Nasal Obstruction
NASA POWER API客户端用户指南说明书
Package‘nasapower’December5,2023Type PackageTitle NASA POWER API ClientVersion4.1.0URL https:///nasapower/BugReports https:///ropensci/nasapower/issuesDescription An API client for NASA POWER global meteorology,surface solar energy and climatology data API.POWER(Prediction Of Worldwide EnergyResources)data are freely available for download with varying spatialresolutions dependent on the original data and with several temporalresolutions depending on the POWER parameter and community.This work isfunded through the NASA Earth Science Directorate Applied Science Program.For more on the data themselves,the methodologies used in creating,a web-based data viewer and web access,please see<https:///>. Depends R(>=3.5.0)License MIT+file LICENSEImports cli,crul,lubridate,jsonlite,readr,rlang,tibble(>=3.0.2)RoxygenNote7.2.3Encoding UTF-8Language en-USNeedsCompilation noRepository CRANSuggests knitr,purrr,rmarkdown,spelling,testthat(>=3.0.0),vcr(>=0.6.0)VignetteBuilder knitr-applicationCategory Tools-keywords NASA,meteorological-data,weather,global,weather,weather-data,meteorology,NASA-POWER,agroclimatology,earth-science,data-access,climate-data-isPartOf https://1Config/testthat/edition3Config/testthat/parallel trueAuthor Adam H.Sparks[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0002-0061-8359>), Scott Chamberlain[rev](<https:///0000-0003-1444-9135>,ScottChamberlain reviewed nasapower for rOpenSci,see<https:///ropensci/software-review/issues/155>.),Hazel Kavili[rev](Hazel Kavili reviewed nasapower for rOpenSci,see<https:///ropensci/software-review/issues/155>.),Alison Boyer[rev](Alison Boyer reviewed nasapower for rOpenSci,see<https:///ropensci/software-review/issues/155>.),Fernando Miguez[ctb](<https:///0000-0002-4627-8329>,Fernando Miguez provided assistance in identifying improper missingvalue handling in the POWER data,see<https:///femiguez/apsimx/pull/26>.),Maëlle Salmon[ctb](<https:///0000-0002-2815-0399>,MaëlleSalmon contributed a patch tofix issues with using the R package,'vcr',for testing the API queries,see<https:///ropensci/nasapower/pull/64>.),Phillip D.Alderman[ctb](<https:///0000-0003-1467-2337>,Phillip Alderman contributed a patch tofix an issue with,'The`file`argument of`vroom()`must use`I()`for literal data as ofvroom1.5.0.',see<https:///ropensci/nasapower/pull/67>.),Western Australia Agriculture Authority(W AAA)[cph](Supported thedevelopment of'nasapower'through Adam H.Sparks'time.)Maintainer Adam H.Sparks<*********************>Date/Publication2023-12-0512:40:02UTCR topics documented:get_power (2)query_parameters (6)Index9 get_power Get NASA POWER Data From the POWER APIDescriptionGet POWER global meteorology and surface solar energy climatology data and return a tidy data frame tibble::tibble()object.All options offered by the official POWER API are supported.Requests are formed to submit one request per point.There is no need to make synchronous requests for multiple parameters for a single point or regional request.See section on“Rate Limiting”for more.Usageget_power(community=c("ag","re","sb"),pars,temporal_api=c("daily","monthly","hourly","climatology"),lonlat,dates=NULL,site_elevation=NULL,wind_elevation=NULL,wind_surface=NULL,time_standard=c("LST","UTC"))Argumentscommunity A character vector providing community name:“ag”,“re”or“sb”.See argu-ment details for more.pars A character vector of solar,meteorological or climatology parameters to down-load.When requesting a single point of x,y coordinates,a maximum of twenty(20)pars can be specified at one time,for“daily”,“monthly”and“climatology”temporal_api s.If the temporal_api is specified as“hourly”only15pars canbe specified in a single query.See temporal_api for more.These values arechecked internally for validity before sending the query to the POWER API.temporal_api Temporal API end-point for data being queried,supported values are“hourly”,“daily”,“monthly”or“climatology”.Defaults to“daily”.See argument detailsfor more.lonlat A numeric vector of geographic coordinates for a cell or region entered as x,y (longitude,latitude)coordinates.See argument details for more.dates A character vector of start and end dates in that order,e.g.,dates=c("1983-01-01","2017-12-31").Not used whentemporal_api is set to“climatology”.See argument details for more.site_elevation A user-supplied value for elevation at a single point in metres.If provided this will return a corrected atmospheric pressure value adjusted to the elevation pro-vided.Only used with lonlat as a single point of x,y coordinates,not for usewith“global”or with a regional request.wind_elevation A user-supplied value for elevation at a single point in metres.Wind Eleva-tion values in Meters are required to be between10m and300m.Only usedwith lonlat as a single point of x,y coordinates,not for use with“global”orwith a regional request.If this parameter is provided,the wind-surface param-eter is required with the request,see https:///docs/methodology/meteorology/wind/.wind_surface A user-supplied wind surface for which the corrected wind-speed is to be sup-plied.See wind-surface section for more detail.time_standard POWER provides two different time standards:•Universal Time Coordinated(UTC):is the standard time measure that usedby the world.•Local Solar Time(LST):A15degree swath that represents solar noon atthe middle longitude of the swath.Defaults to LST.ValueA data frame as a class,an extension of the tibble::tibble,object of POWER data includ-ing location,dates(not including“climatology”)and requested parameters.A decorative header of metadata is included in this object.Argument details for“community”There are three valid values,one must be supplied.This will affect the units of the parameter and the temporal display of time series data.ag Provides access to the Agroclimatology Archive,which contains industry-friendly parameters formatted for input to crop models.sb Provides access to the Sustainable Buildings Archive,which contains industry-friendly param-eters for the buildings community to include parameters in multi-year monthly averages.re Provides access to the Renewable Energy Archive,which contains parameters specifically tai-lored to assist in the design of solar and wind powered renewable energy systems. Argument details for temporal_apiThere are four valid values.hourly The hourly average of pars by hour,day,month and year,the time zone is LST by default.daily The daily average of pars by day,month and year.monthly The monthly average of pars by month and year.climatology Provide parameters as22-year climatologies(solar)and30-year climatologies(mete-orology);the period climatology and monthly average,maximum,and/or minimum values. Argument details for lonlatFor a single point To get a specific cell,1/2x1/2degree,supply a length-two numeric vector giving the decimal degree longitude and latitude in that order for data to download,e.g.,lonlat=c(-179.5,-89.5).For regional coverage To get a region,supply a length-four numeric vector as lower left(lon, lat)and upper right(lon,lat)coordinates,e.g.,lonlat=c(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax)in that order for a given region,e.g.,a bounding box for the south western corner of Australia:lonlat =c(112.5,-55.5,115.5,-50.5).*Maximum area processed is4.5x4.5degrees(100 points).For global coverage To get global coverage for“climatology”,supply“global”while also speci-fying“climatology”for the temporal_api.Argument details for datesif one date only is provided,it will be treated as both the start date and the end date and only a single day’s values will be returned,e.g.,dates="1983-01-01".When temporal_api is set to “monthly”,use only two year values(YYYY),e.g.dates=c(1983,2010).This argument should not be used when temporal_api is set to“climatology”and will be ignored if set.wind_surfaceThere are17surfaces that may be used for corrected wind-speed values using the following equa-tion:W SC h gt=W S10m×(hgtW S50m)α.Valid surface types are described here.vegtype_135-m broadleaf-evergreen trees(70%coverage)vegtype_220-m broadleaf-deciduous trees(75%coverage)vegtype_320-m broadleaf and needleleaf trees(75%coverage)vegtype_417-m needleleaf-evergreen trees(75%coverage)vegtype_514-m needleleaf-deciduous trees(50%coverage)vegtype_6Savanna:18-m broadleaf trees(30%)&groundcovervegtype_70.6-m perennial groundcover(100%)vegtype_80.5-m broadleaf shrubs(variable%)&groundcovervegtype_90.5-m broadleaf shrubs(10%)with bare soilvegtype_10Tundra:0.6-m trees/shrubs(variable%)&groundcovervegtype_11Rough bare soilvegtype_12Crop:20-m broadleaf-deciduous trees(10%)&wheatvegtype_20Rough glacial snow/iceseaice Smooth sea iceopenwater Open waterairportice Airport:flat ice/snowairportgrass Airport:flat rough grassRate limitingThe POWER API endpoints limit queries to prevent server overloads due to repetitive and rapid requests.If youfind that the API is throttling your queries,I suggest that you investigate the use of limit_rate()from ratelimitr to create self-limiting functions that will respect the rate limits that the API has in place.It is considered best practice to check the POWER website for the latest rate limits as they differ between temporal API s and may change over time as the project matures. NoteThe associated metadata shown in the decorative header are not saved if the data are exported to a file format other than a native R data format,e.g.,.Rdata,.rda or.rds.Author(s)Adam H.Sparks<*********************>Referenceshttps:///docs/methodology/https://Examples#Fetch daily"ag"community temperature,relative humidity and#precipitation for January11985at