3在200KHZ，CORE LOSS大
Core Loss（300KHZ）
3F3在300KHZ，CORE LOSS小
鐵損: Pc=磁滯損耗Ph＋渦流損耗Pe +殘留損失Pr
1）磁滯損耗Ph: 在交變場中存在不可逆磁化而形成磁滯回線所引起的被材料吸收掉的功率,是每次磁化所消耗的能量. 2）渦流損耗Pe: 是由交變磁場的電磁感應引起的渦流是材料內部晶格交換產生的能量損耗,故而只能被材料吸收而發熱,使得總的磁導率變小. 3）殘留損失Pr: 是指在除磁滯損耗,渦流損耗以外的一切損失﹒是由磁化延迟及磁矩共振等造成.
f
50 Hz 100Hz 400 Hz 1KHz 40KHz 100KHz 400KHz 1MHz 4MHz 10MHz 40MHz 100 MHz 400MHz
1T =1000m T =10000Gs 1m T =10Gs
1MHz =1000KHz =1000000Hz 1KHz =1000Hz
8.電磁原理
三. 變壓器設計原理
開關變壓器
是将DC電壓﹐通过自激式震蕩或者IC它激式間歇震蕩形成高頻方波﹐通过變壓器耦合到次級,整流后达到各种所需DC電壓﹒

电力电子外文摘要综述翻译

综述1、Modeling, Control, and Implementation of DC–DC Converters for Variable Frequency Operation频率可变的DC-DC变换器的建模，和实现Abstract—In this paper, novel small-signal averaged models for dc–dc converters operating at variable switching frequency are derived. This is achieved by separately considering the on-time and the off-time of the switching period. The derivation is shown in detail for a synchronous buck converter and the model for a boost converter is also presented. The model for the buck converter is then used for the design of two digital feedback controllers, which exploit the additional insight in the converter dynamics. First, a digital multiloop PID controller is implemented, where the design is based on loop-shaping of the proposed frequency-domain transfer functions. And second, the design and the implementation of a digital LQG state-feedback controller, based on the proposed time-domain state-space model, is presented for the same converter topology. Experimental results are given for the digital multiloop PID controller integrated on an application-specified integrated circuit in a 0.13μmCMOS technology, as well as for the statefeedback controller implemented on an FPGA. Tight output voltage regulation and an excellent dynamic performance is achieved, as the dynamics of the converter under variable frequency operation are considered during the design of both implementations.本文中利用小信号的平均值通过变频开关实现DC-DC的变换，通过单独控制导通和关断时间，并建立了back拓扑模型和boost拓扑模型，该模型的buck转换器用于两个数字反馈控制器，实现变换器的动态控制。

通信英语单词词组(最新)

