PAST OF SPEECH VERBS
英语知识点总结 英文
英语知识点总结英文English is a global language that is spoken by millions of people all over the world. It is the official language of many countries and is also widely used as a second language in others. In this article, we will summarize the key knowledge points of the English language, covering grammar, vocabulary, and language skills.Grammar1. Parts of Speech: In English, there are eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech plays a specific role in a sentence, and it is important to understand their functions in order to communicate effectively.2. Tenses: English has 12 tenses, including simple present, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, simple past, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, simple future, future continuous, future perfect, and future perfect continuous. Understanding how and when to use each tense is crucial for accurate communication.3. Sentence Structure: English sentences typically follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) structure, although there are exceptions depending on the type of sentence. It is important to understand how to construct sentences correctly in order to convey meaning accurately.4. Articles: English has two articles, "a/an" and "the." Knowing when and how to use these articles is important for proper grammar and comprehension.Vocabulary1. Word Formation: English words can be formed through various processes such as affixation, compounding, and conversion. Understanding these processes can help learners expand their vocabulary and use words correctly in different contexts.2. Synonyms and Antonyms: Synonyms are words that have similar meanings, while antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Building a strong vocabulary involves learning synonyms and antonyms to express ideas more precisely.3. Idioms and Phrasal Verbs: Idioms are expressions with meanings that are different from the literal meanings of the words used. Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) that have unique meanings. Learning idioms and phrasal verbs can help learners sound more natural and fluent in English.4. Word Families: Word families are groups of words that share the same root or base word, along with different prefixes and suffixes. Understanding word families can help learners expand their vocabulary and understand the meanings of new words more easily. Language Skills1. Listening: Listening is an important language skill that involves understanding spoken English in various contexts. It is important to practice listening to different accents and speech patterns in order to improve comprehension.2. Speaking: Speaking involves producing English sounds and words to communicate with others. Practicing pronunciation, intonation, and fluency is crucial for developing speaking skills.3. Reading: Reading in English helps build vocabulary, comprehension, and critical thinking skills. It is important to practice reading different types of texts, such as fiction, non-fiction, articles, and academic texts.4. Writing: Writing involves producing written English to convey ideas and information. Developing writing skills includes understanding and using different text types, organizing ideas logically, and using correct grammar and vocabulary.In conclusion, English knowledge points encompass grammar, vocabulary, and language skills that are essential for effective communication. By mastering these knowledge points, learners can improve their English proficiency and engage successfully in various social, academic, and professional contexts.。
华师17年9月课程考试《词汇学》作业考核试题
华师17年9月课程考试《词汇学》作业考核试题（答案：1534499857）一、单选题（共25 道试题，共50 分。
）1. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymyD. conversion2. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?（）A. polysemyB. language familyC. ambiguityD. complementaries3. English words can be motivated______.A. phonologicallyB. morphologicallyC. etymologicallyD. all the above4. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.A. part of speechB. plural forms of nounsC. tensesD. appropriateness5. Non-basic vocabulary includes（）A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above6. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech7. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ , semantic change and __________.A. exchange/lendingB. derivation/borrowingC. creation/borrowingD. affixation/creation8. One billion is ________ in British English.A. 1, 000, 000, 000B. 1, 000, 000, 000, 000C. 1, 000, 000D. 1, 000, 000, 000, 000, 0009. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?B. language familyC. ambiguityD. complementaries10. “child—parent”are （）antonyms.A. rootB. derivativeC. relativeD. complementary11. “sow”(to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow”(fully grown female pig ) are called（）A. HomophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. acronyms12. （）is not a characteristic of basic word stockA. ColloquialismB. All national characterC. StabilityD. Polysemy13. “sow”(to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow”(fully grown female pig ) arecalled ________.A. HomophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. acronyms14. “child—parent”are _______ antonyms.A. rootB. derivativeC. relativeD. complementary15. The word “water”is _________ motivated.A. phoneticallyB. semanticallyC. morphologicallyD. non-16. Conversion is a method of __________.A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speechB. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaningC. deriving words by grammatical meansD. changing words in morphological structure17. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.A. true idiomsB. semi-idiomsC. regular combinations18. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. echnical termsD. all the above19. Narrowing excludes ________.A. change from material nouns to common nounsB. change from common nouns to proper nounsC. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economyD. change from specific meanings to general meanings20. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year. ”Is an example of（）A. euphemismB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor21. The hyponyms of ‘vegetable’are（）A. banana, pear, jamB. pear, apple, bananaC. cucumber, celery, peasD. tree, pine, elm22. Functional words are ________________.A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctionsB. adjectives, nouns, articlesC. articles, prepositions, conjunctionsD. verbs, pronouns, prepositions23. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of （）of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech24. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into another without the change of form.A. BlendingB. AffixationC. Back-formationD. Conversion25. Motel is a/an is ________.A. blendB. clipped wordC. initialismD. acronym二、判断题（共25 道试题，共50 分。
英语语法术语