Kingsthorpe,Queensland,Australiaag_d<-get_power(community="ag",lonlat=c(151.81,-27.48),pars=c("RH2M","T2M","PRECTOTCORR"),dates="1985-01-01",temporal_api="daily")ag_d#Fetch single point climatology for air temperatureag_c_point<-get_power(community="ag",pars="T2M",c(151.81,-27.48),temporal_api="climatology")ag_c_point#Fetch interannual solar cooking parameters for a given regionsse_i<-get_power(community="re",lonlat=c(112.5,-55.5,115.5,-50.5),dates=c("1984","1985"),temporal_api="monthly",pars=c("CLRSKY_SFC_SW_DWN","ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN"))sse_iquery_parameters Query the POWER API for Detailed Information on Available Param-etersDescriptionQueries the POWER API returning detailed information on available parameters.Usagequery_parameters(community=NULL,par=NULL,temporal_api=NULL)Argumentscommunity An optional character vector providing community name:“ag”,“sb”or“re”.par An optional character vector of a single solar,meteorological or climatology parameter to query.If unsure,omit this argument for for a full list of all theparameters available for each temporal API and community.temporal_api An optional character vector indicating the temporal API end-point for data be-ing queried,supported values are“hourly”,“daily”,“monthly”or“climatol-ogy”.DetailsIf par is not provided all possible parameters for the provided community,community and temporal API,temporal_api will be returned.If only a single parameter is supplied with no communityor temporal_api then the complete attribute information for that parameter will be returned for all possible communities and temporal API s combinations.If all three values are provided,only the information for that specific combination of parameter,temporal API and community will be returned.ValueA list object of information for the requested parameter(s)(if requested),community and temporalAPI.Argument details for temporal_apiThere are four valid values.hourly The hourly average of pars by hour,day,month and year.daily The daily average of pars by day,month and year.monthly The monthly average of pars by month and year.climatology Provide parameters as22-year climatologies(solar)and30-year climatologies(mete-orology);the period climatology and monthly average,maximum,and/or minimum values.Author(s)Adam H.Sparks,<*********************>Examples#fetch the complete set of attribute information for"T2M".query_parameters(par="T2M")#fetch complete temporal and community specific attribute information#for"T2M"in the"ag"community for the"hourly"temporal API.query_parameters(par="T2M",community="ag",temporal_api="hourly")#fetch complete temporal and community specific attribute information#for all parameters in the"ag"community for the"hourly"temporal API. query_parameters(community="ag",temporal_api="hourly")Indexget_power,2list,7query_parameters,6tibble::tibble,4tibble::tibble(),29。
（整理）常见疾病名称
（整理）常见疾病名称常见疾病名称Internal Medicine 内科Acidosis 酸中毒Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚－斯氏综合症alcoholism, alcoholic intoxication 酒精中毒alkalosis 碱中毒anaphylaxis 过敏症anemia 贫血iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血angiitis 脉管炎angina pectoris 心绞痛arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化apoplexy 中风auricular fibrillation 心房纤颤auriculo-ventricular block 房室传导阻滞bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘bronchitis 支气管炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张bronchopneumonia 支气管肺炎carcinoma 癌cardiac arrhythmia 心律紊乱cardiac failure 心力衰竭cardiomyopathy 心肌病cirrhosis 肝硬化coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉硬化性心脏病Crohn disease 克罗恩病Cushing's syndrome 库欣综合症diabetes 糖尿病diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管凝血dysentery 痢疾enteritis 肠炎gastric ulcer 胃溃疡gastritis 胃炎gout 痛风hepatitis 肝炎Hodgkin's disease 霍奇金病hyperlipemia 高脂血症，血脂过多hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进hypersplenism 脾功能亢进hypertension 高血压hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退infective endocarditis 感染性心内膜炎influenza 流感leukemia 白血病lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎lymphoma 淋巴瘤malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良measles 麻疹myeloma 骨髓瘤myocardial infarction 心肌梗死myocarditis 心肌炎nephritis 肾炎nephritic syndrome 肾综合症obstructive pulmonary emphysema 阻塞性肺气肿pancreatitis胰腺炎peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡peritonitis 腹膜炎pleuritis 胸膜炎pneumonia 肺炎pneumothorax 气胸purpura 紫癜allergic purpura 过敏性紫癜thrombocytolytic purpura 血小板减少性紫癜pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎renal failure 肾功能衰竭rheumatic fever 风湿病rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎scarlet fever 猩红热septicemia 败血症syphilis 梅毒tachycardia 心动过速tumour 肿瘤typhoid 伤寒ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 上消化道血Neurology 神经科brain abscess 脑脓肿cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral infarction 脑梗死cerebral thrombosis 脑血栓cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血concussion of brain 脑震荡craniocerebral injury 颅脑损伤epilepsy 癫痫intracranial tumour 颅内肿瘤intracranial hematoma 颅内血肿meningitis 脑膜炎migraine 偏头痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱neurosis 神经官能症paranoid psychosis 偏执性精神病Parkinson's disease 帕金森综合症psychosis 精神病schizophrenia 精神分裂症Surgery 外科abdominal external hernia 腹外疝acute diffuse peritonitis 急性弥漫性腹膜炎acute mastitis 急性乳腺炎acute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎acute perforation of gastro-duodenal ulcer急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute pyelonephritis 急性肾盂肾炎anal fissure 肛裂anal fistula 肛瘘anesthesia 麻醉angioma 血管瘤appendicitis 阑尾炎bleeding of gastro-duodenal ulcer 胃十二指肠溃疡出血bone tumour 骨肿瘤breast adenoma 乳房腺瘤burn 烧伤cancer of breast 乳腺癌carbuncle 痈carcinoma of colon 结肠炎carcinoma of esophagus 食管癌carcinoma of gallbladder 胆囊癌carcinoma of rectum 直肠癌carcinoma of stomach 胃癌cholecystitis 胆囊炎cervical spondylosis 颈椎病choledochitis 胆管炎cholelithiasis 胆石症chondroma 软骨瘤dislocation of joint 关节脱位erysipelas 丹毒fracture 骨折furuncle 疖hemorrhoid 痔hemothorax 血胸hypertrophy of prostate 前列腺肥大intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核lipoma 脂肪瘤lithangiuria 尿路结石liver abscess 肝脓肿melanoma 黑色素瘤osseous tuberculosis 骨结核osteoclastoma 骨巨细胞瘤osteoporosis 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤Paget's disease 佩吉特病perianorecrtal abscess 肛管直肠周围脓肿phlegmon 蜂窝织炎portal hypertension 门静脉高压prostatitis 前列腺炎protrusion of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出purulent arthritis 化脓性关节炎pyogenic ostcomyclitis 化脓性骨髓炎pyothorax 脓胸rectal polyp 直肠息肉rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎rupture of spleen 脾破裂scapulohumeral periarthritis 肩周炎tenosynovitis 腱鞘炎tetanus 破伤风thromboangiitis 血栓性脉管炎thyroid adenocarcinoma 甲状腺腺癌thyroid adenoma 甲状腺腺瘤trauma 创伤urinary infection 泌尿系感染varicose vein of lower limb 下肢静脉曲张Paediatrics 儿科acute military tuberculosis of the lung 急性粟粒性肺结核acute necrotic enteritis 急性坏死性结肠炎anaphylactic purpura 过敏性紫癜ancylostomiasis 钩虫病ascariasis 蛔虫病asphyxia of the newborn 新生儿窒息atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损birth injury 产伤cephalhematoma 头颅血肿cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪congenital torticollis 先天性斜颈convulsion 惊厥Down's syndrome 唐氏综合症glomerulonephritis 肾小球肾炎hemophilia 血友病infantile diarrhea 婴儿腹泻intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn 新生儿颅内出血intussusception 肠套叠necrotic enterocolitis of newborn 新生儿坏死性小肠结膜炎neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸nutritional iron deficiency anemia 营养性缺铁性贫血nutritional megaloblastic anemia 营养性巨幼细胞性贫血patent ductus arteriosis 动脉导管未闭poliomyelitis 骨髓灰质炎premature infant 早产儿primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核progressive muscular dystrophy 进行性肌肉营养不良pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉狭窄purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎rickets 佝偻病sepsis of the newborn 新生儿败血症tetanus of the newborn 新生儿破伤风tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症thrush 鹅口疮，真菌性口炎varicella 水痘ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Gynecology and Obstetrics 妇，产科abortion 流产adenomyosis 子宫内膜异位症amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞Bartholin's cyst 巴氏腺囊肿carcinoma of cervix 子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium 子宫内膜癌carcinoma of ovary 卵巢癌cervicitis 宫颈炎chorio-epithelioma 绒毛膜上皮癌corpora luteum cyst 黄体囊肿dystocia 难产eclampsia 子痫edema-proteinuria-hypertension syndrome水肿蛋白尿高血压综合征（妊娠高血压综合征）endometriosis 子宫内膜异位症extrauterine pregnancy 子宫外孕hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎hyperemesis gravidarum 妊娠剧吐infertility 不育症irregular menstruation 月经失调lochia 恶露monilial vaginitis 念珠菌性阴道炎multiple pregnancy 多胎妊娠myoma of uterus 子宫肿瘤oligohydramnios 羊水过少ovarian tumour 卵巢肿瘤pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎placenta previa 前置胎盘placental abruption 胎盘早期剥离pregnancy-hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合症premature birth 早产premature rupture of membrane 胎膜早破postpartum hemorrhage 产后出血puerperal infection 产褥感染rupture of uterus 子宫破裂trichomonas vaginitis 滴虫性阴道炎uteroplacental apoplexy 子宫胎盘卒中vulvitis 外阴炎Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology 五官科amblyopia 弱视amygdalitis, tonsillitis 扁桃体炎astigmatism 散光carcinoma of nasopharynx鼻咽癌carcinoma of larynx 喉癌cataract 白内障tinnitus 耳鸣chalazion 霰粒肿，脸板腺囊肿colour blindness 色盲deflection of nasal septum 鼻中隔偏曲deafness 聋furuncle of nasalvestibule 鼻前庭疖glaucoma 青光眼heterotropia 斜视hyperopia 远视injury of cornea 角膜损伤ceruminal impaction 耵聍嵌塞iritis 虹膜炎keratitis 角膜炎labyrinthitis 迷路炎，内耳炎laryngitis 喉炎mastoiditis 乳突炎myopia 近视nasal sinusitis 鼻窦炎otitis media 中耳炎obstruction of larynx 喉梗阻peritonsillar abscess 扁桃体中脓肿pharyngitis 咽炎rhinitis 鼻炎Dermatoloty 皮科acne 痤疮carcinoma of skin 皮肤癌bed sore 褥疮decubitus ulcer 褥疮性溃疡drug eruption 药皮疹eczema 湿疹herpes simplex 单纯疱疹herpes zoster 带状疱疹lupus erythematosis 红斑狼疮psoriasis 牛皮癣urticaria 荨麻疹wart 疣。