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情况, 环境, 局面obvious 明显的 , 明白的 , 显而易见的disadvantage 不利条件 , 不利方面 , 有害 , 缺点whenever 无论何时 , 随时 , 每当terminal 终端dump 倾倒 , 翻卸 , 转储underground .地下的via 经过 , 通过keyboard 键盘visual 视觉的 , 光学的originate 发生 , 开始assembly 组合 , 装配temporary 暂时的 , 临时的temporarily 临时地compatible 一致的 ( with ) , 兼容的appropriate 适当的synchronize 使同步derive 取得 , 得到 , 由……导出capacity 容量 , 能力concern 所关切的事 , 担心slot 狭槽 , 缝隙simultaneous 同时发生的 , 同时的attenuation 减少 , 衰减ideal 理想的ideally 理想地impairment 消弱 , 损伤compensate 补偿 , 酬报anyway= anyhow 不管怎样,无论如何redundant 过多的 , 多余的 , 冗余的inherent 内在的 , 固有的alleviate 减轻 , 缓和reverse 颠倒的 , 相反的successive 连续的whereas 而 , 却 , 反之 , ( 公文用语 ) 有鉴于arbitrary 任意的giant 巨大的collection 收集 , 集成address 地址backbone 支柱 , 骨干 , 主干modem 调制解调器dictate 命令 , 支配satisfy 使满意definite 明确的 , 确切的 , 肯定的requirement 需要 , 要求convenient 方便的 , 便利的hypertext 超文本interface 接口 , 界面trigger 发射 , 引起fiber 光纤 , 纤维hierarchy 体系 , 分层结构synchronous 同步的span 跨过 , 延伸equivalent 相同的 , 同等tra f ic 交通 , 通信量 , 交易ample 充足的 , 充分的 , 宽敞的evidence 证据 , 证词means 方法 , 手段 , 工具advantage 优势 , 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简化 , 精简optimum 最佳条件analogue 模拟identifer 标识符protocol 协议multi-media 多媒体describe 描述 , 形容mixture 混合 , 混合物consequent 作为结果的 , 随之发生的confusion 混乱 , 混乱状态opportunity 机会 , 良机literally 逐字地 , 字面地environment 环境 , 周围enormous 巨大的 , 庞大的facility 设备 , 工具majority 多数monitor 监视器mature 成熟的represent 描述 , 讲述compression 压缩 , 浓缩immense 广大的 , 巨大的photograph 照片professional 职业的 , 专业的definition 定义 , 清晰度algorithm 算法attempt 尝试 , 试图upgrade 升级 , 上升trunk 干线server 服务器instantly 立刻 , 即刻estimate 估计implement 实现 , 完成subscriber 用户 , 订户tra f ic 通讯 ( 量 ) , 业务 , 信息量 , 话务量architectural 建筑上的 , 结构上的node 节点link 链路half-duplex 半双工的full-duplex 全双工的hierarchy 分层 , 层次 , 等级制度topology 拓扑学 , 拓扑结构trunk 树干 , 干级 , 中继线synchronous 同步的augment 增大 , 扩大tandem 串联的, 级联的, 汇接的, 一前一后排列的adjacent 邻近的external 外部的attach 相连saturation 饱和decouple 分离 , 分隔compensate 补偿 , 酬报dynamic 动态的 , 变化的unique 惟一的 , 特性的uniquely 惟一地trunk 中继线topology 拓扑internode 接点间的integrate 使结合 , 使并入consequently 因而 , 所以architecture 结构 , 组织dictate 口述 , 命令 , 支配global 全球的 , 世界的issue 问题 , 争论点enormous 巨大的 , 庞大的gradual 逐渐的 , 逐步的 , 顺序变化的degradation 能量 ) 衰变 , 减低 , 畸变significant 重要的 , 值得注意的substantial 多的 , 大量的eliminate 排除 , 消灭flexibility 灵活性bandwidth 带宽inherent 内在的 , 固有的analogue 模拟 , 类似物equipment 设备 , 器材pulse 脉冲modulation 调制 , 调节initially 最初 , 开始access 接近 , 通路 , 存取available 可用的 , 可得到的facsimile 传真emphasis 强调 , 重点facility 设备 , 工具installation 安装 , 设置capability 能力 , 容量transition 过渡 , 转变convincing 有说服力的 , 令人信服的rapid 快速的 , 迅速的resolve 解决 , 解答 , 消除virtually 实际上 , 事实上specialization 专门化 , 专用性telex 电报 , 电传电报plain 简单的 , 平凡的ubiquitous 普遍存在的 , 无处不在的conversation 谈话 , 交谈domain 域 , 领域 , 范围packet 包 , 分组protocol 协议 , 议定书antenna 天线coaxial 共轴的community 共同体 , 社团private 私人的 , 个人的token 标记 , 记号 , 令牌applicable 可适用的 , 能用的problematic 有问题的 , 有疑问的 , 未决的、existence 存在phase 相位 , 阶段 , 时期 , 步骤resource 资源albeit 虽然 , 即使universal 普遍的 , 广泛的 , 通用的medium 媒介 , 传输介质integration 综合algorithm 算法adaptive 适应的 , 自适应的differential 有差别的 , 区别的 , 差动的 , 微分的adaptation 适应 , 适配scene 场景 , 场面unrealistic 不切实际的emerge 出现 , 显露conclude 结论 , 断定compression 压缩imply 意味着optimal 最佳的signal 信号telex 用户电报antenna 天线coaxial 同轴的jitter 抖动buffer 缓冲器keyboard 键盘host 主机command 命令laser 激光器dispersion 色散bandwidth 带宽manufacturer 制造商sensitivity 灵敏度pointer 指针customer 顾客amplifier 放大器attenuation 衰减client/Server 客户机/服务器container 容器directional 指向性distortion 失真度distributive 分布式filter 滤波器frequency 频率gateway 网关interference 接口layering 分层ethernet 以太网telnet 远程measurement 测试multicast 多点广播LAN 局域网MAN 城域网WAN 广域网cell 信元jam 拥塞real-time 实时brust 突发interchanger 交换机primary 主用secondary 备用relay 中继console 控制台glint 闪烁multi-media 多媒体gateway 网关gatekeeper 网守core 核心administration 管理diagnostics-center 诊断中心critical 严重的major 主要的minor 次要的fan tray 风扇转速temperature 温度DC voltage 直流电压值normal 正常的missing 丢失的none 无clear 干净的slot 槽card state 板卡状态disk 硬盘resource 资源line 线路port 端口active 有效的standby 备用的front 前面back 背面empty 空的mismatch 不匹配的operational 运作的fail 失败的usable 有用的unusable 失效的label 标签switch 交换node 节点physical-view 物理视窗detail 详情modify 修改delete 删除element 原理delay 延迟trace 追溯reroute 按新的路径传输absolute 完全的elapsed-time 消逝的时间grade 等级type 种类landing 降落correct 更正cancle 取消plan to 预计delay 延误request 请求destination 目的地finally 最后at first 起初receive 收到send 发出repeat 重复bigin 开始end 结束verify 核对miss 丢失all 全部address 地址route 路由command 命令amount 数量formal 正式的cease 停止storage 存储compatibility 兼容processor 处理器memory 内存plug 插头tolerant 容量status 状态hotspare 热备份framework 构架alarm 告警function 功能artery 干线queue 队列drop 删除操作undrop 去掉删除操作database 数据库cash 现金main 主菜单exchange 交换force 力量client 客户端engine 引擎program 程序ready 准备boot 启动shutdown 关机reboot 重启haltsys 关机update 更新list 列表examine 检查statistics 统计default 初始化mmenu 菜单restore 还原transmit 转发uplink 上行线路downlink 下行线路receive 接收antenna 天线modulation/demodulation 调制解调user equipment 用户设备attenuation 衰减frequency 频率signal 信号weak 衰弱carrier 载波interference 干扰mutual 相互的contact 联系candle 处理collect 收集noise 噪声increase 提高reduce 降低bandwidth 带宽microwave 微波radar 雷达limit 限制airport 机场data 数据business 业务protocol 协议weather 气象broadcast 广播database 数据库monitor 监视control 控制local 本地remote 异地configuration 配置reliability 可靠性synchronization 同步asynchronous 异步rate 速率dial 拨号grade 等级serve 服务router 路由器maintain 维护attenuator 衰减器cable 电缆chassis 机箱character 字符packet 包frame 帧bit 比特byte 字节server 服务器printer 打印机spectrometer 频谱仪fault 故障power 电源debug 调试reset 复位reload 重装restart 重启port 端口serial port 串口automatic 自动的manual 手动的version 版本utility 功能terminal 终端type 类型rate 速率enabled 使可能的present 现在custom 习惯sweep 扫除operational 操作decimal 十进制的calculate 计算search 搜索alternate 交替轮流range 范围，幅度value 值manintenance 维护log 记录，日志clear 清除gain 增益output 输出input 输入level 水平device 装置summary 总结current 电流folder 文件夹loopback 回路online 上线offline 下线echo 反射conference 会议slave 被叫方master 主叫方offset 补偿，抵消quality 质量，特性circle 循环，回路span 跨度peak 最高点nadir 最低点couple 个数display 显示amplitude 振幅catalog 目录zoom 急速上升step 步骤total 总的identification 标记space 间隔sequence 顺序except 除什么之外diversion 改路indicator 代码supplementary 追加的priority 等级，优先权location 位置inhibit 禁止group 组separation 分离head 头time 次数number 数字necessary 必要的signature 签字abbreviation 简字，缩写department 部门go ahead 请发报handling 处理manual 人工expect 预计serial 连续的garble 变字idle 空闲的stuck 阻塞tape 纸带excessive 非法的open 断流，开路incorrect 不正常的error 错误invalid 无效的due 由于corrupt 错误的unknown 不知道的origin 源include 包括unable 无能力的unwanted 不需要的incompletely 不完善地inordinate 无限制的divert 改路hold 保留，停发observe 观察solid 稳定的false 错误的continuously 连续地interruption 中断resume 恢复cooperation 协作out of service 中断工作rush reply 速回答wrong 错误的changeover 转换take place 发生alternate 备用further 进一步的attention 注意best regards 最好的敬意kindly 友好地ignore 忽视side 边avoid 避免mention 提到appreciate 感谢reason 原因reference 参阅as soon as possible 尽可能的快silent 安静的feed 反馈percent 百分比following 如下trouble 故障according 依据purpose 目的clarify 澄清previous 以前的duration 期间affect 影响deal with 处理release 释放unstable 不稳定的abnormal 不正常about 大约above 以上accolingly 按照acknowledfent 确认active 活动accurate 准确add 增加additional 附加adjust 领近in dvance 事前advise 通知another 另外的already 已经amount 数量application 申请arrange 安排arrival 到达assist 协助available 有可能的avoid 避免average 平均because 因为below 以下both 双方confirm 请证实confirmed 证实无误check 检查cancel 取消contuinue 继续condition 条件conside 思考deliver 交付duration 期间diver 绕转emergency 紧急情况ensure 保证establish 建立serial interface 串行接口data transmission 数据传输data stream 数据流the idle state 闲置状态originating call 发端呼叫underground cable 地下电缆circuit switching 电路交换packet switching 分组交换message switching 报文交换ciruit switching 电路交换message switching 报文交换destination address 目的地址error control 误差控制store-and-forward manner 存储转发方式ransimission delay 传输时延intermediate switching equipment 中间交换设备switching technique 交换技术return signal 返回信号message processor 报文处理机given maximum length 给定最大长度at random 随机性dedicated circuit vinformation superhigh way 信息高速公路statistical multiplexing 统计复用digital information 数字化的信息network node 网络节点dual identification 双重标识virtual circuit 虚电路virtual path 虚路径statistical multiplexing 统计复用optimum use of resources 资源的最佳使用virtual private networks 虚拟专用网The Public Telecommunications Network 公用电信网local loop 本地环路switching node 交换节点toll center 收费中心telephone subscriber 电话用户data traffic 数据流量intermediate switching node 中间交换节点full-duplex connection 全双工的连接global communications 全球通信narrowband services 宽带业务basic access 基本接入radio waves 无线电波end-to-end delay 端到端的时延peak hours 繁忙小时operations and maintenance 运行和维护telecommunication service 电信业务messages of characters 文字报two-way voice conversation 双向对话coaxial tree network 同轴树状网络resource pooling 资源共享sampling,quantizing and coding 抽样量化与编码speech channel 话路amplitude value 幅值sampling frequency 抽样频率sampling rate 抽样速率coding process 编码过程analog signal 模拟信号transmission quality 传输质量digital communication 数字通信digital transmission 数字传输transmission path 传输路由signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signal levels 信号电平noise power 噪声功率terrestrial system 地面系统Time Division Multiplexer 时分多路复用serial interface 串行接口data transmission 数据传输data stream 数据流the idle state 闲置状态mark level 传号电平space level 空号电位local clock 本地时钟underground cable 地下电缆communication satellite 通信卫星timing signals 定时信号time slot 时隙data terminals 数据终端network resource 网络资源information services 信息服务remote terminals 远程终端interconnected systems 互联的系统electronic mail 电子邮件searching tools 搜索工具user interface 用户界面textual messages 文本信息electronic conferences 电子会议live conversation 实时对话the UNIX operating system UNIX 操作系统light source 光源wave length 波长wideband subscriber 带宽用户video bandwidth 视频带宽long distance transmission 长途传输repeater spacing 中继距离wavelength multiplexing 波分复用information capacity 信息容量broadband services 带宽业务international standard 国际标准signal format 信号格式network node interface 网络节点接口tributary signals 支路信号network management 网络管理network maintenance 网络维护network operators 网络运营者transmission rate 传输速率tributary signals 支路信号maintenance capabilities 维护能力building blocks 组件individual tributary signals 各个支路信号transport system 传输系统communication means 通信手段called person 被叫人urgent communications 紧急通信electronic circuitry 电子电路wireless transmission 无线传输service area 服务区global coverage 全球覆盖gain of the antenna 无线增益space station 空间站user terminal 用户终端call accounting 电话自动计费系统call control 呼叫控制coax cable 同轴电缆CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址core function 核心功能call information system 呼叫信息系统communication module 通信模块configuration management 配置管理cyclic redundancy check 循环冗佘校验carrier to noise ratio 载波比control word 控制字electro magnetic interference 电磁干扰emergency power 应急电源emergency sooket 应急插座evacuation sigvial 疏散照明FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址GSM:Global System for Mobile communications 全球移动通信系统information technology 信息技术LAN:Local Area Network 局域网network layer 网络层physical interface 物理接口RF:Radio Frequency 射频satellite commumication 卫星通信service node interface 业务节点接口Trunk cabling interface 星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol 传输控制协议/网间协议Tele Communication System 通信系统Telecommunication System 通讯系统Ticket Dispemser 发卡机Time Division Dual 时分双工TDM:Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address 时分多址error rate 误码率circuit switch 电路交换message exchange 报文交换packet switch 分组交换virtual circuit 虚电路network topology 网络拓扑physical and vitual addressing modes 物理寻址flow control 流量控制route selection 路径选择logical block addressing 逻辑寻址error detection 错误检测DTE data terminal equipment 数据终端设备DCE data communications equipment 数据电路中断设备reference model 参考模型VP virtual path 虚通道VC virtual channel 虚通路NNI network network interface 网络节点接口UNI user network interface 用户网络接口static route 静态路由bum steady 常亮flight altitude 飞行高度fixed format 固定格式make preparation for dropping 备降route table 路由表forbidden character 禁用字符man-machine dialog 人机对话prefix number 冠字short circuit 短路check code 校验码insert record 插入记录bi-directional data 双向通信radio frequency 射频单元(RF)intermediate frequency 中频单元(IF)out door unit 室外单元 (ODU)very high frequency 甚高频 (VHF)TES Telephony Earth Stationoffice automation 办公自动化redundant backup 冗余备份communication protocol 通信协议data broadcasting 数据广播data interface 数据接口(channel Unit) CU card /board CU 板卡channel unit 信道单元remote station 远端站network control system 网络控制系统(NCS)频分多址(FDMA)按需分配(DAMA)预分配(PAMA)delay time 延迟时间bandwidth pool 带宽池modulation system 调制方式forward error correction 前向纠错(FEC) cold standby 冷备份warm standby 热备份outgoing control channel 外向控制信道(OCC) inbound control channel 入向控制信道configuration parameter 配置参数time division multiplexing 时分复用(TDM) carry out 执行 , 完成put into 投入……take into account 把……考虑在内appear on the scene 出场 , 出现by comparison 比较起来 , 相对之下due to 由于in a sense 从某种意义上说greater than 大于less than 小于between and 在两者之间roll out 转出power off 关机。