英语语法转业术语语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 结构 structure 层次 rank句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech 单词 word实词 notional word 虚词 structrural word名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable no 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concret moun 物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun 个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb 主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb 规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb 非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb 感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner 程度副词 adverb of degree 时间副词 adverb of time 地点副词 adverb of place 修饰性副词 adjunct 连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun 人称代词 personal pronoun 物主代词 possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun 指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun 关系代词 relative pronoun 不定代词 indefinite 物主代词 possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词 nominal possesive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun冠词 article 定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause 从属句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause 定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause 主语从句 subject clause 同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence 简单句 simple sentence 并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence 并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence 疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question 特殊疑问句 special question 选择疑问句 alternative question 附加疑问句 tag question 反义疑问句 disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句 exclamatory question 存在句 existential sentence 肯定句 positive sentwence 否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence 省略句 elliptical sentence 感叹句 exclamatory sentence 基本句型 basic sentence patern句子成分 members of sentences 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object 双宾语dual object直接宾语 direct object 间接宾语 indirect object 复合宾语 complex object 同源宾语cognate object补语 complement 主补 subject complement 宾补 object complement 表语predicative定语 attribute 同位语 appositive 状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate 从属 subordination 修饰modification前置修饰 pre-modification 后置修饰 post-modification 限制 restriction 双重限制double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 规则形式 regular form 不规则形式 irregular form格 case 普通格 common case 所有格 possessive case 主格 nominative case 宾格objective case性 gender 阳性 masculine 阴性 feminine 通性 common 中性 neuter人称 person 第一人称 first person 第二人称 second person 第三人称 third person时态 tense 过去将来时 past future tense 过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense 一般现在时 present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense 一般将来时 future simple tense 现在完成时 past perfect tense 过去完成时 present perfect tense 将来完成时 future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense 将来进行时 future continuous tense 过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice 主动语态 active voice 被动语态 passive voice语气 mood 陈述语气 indicative mood 祈使语气 imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood否定 negation 否定范围 scope of negation 全部否定 full negation 局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order 自然语序 natural order 倒装语序 inversion 全部倒装 full inversion 部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech 间接引语 indirect speech 自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreemen 主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement 就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis 重复 repetition 语音 pronunciation 语调 tone 升调 rising tone 降调falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style 正式文体 formal 非正式文体 informal 口语 spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression英国英语 British English 美国英语 American English 用法 usage 感情色彩emotional coloring褒义 commendatory 贬义 derogatory 幽默 humorous 讽刺 sarcastic 挖苦 ironicGerund 动名词 H Hyphen 连字号 I Imperative Mood 祈使语气 Imperative Sentences 祈使句 Indefinite Case 独立成分 Indicative Mood 主句 Material Nouns 物质名词 Members of the Sentence 句子的成分 Modal Verbs 情态动词 Mood 语气 Morphology 词法 N Natural Word-order 否定疑问句 Non-finite Forms of the Verb 动词的非限定形式 Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses 非限制性定语从句B Brackets 括号 Classification of Nouns 名词的分类 Clauses 从句（分句）Cognate Object 同源宾语 Collective Nouns 集体名词 Colon 冒号 Comma 逗号Common Case 普通格 Common Nouns 普通名词 Comparative Degree 比较级Complex Object 复合宾语 Complex Sentences 复合句 Compound Complex Sentences 并列复合句 Compound Nominal Predicate 表性状的复合谓语Compound Predicate 复合谓语 Compound Sentences 并列句 Compound Verbal Predicate 表行为的复合谓语 Compound Words 合成词 Compounding( Composition ) 合成 Conditional Sentences of Mixed Time 错综时间条件句Conjunction 连词 Conjunctive Adverbs 连接副词 Conjunctive Pronouns 连接代词Conversion 转化 Co-ordinating Conjunctions 并列连词 Countable Nouns 可数名词 D Dash 破折号 Declarative Sentences 陈述句 Definite Article 定冠词 Degrees of Comparison 比较的级别 Demonstrative Pronouns 指示代词 Derivation( Affixation ) 派生（词缀法） Descriptive Attributes 描绘性定语 Direct Address 呼语 Direct Object 直接宾语 Direct Speech 直接引语 Disjunctive Questions 反意问句 E Ellipsis 省略 Elliptical Sentences 省略句 Exclamation Mark 感叹号Exclamatory Sentences 感叹句 F Finite Forms of the Verb 动词的限定形式 Form Words 虚词 Fractional Numerals 分数词 Full Inversion 完全倒装 Future Continuous 将来进行时 Future Indefinite 一般将来时 Future Perfect 将来完成时Future Perfect Continuous 将来完成进行时Absolute Constructions 独立结构 Absolute Forms of Possessive Pronouns 物主代词的绝对形式 Abstract Nouns 抽象名词 Active Voice 主动语态 Adverbial Clauses of Manner 方式状语从句 Adverbial Clauses of Place 地点状语从句 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 目的状语从句 Adverbial Clauses of Time 时间状语从句Adverbs of Degree 程度副词 Adverbs of Frequency 频度副词 Adverbs of Manner 方式副词 Adverbs of Place 地点副词 Adverbs of Time 时间副词 Alternative Questions 选择问句 Analysis of Sentences 句子分析 Apostrophe 省略号Appositive 同谓语 Appositive Clauses 同位语从句 Auxiliary Verbs 助动词Parenthesis 插入语 Partial Inversion 部分倒装 Participial Phrases 分词短语Participle 分词 Particle 小品词 Parts of Speech 词类 Past Forms 过去式 Past Participle 过去分词 Period ( Full Stop ) 句号 Person 人称 Personal Pronouns 人称代词 Phrasal Verbs 成语动词 Predicate 谓语 Predicative 表语 Predicative Clauses 表语从句 Prefix ( es ) 前缀 Prepositional Phrases 介词短语 Present Forms 现在式 Present Participle 现在分词 Principal Forms of verbs 动词的主要形式Proper Nouns 专有名词 Punctuation 标点符号 Question Mark 问号 QuestionMarks 引号 Reciprocal Pronouns 相互代词 Relative Adverbs 关系副词 Relative Pronouns 关系代词 Restrictive Attributive Clauses 限制性定语从句 Self Pronouns 自身代词 Semicolon 分号 Sentences of Real Condition 真实条件句 Sentences of Unreal Condition 虚拟条件句 Sequence of Tenses 时态的呼应 Special Questions 特殊问句 Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气 Suffix ( es ) 后缀 Superlative Degree 最高级Syntax 句法 Transformation of Sentences 句型的转换 Two-member Sentences 双部句 Uncountable Nouns 不可数名词 Verb Phrases 动词短语 Verbal Noun 名词化的动词 Word Building 构词法。
《新编语言学教程》练习参考答案
说明应许多教师和学生的要求，我们编写了本教科书每章后面的习题答案。
但是，有两点必须说明一下。
第一，对术语的定义或解释，多是以本书相关章节为依据，所以会有些局限性。
好在目前市场上有多种语言学词典，大家可参考其他定义和解释。
第二，对开放式问答题的回答，多为提示性的，而且也是基于本书内容做的基本回答，往往显得过于简略。
一方面，本书是入门性的教程，对诸多问题的讨论仍欠深入；另一方面，每章后面附的参考书，可以告诉读者到哪里去查找相关信息，加深对某个问题的了解。
总之，这里提供的答案是参考性的，绝不是唯一的，更不是穷尽一切的。
充其量，它只能给教师和同学提供一点点方便而已。
如发现不当之处，敬请指教。