计量经济学中英文词汇对照
Common variance Common variation Communality variance Comparability Comparison of bathes Comparison value Compartment model Compassion Complement of an event Complete association Complete dissociation Complete statistics Completely randomized design Composite event Composite events Concavity Conditional expectation Conditional likelihood Conditional probability Conditionally linear Confidence interval Confidence limit Confidence lower limit Confidence upper limit Confirmatory Factor Analysis Confirmatory research Confounding factor Conjoint Consistency Consistency check Consistent asymptotically normal estimate Consistent estimate Constrained nonlinear regression Constraint Contaminated distribution Contaminated Gausssian Contaminated normal distribution Contamination Contamination model Contingency table Contour Contribution rate Control
语言学第二章语音学资料
Phonetic & Phonology
———the study of speech sounds
Speech sounds--- Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
----A phonetician is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds. He is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
❖ Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） ----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
❖ Acoustic phonetics---- （声学语音学） from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues
(alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. PhaWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
鼻通气功能客观评价
鼻通气功能客观评价张伟;张罗【摘要】Nasal obstruction is one of the most common complaints in rhinologic practice. There are subjective and objective methods available; for the assessment of nasal patency. Currently, visual analogue scale, based on what the subjects feel, is the most widely used subjective assessment of nasal obstruction. Objective assessment of nasal patency and nasal physiology includes the use of rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry, which respectively provides the relationship between pressure and airflow, and a mimic topographic map of the nasal cavity. This review focuses on rhino manometry and its application in clinical practice.%鼻通气功能障碍(鼻塞)是鼻病理状态时最常见的症状之一.评价鼻塞的程度既可以采用主观评估法也可采用客观测定法.目前主观评估临床上主要采用的是视觉模拟量表评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),即以受试者的主观感受来评定鼻塞的程度.鼻阻力测定(rhinomanometry,RMM)和鼻声反射测定(acoustic rhinometry,AR)是目前临床最常用的客观评价鼻腔通气状况的方法,前者主要测定的是鼻内压力和气流,后者主要反映的是鼻腔内部解剖学改变.鼻通气功能客观评价在疾病辅助诊断、治疗方法的选择和疗效评价等方面具有广泛的应用价值.本文将着重就鼻通气功能的客观评价特别是鼻阻力的测定技术作一综述.【期刊名称】《首都医科大学学报》【年(卷),期】2012(033)006【总页数】5页(P740-744)【关键词】鼻塞;鼻阻力;鼻测量;声学【作者】张伟;张罗【作者单位】首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,北京市耳鼻咽喉科研究所教育部耳鼻咽喉头颈外科重点实验室,北京,100730;首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,北京市耳鼻咽喉科研究所教育部耳鼻咽喉头颈外科重点实验室,北京,100730【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R765鼻塞是鼻部病理状态时最常见的症状。
鼻声反射和鼻阻力对结构性鼻通气障碍患者的评估价值
• 130 .丨叫¥H：鼻咽喉头颈外科朱忐202丨年5月第45卷第3期Int J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, M a y2021, Vol.45, No.3•鼻科学：论著•鼻声反射和鼻阻力对结构性鼻通气障碍患者的评估价值张红蕾王立宏王枫刘鸿毅邓洁龚学晨濮或郭睿空军特色医学中心耳鼻咽喉头颈外科，北京100142通信作者：郭睿，Email:alali626@【摘要】目的鼻声反射和鼻阻力对结构性鼻通气障碍患者的评估价值及与鼻腔结构指标的相关性研究方法选择2018年3月〜2020年1月空军特色医学中心耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的结构性鼻通气障碍患者131例作为对象，采用视觉模拟量表评分对患者的鼻堵情况进行评分，根据结果将其分为轻度鼻堵组36例、中度鼻堵组57例、重度鼻堵组38例，另选同期体检者42名作为对照组。
各组均进行鼻声反射测M和鼻阻力测量。
对各组间鼻声反射和鼻阻力测量情况进行比较，并采用Pearson相关性分析对鼻呼气相总阻力、鼻吸气相总阻力与鼻腔结构测M指标的相关性进行分析结果重度鼻堵组鼻声反射指标与其他各组差异更为明显(/><0.05);鼻腔总阻力在对照组与轻度鼻堵组和中度鼻堵组间无统计学差异，与重度鼻堵组间有统计学差异；轻度鼻堵组、中度鼻堵组、重度鼻堵组的鼻腔阻力差异比均高于对照组(P<〇.〇5)，其中重度鼻堵组鼻腔阻力差异比勺其他三组均有统计学差异（P<〇.〇5):鼻吸气相总阻力、鼻呼气相总阻力勹下鼻甲前缘黏膜至鼻中隔之间距离、双侧下鼻甲软组织内侧缘之间最小距离（和双侧下鼻甲骨之间最小距离）呈负相关，数据差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)结论鼻声反射和鼻阻力检测对结构性鼻通气障碍患者的鼻通气功能貝•有一定的评估价值，鼻腔扩容手术可以显箸改善结构性鼻通气障碍患者的鼻通气功能【关键词】鼻测量，声学；鼻腔测压；鼻阻力；结构性鼻通气障碍；评估；相关性基金项目：军事飞行人员疾病特许医学鉴定指南研究（A K j15J003)DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.l673-4106.2021.03.002Evaluation of nasal acoustic reflex and nasal resistance in patients with structural nasalventilation disordersZhang Honglei, Wang Lihong, Wang Feng, Liu Hongyi, DengJie, Gong Xuechen, Pu Yu, Guo RuiDepartment o f Otorhinolaryngology' Head and Neck Surgery^ the Air Force Medical Center, PLA,Bejing 100142, ChinaCorresponding author: Guo Rui, Email:****************【Abstract】Objective To study the evaluation value of nasal acoustic reflex and nasalresistance in patients with structural nasal ventilation disorders and the correlation between them andnasal structural indexes. Methods From March 2018 to January 2020, 131 patients with structuralnasal obstruction who were admitted to our hospital were selected as the subjects, and the visualanalogue score was used to score the situation of nasal obstruction. According to the results, theywere divided into 36 cases of mild nasal obstruction group, 57 cases of moderate nasal obstructiongroup, 38 cases of severe nasal obstruction group, and 42 cases of physical examination at the sametime were selected as the control group. Nasal acoustic reflex and nasal resistance were measuredin each group. The results of nasal acoustic reflex and nasal resistance were compared among thegroups, and Pearson correlation analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between thetotal expiratory phase resistance, the total inspiratory phase resistance and the measurement indexof nasal structure. Results There was significant difference in the measurement of nasal acousticreflex among the groups(P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the total nasal resistancebetween the control group and the mild and the moderate nasal obstruction groups, and there wassignificant difference between the severe nasal obstruction groups; the difference of right-left nasalresistance ratio between the mild, the moderate and the heavy nasal obstruction groups was higherthan that of the control group(P<0.05), and the severe nasal obstruction group was higher than thatof the control group(尸<0.05); There was a negative correlation between the total inspiratory phaseresistance, the total expiratory phase resistance and the distance of the inferior turbinate front tonasal septum(DTNS), The minimal distance between the inferior turbinate soft tissue(MDTT) andthe minimal distance between the inferior turbinate bone(MDTB). The difference was statisticallysignificant(戶<0.05). Conclusions Nasal acoustic reflex and nasal resistance test can be used toevaluate the nasal ventilation function of patients with structural nasal ventilation disorders. Nasaldilatation surgery can significantly improve the nasal ventilation function of patients with structuralnasal ventilation disorders.【Key words】Rhinometry, Acoustic; Rhinomanometry; nasal resistance; structural nasalventilation disorders; evaluation; correlationFund program: Study on the Medical Identification Guide for Military Pilots(AKJ15J003)DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn. 1673-4106.2021.03.002国际浑鼻咽喉头颈外科杂忐202丨年5月第45卷第3期____________Int J Otolaryngol Head Nec k Surg, M a y2021, Vol.45, No.3 . 131 .结构性鼻通气障碍是鼻腔解创结构异常导致的通气障碍，以鼻塞为主要临床表现，鼻腔扩容手术可有效 增加鼻腔通气量，降低鼻腔阻力^21。
儿童下鼻甲肥大诊断标准
儿童下鼻甲肥大诊断标准英文回答：Diagnosis criteria for adenoid hypertrophy in children include:1. Nasal obstruction: Children with adenoid hypertrophy often present with nasal congestion, difficulty breathing through the nose, and snoring during sleep.2. Mouth breathing: Due to nasal obstruction, children may develop a habit of breathing through their mouth, which can lead to dry mouth and bad breath.3. Sleep disturbances: Adenoid hypertrophy can cause obstructive sleep apnea, leading to restless sleep, frequent waking during the night, and daytime fatigue.4. Speech and language development: Children with adenoid hypertrophy may have speech difficulties, such asnasal sounding speech, articulation problems, anddifficulty forming certain sounds.5. Facial changes: Long-term adenoid hypertrophy can lead to facial changes, such as an open-mouth posture, elongated face, and dental malocclusion.6. Recurrent ear infections: Enlarged adenoids can block the Eustachian tubes, leading to fluid accumulation in the middle ear and recurrent ear infections.7. Chronic sinus infections: Adenoid hypertrophy can also contribute to chronic sinus infections and post-nasal drip.中文回答：儿童下鼻甲肥大的诊断标准包括：1. 鼻塞，患有下鼻甲肥大的儿童通常表现为鼻塞、难以通过鼻子呼吸以及睡眠时打鼾。
海洋与内陆水体高光谱遥感
水体成分的固有光学特性与模型
水体各成分的后向散射
遥感获得是水体后向散射的信息，因此水体成分的后向散射 特性对遥感反演模型的建立具有关键性的作用
水体成分吸收特征
纯(海)水(w)、及典型的叶绿素（C）、悬浮 泥沙(X)、黄色物质(Y)的光谱吸收特征
二类水体固有光学特性
国际上普遍认为，二类水体固有光学特性与 大洋水体的主要差异在： (1)区域性悬浮泥沙的吸收与散射特性； (2)在高泥沙含量区的叶绿素吸收特性与大洋 水体的叶绿素有一定差异； (3)黄色物质光谱吸收特性也有很强的陆源变 化，主要体现在式(3.7)中e指数的S上。 aY()=aY(0)exp[-S(-0)]
6)当水体十分浑浊时，412nm左右篮波 段值在一个很小的范围内变化；
7)赤潮水体光谱与正常光谱有很大的区别。
水色要素反演
(1)经验模型，主要基于离水辐亮度与某一成 分之间的统计关系；
(2)半分析模型, 借助于固有光学量与成分之间 的物理关系和表观量与固有光学量之间的 经验关系，导出遥感量与水体成分之间的 关系；
• 固有光学量(Inherent Optical Properties, IOPs)是指只与 水体成分有关而不随光照条件变化而变化的量，包括：
(1)水分子的吸收系数aw、散射系数bw、散射相函数w； (2)Chl-a的吸收系数ac、单位吸收系数(Specific absorption coef.)，散射系数bc、单位散射系数、后向散 射系数bb、前向散射系数bf、散射相函数； (3)黄色物质的单位吸收系数
5. TDI技术扫描成像，没有类似MODIS、HY-1 COCTS上 的多元并扫条带。
水色遥感定量化的要求及其定标/检验
海洋遥感应用对定量精度有严格的要求,以美国的SeaWiFS的精度目标为 例(一类水体 Case-I water)： 叶绿素浓度反演误差 <35% 离水辐亮度绝对误差 <5% 相对误差 <1% 按照上述要求，可导出遥感器、大气算法、现场仪器的不确定度 (uncertainty)为： *遥感器辐射定标 <5%(Hooker et al 1992, p1) 相对误差 <1% 波段之间 <5% *大气修正算法 <5%(Gordon & Wang 1994, p445) *现场测量仪器定标 <3%(Mueller & Austin 1995, p14) 相对误差 <1% *现场数据分析处理 <5%(Siegel et al 1995)
MSCNastran操作与实战培训教程
l
刚性杆：RROD
l
刚性梁T
l
刚性体：RBE1，RBE2
l
均方加权约束元：RBE3
l
内插约束元：RSPLINE
载荷
(1) MSC/NASTRAN可处理的载荷包括静力载荷、动 力瞬态、振动载荷、热载、地震加速度和随机 载荷……
(2) 静力载荷包括：
l 板和体面上的压力载荷 l 重力载荷 l 由加速度引起的载荷 l 强迫位移 l 集中力和力矩 l 梁上的分布载荷
8) 特殊分析功能
l 声响分析 l 流体与结构耦合分析 l 循环对称分析 l 层复合材料分析
5 MSC/NASTRAN的前后处理
1、 MSC公司提供的 MSC/PATRAN,MSC/ARIES
2、通用CAD软件 如Unigraphics(UG),Pro/ENGINEER与I-DEAS等