Eaton DC1-12015NB-A66N 可变频率驱动器说明书

Brake chopper 7-digital display assembly
FS3
with SmartWire-DT module DX-NET-SWD2
Speciﬁcation for general requirements: IEC/EN 61800-2 EMC requirements: IEC/EN 61800-3 Safety requirements: IEC/EN 61800-5-1
In
Heat dissipation per pole, current-dependent
Pvid
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Pvid
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This item will continue to be available for a limited time only and is being replaced by the following item: 185801, DC1-12015NB-A66CE1
max. 30 % MN adjustable to 100 %
Max. 100% of rated operational current Ie with external braking resistor
Ω
25
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10 V DC (max. 10 mA)

NVIDIA Maxwell 计算架构指南说明书

Application NoteTable of Contents Chapter 1. Maxwell Tuning Guide (1)1.1. NVIDIA Maxwell Compute Architecture (1)1.2. CUDA Best Practices (2)1.3. Application Compatibility (2)1.4. Maxwell Tuning (2)1.4.1. SMM (2)1.4.1.1. Occupancy (2)1.4.1.2. Instruction Scheduling (3)1.4.1.3. Instruction Latencies (3)1.4.1.4. Instruction Throughput (3)1.4.2. Memory Throughput (4)1.4.2.1. Unified L1/Texture Cache (4)1.4.3. Shared Memory (4)1.4.3.1. Shared Memory Capacity (4)1.4.3.2. Shared Memory Bandwidth (5)1.4.3.3. Fast Shared Memory Atomics (5)1.4.4. Dynamic Parallelism (6)Appendix A. Revision History (7)Chapter 1.Maxwell Tuning Guide1.1. NVIDIA Maxwell ComputeArchitectureMaxwell is NVIDIA's next-generation architecture for CUDA compute applications. Maxwell retains and extends the same CUDA programming model as in previous NVIDIA architectures such as Fermi and Kepler, and applications that follow the best practices for those architectures should typically see speedups on the Maxwell architecture without any code changes. This guide summarizes the ways that an application can be fine-tuned to gain additional speedups by leveraging Maxwell architectural features.1Maxwell introduces an all-new design for the Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) that dramatically improves energy efficiency. Although the Kepler SMX design was extremely efficient for its generation, through its development, NVIDIA's GPU architects saw an opportunity for another big leap forward in architectural efficiency; the Maxwell SM is the realization of that vision. Improvements to control logic partitioning, workload balancing, clock-gating granularity, compiler-based scheduling, number of instructions issued per clock cycle, and many other enhancements allow the Maxwell SM (also called SMM) to far exceed Kepler SMX efficiency. The first Maxwell-based GPU is codenamed GM107 and is designed for use in power-limited environments like notebooks and small form factor (SFF) PCs. GM107 is described in a whitepaper entitled NVIDIA GeForce GTX 750 Ti: Featuring First-Generation Maxwell GPU Technology, Designed for Extreme Performance per Watt.2The first GPU using the second-generation Maxwell architecture is codenamed GM204. Second-generation Maxwell GPUs retain the power efficiency of the earlier generation while delivering significantly higher performance. GM204 is described in a whitepaper entitled NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980: Featuring Maxwell, The Most Advanced GPU Ever Made.Compute programming features of GM204 are similar to those of GM107, except where explicitly noted in this guide. For details on the programming features discussed in this guide, please refer to the CUDA C++ Programming Guide.1Throughout this guide, Fermi refers to devices of compute capability 2.x, Kepler refers to devices of compute capability 3.x, and Maxwell refers to devices of compute capability 5.x.2The features of GM108 are similar to those of GM107.1.2. CUDA Best PracticesThe performance guidelines and best practices described in the CUDA C++ Programming Guide and the CUDA C++ Best Practices Guide apply to all CUDA-capable GPU architectures. Programmers must primarily focus on following those recommendations to achieve the best performance.The high-priority recommendations from those guides are as follows:‣Find ways to parallelize sequential code,‣Minimize data transfers between the host and the device,‣Adjust kernel launch configuration to maximize device utilization,‣Ensure global memory accesses are coalesced,‣Minimize redundant accesses to global memory whenever possible,‣Avoid long sequences of diverged execution by threads within the same warp.1.3. Application CompatibilityBefore addressing specific performance tuning issues covered in this guide, refer to the Maxwell Compatibility Guide for CUDA Applications to ensure that your application is compiled in a way that is compatible with Maxwell.1.4. Maxwell Tuning1.4.1. SMMThe Maxwell Streaming Multiprocessor, SMM, is similar in many respects to the Kepler architecture's SMX. The key enhancements of SMM over SMX are geared toward improving efficiency without requiring significant increases in available parallelism per SM from the application.1.4.1.1. OccupancyThe maximum number of concurrent warps per SMM remains the same as in SMX (i.e., 64), and factors influencing warp occupancy remain similar or improved over SMX:‣The register file size (64k 32-bit registers) is the same as that of SMX.‣The maximum registers per thread, 255, matches that of Kepler GK110. As with Kepler, experimentation should be used to determine the optimum balance of register spilling vs.occupancy, however.‣The maximum number of thread blocks per SM has been increased from 16 to 32. This should result in an automatic occupancy improvement for kernels with small threadblocks of 64 or fewer threads (shared memory and register file resource requirements permitting). Such kernels would have tended to under-utilize SMX, but less so SMM.‣Shared memory capacity is increased (see Shared Memory Capacity).As such, developers can expect similar or improved occupancy on SMM without changes to their application. At the same time, warp occupancy requirements (i.e., available parallelism) for maximum device utilization are similar to or less than those of SMX (see Instruction Latencies).1.4.1.2. Instruction SchedulingThe number of CUDA Cores per SM has been reduced to a power of two, however with Maxwell's improved execution efficiency, performance per SM is usually within 10% of Kepler performance, and the improved area efficiency of SMM means CUDA Cores per GPU will be substantially higher vs. comparable Fermi or Kepler chips. SMM retains the same numberof instruction issue slots per clock and reduces arithmetic latencies compared to the Kepler design.As with SMX, each SMM has four warp schedulers. Unlike SMX, however, all SMM core functional units are assigned to a particular scheduler, with no shared units. Along with the selection of a power-of-two number of CUDA Cores per SM, which simplifies schedulingand reduces stall cycles, this partitioning of SM computational resources in SMM is a major component of the streamlined efficiency of SMM.The power-of-two number of CUDA Cores per partition simplifies scheduling, as each of SMM's warp schedulers issue to a dedicated set of CUDA Cores equal to the warp width. Each warp scheduler still has the flexibility to dual-issue (such as issuing a math operation to a CUDA Core in the same cycle as a memory operation to a load/store unit), but single-issue is now sufficient to fully utilize all CUDA Cores.1.4.1.3. Instruction LatenciesAnother major improvement of SMM is that dependent math latencies have been significantly reduced; a consequence of this is a further reduction of stall cycles, as the available warp-level parallelism (i.e., occupancy) on SMM should be equal to or greater than that of SMX (see Occupancy), while at the same time each math operation takes less time to complete, improving utilization and throughput.1.4.1.4. Instruction ThroughputThe most significant changes to peak instruction throughputs in SMM are as follows:‣The change in number of CUDA Cores per SM brings with it a corresponding change in peak single-precision floating point operations per clock per SM. However, sincethe number of SMs is typically increased, the result is an increase in aggregate peakthroughput; furthermore, the scheduling and latency improvements also discussed above make this peak easier to approach.‣The throughput of many integer operations including multiply, logical operations and shift is improved. In addition, there are now specialized integer instructions that can accelerate pointer arithmetic. These instructions are most efficient when data structures are a power of two in size.Note: As was already the recommended best practice, signed arithmetic should be preferredover unsigned arithmetic wherever possible for best throughput on SMM. The C languagestandard places more restrictions on overflow behavior for unsigned math, limiting compiler optimization opportunities.1.4.2. Memory Throughput1.4.2.1. Unified L1/Texture CacheMaxwell combines the functionality of the L1 and texture caches into a single unit.As with Kepler, global loads in Maxwell are cached in L2 only, unless using the LDG read-only data cache mechanism introduced in Kepler.In a manner similar to Kepler GK110B, GM204 retains this behavior by default but also allows applications to opt-in to caching of global loads in its unified L1/Texture cache. The opt-in mechanism is the same as with GK110B: pass the -Xptxas -dlcm=ca flag to nvcc at compile time.Local loads also are cached in L2 only, which could increase the cost of register spilling if L1 local load hit rates were high with Kepler. The balance of occupancy versus spilling should therefore be reevaluated to ensure best performance. Especially given the improvements to arithmetic latencies, code built for Maxwell may benefit from somewhat lower occupancy (due to increased registers per thread) in exchange for lower spilling.The unified L1/texture cache acts as a coalescing buffer for memory accesses, gathering up the data requested by the threads of a warp prior to delivery of that data to the warp. This function previously was served by the separate L1 cache in Fermi and Kepler.Two new device attributes were added in CUDA Toolkit 6.0: globalL1CacheSupported and localL1CacheSupported. Developers who wish to have separately-tuned paths for various architecture generations can use these fields to simplify the path selection process.Note: Enabling caching of globals in GM204 can affect occupancy. If per-thread-block SMresource usage would result in zero occupancy with caching enabled, the CUDA driver willoverride the caching selection to allow the kernel launch to succeed. This situation is reported by the profiler.1.4.3. Shared Memory1.4.3.1. Shared Memory CapacityWith Fermi and Kepler, shared memory and the L1 cache shared the same on-chip storage. Maxwell, by contrast, provides dedicated space to the shared memory of each SMM, since the functionality of the L1 and texture caches have been merged in SMM. This increases theshared memory space available per SMM as compared to SMX: GM107 provides 64 KB shared memory per SMM, and GM204 further increases this to 96 KB shared memory per SMM.This presents several benefits to application developers:‣Algorithms with significant shared memory capacity requirements (e.g., radix sort) see an automatic 33% to 100% boost in capacity per SM on top of the aggregate boost from higher SM count.‣Applications no longer need to select a preference of the L1/shared split for optimal performance. For purposes of backward compatibility with Fermi and Kepler, applications may optionally continue to specify such a preference, but the preference will be ignored on Maxwell, with the full 64 KB per SMM always going to shared memory.Note: While the per-SM shared memory capacity is increased in SMM, the per-thread-blocklimit remains 48 KB. For maximum flexibility on possible future GPUs, NVIDIA recommendsthat applications use at most 32 KB of shared memory in any one thread block, which would for example allow at least two such thread blocks to fit per SMM.1.4.3.2. Shared Memory BandwidthKepler SMX introduced an optional 8-byte shared memory banking mode, which had the potential to increase shared memory bandwidth per SM over Fermi for shared memory accesses of 8 or 16 bytes. However, applications could only benefit from this when storing these larger elements in shared memory (i.e., integers and fp32 values saw no benefit), and only when the developer explicitly opted into the 8-byte bank mode via the API.To simplify this, Maxwell returns to the Fermi style of shared memory banking, where banks are always four bytes wide. Aggregate shared memory bandwidth across the chip remains comparable to that of corresponding Kepler chips, given increased SM count. In this way,all applications using shared memory can now benefit from the higher bandwidth, even when storing only four-byte items into shared memory and without specifying any particular preference via the API.1.4.3.3. Fast Shared Memory AtomicsKepler introduced a dramatically higher throughput for atomic operations to global memory as compared to Fermi. However, atomic operations to shared memory remained essentially unchanged: both architectures implemented shared memory atomics using a lock/update/ unlock pattern that could be expensive in the case of high contention for updates to particular locations in shared memory.Maxwell improves upon this by implementing native shared memory atomic operations for 32-bit integers and native shared memory 32-bit and 64-bit compare-and-swap (CAS), which can be used to implement other atomic functions with reduced overhead compared to the Fermi and Kepler methods.Note: Refer to the CUDA C++ Programming Guide for an example implementation of an fp64atomicAdd() using atomicCAS().1.4.4. Dynamic ParallelismGK110 introduced a new architectural feature called Dynamic Parallelism, which allows the GPU to create additional work for itself. A programming model enhancement leveraging this feature was introduced in CUDA 5.0 to enable kernels running on GK110 to launch additional kernels onto the same GPU.SMM brings Dynamic Parallelism into the mainstream by supporting it across the product line, even in lower-power chips such as GM107. This will benefit developers, as it means that applications will no longer need special-case algorithm implementations for high-end GPUs that differ from those usable in more power-constrained environments.Appendix A.Revision HistoryVersion 1.0‣Initial Public ReleaseVersion 1.1‣Updated for second-generation Maxwell (compute capability 5.2).Version 1.2‣Updated references to the CUDA C++ Programming Guide and CUDA C++ Best Practices Guide.NoticeThis document is provided for information purposes only and shall not be regarded as a warranty of a certain functionality, condition, or quality of a product. NVIDIA Corporation (“NVIDIA”) makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document and assumes no responsibility for any errors contained herein. NVIDIA shall have no liability for the consequences or use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. This document is not a commitment to develop, release, or deliver any Material (defined below), code, or functionality.NVIDIA reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and any other changes to this document, at any time without notice. Customer should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.NVIDIA products are sold subject to the NVIDIA standard terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, unless otherwise agreed in an individual sales agreement signed by authorized representatives of NVIDIA and customer (“Terms of Sale”). NVIDIA hereby expressly objects to applying any customer general terms and conditions with regards to the purchase of the NVIDIA product referenced in this document. No contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document.OpenCLOpenCL is a trademark of Apple Inc. used under license to the Khronos Group Inc.TrademarksNVIDIA and the NVIDIA logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Other company and product names may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.Copyright© -2022 NVIDIA Corporation & affiliates. All rights reserved.NVIDIA Corporation | 2788 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051。