Chapter 1Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu”in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are relatively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to man’s, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf ’s postures.Chapter 2The Sounds of Language1.Define each of the following terms briefly.(1) articulator: the tongue, lips, and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.(2) assimilation: a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar (or identical) to a neighboring sound, e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when followed by a [+nasal] consonant.(3) consonant: a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of partof the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, andmanner of articulation.(4) elision: the leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech.(5) intonation: the variation in pitch and stress which gives beat and rhythm to the tune the voice plays in ordinary speech.(6) phoneme: the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.(7) phonetics: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8) phonology: the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(9) stress: the prominence given to certain sounds in speech.(10) voicing: the vibration in the larynx caused by air from the lungs passing through the vocal cords when they are partly closed; speech sounds are saidto be either voiced or voiceless.(11) voiceless: When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely.The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds.(12) vowel: a speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity.2. Minimal pair test or substitution test.Minimal pair test or substitution test is to see whether substituting one sound for another results in a different word. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes. For example, as to the English word bear, if we substitute p for b, we get the word pear, the two are different words. Then /b/ and /p/ represent different phonemes. Other examples are chunk/junk, ban/bin, bet/beat, fine/vine, side/ site, etc.3. Take the word big for example, in the word big /big/, /b/ is the onset, /i/ is the nucleus and /g/ is the coda. The difference between open syllables and closed syllables is whether the words have codas. If there are codas, they are closed syllables,such as pig, hat and at; if not, they are open syllables, such as do, I, tea and key.4. (1) stop, consonant(2) back, rounded, vowel5. (1) voiceless / voiced(2) bilabial / labiodental(3) close / semi-open(4) stop / nasal(5) alveolar / palatal(6) alveolar / dental(1) kit/git, bucker/bugger, bag/back(2) mark/nark, smack/snack, sum/sun(3) best/vest, ober/over, lib/live(4) bore/more, abate/amate, mob/mom(5) pat/fat, apt/aft (AmE), harp (BrE)/half7. (1) The stresses are placed on the second syllable except for “promise”. We mayeasily conclude that the verbs usually are stressed on the second syllable. (2) Syllable representations of the words:collide [k2#laid] elect [i#lekt] consider [k2n#sid2]Chapter 3Morphology1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) morphology: the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme: the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.(3) free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g.-ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on thelevel of parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(7) derivation: the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word formation.(8) clipping: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.(9) acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Examples: NATO, radar and yuppy.(10) initialism: Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Such words are called initialism.(11) blending: A single new word can be formed by combining two separateforms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of oneword and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch isformed by the shortened forms of breakfast and lunch.(12) root: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system from un- + system + atic + ally.(13) stem: the base towhich one or more affixes are attached to create a morecomplex form that may be another stem or a word. For example, book is thestem of bookish.(14) prefix: Affixes can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem, in which case they are called prefixes.(15) suffix: Affixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suffixes.2. (3), (5), (7)3. (1) simple: fly tree suite(2) bound morpheme rootfly / fly reuse re-use spiteful -ful spitepreplan pre-plan desks -s desk triumphed -ed triumphsuite / suite optionality -ality option untie un-tiedelight de-light fastest -est fast prettier -ier prettytree / tree justly -ly just deform de-formmistreat mis-treat dislike dis-like payment -ment paydisobey dis-obey premature pre-mature4. (1) Column I: ablaut (vowel modification)Column II: suppletionColumn III: stress modification(2) The process in the Column I is finished by changing the vowel of each word, while in Column II, the process is finished by changing vowel and consonantof each word.(3) Column I: awake/awoke bear/bore arise/aroseblow/blew bite/bit hide/hidlie/lay know/knew foot/feetgoose/geese tooth/teeth louse/liceColumn II: bad/worse are/were many/moreColumn III: #combine/com#bine #compress/com#press#conduct/con#duct #insert/in#sert#insult/in#sult #intern/in#tern5. (1) Omitted.(2) Other examples:#rerun (n.) – re#run (v.) #contrast (n.) – con#trast (v.)#convert (n.) – con#vert (v.) #desert (n.) – de#sert (v.)#export (n.) – ex#port (v.) #increase (n.) – in#crease (v.)#conduct (n.) – con#duct (v.) #object (n.) – ob#ject (v.)#content (n.) – con#tent (v.) #protest (n.) – pro#test (v.)#insult (n.) – in#sult (v.) #produce (n.) – pro#duce (v.)When a word belongs to different word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on different syllables. When all the words above are stressed on the first syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verbs.6. (1) It means “the inhabitant of ”.(2) It means “the person who does”.(3) The morphological rule working here is “n. + -er –– n.”, and the last phoneme of the noun, which the suffix -er is added to, should be a consonant.(4) The rule in (3) doesn’t work in the word discoverer because the last phoneme of discoverer is a vowel /2/.7. (1) inflection (2) derivation (3) inflection (4) inflection (5) derivation Chapter 4Syntax1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(2) word class: a group of words which are similar in function; words which aregrouped into word classes according to how they combine with other words,how they change their forms, etc.(3) prescriptive approach: This view regards grammar as a set of rules for the “proper” use of a language, that’s to say, it tries to lay down rules to tell peoplehow to use a language.(4) descriptive approach: the approach of linguistic studies, with which linguists collect samples of the language they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used.(5) IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. For example, the immediate constituents of “The man bought a car” are theman and bought a car. The immediate constituents of the man are the andman, and so on until no further cuts can be made. The ultimate constituentsof “The man bought a car” at the word level are the, man, bought, a, and car.