3、所有著名CAD/CAM系统及专用有限元前后处理软件 都与MSC/NASTRAN有接口，均可生成MSC/NASTRAN的 输入文件，并进行后处理。
1995年,MSC/NASTRAN V68.2版
1996年,MSC/NATRAN V69版
1997年, MSC/NASTRAN V70版
2001年,MSC/NASTRAN2001版
3 MSC/NASTRAN主要特点与功能
• MSC/NASTRAN 的主要特点
1)大型、通用、功能齐全、适用面广 2)极高的软件可靠性 3)世界领先的计算结构技术先进性 4)独特的DMAP语言 5) 标准的输入/输出格式
结点 3# 单元 ② 结点 2# 单元 ① 结点 1#
2、形成单元刚度矩阵 3、总装刚度矩阵
4、施加边界条件 5、施加作用载荷
英语语言学练习题1
英语语言学练习题1英语语言学练习题Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks wit h one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky（乔姆斯基）defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages iscalled s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociologica l…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively aspossible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performanc e. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2. 语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussure b. halliday c. Chomsky d. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. halliday d anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
The NASA Astrophysics Data System Obsolescence of Reads and Cites
Library and Information Services in Astronomy IVJuly2-5,2002,Prague,Czech RepublicB.Corbin,E.Bryson,and M.Wolf(eds)The NASA Astrophysics Data System:Obsolescence ofReads and CitesMichael J.Kurtz,Guenther Eichhorn,Alberto Accomazzi,Carolyn S.Grant,Donna M.Thompson,Elizabeth H.Bohlen,and Stephen S.MurrayHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Cambridge,MA02138USAkurtz@Abstract.The obsolescence of an article,how its use declines as it ages,has long been a central element of bibliometric studies.Normally this is de-termined using the citations to an article.We determine this function using the reads an article receives and then compare this with the func-tion determined from a citation study.There are both similarities and differences.The similarities are strong enough that the normative theory of citations must be true in the mean.1.Readership as a function of ageBecause the use of the Astrophysics Data System(ADS)is now the dominant means by which astronomers access the technical literature the ADS usage logs can provide a uniquely powerful view of the way an entire discipline(astronomy) uses the technical literature.Here we will examine the obsolescence(e.g.White and McCain(1989),Line and Sandison(1975))of the technical literature of astronomy as a function of article age based on the actual readership of an article.This is an extension and reexamination of the work done in Kurtz et al.(2000).We use,as our basic data source,the log of all article“reads”using the ADS between Januaryfirst and August20th,2001.We define a“read”as every time a user,who has access to a list of articles,their dates,journal names,titles and authors,chooses to view more information about an article.Currently50% of these“reads”are of the abstract,38%are of one of the forms of whole text, 8%are of the citation list,and the rest are distributed amongst the ten other options.There are more than4.2million“reads”in this log.For this study we extracted those for any of the three major U.S.astronomy journals The Astrophysical Journal,The Astronomical Journal,and The Pub-lications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.All three of these journals have been stable over the past century,are currently among the most important astronomy journals,and have had their full text versions beginning with their first issues available on-line through ADS since well before the beginning of the223224M.Kurtz et al.190019201940196019802000110100publication yearHCI 19751980198519901995200010100publication year H C IFigure 1.LEFT:The average number of reads per article per year for three U.S.astronomy journals.The thin line represents the actual data,the thick line is the model in the text,and the three dotted lines represent the three components of the model.RIGHT:An expanded view showing the most recent 25years.Note that the model fits the actual data very well.reporting period.These journals accounted for slightly more than 1.8million reads in the first 7.66months of 2001.1.1.The obsolescence model for readsFigure 1—LEFT shows the average number of reads per article per year for these three journals as a function of publication year.This shows more than a full century from the first issue of The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1889through 2000.Figure 1—RIGHT shows an expanded view of the last 25years of data from figure 1—LEFT.The dotted lines show the relevant three components of the four component readership model of Kurtz et al.(2000),as modified here.In this model research article readership (R)is parameterized by the sum of four exponential functions with very different time constants;we associate these four functions with four different modes of readership:Historical (R H ),Interesting (R I ),Current (R C )and New (R N ).The New (R N )mode,which corresponds to the newly arrived (either on-line or in the mail)issue,cannot be parameterized by the data in figures 1—LEFT and 1—RIGHT.The Historical (R H )mode we actually parameterize as a constant,H 0.We leave the exponential form in equation C (with k H =0)because other combinations of multiplicative and time constants can also be found which fit the data well,including some combinations with k H =0.R =R H +R I +R C +R N(C )whereR H =H 0e −k H TNASA ADS:Obsolescence of Reads and Cites225R I=I0e−k I TR C=C0e−k C TR N=N0e−k N TandH0=1.5;k H=0I0=45;k I=0.065C0=110;k C=0.4N0=1600;k N=16The three longer term functions,R H,R I,and R C are parameterized to fit the data shown infigures1—LEFT and1—RIGHT.The R N function is included for completeness;k N is taken from Kurtz et al.(2000).N0is obtained by assuming k N is correct,and ascribing all readership of the Astrophysical Journal electronic edition which does not originate with ADS to the N mode. This is a very crude approximation,but the three component(R H,R I,and R C) model for archival readership is not effected by the N mode usage,which fades very rapidly following publication.The three mode model is not unique but does provide a very goodfit to the existing data,asfigures1—LEFT and1—RIGHT show.No model consisting of only two exponential functions canfit both the recent and historical data,as comparing the twofigures makes clear.Most studies of obsolescencefind that the use of the literature declines exponentially with age,and parameterize this with a single number,often called the“half-life,”which is related to the coefficient in the exponent by half-life= log e(2)/k,the point where the use of an article drops to half the use of a newly published article.There are several other definitions of half-life in the literature, we use this one.Thus the Historical(R H)component of equation C does not have a half-life;the half-life of the Interesting(R I)component is10.7years; the half-life of the Current(R C)component is1.7years.Kurtz et al.(2000) estimate the half-life of the New(R N)component at16days.Several studies(e.g.Egghe(1993)and references therein)decompose the exponential decay in use into the product of an intrinsic decay and the general growth of the literature.The results presented here are for the mean current use per article published as a function of time since the present,thus we measure directly the intrinsic decay.Kurtz et al.(2000)show the growth of the astro-nomy literature has been3.7%per year,measured in terms of number of papers published over the past22years.The total number of papers read over time in each mode is just the integral of the function from zero to infinity,which for a negative exponent is just the ratio of the two constants:H0/k H=∞reads(one and a half reads per year forever);I0/k I=818reads;C0/k C=275reads;N0/k N=100reads.This assumes no growth in the number of reads,If the number of reads per year increases long term at the3.7%at which the number of publications is now increasing the constants in the exponents would all be increased by0.037;this would have very little effect on the integrals of the R N and R C functions,but would more than triple the articles read in the R I mode;and the R H mode would grow apace with the growth in the number of reads.226M.Kurtz et al.1.2.DiscussionBeginning with Burton and Kebler(1960)there have been a number of studies (see White and McCain(1989)for a review)which suggest that the obsolescence function consists of the sum of two exponentials,which Burton and Kebler(1960) attribute to“classic”and“ephemeral”papers;parameterizations(e.g.Price (1965))tend to be similar to our R H+R I functions.If we ignore the R N component,which neither this study,nor any of the other studies of obsolescence could see,we still very clearlyfind three separate components to the obsolescence function.Why have these three components not been seen til now?We suggest that the data available to previous studies has not been adequate to see these subtle effects.Most studies have used citation data to determine the obsolescence function.Because it takes time after a paper is published for it to be cited(e.g.section2)the peak in the R C mode is obscured in citation data. Also citation studies have substantial problems accounting for the growth of the literature,which has not been at all constant over the past century.Related to this is the determination of the size of the sample universe(the number of relevant papers to the study)at past times.There are certainly other possibilities,perhaps the obsolescence function is different for reads and cites,and perhaps the very existence of the ADS has changed the way the literature is used.We will explore these questions further in section2.The reason why readership studies have not seen the three component nature of archival readership which we see,we suggest,is that the data available in such studies has been too sparse.The largest astronomy library,the Cen-ter for Astrophysics Library,has a reshelve rate of about1000/month(Coletti (1999)),which is less than0.2%of the rate of reads in ADS.Additionally many astronomers keep(and use)their own paper copies of recent journals,which would suppress the R C mode in library use.2.The relationship between reads and citesCentral to bibliometrics is the study of citations(Garfield(1979)),and central to the study of citations is the so called normative assumption(Liu(1993)) that“the number of times a document is cited...reflects how much it has been used...”