ABB单相字串逆变器UNO-DM-PLUS 1.2至3.0KW系列说明书

—SO L A R I N V ERTER SABB string invertersUNO-DM-1.2/2.0/3.0-TL-PLUS1.2 to 3.0 kWThe new UNO-DM-PLUS single-phase inverter family, with powerratings from 1.2 to 3.0 kW, is theoptimal solution for residentialinstallations.—UNO-DM-1.2/2.0/3.0 TL-PLUS outdoor string inverter One size fits allThe new design wraps ABB’s quality and engineeringinto a lightweight and compact package thanks totechnological choices optimized for installations witha uniform orientation.All power ratings share the same overall volume,allowing higher performance in a minimum space.Easy to install, fast to commissionThe presence of plug and play connectors, both on theDC and AC side, as well as the wirelesscommunication, enable a simple, fast and safeinstallation without the need of opening the frontcover of the inverter.The featured easy commissioning routine removesthe need for a long configuration process, resulting inlower installation time and costs.Improved user experience thanks to a build in UserInterface (UI), which enables access to features suchas advanced inverter configuration settings, dynamicfeed-in control and load manager, from any WLANenabled devices (smartphone, tablet or PC).Smart capabilitiesThe embedded logging capabilities and directtransferring of the data to Internet (via Ethernet orWLAN) allow customers to enjoy the whole AuroraVision® remote monitoring experience.The advanced communication interfaces (WLAN,Ethernet, RS485) combined with an efficient Modbus(RTU/TCP) communication protocol, Sunspeccompliant, allow the inverter to be easily integratedwithin any smart environment and with third partymonitoring and control systems.A complete set of control functions with theembedded efficient algorithm, enabling dynamiccontrol of the feed-in (i.e. zero injection), make theinverter suitable for worldwide applications incompliance with regulatory norms and needs of theutilities.The future-proof and flexible design enablesintegration with current and future devices for smartbuilding automation.Highlights• Wireless access to the embedded Web UserInterface• Easy commissioning capability• Future-proof with embedded connectivity for smartbuilding and smart grid integration• Dynamic feed-in control (for instance “zeroinjection”)• Remote Over The Air (OTA) firmware upgrade forinverter and components• Modbus TCP/RTU Sunspec compliant• Remote monitoring via Aurora Vision®cloud—ABB string invertersUNO-DM-1.2/2.0/3.0-TL -PLUS1.2 to 3.0 kW—Technical data and types—Technical data and types1) “Refer to the document “String inverter – Product Manual appendix” available at /solarinverters to know the brand and the model of the quick fitconnector”2) The AC voltage range may vary depending on specific country grid standard3) The Frequency range may vary depending on specific country grid standard;CE is valid for 50Hz only 4) As per IEEE 802.11 b/g/n standard5) Further grid standard will be added, please refer to ABB Solar page for further details Remark. Features not specifically listed in the present data sheet are not included in the productABB UNO-DM-1.2/2.0/3.0-TL-PLUS string inverter block diagramB C D .00679_E N R E V . A 08.06.2018—We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction,disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in whole or in parts – isforbidden without prior written consent of ABB AG. Copyright© 2017 ABB All rights reserved—For more information please contact your local ABB representative or visit:/solarinverters 。