(6) structural analysis: a type of descriptive approach to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language through such methods as the use of “test frames”.(7) immediate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This processcontinues until no further divisions are possible. The first division or units are known as immediate constituents.(8) ultimate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This process continues until no further divisions are possible. The final division or units areknown as ultimate constituents.(9) constituent structural grammar: It refers to a grammar which analyzes sentences using only the idea of constituency, which reveals a hierarchy of structural levels.(10) transformational grammar: a type of grammar which attempts to define and describe by a set of rules or principles all the grammatical sentences (without ungrammatical ones) of a language.(11) ideational function: the use of language as a means of giving structure to our experience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function: the use of language for maintaining social roles and interacting with others.(13) textual function: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within themselvesand which fit the particular situation in which they are used.2. Yes. As we know, morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words, while syntax focuses on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence. The major distinction between morphology and syntaxis that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, while the latter is concerned with the combination of words.3. (2) Instead of using the form “suggest somebody to do something”, we usually use “suggest + that-clause” or “suggest doing”, here we’d better substitute “advise” for “suggest”(4) The word “request” is a transitive verb which should take an object directly, so the word “for” should be omitted.(6) The word “donate” cannot be followed by double objects as “donate somebody something”. Instead we always use “donate something to somebody”.(10) The subject of the verb “write” is usually a human; an “article” cannot write itself. In this case the passive construction is normally used: The article was very well writen.(11) Usually we don’t use “be bored of something/somebody”, but “be bored with something/somebody” which means losing interest in somebody/something.(13) Here “myself ” is a reflexive pronoun, which can’t be used as subject, and it should be replaced by “I”.(14) The word “surprise” is usually used as a transitive verb, so the expression “…surprise for you” is ungrammatical, and it can be replaced by “surprise somebody (with something)” or “I was surprised by your getting married.”(15) The word “sleep” is usually used as an intransitive verb, which can’t take an object. The cases of “sleep” being used as a transitive verb are semantically limited, as in “to sleep a good sleep” or “the room can sleep 3 people”.4. It’s ungrammatical, because “us” is the objective case which can’t serve as the subject,while “she” is the subjective case which can’t serve as the object. The sentence should be “We visit her on Sundays”. The personal pronouns “you” and “it” have the same form whether used as the subject or object.5. (1) NP: A Guns “N” Roses concert, an arena, some 2500 fans, a full-fledged riot,A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena , A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ,The trouble, venue security, a camera, the front, the stage, the front of the stage. PP: at an arena, at an arena near ST. Louis, near ST. Louis, in disaster, near the front, of the stage, near the front of the stage. VP: stageda full-fledged riot, asked venue security, confiscate a camera.(2) N: Guns, Roses, concert, arena, ST. Louis, disaster, fans, riot, trouble, Axl Rose, venue, security, camera, front, stage. Prep: at, near, in, of. V: end, stage, start, ask, confiscate, see.6. (1) You mustn’t end a sentence with a preposition.You mustn’t split infinitives.7. (i)SNP VP AdvArt N V NP Prep NPArt N Art NThe dog bit the man in the car.(ii)S ,Art N ,Art N ,Prep NP ,NP VP, Art N V NP P. The dog bit the man in the car.8. (1)a. Terry loves his wife and I love his wife, too.b. I love my wife as well as Terry loves his wife.(2) a. It’s yesterday that they said she would go.b. She would go yesterday as they said.(3) a. The governor is a street fighter who is dirty.b. The governor is a fighter in a dirty street.(4) a. The design has squares and circles, both of which are big.b. The design has big squares, and it also has some circles. (The sizes of the circles are not mentioned.)Chapter 5Semantics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.(2) truth-conditional semantics: an approach that knowing the meaning of the sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence istrue or false, and knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowingthe part that it plays in the truth or falsehood of the sentence containing it.(3) naming theory: the view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.(4) behaviorist theory: the view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as observable behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology.(5) use theory: the semantic theory according to which the meaning of an expression is determined by its use in communication and more generally, insocial interaction.(6) sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, together with the context, determines its referent. For example, knowing the sense of a nounphrase such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George W. Bush is the referent.(7) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationshipbetween the word tree and the object “tree” (referent) in the realworld.(8) conceptual meaning: It means the meaning of words may be discussed interms of what they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the essential and inextricable part of what language is and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of “he” in English is any male person or male animal.(9) connotative meaning: It is the communicative meaning that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over its purely conceptual meaning. For example, the connotative meaning of “woman” is emotional,frail, inconstant, irrational, etc.(10) semantic field: the organization of related words and expressions into asystem which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation, sex, membership of the father’s or mother’s side of family.(11) lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for “male” and “female” cousin.(12) componential analysis: (in semantics) an approach to the study of meaning which analyzes a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features.For example, the meaning of the English word boy may be shown as[+human][+male][-adult].