(White and McCain(1989)).There have been many articles suggesting problems with citations studies(e.g.MacRoberts and MacRoberts(1989)),and many articles defending them(e.g.Small(1987)).White(2001)and Phelan (1999)discuss these issues.The readership data discussed in section1provide a totally independent, direct new measure of“how much(an article)is used.”Comparing the read-ership statistics with citation measures will show exactly the similarities and differences between citations,which are an indirect measure of use,but,some would argue,a direct measure of usefulness and reads,which are a direct meas-ure of use,but perhaps an indirect measure of usefulness.Here we expand considerably on the comparison presented in Kurtz et al.(2000).NASA ADS:Obsolescence of Reads and Cites2272.1.The mean relationship between reads and citesWhile there have been many dozens of studies on obsolescence using citations, and many dozen more using readership as determined by using library circulation statistics(see White and McCain(1989)for review),there are very few studies comparing the two methodologies over the same data.Tsay(1998)compared the readership obsolescence function(obtained by reshelving statistics)for a number of medical journals with the citation obsolescence function for the same journals. He found the half-life of the readership function was significantly shorter than the half-life of the citation function.Tsay(1998)reviewed the literature and found only one previous comparable study:Guitard,in1985(discussed in Line (1993)),using photocopy requests as the use proxy,found the citation half-life shorter than the readership half-life.We have only found two other studies.Cooper and McGregor(1994),also using photocopy data,find citation half-life substantially longer than the use half life;also theyfind“no correlation between obsolescence measured by pho-tocopy demand and obsolescence measured by citation frequency.”Satariano (1978)used the questionnaire method tofind“citation patterns reflect a cross-disciplinary focus that is not found in the journals most often read.”We believe Kurtz et al.(2000)contains thefirst study using a data-set large enough to show the similarities and differences between the two obsolescence functions.Here we use a substantially improved data-set;a complete discussion will be published in Kurtz et al.(2003).Synchronous relation Kurtz et al.(2000)found that the instantaneous obsol-escence function for articles from the recent technical astronomy literature as measured by citations is simply equal to a proportionality constant times the function measured by reads times an exponential ramp-up to account for the time delay from when an article isfirst published to when an article which cites that article is published:C=cR(1−e−k D T)(D) wherec≈0.05;k D=0.7The proportionality constant,c,represents the number of reads per citation. This changes with the(always incomplete)citation databases and with time,as the ADS use increases.Currently we estimate that the average paper is read about twenty times using ADS for every time it is cited.In comparing the citation and reads obsolescence functions we have adjusted c to provide the best fit to the samples.Figure2—LEFT compares the reads and cites obsolescence functions for re-cent articles.The readership data is for articles from The Astrophysical Journal, The Astronomical Journal,The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,and The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society which were read between1January2001and20August2001.The citation data are taken from those four journals and both Astronomy&Astrophysics and Nature,where the publication date was also between1January2001and20August2001.Only citations to one of the four journals in the readership sample were taken;the data contain45,000citations.228M.Kurtz et al.1975198019851990199520000.40.50.60.70.80.9123publication year 1900192019401960198020000.010.11publication year HCIFigure 2.LEFT:A comparison of the C =cR (1−e −k D T )model with the actual citations for papers from the 2001sample for the most recent 25years.The thick line shows the actual citations,the thin line is the model,using the actual reads,and the dotted line is the model using the reads model,equation C.RIGHT:A comparison of the C =cR (1−e −k D T )model with the actual citations for papers from the six year sample for the last 111years.The thick line shows the actual citations,the thin line is the model,using the actual reads,and the dotted lines are the modified reads model from equation C and its components.As can be seen from figure 2—LEFT the citation function follows the reads function very closely.In particular the R C function clearly has an analog in the citation data;despite the suppression of the steep increase compared with the raw reads due to the exponential ramp-up.The change in slope in the citation function seen beginning about 1994is exactly what is predicted from the reads function;the number of citations in 1998and 1999are more than 40%above that expected by an extrapolation of the exponential decay seen between 1975and 1990,a decay which corresponds very closely to the R I function.We suggest this shows that the citation derived obsolescence function has two components with exactly the same parameters as the two mid-range (in time)readership functions.To examine the obsolescence function over a longer time period we use a different dataset of citations.We take all citations to the four journals in the readership sample from articles published between 1January 1995and 20August 2001in the ADS database.The data contain 625,000citations.We continue to use as our comparison the 2001reads sample.Clearly papers published in 1995could not have cited papers published in 2000,so comparison with recent obsolescence is impossible.This comparison is in figure 2—LEFT.We use these data exclusively to examine the long term behavior of the obsolescence function.Figure 2—RIGHT shows the long term obsolescence function obtained from citation data compared with the readership function.They clearly are notNASA ADS:Obsolescence of Reads and Cites229 the same.The citation function follows the R I function but not the R H+R I function.This is not a statisticalfluke based on having a small number of citations;the number of citations in the period from1889to1940which are “missing”from the citation function exceed5,000.In the year1900,for example, there were18citations in the six year sample,about150would be expected, were the R H mode to produce citations at the same amplitude as the R I mode.We are therefore driven to the conclusion that:C=c(R C+R I)(1−e−k D T)(E) wherec≈0.05;k D=0.7for research articles in the astronomy literature.There are a number of possible reasons for the citation obsolescence function to be different from the reads function.There are also a number of possible reasons why the citation obsolescence function measured here does not show the R H component,whereas this component is seen in other citation based obsolescence functions,beginning with Price(1965).We see no clear candidate explanation which accounts for both differences,however.Discussion We have shown that the citation rate as a function of time is equal to a constant times the sum of two modes of the readership function.There is no a priori reason why the constant c in equation E should not actually be a function of time;why should the number of citations per read(about0.05)be constant,independent of the age of the article?Examiningfigures2—LEFT and2—RIGHT we see that if c is a function of time it cannot change by more than about1%per year.This is an extraordinary result,it says that within the(small)measurement error the C function and the R C+R I function must be measuring exactly the same thing,the mean usefulness of journal articles as a function of time.Because the private act of reading an article entails none of the various sociological influences as the public act of citing an article(Seglen(1997)lists several of these factors)this suggests that in the mean these factors do not influence the citation rate.Unless the sum of all the various sociological influences as a function of time is exactly the same as the usefulness of articles as a function of time the existence of these influences would cause c not to be constant.That c is constant means that at every age the total effect of these various influences is zero.We therefore assert that we have proven that the normative theory of citing (Liu(1993))is true in the mean.ReferencesBurton,R.E.and Kebler,R.W.1960,The Half-Life of some Scientific and Tech-nical Literature,American Documentation,11,18.Coletti,D.J.1999,Report from the Librarian,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,John G.Wolbach Library.230M.Kurtz et al.Cooper,M.D.and McGregor,G.F.1994,Using Article Photocopy Data in Bib-liographic Models for Journal Collection Management.Library Quarterly 