SINUMERIK 840D sl简介

SINUMERIK 840D slThe CNC system for demanding solutionsBrochure · September 2008 SINUMERIKSINUMERIK 840D slThe CNC system for demanding solutionsThe SINUMERIK 840D sl offers you modularity, openness, flexibility and a uniform structure for operation, programming and visualization and an optimum integration into net-works. It provides a system platform with trend-setting functions for almost all technologies. Integrated into the compact, modularSINAMICS S120 drive system with ahigh power density and complementedby the SIMATIC S7-300 automationsystem, SINUMERIK 840D sl is a power-ful complete system that is best suitedfor the mid to upper performancerange.SINUMERIK and SINAMICS S120 are sup-plemented by a wide range of motors.Whether synchronous or asynchronous,all motor types are optimally supportedby SINAMICS S120.System overview of SINUMERIK 840D slOP 08T OP 015ABlocksize BooksizeChassis1FK7 1FN31FT72SP11FW6 1PH71FE1OP 010CMCP OP 012HT 8SINUMERIK 840D sl 2BenefitsSINUMERIK 840D sl, the powerful CNC system for demanding solutions is •Efficient in terms of programming, installation, commissioning anddesign•Innovative in terms of NC functions, communication, operation and open-ness•Compatible in terms of program-ming, operating philosophy, machine interfaces and motors Area of applicationThe SINUMERIK 840D sl can be usedworldwide for turning, drilling, milling,grinding, laser machining, nibbling,punching, in tool and mold making,for high-speed cutting applications, forwood and glass processing, for handlingoperations, in transfer lines, and rotaryindexing machines as well as for massproduction and shopfloor.The SINUMERIK 840DE sl is availableas an export version for use in countrieswhere approval is required.DesignSINUMERIK 840D sl combines CNC,HMI, PLC, closed-loop control and com-munication tasks on one SINUMERIK NCunit (NCU). For increased performancein the operating area (HMI), you can usethe SINUMERIK PCU 50.3 industrial PC.You can operate up to 4 distributed OPson one NCU/PCU at a distance of up to100 m. You can also set up the powerfulNCU multiprocessor module remotelyfrom the SINAMICS S120 at a distanceof up to 100 m.Topology of the SINUMERIK 840D slSINUMERIK 840D sl3SINUMERIK 840D slThe CNC system for demanding solutionsOpen and flexible user interfaceand CNCOne important feature of the SINUMERIK 840D sl is the distributed and simplified system design – fully integrated into the design and commu-nications structure of our SINAMICSS120 drive system.The hardware and software can be scaled separately from one another. The drive-internal communication DRIVE-CLiQ allows in combination with hubs a significant reduction in the costs for machine wiring, e.g. the festoon cable system. You also benefit from an extremely flexible operating concept with Thin Client units. The consistently modular CNC concept allows you to im-plement innovative and custom-tailored machines.Thanks to the openness in the HMI and NCK, you can add your special expertise and specifically design machines and user interfaces, and perfectly adapt them to the individual needs of your customers. Images, software or individ-ual technological expertise can be easily incorporated into the CNC.Both the embedded and the Windows systems can be programmed in the same way. SINUMERIK 840D sl's standard communication solution is Ethernet-based. Thanks to Ethernet onboard, there is no need for additional CPs. The powerful PLC/PLC communica-tion via CBA provides flexible network-ing options, and operator stations can be dynamically connected.According to your wishes: in any case,a rugged CNC solutionWith SINUMERIK 840D sl, embeddedand Windows systems can be identicallyprogrammed and tool input screens canbe flexibly adapted. Thanks to distribut-ed components for operation, drive andperipherals, the rugged CNC systemplatform offers considerable freedom inthe positioning of components in themachine. The components can bepositioned up to 100 meters from eachother.Dynamic and preciseSINUMERIK 840D sl ensures moredynamics with the SINAMICS S120 drivesystem on basis of the highly dynamicDSC (dynamic servo control) closed-loop position control and through theuse of innovative linear motors.Adaptive current controllers also ensuremaximum utilization of servo motors.Machine resonances are suppressedby software filters and the controlledDC-link voltage of the Active LineModule prevents voltage dips.With SINUMERIK 840D sl, precisesurfaces can be achieved – regardless ofwhether the workpieces are simple orcomplex. Our well-founded expertiseand SINUMERIK's tried and tested use inpractice also make it the perfect solu-tion for tool and mold making.Our technological highlights stand forprecision and fast machining processes:•Optimized path control•Excellent synchronous operationthanks to low torque ripple•High-resolution actual position valuein the single digit nanometer range•Measurement and compensation ofgeometric errors, even for rotary axes•Spatial compensation by means ofVolumetric Compensation System"VCS plus"Operating and programmingmade easyThe operation components of theSINUMERIK platform allow integratedoperation and innovative solutions,such as easy, rugged and ergonomicoperation with the HT 2 handheld con-trol unit or the high-quality handheldHT8 control unit, including teach-in.Flexible operating solutions such asparallel tool loading or multi-user oper-ation can be easily implemented usingthe available components. The integrat-ed, modern user interfaces provide auniform look and feel for operating.The flexible and easy capabilities forprogramming workpieces, such as prac-tical set-up functions, the user-friendlytool management function, the 3Dsimulation or the graphical tool displayensure even more efficiency of themachine tool.You can also quickly and efficientlyprogram in DIN-ISO or with ShopMill/ShopTurn, which allows a clearly laidout display of the machining steps in theform of an operation chart.Programming of contourSINUMERIK 840D sl 4With certainty,more than just more safetyWith functions such as "safe brake control" or "safe standstill", the SINUMERIK CNC system platform and the SINAMICS drive ensure a high degree of safety for personnel and machines. Other relevant safety func-tions are the secure communication via PROFIBUS between several F-CPUs or NCUs, the establishing of safe bound-aries in work spaces and protected spac-es by up to 30 safe software cams, and the connecting or logic combination of safety-related sensors and actuators. Your data is permanently protected as well by means of encrypting OEM cycles, for example. The high degree of security by means of an integrated fire-wall in the NCU and PCU and the separa-tion of system and plant networks ensure high safety standards in produc-tion.IT Security provides a high degree of security by means of an integrated firewall in the NCU and PCU, long-term stability thanks to tailored Linux and the separation of system and plant net-works. Know-how is well protected by the encryption of OEM cycles. SINUMERIK Safety Integrated Naturally good – ecology-mindedsolutions for your machine toolWith SINUMERIK and the SINAMICSS120 drive system, Siemens offers anenergy-efficient solution with a highdegree of efficiency, targeted energymanagement and power regeneration.Other environmental protectionhighlights■Flow reduction for asynchronousmotors■Automatic reactive power com-pensation■Reusable packaging matched toyour production logistics■Easy, problem-free disposalInnovations and future-proofstandardsWe make your switch to the SINUMERIK840D sl very easy. Whether for the userinterface, CNC or PLC: You can adopt theapplication software of the powerlinefamily. Because the PLC user programs,part programs, the user interface, oper-ator components, peripherals, motors,tools, and CNC functionality remainidentical.SINUMERIK 840D sl relies on triedand tested standards – such as PC tech-nology, Windows and Linux, SIMATICSTEP 7, Ethernet, PROFINET/PROFIBUSand USB technology. This makes yoursystems highly future-proof.One CNC system, many options –SINUMERIK follows this concept in itsdesign, programming and operation.The use of Thin Client Units (TCUsinstead of PCUs), Ethernet onboardinstead of additional CPs and new, dis-tributed drive concepts with individualaxes and high performance provideflexible solutions for the widest varietyof requirements. The uniform look andfeel in terms of operation and the highdegree of safety for personnel andmachines are common standards.SINUMERIK 840D sl5SINUMERIK 840D slConvincing performance dataAn overview of the most important functions of the SINUMERIK 840D sl, excerpt from the overview of functionsOptimum, digital all-in-one solution with SINAMICS S120 Up to•10 mode groups•10 channels•31 axes/spindlesChannel structure:•Simultaneous, asynchronous processing of part programsAxis functions•Acceleration with jerk limitation•Follow-up mode•Separate path feed for corners and chamfers•Travel to fixed stop•Trailing axes (TRAIL)Spindle functions•Various thread cutting functions•Automatic gear stage selection•Oriented spindle stop•Axis synchronization on-the-flyInterpolations•Linear interpolating axes•Circle via center point and end point, or via interpolation point •Helical interpolation•Universal interpolator NURBS (non-uniform rational basis splines)•Continuous-path mode with programmable rounding clearance •Spline, polynom and evolent interpolationTransformations•Cartesian point-to-point (PTP) travel•Concatenated transformations•Generic transformationMeasuring functions/measuring cyclesMeasurement level 1:•Two measuring inputs (switching) with/without deletion of distance-to-goMeasurement level 2:•Logging of measurement results•Measurement functions from synchronized actions•Cyclic measuringTechnologies•Punch and nibble functions•Oscillation functions•More than one feed in block (e.g. for calipers)•Handwheel override•Electronic transfer•Machining package milling Motion-synchronous actions•High-speed CNC inputs/outputs•Synchronized action and high-speed auxiliary function output incl. 3 synchronous functions•Positioning axes and spindles via synchronized actions •Clearnace control•Continuous dressing (parallel dressing, online modification of the tool offset)•Asynchronous subprograms•Overlapping functions of different operating modesOpen Architecture•User interface expansion•SINUMERIK HMI programming package (OEM contract required)•OA package NCK (OEM contract required)ProgrammingCNC programming language:•User-friendly programming language(DIN 66025 and high-level language expansion) such as- configurable user variables- macrotechnology•Program jumps and branches•Program coordination with WAIT, START, INIT•Control structures IF-ELSE-ENDIF, WHILE, FOR, REPEAT, LOOP •STRING functions•Programming in parallel with machining•Zero offsets•Look Ahead•Program/workpiece managementProgramming support:•User-friendly program editor•Programming support for geometry inputs and cycles•Process-oriented cycles for drilling/milling and turning •Programming and operating support for turning and milling machines with ShopTurn/ShopMillSimulation•Up to 10 channels can be sequentially simulated•Quickview for mold making programs (HMI Advanced)•Drawing, simulation for turning and millingModes•AUTOMATIC, JOG, TEACH IN and MDA are supported by Repos (repositioning)SINUMERIK 840D sl 6ToolsTool types:•Turning•Drilling/milling•Grinding•Groove sawing•Tool radius compensation•Tool change via tool number•Tool management•TDI tool management functionsCommunication/data management•Data storage/data backupfloppy disk, memory stick, CompactFlash Card, hard disk, Ethernet •DNC machine CNC program transferOperation•Clearly laid out operation•Control unit management•User oriented, hierarchical access protection•Screen texts in several languages•Plain text display of operating statesOperator components•Operator panel fronts with a display diagonal of 7.5" to 15" (optionally with Touch)•Membrane keyboard or mechanical keys•Machine control panels•Full CNC keyboards•Standard PC keyboard•Handheld units•HandwheelsMonitoring functions•Working area limitation•Limit switch monitoring•Position monitoring•2D/3D protection zones•Spindle speed limitation•Safety routines (continuously active for overtemperature, battery, voltage, memory, fan monitor)•Integrated tool monitoring and diagnostics via Solution Partner Compensation•Pre-control (velocity-dependent)•Temperature compensation•Quadrant error compensation•Sag compensation•Spatial compensation (VCS plus)•Vibration extinction VIBX PLC•Integrated SIMATIC S7-compatible CPU 317-2DP/319-3PN/DP•STEP7 programming language•Distributed I/O via PROFIBUS DPSafety functions•SINUMERIK Safety Integratedfor the personnel and machine protectionDrive•SINAMICS S120 booksize format•SINAMICS S120 chassis format•SINAMICS S120 blocksize formatMotorsSynchronous motors(adapted to high-precision, dynamic applications):•1FT7, 1FK7 motors•1FE1 buitl-in motors, 1FW6 built-in torque motors•2PN1 motor spindles•1FN3 linear motorsAsynchronours motors:•1PH4 motors with solid shaft/water cooling•1PH7 motors with solid shaft/forced ventilation•1PM4 motors with hollow shaft/oil cooling/water cooling•1PM6 motors with hollow shaft/forced ventilationCommissioning•Startup software•Startup trace•SinuCom Update Agent/Installer(for series production and software update)Diagnostic functions•Alarms and messages•Action log can be activated for diagnostic purposes•PLC status•Remote diagnosticsService and maintenance•ePS Network Services•TPM Total Productive MaintenanceSINUMERIK 840D sl7The information provided in this brochure contains descriptions or characteristics of performance which in case of actual use do not always apply as described or which may change as a result of further development of the products.An obligation to provide the respective characteristics shall only exist if expressly agreed in the terms of contract.Availability and technical specifications are subject to change without prior notice.All product designations may be trademarks or product names of Siemens AG or supplier companies whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owners.Further informationAll information about the SINUMERIK CNC equipment:/sinumerikMore detailed technical documentation at our Service & Support portal:/automation/supportUse the A&D Mall to place orders electronically via the Internet: /automation/mallSiemens AG Industry Sector Drive Technologies Motion Control P.O. Box 318091050 ERLANGEN GERMANYSubject to change without prior notice Order No.: 6ZB5411-0BR02-0AB1Dispo 09400KB 0908 5.0 VOG 8 En/ 822346Printed in Germany © Siemens AG 2008/sinumerik。