(13) semantic feature: the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaningof word may be described as a combination of semantic components orfeatures. For example, the feature [+male] is part of the meaning of father,and so is the feature [+adult], but other features are needed to make up the whole meaning of father. Often, semantic features are established by contrast and can be stated in terms of [+] and [-], e.g. woman has the semantic features [+human], [-male] and [+adult].(14) synonym: the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical items, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonym: the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy: the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy, where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (the superordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym: the sense relation between body and its parts which are not only sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, the head is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs,i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(18) semantic role: the way in which the referent of a noun phrase is involved in the situation described or represented by the clause, for example as agent, patient, or cause.(19) entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (the second) is inferred from the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat is dead; if the first is true, the second must be true.(20) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”2. (1) He waited by the bank.a. He waited by the financial institution which people can keep their moneyin or borrow from.b. He waited by the bank of the river.(2) Is he really that kind?a. Is he really that type of person?b. Is he really that kind-hearted?(3) We bought her dog biscuits.a. We bought dog biscuits for her.b. We bought biscuits for her dog.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.a. He saw that gasoline container explode.b. He saw that gasoline may explode.(5) Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.a. Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes in total.b. Each of the fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.(6) He saw her drawing pencils.a. He saw her pencils for drawing.b. He saw her drawing the picture of pencils.3. (2) (4) (5) (8) are antonyms; (1) (3) (6) (7) are synonyms.4. charity: kindness, sympathy, church, helpfuliron: strong, brave, hard, determinedmole: traitor, betrayal, spysnow: pure, virgin, cleanstreet: homeless, living hard, pitiable5. (1) a. hoard b. scribble c. barn, method d. olfactory(2) a. acquire b. tell c. way d. smell(3) a. buy, win, steal. b. talk, tell c. road, way, path d. smellThese words are less marked in their sets because they are more usual andtend to be used more frequently. They consist of only one morpheme andare easier to learn and remember than others. They are also often broader in meaning and cannot be described by using the name of another member ofthe same field.6. homophones: sea-see, break-brake; polysemies: sea, break, prayer, mature, trace, househomonyms: ear.7. In a semantic field, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status. The less marked members of the same semantic field (1) are usually easier to learn and remember than more marked members; (2) consist of only one morpheme incontrast to more marked members; (3) cannot be described by using the name of another member of the same field; (4) tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms; (5) broader in meaning than more marked members; (6) are notthe result of the metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, but more marked are.8. (1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram.The (a) and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human.The (b) words are animals.(2) a. ask, tell, say, talk, converseb. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, hollerThe (a) and (b) words are realized by sounds.The (a) words are normal voice quality.The (b) words are produced by modifying one’s normal voice quality.(3) a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swimb. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glideThe (a) and (b) words are sports (movement).The (a) words are sports without instruments.The (b) words are sports with instruments.Chapter 6Pragmatics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) pragmatics: a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(3) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for.(4) anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(5) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”(6) Speech Act Theory: The theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts. In saying “Sorry”, you are performing an act of apology.(7) indirect speech act: an utterance whose literal meaning (location) and intended meaning (illocution) are different. For example, Can you pass thesalt? is literally a yes/no question but is usually uttered as a request or polite directive for action.(8) the Cooperative Principle: a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both partieswill normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.It is composed of 4 maxims: quality, quantity, relation and manner.(9) the Politeness Principle: politeness is regarded by most interlocutors as a means or strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes,such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relationsin conversation. This principle requires speakers to “minimize the expression of impolite beliefs”. It is composed of 6 maxims: Maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy.(10) conversational implicature: the use of conversational maxims in the Cooperative Principle to produce extra meaning during conversation.。
填空题-英语词汇学
Grammatical__meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.17. The word __minister_has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "headof a ministry".18. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or conventional __.随意的和约定俗称的19. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates_ambiguity.20. Almost all affixes are __bound morphemes because few can be used as independentwords.16. The degraded meaning “sexual desire ”of the word “lust ”comes from itsold meaning “ pleasure ”.17. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and stemheadword or entries are defined in the same language in a monolingual dictionary. 单语词典basic word stock forms the common core of the language.20 概念意义 Conceptual meaning is also known as denotative meaning. 外延意义。
科英写作Parts of speech(verbs, adverbs and adjectives)
西安电子科技大学
Adjectives 1. Some adjectives must act as postmodifiers: present, else, what(so)ever , inclusive, involved
Examples: The energy within the spectrum is distributed smoothly among the various wavelengths present. In this case no rotation whatsoever will result.
西安电子科技大学
At the end of a sentence additional statement to the subject or the whole sentence before manner
Examples: The gas is restored to its original temperature, ready to repeat the cycle again and again. The force M acts perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
In this case, machines get hot easily.