64,386.Egghe,L.1993,On the Influence of Growth on Obsolescence,Scientometrics27, 195.Garfield,E.1979,Citation Indexing:Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology,and Humanities,New York:Wiley.Kurtz,M.J.,G.Eichhorn,A.Accomazzi, C.S.Grant,S.S.Murray,and J.M.Watson2000.The NASA Astrophysics Data System:Overview.A&AS143,41-59.Kurtz,M.J.,G.Eichhorn,A.Accomazzi,C.S.Grant,M.Demleitner,and S.S.Murray2003.The NASA Astrophysics Data System:Sociology, Bibliometrics,and Impact.Journal of the American Society for Informa-tion Science,to appearLiu,M.1993,Progress in Documentation The Complexities of Citation Practice:A Review of Citation Studies.Journal of Documentation49,340. Line,M.B.1993,Changes in the Use of Literature with Time—Obsolescence Revisited,Library Trends,41,665.Line,M.B.and Sandison,A.1975,Progress in Documentation-Obsolescence and Changes in Use of Literature with Time,Journal of Documentation 30,283.MacRoberts,M.H.and MacRoberts,B.R.1989,Problems in Citation Analysis, Journal of the American Society for Information Science,40,342. Phelan,T.J.1999,A Compendium of Issues for Citation Analysis,Scientomet-rics,45,117.Price,D.J.de Solla1965,Networks of Scientific Papers,Science,149,510. Satariano,W.A.1978,Journal Usein Sociology:Citation Analysis versus Read-ership Patterns.Library Quarterly48,293.Seglen,P.O.1997,Citations and Journal Impact Factors:Questionable Indic-ators of Research Quality.Allergy52,1050.Small,H.G.1987,The Significance of Bibliographic References,Scientometrics, 12,339.Tsay M.-Y.1998,Library Journal Use and Citation Half-Life in Medical Science.Journal of the American Society for Information Science49,1283. White,H.D.2001,Authors as Citers over Time.Journal of the American Society for Information Science,52,87.White,H.D.and McCain,K.W.1989,Bibliometrics,Annual Review of Inform-ation Science and Technology,24,119.。
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter Three Phonetics 语音学(word文档良心出品)
Chapter Three Phonetics 语音学（发音学）The description and classification of speech sounds 语音的描述和分类3.1 Phonetics and its sub-branches 语音学和它的分支定义：Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies speech sounds.语音学是语言学的分支,主要研究语音。
The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a lg and then study their physical characteristics.语音学的任务是定义什么是语音，然后研究他们的物理特性。
Not all the sounds made by human beings are speech sounds.并不是所有人类发出的声音都叫语音分类：Phonetics has three sub-branches :acoustic phonetics ,auditory phonetics and articulatory phonetics .语音学有三种分支：声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学。
①the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.研究语音的物理性质和传播的被称为声学语音学。
②the study of the way hearers perceive these sounds is called auditory phonetics.研究听者理解这些声音的方式的叫做听觉语音学。
③the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.研究发音器官如何发声的学科被称为发音语音学。
语言学—戴炜栋 （自己整理的）
主义语言学创始人 ●提出语言 language 和言语 speech 的区别 ●词的横组合及纵聚合是其句法理论的重要部分 Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations is important part of Saussure’s syntactic theory. 2. Noam Chomsky 乔姆斯基：the founder of generative grammar 生成语法创始人 ●提出关于语言能力 competence 与 语言运用 performance 的区分概念 ●1957 年提出转换生成语法：Transformational-Generative grammar 简作 TG Grammar 的研
6.英语语音的分类(the classification of English speech sounds) 英语元音和辅音的本质区别：发元音(vowel)时气流从肺部出来的气流没有受到任何阻塞。 在辅音(consonants)发出的过程中气流受到了这样或那样的阻塞。 ㈠辅音的两种划分标准：发音方式（Manners of articulation）、发音部位（Places of articulation） 和【清浊特征】
15.
中存储的词语-形象 word-image 的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定。
Parole（言语）：指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 actual use of
language，是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的、偶然性很大的实体
宠物头部检查—鼻喉检查技术(宠物临床检查技术课件)
2023/8/24
11
《宠物临床检查技术》课件
B. A cloudy mucoid discharge without an abundance of inflammatory cells can be seen in dogs with allergic rhinitis, cats with chronic viral rhinosinusitis, and dogs and cats with nasal neoplasia, particularly adenocarcinoma.
8
《宠物临床检查技术》课件
3. Characterize any discharge as unilateral or bilateral. Very focal disease such as an inhaled foreign body, dental abscess, or oronasal fistula is most likely to cause a unilateral discharge. Progressive disorders such as fungal rhinitis and neoplasia may cause a nasal discharge that is initially unilateral but progresses to bilateral. Systemic or diffuse disorders such as allergic rhinitis and lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis typically cause bilateral discharge.
对外经济贸易大学2006年语言学考研真题
对外经济贸易大学2006年语言学考研真题考试科目：专业英语Section OneMultiple Choice Questions（15points）（1）Virtually every sentence that a person utters or understands is a brand-new combination of words, appearing for the first time in the history of the universe. Therefore, a language cannot be a repertoire of responses; the brain must contain a recipe or program that can build an unlimited set of sentences out of a finite list of words. That program may be called a _______grammar. It should be not confused with ____or____ grammars that are just guides to the etiquette of written prose.a) Proscriptive-teaching-mentalb) Mental-prescriptive-descriptivec) Teaching- descriptive-mentald) Mental-teaching- descriptive（2）The consonant [ s] in the word ―smile‖ can be described as :a) voiceless oral alveolar fricativeb) voiceless nasal bilabial liquidc) voiced oral alveolar plosived) voiced oral bilabial fricative（3）Which of the following is not a minimal pair?a) [li:f] [fi:l] b) [sip] [zip]c) [sai] [sei] d) [leit] [feit]（4）Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?a) WTO b) Motel c）Bookshelf d) red-faced（5）Deter mine which of the following description is the symptom of Wernicke‘s aphasia?a) The patients are often referred to as agrammatic because of their particularproblems with syntax, especially, with damage to the frontal cortex.b)These patients produce ordinary fluent speech with good intonation andpronunciation, but with many word substitutions.c)These patients produce ungrammatical utterances omitting function wordslike ‗a‘ or ‗the‘ or ‗was‘ and parts of words like the past tense suffix –ed.d) They are characterized by word-finding difficulties and disturbed word order. （6）The statement that supports the argument that human brain is structured in a form of module is________-a) Mental grammar is unconscious.b) People do not have UG when they are born.c) Patients can have split-brains.d)The relationship between sound and meaning of a word is arbitrary.(7) The speech act theory was developed by____________.a)John Searle b)John Austin c) Levinson d) G. Leech(8) In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to__________.a) interaction b) interference c) input d) intake(9) Wave model is a way created to represent___________.a) sense relations b) semantic fieldc) syntagmatic relations d) language families(10) Which of the following does not belong to the computational linguistics？a) machine translation b) corpus linguisticsc) speech recognition d) empirical study(11) Synonyms in English can be divided into three different categoriesa) noun synonym, verb synonym, adjective synonymb) dialectal synonym, stylistic synonym, relational synonymc)dialectal synonym, complementary synonym, collocational synonymd) dialectal synonym, stylistic synonym, collocational synonym(12) The statement "have never seen the man before" indicates ____________of the illocutionary point.a) directives b) expressives c) representatives d) commissives(13) Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?a) the maxim of quantity b) the maxim of qualityc) the maxim of manner d) the maxim of strength(14) V ocabulary change in language can include all excepta) addition of new words b) simplification of word formsc) loss of words d) changes of word meaning(15) According to the theory of conversational implicature, in the conversation "A: Shall we get something for the kids? B：Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M, ‗B‘s implicature is____________.a) I don't want the kids to know we are talking about getting them some ice-cream.b) I want to tell the kids how to spell the word before they eat it.c) I agree to get something for the kids, but not the ice-cream.d) I want to emphasize that what the kids will get is ice-cream, not hamberger. Section TwoDetermine whether the following statements are true or false and mark each witha "T" or "F".(10point.)1) English consonants can be classified two categories: voiced and voicelessconsonants.2) Wherever humans exist, language exists.3) All human language utilize a finite set of discrete units to form an infinite set of possible sentences.4) The word of ― impossibility‖ contains four morphemes.5)Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air isforced through a narrow passage.6)The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are allphonemes.7)There are primitive languages—Some languages are more complex and notequally capable of expressing any idea in the world.8)Phonology and grammar are infinite, tightly structured systems, the child does nothave to master them before puberty in order to be a native speaker of the language.9)loss of identity.10)WA stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withouttotal hen varieties of language are classified in respect of their users, they are called registers.Section ThreeTry to explain in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved. (10 points)a)He looked over the chair.b)I dislike naughty boys and girls.c)They are flying planes.d)He saw a piece of wood.e)She found the drill boring.f)They are lying on the grass.g)They are amazed by those matches.h)The men decided on the train.i)Mary and Jack or Bill frightened the cat.j)They fed her dog biscuits.Section FourTry to improve and write the following sentences by eliminating the redundant words or phrases. (10 points)a)The candidate repeated the answer again.b)His solution was equally as good as hers.c)He expressed a number of clear expressions much to the audience‘s delight.d)The exam was very trying, and I kept trying to finish on time without making toomany errors.e)In many cases students profit from the research paper.f)Her gossip was of a sordid and ugly character.g)In spite of the fact that she is lazy, I like her.h)Speed is also an important factor.i)He glanced at her in a suspicious manner.j) She seldom talks on any subject of controversial nature.Section FiveAnswer the following questions. (35 points)1.Give three examples to show the distinctive function of juncture in English. (5points)2.What are the differences between morphs and allomorphs? Please illustrate withone or two examples. (5 points)3.Try to analysis the following words by IC analysis. (3 points)Undesirable Gentlemanly Replacements4.Think carefully about the following two sentences, A and B. Then answer thequestions that follow. (7 points)A.His crime was killing someone. (He killed someone, and that was a crime.)B.His crime was killing someone. (The crime itself actually killed someone.)a)The main verb is BE in sentenceb)The main verb is transitive in sentencec)―What was his crime?