赛米控丹佛斯电子 IGD_2_424_P1N6_DH_FA 数据表

Absolute maximun ratings T AMBIENT = T AIR COOLING = 40°C unless otherwise specifiedSymbol ConditionsUnit I OUT MAXMaximum continuous output current A RMS V OUT MAX Maximum output voltage V AC V BUS MAX Maximum DC Bus voltage in operation VDCF OUT Inverter Output frequency Hz F SW Maximum switching frequencykHzElectrical characteristics T AMBIENT = T AIR COOLING = 40°C unless otherwise specifiedSymbol Conditions min typ max UnitI OUT RATED Rated output current 350A RMS V OUT Output voltage400V AC P OUT Rated output power240kW F SW Inverter switching frequency 3kHz F OUTOutput frequency 50Hz SEMIKUBE - Size T13-phase inverterV BUSRated DC voltage750V DC P LOSS INV3 530W η>98%Ordering No.08800446Filtering characteristics Description IGD-2-424-P1N6-DH-FA V BUSRated DC voltage applied to the caps bank without switching 1 100V DC Option 0C 0N 0P K - 1EX - 1F2Featuresτd 5%Discharge time of the capacitors (5%)380s C DC Capacitor bank capacity 2,142,52mF Designed in regards to EN50178 recommandations LTE Calculated LTE of the caps with forced air cooling > 100kH RoHS compliantStack Insulation Fast mounting and dismounting Very high life-time expectancyIntegrated voltage, current and temperature sensors Air cooled power stacksTypical ApplicationsIndustrial applications Solar InvertersFootnotes1) the user shall ensure that the ambiant air shall be ventilated in order not to create temperature hot spots.REMARKS3 200V BUS =750V DC , No overload,Tj<150°C, Power factor PF = 1, Cabinet airflow in operation at400m3/hFan airflow through heatsink at 900m3/h500V DC CAPACITORMax DC voltage applied to the caps bank (max 30% of LTE) without switchingInverter efficiency 1 100V DC IGBT Module stackTotal power losses B6CIThis technical information specifies semiconductor devices but promises no characteristics. No warranty or guarantee,expressed or implied is made regarding delivery, performance or suitability.VFrame / Power stage AC/DC (insulation test voltage DC, 60s)V ISOLValues350900AC phase Efficiency50011DC BusEnvironmental conditions Characteristics Conditions mintypmaxUnitAmbient temperature 1)Humidity Installation altitude without derating 1 000m IEC 60529IP00-EN 501782-Thermal data V SUPPLY Heatsink fan AC voltage supply230V AC P FANat 50Hz Rated power at VSUPPLY300WSEMIKUBE - Size T13-phase inverterGate Driver Characteristcs T AMBIENT =25°C unless otherwise specifiedSymbol Conditionsmin typ max UnitOrdering No.08800446Gate Driver / controler dataDescription IGD-2-424-P1N6-DH-FA V S supply voltage 21,62426,4V DC Option 0C 0N 0P K - 1EX - 1F2I SO Supply primary current No load360mA Max. Supply primary current1 500mA FeaturesViT+input threshold voltage HIGH 0.7 x V SV DC ViT-input threshold voltage LOW 0.3 x V SV DC Designed in regards to EN50178 recommandations R INInput resistance 17k Ω RoHS compliantC IN Input capacitance 1nF Fast mounting and dismounting Measurement & protectionVery high life-time expectancyScaling10mV.V -1Integrated voltage, current and temperature sensors Accuracy of analogue signal @ T a =25°C-2+2% Air cooled power stacksTemperature coefficient0,03%.K -1max. load current 5mA Typical ApplicationsMax. voltage range15V DC Max measurable DC Link Voltage 1 200V DC Industrial applications Scaling12mV.A -1Solar InvertersAccuracy of analogue signal -4+4%Temperature coefficient0,07%.K -1Max. output current 5mA Max. voltage range15V DC FootnotesI TRIPSC Over current trip level900A PEAK Scaling100mV.°C -11) the user shall ensure that the ambiant air shall be Minimum measurable temperature25°C ventilated in order not to create temperature hot spots.Max. output current5mA Max. voltage range15V DC T tp Over temperature protection 95100105°C REMARKST th Threshold level for reset after failure event70°CIGBT Module stackB6CIProtection index Pollution degree Weight totalDC link voltagesensingU DC analogue OUTCurrent sensing I analogue OUT per phaseTemperaturesensingT analogue OUT This technical information specifies semiconductor devices but promises no characteristics. No warranty or guarantee,expressed or implied is made regarding delivery, performance or suitability.ClimaticMechanical IEC 60721-3-3, class 3K3 extended In operation-2555°C IEC 60721-3-3, class 3K3no condensation no icing585%kg38.53-phase inverter including heatsink fanSuitable female connector Manufacturer:HARTING Part number:***********Terminal fan power supply connectionPIN Signal Specification 1,3,5V S IN Supply voltage2,4,6GND7[Reserved][dominant/recessive]8GND (Signal Status)Ground for Signal Status OUT9Signal Status BIDIRECTIONAL 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW [dominant] = "Not ready to operate" HIGH [recessive] = "Ready to operate"10[Reserved][dominant/recessive]11Temperature Analogue OUT Nominal voltage range: 0 (10V)12GND (Temperature Analogue)Ground for Temperature Analogue OUT 13U DC Analogue OUT Nominal voltage range: 0 (10V)14GND (U DC Analogue)Ground for U DC Analogue OUT15TOP phase U Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"16BOT Phase U Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"17[Reserved][dominant/recessive]18GND (TOP phase U, BOT phase U)Ground for TOP & BOT phase U IN 19I phase U Analogue OUT Nominal voltage range: 0 (10V)20GND (I Analogue phase U)Ground for I phase U Analogue OUT21TOP phase V Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"22BOT Phase V Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"23[Reserved][dominant/recessive]24GND (TOP phase V, BOT phase V)Ground for TOP & BOT phase V IN 25I phase V Analogue OUT Nominal voltage range: 0 (10V)26GND (I Analogue phase V)Ground for I phase V Analogue OUT27TOP phase W Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"28BOT phase W Switching Signal IN 24VDC digital logic input, push pull LOW = "Switch off"HIGH = "Switch on"29[Reserved][dominant/recessive]30GND (TOP phase W, BOT phase W)Ground for TOP & BOT phase W IN 31I phase W Analogue OUT Nominal voltage range: 0 (10V)32GND (I Analogue phase W)Ground for I phase W Analogue OUT 33,34[Reserved]This technical information specifies semiconductor devices but promises no characteristics. No warranty or guaranteeMaximum Output current vs. DC bus voltage0501001502002503003504002468101214[A R M S ][kHz]30°C40°C 50°Cf sw I O U TCooling air temperature0200400253035404550556065[A R M S ]This curve does not consider the SEMIKUBE ambient temperatureFsw = 3kHz Fsw = 5kHz Fsw = 7kHzSwitching frequencyI O U TTair cooling [C]0200400300400500600700800900[V DC ]40°C 50°C 60°CV BUSI O U T [A R M S ]Cooling air temperature00,0020,0040,0060,0080,010,0120,0140,0160,0181101001000Zth heatsink to ambientTimeheatsinkPoly. (heatsink)[K W -1][s]Switching frequency at 3 kHz。