该皮带平压在滑轮（pulley）上。
The belt lies [presses; rests] flat on the pulley. Translate 在这种情况下压力保持不变。 这种方法被证明是可行的。 Formula: V(active) + an adjective
翻译技巧--教育家孔子
英文标题的大小写
1. Always capitalize the first and the last word, regardless of their part of speech. ("The Text to Look For").
2. Capitalize the following parts of speech: Nouns (“The Flowers of Europe”) Pronouns (“Save Our Children”) Adjectives (including this and that作为形容词时) (“Who Said That Phrase”) Verbs (including is and other forms of to be) (“Rise in Aid to Education Is
孔子到过许多诸侯国家，想为各国君王效力，但是他们都不 接受他的政治主张。
A. Confucius had been to/ arrived in/ reached many state countries and wanted to/ tried to/trying to/ intending to/with the intention of/ serve the dukes and princes/ emperors, but they all did not accept his political ideas.
(“France: Researchers Nervous About Bioethics Bill”) ➢ But do capitalize prepositions that are part of a verb phrase. ("Backing
英语课堂笔记
英语课堂笔记Title: Notes on the English ClassroomIntroduction:In this comprehensive set of English classroom notes, we will delve into various topics related to language learning, including vocabulary building, grammar, effective communication skills, and literature appreciation. These notes aim to provide a detailed understanding of key concepts and strategies to enhance English language proficiency.I. Vocabulary Building:1. Importance of Vocabulary:- Vocabulary forms the foundation of effective communication. - A rich vocabulary expands the repertoire of expressions and aids comprehension.2. Strategies for Vocabulary Acquisition:- Reading extensively exposes learners to new words.- Creating word lists and practicing with flashcards aids memorization.- Contextual understanding through reading and conversations assists in word usage.II. Grammar:1. Parts of Speech:- Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.- Understanding the role of each part of speech enhances sentence construction.2. Tenses:- Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future continuous.- Grasping the appropriate usage of tenses is crucial for accurate communication.3. Sentence Structure:- Subject-verb-object (SVO) structure.- Awareness of sentence structure facilitates effective writing and speaking.III. Effective Communication Skills:1. Speaking:- Practice in various conversational settings.- Focus on pronunciation, intonation, and fluency.2. Listening:- Active listening by paying attention to context and non-verbal cues.- Engage in listening exercises to improve comprehension. 3. Reading:- Read a wide range of texts for both comprehension and vocabulary development.- Note-taking while reading enhances understanding and retention.4. Writing:- Different types of essays, including descriptive, narrative, and persuasive.- Emphasize organization, coherence, and grammar accuracy. IV. Literature Appreciation:1. Poetry Analysis:- Interpretation of poetic devices such as rhyme, meter, and figurative language.- Appreciation of the poet's purpose and underlying themes. 2. Novel Study:- Character analysis and development.- Exploration of themes, plot, and literary techniques.3. Drama:- Understanding the structure of plays, including acts, scenes, and dialogues.- Analysis of character motives, conflicts, and resolutions. Conclusion:These comprehensive English classroom notes provide adetailed understanding of vocabulary building, grammar, effective communication skills, and literature appreciation. By implementing the strategies outlined in these notes, learners can enhance their language proficiency, ultimately leading to effective communication and a deeper appreciation of literature. Consistent practice and an active approach to learning will ensure continual improvement in the journey of mastering the English language.。
简明语言学概论知识点集总
语言学第一章1. Linguistics is generally known as a systematic and scientific study of language.2. The study of language as a whole is what we call general linguistics which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models, and methods applicable in any linguistic study.3. There are five core areas or main branches of linguistics, namely, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.4. Phonetics refers to the study of the nature, production, and perception of speech sounds.5. Phonology is the study of the sound systems of individual languages and of the nature of such systems generally.6. Morphology concerns the internal structure of words and interrelationships among words. And it studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word formation rules.7. Syntax is the study of grammatical relations between words and other units within the sentence.8. Semantics refers to the study of meaning of language.9. Pragmatics (语用学) is also concerned with the study of meaning and emphasizes the study of meaning in context.10．Sociolinguistics refers to the study of language in relation to society.11. Psycholinguistics refers to the study of language in or from the viewpoint of psychology.12. Cognitive linguistics（认知语言学）emphasizes the continuity of language with the workings of the mind in general and seeks to ground a theory of language in accounts of cognition.13. If a linguistic study describes and analyses the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.14. If a linguistic study aims to prescribe what is judged to be correct, it is said to be prescriptive.15. The synchronic study of a language means the description of a particular “state”of that language, and an account of its structure either at present or at some specific moment in the past, considered in abstraction from its history.16. Diachronic study of a language means the description of its historical development“through time”.17. Langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker, i.e. the abstract linguistic systems shared by all members of a speech community.18. Parole refers to the phenomena or data of linguistics, i.e. the realization of language in use.19. Competence refers to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.20. Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.21. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.22. Design features: a number of defining properties that distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.23. Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between linguistic form and its corresponding meaning.24. Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structure, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.25. Creativity refers to the creative power of language. The power or resourcefulness of human language is due to its property of duality and its recursiveness.26. Displacement means that human language can talk about objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment communication.27. Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.第二章音系学1. Pharyngeal cavity: glottisOral cavity: tongue, teeth, lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, uvularNasal cavity2. In phonetics, the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back, and the root.3. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.4. /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /s/-plural, /t/-past-tense are voiceless sounds; /z/-plural, /d/-past-tense are voiced sounds.5. Broad transcription: it is a kind of phonetic transcription with letter-symbols only. The transcription with letter-symbol together with diacritics is what we call narrow transcription.6. Differences between consonants and vowels:(1) A consonant is produced with a partial or complete air flow obstruction in the oralcavity, while a vowel is produced without such an obstruction.(2) All the vowels in English are oral, but some of the consonants are oral and some are nasal.(3) All vowels are voiced, but consonants can be voiced or voiceless.7. Coarticulation(协同发音) refers to simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units.8. A phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment, which refers to the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication.9. A phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit, it is a unit of distinctive value. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.10. aspirated 送气的unaspirated 不送气的unreleased 没有完全送气的/p/ is a phoneme in the English sound system, and it can be realized differently as aspirated and unaspirated in different contexts.11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones of that phoneme. (音位变体: 无意义变化)12. Phonemic contrast(音位对立)：If phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast. /p/ and /b/ in /pit/ and /bit/ (意义有变化)13. Complementary Distribution (互补分布)：If they are allophones of the same phoneme, they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.14. Minimal Pair (最小对立体)：When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.15. /p/ /b/ /t/ /k/ /d/ /g/ are phonemes in English. All these sound combinations together constitute a minimal set./i:/ /i/ /e/ /u:/ /ei/ /ai/ /au/ are phonemes.16. Phonological Rules:(1) A—B/CA changes toB under the condition C.(2) A—B/__C(3) A—B/C__Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are typical phonological processes t hat can be represented by the following rules17. Suprasegmental features (超分段特点) refer to those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.18. syllable (σ) = onset+nucleus+codaCV(C)19. The maximal onset principle:English permits at most three consonants to form an onset.According to the maximal onset principle, the maximal sequence t hat occurs at the beginning of a word in English is a three consonant cluster that begins with “s”. The second could be any of the three voiceless stops p, t, or k, and the third consonantcould be any of the three approximants l, r, or w.20. Pitch, length, and loudness are components of stress. In English, there are three levels of stress are recognized. They are primary, secondary, and unstressed.第三章词法学1. The open-class words are those belonging to the major part of speech classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), which in any language tend to be large and “open-ended”. Closed-class words are those belonging to grammatical, or function classes (such is articles, prepositions, conjunctions), which in any language tend to include a small number of fixed elements.2. Morphemes are the minimal units of word building in a language; they cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful parts.3. Morphemes are categorized into two classes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.4. A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase, such as the word table in John sat at the table.5. A bound morpheme cannot stand alone but have to be attached to another morpheme.6. Certain bound morphemes are known as affixes. The morphemes that can only occur before other morphemes are called prefixes, and after, suffixes.7. The morpheme to which an affix is attached is the base (or stem) morpheme and it can free or bound.8. The morphemes such as –en, -able, and –ize, etc. are called derivational morphemes, as when they are conjoined with morphemes, a new word is derived. (派生词素：后缀一般改变词性前缀一般不改变词性)9. There are also some bound morphemes which are, for most part, grammatical markers, designating such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. They are termed as inflectional morphemes. (曲折词素) Such as –s, -ed, -ing verb endings10. Words fall into two general classes, simple and comlex.11. The creation of new words(1) Coinage (创造)Coinage refers to the process in which previously nonexistent words keep entering a language.(2) BlendingBlending refers to the new words that are formed from existing ones by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining theinitial parts of the two words.(3) ClippingClippings refer to “clipped”abbreviations such as ad for advertisement, fax for facsimile, etc. (cutting the final part, cutting the initial part, cutting both the initial and final parts) There are also orthographic abbreviations such as Dr. for doctor, where the pronunciation remains the same.(4) Acronyms (词首字母缩略词)Acronym refers to a word that is made up from the first letters of the name of anorganization.(5) Back-formation (逆构词法）Back-formation refers to the very type of word-formation where a new word is formed by subtracting or deleting an affix thought to be part of the word. It is also called inverse derivation.(6) BorrowingDirect borrowing: words are borrowed directly from another language.Indirect borrowing: it occurs when an expression in one language is translated literally into another language.(7) Semantic change (语义改变)Change in part of speech; metaphorical extension; broadening; narrowing; semantic shift; reversal.(8) Changing in part of speechGrammatical category of words can be changed through time.(9) Metaphorical extensionWhen a language does not have the right expressions for certain purposes, speakers often take an existing meaning and extend it in a recognizable way. Though a new word is not created as such, a new usage has entered the vocabulary. (ship, navigation, sailing, floating, captain)(10) BroadeningBroadening refers to another way a meaning of a word can be extended besides metaphorical extension.(11) NarrowingConversely, the meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense.(12) Meaning shift(13) ReversalsReversals of meaning can occur when words are used to mean the opposite of their original meaning.(14) CompoundsA compound refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as ice-cream, sunrise, laptop, etc. (词性一般由后面的词决定)Generally speaking, the part of speech of the whole compound is the same as the part of speech of the rightmost member of the compound, which is termed as the head of the compound.