‖ is a question ofd)―What was his crime killing?‖ is a question ofe)―What was his crime doing?‖ is a question off)―His crime wasn‘t killing someone‖ is a negative ofg)The word crime can be replaced by concrete animate nouns likebrother only in5.How many types of style deviations did G. Leech mention in his study of stylistics?Please choose to explain at least five types of them with examples. (5 points)6.In what way are sentence meaning and utterance meaning differ from each other?Give one example to illustrate your points. (5 points)7.Try to understand the following two paragraphs, and describe and comment whattwo contrasting approaches or perspectives of language studies each of the quotes represent. (5 points)a) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know ahuman language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. ( Chomsky )b)It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, butuntil we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. This enables use to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. ( Halliday ).参考答案Section One(1) d (2) a (3) a (4) b (5) a (6) c (7) b (8) c (9) d (10) d(11) d (12) d (13) d (14) d (15) aSection Two(1) T(2) F(At the primitive period of human beings, there wasn't language.)(3) T(4) F("im-" "possibl-" "-ity")(5) F(Bilabial consonant is made with two lips,and the consonant that is producedwhen the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passageis called Fricative. )(6) F(Those are phones.)(7) F(There should be no classification of primitive language and civilized language.)(8) F(9) T(10) F(Registers are varieties of language classified according to the using of Language; while dialects are classified in respect of users.)Section Threea) From the IC analysis, the sequence "looked over the tree" could be illustrated in this way:(looked(over(the tree))) ((looked over)(the tree))Semantically, the different interpretations of the word "over" contribute to the ambiguity of the sentence. It could mean "Above and across from one end or side to the other" and also "Completely through, from beginning to end".b) The IC analysis of the sequence "naughty boys and girls" could be illustrated like this:(naughty(boys and girls)) ((naughty boys)and girls)This makes the sentence interpreted differently as: "I dislike naughty boys and naughty girls "and "I dislike girls and naughty boys".In terms of semantics, the semantic feature of "and" results in the ambiguity of the sentence. It could combine individual words like "boys" and "girls", and also phrases like "naughty boys" and "naughty girls".c) According to Generative Grammar, the sentence can have two different deep structures.d) The verb "see" is semantically polysemous in that it could refer to "to perceive with eyes" and also "to understand". Similarly, the phrase "a piece of wood" could also be interpreted as the actual wood and the metaphorical meaning "a part of the whole thing". Thus, the sentence could be interpreted as "He saw with his eyes a piece of wood" as its literal meaning and "He understood only a small part of the whole" as the metaphorical meaning.e) The ambiguity results in the polysemous words ―drill‖ and ―bore‖ in the sentence. The word ―drill‖ could refer to an implement or a kind of training; and ―bore‖ means ―to make a hole with a drill‖ or ―to make weary by being dull‖. Therefore, the senten ce may probably mean ―She found that the drill was digging‖ and ―She found that the training was tedious‖.f) The polysemous characteristic of word ―lie‖ contributes to the ambiguity of the sentence. Generally speaking, this verb could refer to either ―to be or place oneself at rest in a flat, horizontal, or recumbent position‖ or ―to present false information with the intention of deceiving‖. Thus, the sentence could be interpreted as ―They are not telling the truth on the grass‖.g) The word ―match‖ could be interpreted in different ways: ―A pair, each one of which resembles or harmonizes with the other‖, or ―A game or context‖, or ―A narrow piece, usually of wood or cardboard, coated on one end with a compound that ignites when scratched against a rough o r chemically treated surface.‖ Therefore, the meaning if the sentence is correspondingly ambiguous.h) ―On the train‖ could be interpreted differently due to the nature of ―on‖. One is to interpret this phrase referring to location, and the other is to tak e it ―relating to the train, concerned with the train‖. Correspondingly, the sentence has two different meanings: ―The place he decided was on the train‖ and ―He made a decision about the train‖.i) The ambiguity results in different ways to treat the sequ ence ―Mary and Jack or Bill‖.To illustrated in IC analysis would be like this:(Mary and (Jack and Bill)) ((Mary and Jack) or Bill)In terms of semantics, the semantic feature of ―or‖ results in the ambiguity of the sentence.It could combin e individual words like ―Jack‖ and ―Bill‖, and also phrases like ―Mary and Jack‖ and ―Bill‖.j) The sentence could be interpreted differently in respect of the deep structure.The identicalness of the possessive adjective case and the objective case of the pronoun ―she‖ contributes to the ambiguity of the sentence. When ―her‖ is regarded as the objective case, it would be taken as the indirect object of the verb ―fed‖; when ―her‘ is seen as the possessive adjective case, it then would be take as the modif ier of the noun ―dog‖.Section Foura)The candidate repeated the answer.b)His solution was as good as hers.c)He made a number of clear expressions much to the audience‘s delight.d)The exam was very challenging, and I kept trying to finish on time withoutmaking too many errors.e)Many students profit from the research people.f)Her gossip was of a sordid character.g)In spite that she is lazy, I like her.h)Speed is also important.i)He glanced at her suspiciously.j)She seldom talks on any controversial subjects.Section Five1.English employs four kinds of juncture for differentiating words and phrases.There is close juncture for intra-syllabic segments, syllable juncture between syllable, rhythm juncture between words, and pause juncture. Different junctures reflect different levels in the prosodic structure hierarchy in continuous speech.For example, as to the word ―bird‖ [bə:d], the juncture between [b] and [ə:] makes them realized distinctly and so is the transition from [b] to [ə:]. And the diphthong [iə] reveals the intra-syllabic juncture of the wor d ―here‖[hiə]. Juncture words cause such differences in sound as that created by the pronunciation of blackbird (one word) and black bird (two words).2. A morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme. In some sense it correspondsto a wordform. A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs. Anallomorph is a morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features. For example, /z/ in ―dogs, beds‖; /s/ in ―cats‖; /iz/ in ―garages‖ , all these three morphs are different representations of the same morpheme of plurality. Because they belong to the same morpheme, they are also called allomorphs.3.undesirable gentlemanly replacements4.a)A b) B c) A d) B e) B f) A g) B5.There are certain structural differences between poetic language and standardlanguage. These violations or de-automatizations or foregroundings or differences are called deviations. Leech has classified nine types of deviation.(1) Lexical deviation. Neologism refers to the invention of new words, but we call some new words nonce-formations if they are made up ―for the nonce‖, that is , for a single occasion only, rather than as serious attempts to augment the English word-stock for some new need. For example, in Hopkins‘ poem The Wretch of the Deutschland, ―The widow-making unchilding unfathering deeps.”（2）Grammatical deviation. An example of this type of deviation is illustrated in the repetition of generative construction. ―Our hearts‘ clarity‘s health‘s fire, our thoughts‘chivalry‘s throng‘s Lord.‖(Hopkins, The Wretch of the Deutschland)(3) Phonological deviation.(4) Graphological deviation.(5) Semantic deviation. It is reasonable to translate semantic deviation mentally into ―nonsense‖or ―absurdity‖, so long as we realize that ―sense‖is used in strictly liter-minded way. For example, ―The child is the father of the man‖(a line from Wordsworth.)(6) Dialectal deviation. Dialectism is the borrowing of features of regionally defined dialects. It is quite often used by storytellers and humorists. For example, in The Shepherd‘s Calendar, Spencer uses homely provincial words like ―heydeguys‖ (a type of dance), ―rontes‖ (young bullock), and so on..(7) Deviation of register.(8) Deviation of historical period.(9) The use of foreign language. The use of foreign language may suggest the speaker‘s high education or an attempt to catch fashion. It is often found in literature. For example, many Chinese people use some foreign languages while speaking in Chinese ―见面说hello,来是come,去是go‖.6. 参见北京师范大学2003年“英语语言学”题Ⅴ答案。