MMF-300-10（A）十道监控模块地址可编码设备说明书

DF-52347:A • 05/15/2009 — Page 1 of 2MMF-300-10(A)Ten-Input Monitor ModuleAddressable DevicesDF-52347:A • E-900GeneralThe MMF-300-10 ten-input monitor module is an interface between a control panel and normally open contact devices in intelligent alarm systems such as pull stations, security contacts, or flow switches.The first address on the MMF-300-10 is set from 01 to 150and the remaining modules are automatically assigned to the next nine higher addresses. Provisions are included for dis-abling a maximum of two unused addresses.The supervised state (normal, open, or short) of the moni-tored device is sent back to the panel. A common SLC input is used for all modules, and the initiating device loops share a common supervisory supply and ground — otherwise each monitor operates independently from the others.Each MMF-300-10 module has panel-controlled green L ED indicators. The panel can cause the LEDs to blink, latch on,or latch off.NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, the term MMF-300-10 is used in this data sheet to refer to both the MMF-300-10 and the MMF-300-10A (ULC-listed version).Features•Listed to UL Standard 864, 9th edition.•T en addressable Class B or five addressable Class A initi-ating device circuits.•Removable 12 AWG (3.25 mm²) to 18 AWG (0.9 mm²)plug-in terminal blocks.•Status indicators for each point.•Unused addresses may be disabled.•Rotary address switches.•Class A or Class B operation. •Flexible mounting options.•Mounting hardware included.SpecificationsStandby current: 3.5 mA (SL C current draw with all addresses used; if some addresses are disabled, the standby current decreases).Alarm current: 55 mA (assumes all ten LEDs solid ON).Temperature range: 32°F to 120°F (0°C to 49°C) for UL applications; –10°C to +55°C for EN54 applications.Humidity: 10% to 85% noncondensing for UL applications;10% to 93% noncondensing for EN54 applications.Dimensions: 6.8" (172.72 mm) high x 5.8" (147.32 mm)wide x 1.25" (31.75 mm) deep.Shipping weight: 0.76 lb. (0.345 kg) including packaging.Mounting options:–CHS-6 chassis: Up to 6 modules.–BB-6F cabinet: Up to 6 modules.–BB-2F cabinet: One or two modules.Wire gauge: 12 AWG (3.25 mm²) to 18 AWG (0.9 mm²).Power-l m ted c rcu ts must employ type FPL , FPL R, or FPLP cable as required by Article 760 of the NEC.MMF-300-10 is shipped in Class B position ; remove shunt for Class A operation.Maxi mum SLC wi ri ng resi stance: 40 or 50 ohms, panel dependent.Maximum IDC wiring resistance: 1500 ohms.Maximum IDC voltage: 10.2 VDC.Maximum IDC current: 240 µA.6923x p 10.j p gPage 2 of 2 — DF-52347:A • 05/15/2009This document is not intended to be used for installation purposes. We try to keep our product information up-to-date and accurate. We cannot cover all specific applications or anticipate all requirements.All specifications are subject to change without notice.For more information, contact Fire•Lite Alarms. Phone: (800) 627-3473, FAX: (877) 699-4105.Fi reLi te® Alarms® and System Sensor® are registered trademarks of Honeywell International Inc. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation.©2009 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized useof this document is strictly prohibited.Agency Listings and ApprovalsThe listings and approvals below apply to the MMF-300-10(A)T en-Input Monitor Module. In some cases, certain mod-ules or applications may not be listed by certain approval agencies, or listing may be in process. Consult factory for lat-est listing status.•UL Listed: S2424 •ULC Listed: S2424•CSFM approved: 7300-0075:205 •FM approved•MEA approved: 55-02-EProduct Line InformationMMF-300-10: Ten-input monitor module.MMF-300-10A: Same as above with ULC Listing.BB-2F: Optional cabinet for one or two modules. Dimen-sions, DOOR: 9.234" (23.454 cm) wide (9.484" [24.089 cm]including hinges), x 12.218" (31.0337 cm) high, x 0.672"(1.7068 cm) deep; BACKBOX: 9.0" (22.860 cm) wide (9.25"[23.495 cm] including hinges), x 12.0" (30.480 cm) high x 2.75" (6.985 cm); CHASSIS (installed): 7.150" (18.161 cm)wide overall x 7.312" (18.5725 cm) high interior overall x 2.156" (5.4762 cm) deep overall.BB-6F: Optional cabinet for up to six modules mounted on CHS-6 chassis (below). Dimensions, DOOR: 24.0" (60.96cm) wide x 12.632" (32.0852 cm) high, x 1.25" (3.175 cm)deep, hinged at bottom; BACKBOX: 24.0" (60.96 cm) wide x 12.550" (31.877 cm) high x 5.218" (13.2537 cm) deep.CHS-6: Chassis, mounts up to six modules in BB-6F.。