260鼻导管吸氧指南的解读
260鼻导管吸氧指南的解读English Answer:260 Nasal Cannula Oxygen Delivery Guidelines.Background: Nasal cannula (NC) oxygen delivery is a common and effective method of oxygen therapy. It is typically used for patients who require low to moderate levels of oxygen support. The 260 guidelines provide guidance on the use of NC oxygen delivery in adults and children.Indications: NC oxygen delivery is indicated for patients with hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen levels. Hypoxemia can be caused by a variety of conditions, including:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)。
Pneumonia.Asthma.Heart failure.Anemia.Sleep apnea.Contraindications: NC oxygen delivery is contraindicated in patients with:Severe upper airway obstruction.Bullous emphysema.Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)。
Equipment: NC oxygen delivery requires the following equipment:Nasal cannula.Oxygen source (e.g., oxygen tank, wall outlet)。
咽喉部英文单词
咽喉部英文单词pharynxnasopharynxoralpharynxlaryngopharynxEustachian tubeadenoidpyriform sinusacute tonsillitischronic tonsillitistonsillectomypharyngeal abscessadenoid vegetationlarynxthyroid cartilagecricoid cartilageepiglottic cartilageconus elasticuselastic conelaryngeal cavitysupraglottic areaglottic areasubglottic areavestibular foldvocal cordlaryngeal ventriclepreepiglottic spaceparaglottic spacelaryngeal obstructiontracheotomylaryngeal cancertotal laryngectomypartial laryngectomyangiofibroma of nasopharynxcancer of nasopharynxobstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome鼻部nasal sinusnasal nosenasal cavitynasal sinusnasal bonenasal cartilagenasal septumsuperior turbinatemiddle turbinateinferior turbinatesuperior meatusmiddle meatusinferior meatus ostiomeatal meatusfrontal sinusethmoid sinusfrontal sinussphenoid sinuschronic rhinitischronic simple rhinitis chronic hypertrophic rhinitis seasonal allergic rhintis perennial allergic rhintis sneezingsinusitisnasal obstructionrhinogennic headache mucopurulent rhinorrheafacial painchronic sinusitispansinusitisendoscopic sinus surgery little’sKiesselbachwoodruff’slittle’s areawoodruff’s plexusepistaxisjianchseptum of nasalturbinatemeatus耳科词汇颞骨temporal bone外耳道external acoustic meatus 耵聍cerumen内听道internal acoustic meatus 耳廓auricle中耳middle ear鼓室tympanic cavity鼓膜tympanic membrane紧张部pars tensa松弛部pars flaccida锤骨malleu镫骨stapes听骨链ossicle chain鼓岬promontory卵圆窗oval window圆窗round window上鼓室epitympanum中鼓室mesotympanum下鼓室hypotympanum鼓窦antrum乳突mastoid process咽鼓管Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube 内耳inner ear迷路labyrinth骨迷路osseous labyrinth膜迷路membranous labyrinth内淋巴液endolymph外淋巴液perilymph前庭vestibule耳石器otolith organs耳石斑maculae壶腹ampullae球囊saccule椭圆囊utricle半规管semicircular canal耳蜗cochlea前庭阶scala vestibuli中阶scala cochlea鼓阶scala tympani柯替氏器Corti’s organ毛细胞hair cell螺旋神经节spiral ganglion听觉系统auditory system前庭系统vestibular system分贝decibel气传导air conduction AC骨传导bone conduction BC耳声发射otoacoustic emission OAE前庭性眼震vestibular nystagmus听力学audiology音叉试验tuning fork test纯音测听pure tone audiometry听阈auditory threshold听敏度auditory acuity声导抗测听acoustic immittance audiometry耳蜗电图electrocochleograph; EcoG听性脑干反应auditory brainstem response ; ABR眼震电图electronystagmogram; ENG分泌性中耳炎otitis media with effusion化脓性中耳炎suppurative otitis media乳突炎mastoiditis胆脂瘤cholesteatoma先天性闭锁congenital atresia先天性狭窄congenital stenosis乳突根治术radical mastoidectomy鼓室成型术Tympanoplasty面神经麻痹facial paralysis耳硬化症Otosclerosis感音神经性耳聋sensorineural hearing loss; SNHL传导性耳聋conductive hearing loss混合性耳聋mixed hearing loss遗传性耳聋genetic hearing loss耳毒性聋otoloxic deafness噪声性聋noise-induced hearing loss老年性聋presbycousis突发性聋sudden sensorineural hearing loss自身免疫性感音神经性聋autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss 听神经瘤acoustic neuroma梅尼埃病Meniere disease耳聋deafness耳鸣tinnitus眩晕vertigo助听器hearing aid人工耳蜗植入cochlear implant; CI。
鼻炎ppt课件
Asthma Allergic rhinitis
Symptom score
Antigen challenge 1 3–4 8–12 24
Time postchallenge (hr)
Adapted from Varner AE, Lemanske RF Jr. In: Asthma and Rhinitis. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2000:1172-1185; Togias A J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105(6 pt 2):S599-S604.
4
2
0
3.6
No allergic rhinitis at baseline (n=528)
Allergic rhinitis at baseline (n=162)
23-year follow-up of college freshmen undergoing allergy testing; data based on 738 individuals (69% male) with average age of 40 years. Adapted from Settipane RJ et al Allergy Proc 1994;15:21-25.
过敏性鼻炎/哮喘 同一气道的疾病 白三烯在过敏性鼻炎/哮喘中的作用
This presentation includes preliminary results of an ongoing clinical program.
哮喘及过敏性鼻炎 两者均是炎症性疾病
• 哮喘
– A chronic inflammatory disorder in which exposure to various stimuli results in airway obstruction and airflow limitation
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
• Olfactory neuroepithelium: 1. roof of the nasal vault: cribriform plate, superolateral aspects of the septum, medial surfaces of the superior turbinates. 2. interspersed patches (1 to 4 cm2) of respiratory epithelium. 3. interspersed patches is thicker (~200 mm) than respiratory epithelium (~70 mm). 4. the cilia of interspersed patches lack dynein arms and functional ciliary beat.
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
• Parasympathetic: brainstem facial nerve greater superficial petrosal nerve vidian nerve sphenopalatine ganglion nasal mucosa. • Sympathetic: thoracic spinal cord (T-2, T-3) superior cervical ganglion internal carotid nerve parasympathetic nerves vidian nerve sphenopalatine ganglion lateral and medial posterior superior nerves.
History
• Eye (lacrimal obstruction irritation) 1. Burning 2. Tearing 3. Displacement (nasal cancer extending into orbit) • Teeth (mouth breathing) 1. Coated 2. Pain (sinus involvement) • Throat (mouth breathing) 1. Sore 2. Tonsillitis 3. Postnasal drip 4. Snoring 5. Lump in throat
Hale Waihona Puke Endocrine/ Pheromone detection
•Laminae papyracea of the lacrimal bone.
•Portions of the ethmoid bone.
•The inferior nasal conchae.
• Bony and mucosal infoldings: 1. maximize the effective intranasal surface area. 2. rapid humidification (to 85% to 95% relative humidity or up to a liter of water in 24 hours). 3. radiant heating of inspired air (reaching 31° to 37° C before the pharynx). 4. anatomic variations or functional changes may be producing partial or complete nasal obstruction.
Vascularization of nasal mucosa
Nasal valve
Nasal valve
• Mesorrhine or leptorrhine: nasal valve collapse due to insufficient anatomic support.
Evaluation And Assessment
History
• Sinuses (meatal obstruction) 1. Sinus pain: headache, facial or atypical pain (e.g., pain at the nasal base or inferior to supraorbital tori) 2. Nasal discharge or discharge from the sinus ostia 3. Speech: resonance changes 4. “Sinus” • Ear (eustachian tube dysfunction) 1. Popping 2. Autophonia 3. Fluctuating hearing 4. Ear fullness
Histology
• 1. 2. • Stratified squamous epithelium: nasal orifice. locus of the nasal hairs (vibrissae). Pseudostratified columnar respiratory (ciliated) epithelium: 1. the remainder of the nasal vault. 2. paranasal sinuses.
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
• Nasal airflow: 1. trigeminal nerve: tactile, thermal, and possibly chemical sensation. 2. nervous reflexive airflow monitoring: nasal vestibule (tactile hair, Iggo dome, Pacinian, and Meissner receptors)
Histology
Respiratory epithelium: Goblet cells (g). Ciliated cells (c). Intermediate cell (l). Basal cells (b). Basement membrane (bm).
Histology
• Goblet cells produce a protective mucous layer(salts, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and lysozymes). • The mucous layer can entrap inspired bacteria or viruses, particulate matter, and toxins. • Mucosal cilia can remove wastes for digestion and excretion.
Vascularization of nasal mucosa
• Artery: 1. ECA maxillary and facial branches. 2. ICA ophthalmic branch ethmoid arteries. • Vein: 1. anterior facial vein, sphenopalatine vein, ethmoid vein. 2. sphenopalatine and ethmoid vein cavernous sinus.
Functions of the nose
Chemosensation Olfactory sensation detects irritants, chemicals, and temperature abnormalities of inspired air Nasal reflex Nasal sensation may be linked to lower respiratory and vascular reflexes Olfactory identification of major proteins may be used in mate selection for production of off spring with more heterogenous HLA types
History
• • • • Time of onset. Duration of symptoms. Obstruction (unilateral or bilateral). Duration of the obstruction (recurrent or chronic). • Contributing factors in the patient’s environment.
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
Innervation of the nasal mucosa
• Sensory innervation: 1. olfactory nerve , trigeminal nerve (V1, V2). 2. olfaction, reflexes (sneezing, laryngeal constriction, bronchoconstriction, and cardiovascular responses). • Autonomic nervous: 1. vascular tone, turbinate congestion, nasal secretions. 2. parasympathetic: vasodilator, secretomotor activity. 3. sympathetic: vasoconstrictive.
NASAL OBSTRUCTION
Anatomy And Physiology
Functions of the nose