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Maximum DC-Link V oltage Utilization for OptimalOperation of IPMSMTimo Schoenen,Andreas Krings,Daniel van Treek and Rik W.De DonckerInstitute of Power Electronics and Electrical DrivesRWTH Aachen UniversityJaegerstr.17-19,52066Aachen,GermanyPhone:+49(241)8096925Fax:+49(241)8092203Email:sn@isea.rwth-aachen.deAbstract—In hybrid and electrical vehicles the electric compo-nents have to be optimized to their limits.The voltage which is delivered by a high-voltage battery should be used fully by the machine.This paper describes the inﬂuence of the dc-link voltage on the efﬁciency and the operating limits of the electric system. For the optimal usage of the dc-link voltage,the converter control has to be extended to the six-step mode.This paper starts with a short introduction describing the electrical components of the developed hybrid vehicle.Afterwards the restrictions due to the voltage limit of the high voltage battery are analyzed.Aﬁeld oriented control(FOC)is chosen to achieve a high performance control system.However,theﬁeld oriented control is not capable to fully utilize the available dc-link voltage.As will be shown it is possible to improve the control strategy of the electrical machine.Especially in applications with limited dc-link voltage and high power density,the new control strategy leads to a better utilization and a higher efﬁciency of the electrical system.Index Terms—IPMSM,FOC,SIX-STEPI.I NTRODUCTIONThe developement of electrical and hybrid cars is pushed by the rising fuel costs and the necessity of low emission vehicles. To replace or assist the combustion engine,the electrical system requires a high torque and power density.That means that the overall weight and volume for the battery and the electrical drive train have to be reduced as much as possible. In a project,the power converter and the control for a hybrid car,using an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM),is developed.To maximize the torque density and the power density the theoretical limits where investigated. These limits are caused by the machine design and the dc-link voltage.Also,the limits of theﬁeld oriented control(FOC) where analyzed.It will be shown,that it is not possible to reach the theoretical machine limit with a dynamic adjusted FOC[HLK93].This paper starts with a description of the IPMSM model in dq-components.Based on this model the theoretical limits of the machine are explained.In contrast to these limits, the constraints of the FOC are described.To keep up the advantages of a dynamic FOC while at the same time utilizing the operating area fully,a modiﬁcation of the control strategy, based on the operating point is required.II.T HE S YSTEMWhile optimizing the components individually it was found out,that the best voltage for the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine and the battery are different.The op-timal voltage of the battery is lower than the best machine voltage.The two options to deal with this problem are toﬁnd an agreement between the two voltage levels or,as chosen in this project,by inserting an dc/dc converter to couple the two different voltage levels[Gar02].Figure1shows the selected topology.The appropriate usage of the provided voltage turned out to be a signiﬁcant task during the optimization process. One limiting element is the control strategy of the power converter.For this research project different control strategies were analyzed and compared.To guarantee stability at low speeds and even at stand still,theﬁeld oriented control was selected and investigated in more detail.The study shows,that the machine can be operated more efﬁcient in some operating areas.A second control strategy for six-step mode is used.The proposed solution is to combine these two different controlstrategies.Fig.1.electrical systemIII.O PERATING A REAThe operating area is determined by the machine parameters and the voltage and current,which can be delivered by the power converter.The equations describing the machine arethe following:U d=R s·I d+dψdd t−ωel·ψq(1)U q=R s·I q+dψqd t+ωel·ψd(2)ψd=L d·I d+ψPM(3)ψq=L q·I q(4)M=32p[ψPM·I qsync+(L d−L q)I d I qreluctance](5)The parameters of these equations are deﬁned as follows:d and q stator voltages U d and U qd and q stator currents I d and I qd stator resistance R sd and q axis inductance L d(I d,I q)and L q(I d,I q)permanent magnetﬂuxψPMelectrical angular velocityωelnumber of pole pairs pDue to saturation the parameters L d and L q are dependent on the operating point.One possibility to consider this,is to express the inductance as a function of the currents.This can be done by lookup tables L d(I d,I q)and L q(I d,I q). Starting with the maximum torque per ampere(MTPA) strategy,the control is limited to the point where the required voltage U req is higher than the voltage which can be delivered by the power converter.Neglecting the stator resistance R s this voltage is in steady state operation:U req=U2d+U2q(6)=ωel·(L d·I d+ψd)2+(L q·I q)2(7)Although in the simulation all losses were taken into account,it is useful to focus on the essentials.The voltage, which can be delivered by the power converter is based on the control ing the sinusoidal PWM modulation,themaximum phase voltage magnitude U req is only12U dc.Themost common way to run the power converter is the space vector modulation(SVM)or third harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM)[Bla96].With this modulation,the voltage U reqcan be raised up to1√3U dc.In six-step mode,the voltage U reqcan be as high as2πU dc.Beside the higher voltage utilizationalso the switching losses can be reduced by omitting switching actions.Also the losses inside the machine,compared to PWM operation can be reduced[KKKM07],[Yam07].The total losses drop,but the losses are shifted to the magnets. Due to the fact,that the current waveform is not sinusoidal, the produced torque in not constant.But for this application the expected torque ripple is within therequirements.Fig.2.modulations limitsmodulation dc-link voltagesinosoidal PWM12U dcspace vector modulation1√3U dcsix step mode2πU dcTABLE IMAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE VOLTAGES BASE ON THE MODULATION TYPEThe achievable operating area for space vector modulation is shown in Fig.3.Aﬁeld oriented control with its independent control of d and q components is limited to1√3U dc,as shown in Fig.2.This will be explained in more detail in the next section.The operating area for the machine can be divided into two regions.In the left region maximum torque per ampere (MTPA)control is possible.Within this region,the dc-link voltage is high enough to operate the machine in a very efﬁcient and dynamic way.The right region in the diagram shows theﬁeld weakening area[BPSS03].In this area,the maximum voltage U req is reached and higher torque and speed values can only be achieved through weakening the magnet ﬁeld by applying a negative d-current component I d.In this area,the machine cannot be operated in the optimal operating point(MTPA).Both areas together form the operating area of the machine with FOC.With over-modulation up to six-step mode,the operating area can be extended.In this area the integral part of the PI-controllers of the current regulator must be deactivated. Otherwise,the control gets unstable.Thus to extend the operating area the control strategy has to be modiﬁed.The additional area which can be attained by an improved control strategy is shown in Fig.4.Beside increasing the operating area as shown on the top right,also the area with MTPA operation can be enlarged.If there is no advantage from theFig.3.Operating area in SVMincreased operating area,the number of turns in the machine can be increased to reduce inverter currents.Measurements show,that in six-step mode,with a reduced dc-link voltage,also the machine losses arereduced.Fig.4.Operating area in overmodulation and six-step modeIt is concluded,that in most cases it is possible to extend the operating area without increasing the dc-link voltage.If the operating area does not need to be extended,the number of turns can be increased,which leads to lower inverter currents.Also,the switching losses can be reduced by omitting switching operation.The control which allows to operate in this area will be explained in the next section.IV.T HE F IELD O RIENTED C ONTROLA typical way to control rotating ﬁeld machines is by ﬁeld oriented control (FOC).The block diagram for this control is shown in Fig.5.The lookup tables (LUT)are used to compensate the varying values of L d and L q based on the current inside the machine.Also,the MTPA controlstrategyFig.5.FOC in normal operationcan be achieved with this lookup tables.The current controlloop works properly until the voltage U req will reach 1√3U dc .Above this point,the output of PI-controller is limited by the dc-link voltage.To maintain stable operation,the integrators of the PI-controllers have to be deactivated.This procedure is called ”‘anti-wind-up”’.To ﬁnd a robust control in this operating area is a challenging task [SKS98].Instead of modifying the FOC,the machine is operated in six-step mode.As mentioned above there are several advantages of running the machine in six-step mode.In six-step mode there is only one degree of freedom to control the current.The angle between the rotor position and voltage can be controlled.Hence,the new control circuit looks as shown in Fig.6.In this operation,the sampling time of the current has to be synchronized to the machine speed,due to an oscillating current in d/qdomain.Fig.6.FOC in six-step modeTo switch between the two control strategies,a hysteresis is implemented.Switching from FOC to six-step mode will be performed,when the current controller is in ”‘anti-wind-up”’mode for several electrical periods.When the decision is met,the initial values for the incoming controller are calculated from the running control and the control strategy is switched.To determine when to switch back is more complicated,be-cause the reverse commutation has to occur when the machineis within the MTPA area where the voltage limit is 1√3U dc.Toensure a band where the transition can be successfully done,an overlap region has to be made available.Due to the fact,that the system has a dc/dc converter,it is also possible to adjust the dc-link voltage to operate the IPMSM down to lower speed in six-step mode.This option will be implemented in the nextstage.Fig.7.Simulation resultsV.RESULTSThe system with the two control circuits was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.One result is shown in Fig.7.At constant speed,the torque command was increased above the capability of the machine in FOC an then reduced again.During the rising torque the switching point between FOC and six-step modulation is reached.From that point on a torque ripple of 5Nm can be observed.The constant offset between the torque command and the actual torque is caused by the limits of the machine.During the falling slope,the switchback is performed.Also,measurements on a IPMSM where performed.It was proven,that it is beneﬁcial to run the machine in six-step mode.Since the losses of the machine and the losses of the power converter are reduced [TW99].The measurements where carried out with an open loop control.VI.C ONCLUSIONIn this paper the voltage limits of the operating area of an interior permanent magnet machine (IPMSM)where analyzed.It is shown that switching from a FOC controlled PWM modulation scheme to six-step mode during operation can increase the operating range of IPMSM.Higher torque and speed operation can be achieved with the same dc-link voltage compared to conventional control.Furthermore,the switching losses are reduced by using six-step mode,which results in a higher efﬁciency of the power converter and the machine.To run the machine in six-step mode a different control method is needed.A control scheme to commutate between SVM and six-step operation where introduced.To operate the machine in the full operating range a commutation of the control strategies was illustrated.VII.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThis project was founded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi).The authors would like to thank all project partners,in particular the Institute for Electrical Machines (IEM)of RWTH Aachen University who designed the IPMSM.R EFERENCES[Bla96]V .Blasko.A hybrid pwm strategy combining modiﬁed space vector and triangle comparison methods.In Proc.th An-nual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference PESC ’96Record ,volume 2,pages 1872–1878vol.2,1996.[BPSS03]Bon-Ho Bae,N.Patel,S.Schulz,and Seung-Ki Sul.Newﬁeld weakening technique for high saliency interior permanent magnet motor.In 38th IAS Annual Meeting Industry Applications Conference Conference Record of the ,volume 2,pages 898–905,12–16Oct.2003.[Gar02]Oliver Garcia.DC/DC-Wandler f¨u r die Leistungsverteilung ineinem Elektrofahrzeug mit Brennstoffzellen und Superkonden-satoren .PhD thesis,ETH Z¨u rich,2002.[HLK93]J.Holtz,W.Lotzkat,and A.M.Khambadkone.On continuouscontrol of pwm inverters in the overmodulation range including the six-step mode.8(4):546–553,1993.[KKKM07]M.Kamiya,Y .Kawase,T.Kosaka,and N.Matsui.Temperaturedistribution analysis of permanent magnet in interior permanent magnet synchronous motor considering pwm carrier harmonics.In Proc.ICEMS Electrical Machines and Systems International Conference on ,pages 2023–2027,2007.[SKS98]Jul-Ki Seok,Joohn-Sheok Kim,and Seung-Ki Sul.Overmodu-lation strategy for high-performance torque control.13(4):786–792,1998.[TW99]K.J.Tseng and S.B.Wee.Analysis of ﬂux distribution and corelosses in interior permanent magnet motor.IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion ,14(4):969–975,Dec.1999.[Yam07]Atsushi Yamazaki,Katsumi Abe.Loss analysis of interior per-manent magnet motors considering carrier harmonics and magneteddy currents using 3-d fem.In Atsushi Abe,editor,Proc.IEEE International Electric Machines &Drives Conference IEMDC ’07,volume 2,pages 904–909,2007.。