第四章句法学1. A description of the grammar of any natural language, therefore, requires us to recognize that all words in that language belong to a restricted set of grammatical categories. In English, noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, etc. are different categoriesof words as each category shares a set of common grammatical properties. The grammatical categories are morphological and syntactic.2. Lexical categories refer to words traditionally termed as contentives, or content words. They include noun, verb, preposition, adjective, and adverb.3. Functional categories, or function words, functors, refer to words that serve primarily to carry information about the grammatical function of particular types of expressions within the sentence. They include particle (小品词), auxiliary (助动词), determiner (限定词), pronoun (代词), and complementizer (补足语).4. Contentives usually have obvious descriptive content. Functors have no descriptive content, but functional content.5. According to Andrew Radford, if a word has an antonym, it is a contentive.6. Determiner refers to a word like a/the/this/that which is typically used to modify a noun, but which has no descriptive content of its own. There are two kinds of determiners, quantifying determiners and referential determiners. Quantifying determiners are determiners like all/some which denote quantity, and referential determiners are determiners like the/this/that/my which are used to introduce referring expressions. (det)7. Determiners can not only be used to modify a noun expression, but can also be used on their own. Such determiners are traditionally categorized as pronouns. Pronominal determiners.8. Auxiliary refers to items such as will/would/can/could/shall/may/might/must/ought. (AUX)9. Auxiliary differs from verbs in a number of ways. P6110. Infinitive particle behaves like functors such as an auxiliary. (I)11. A complementizer refers to a special kind of word which is used to introduce complement clauses. (finite clause & infinite clause)12. Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, is the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups, which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.13. IC analysis emphasizes the function of the intermediate level—word group, seeinga hierarchical structure (纵向结构) of the sentence as well.Advantages: Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.Problems: (1) Problems exist as to the segmentation of a construction, i.e. dividing a sentence i nto its constituent elements. According to IC analysis, the division is in binary, but it is not always possible. (2) Constructions with discontinuous constituent pose technical problems for tree diagrams in IC analysis.14. Phrase structure grammar is part of the early standard transformational generative grammar (TG grammar). In its classic form, a transformational grammar has a phrase structure grammar in its base component. It is a grammar that assigns to a sentence a type of structure that can be represented by a single phrase structure tree.(a) S—NP +AUX+VP(b) NP—DET+(adj)+NP+(CP)+(PP)(c) VP—V+NP+PP(d) CP—COMP +SThe phrase structure can generate a potentially infinite number of noun phrases. PP—P+NP15. Embedding is one of the ways in which a finite set of rules can generate an infinite number of set of structures.VP—V+S16. Right branching: prepositional phrase is located on the right branch of a noun phrase, which is itself on the extreme right branch of a PP. Structures like this general sort are called right branching.17. In the PS rules for possessive n oun phrases, we find a different kind of noun phrase structure with modifier of the noun phrase locating in the opposite direction. NP—Poss+NPoss—NP+Affix18. X-bar theory:An attempt to constrain the set of possible PS rules.The idea is that phrasal categories all have heads that belong to the same category as the phrasal category.The general phrase structure rule for phrasal categories would be XP—X Comp, where X stands for the head of the phrase and Comp stands for complement. The rule schema captures another generalization of English syntax that the head of a phrase is to the left of its complement.19. Specifiers (指示语): Specifiers refer to the elements that occur before the head (a determiner, a quantifier, and so on).It occurs at the left boundary of their respective phrases. They are attached to the top level of phrase structures, to the left of the head.20. Complements:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed subcategorization. A certain lexical item requires a certain type of complement. Complement clause can be introduced by a functional word termed complementizer.CP complement phraseThe construction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called a matrix clause.X-phrase—(specifier)(mod)X(complement)(mod)21.Infl P(=S)=NP(specifier)+Infl(tense/an auxiliary)+VP(complement)22. Auxiliary (or Head) MovementAuxiliaries hold the position of Infl, thus become the head of each sentence.The inversion rule is stated as follows: move Infl to C of CPHead to head movement: applying the inversion rule and moving the auxiliary verbs from the Infl position to the C position of CP, correct derivations of the yes-no“e”.question can easily be achieved. Trace is usually marked by a symbol23. Do-insertionDo insertion inserts interrogative do into an empty Infl position.Move the interrogative do into the C position.24. Wh-movementAn Aux-movement rule is applied first to move the auxiliary in the head C position of CP, and then a raising rule is applied to move the wh-word from the complement position of the VP to the specifier of CP position, the initial position of sentence.25. Particle movementGiven a verb+particle construction, the particle may be shifted away from the verb, moved immediately to the right of the object noun phrase, and attached to the VP mode.26. C-COMMAND:constituent commanda c-commandsb if a does not dominate b and everyc that dominates a also dominatesb.C-command refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any others under the latter element as well.B c-commands C, E, F, but not D, which is dominated by B; andC c-commands B, D, but not E, F. Since there is no branching at B code,D may be raised to B ’s position, and has the same c-command relations as B.Conditions:It must be a head.It must be related to the other directly, not interrupted by any third element.27. Binding TheoryBinding refers to the relation between a quantifier and a variable, that is, a variable is bound by a quantifier.In the generative approach, binding refers to the relation between different referring word and the subject of a sentence containing it.The term anaphor is used to include only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.CA BAB CE FDA.An anaphor is bound in its governing category.B. A pronominal is free in its governing category.C.An r-expression is free.第五章语义学1. Linguistic meaningLanguage mteaning--Dialect meaning—regional/socialidiolect meaning2. Speaker meaningLiteralNonliteral--irony sarcasm metaphor3. The denotational theory of meaning: the meaning of each expression is the object it denotes, its denotation.4. naming theory: if one focuses on some expressions in a language, one is likely to conclude that their meaning is the thing they refer to.5. Mentalist theory of meaning: the meaning of each expression is the idea associated with that expression in the minds of speakers.Meaning as imagesMeaning as concepts6. Concept theory (or triangle theory)According to the theory, there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The meaning is obtained through the mediation of concepts in mind.7. Homonymy is the name for unrelated senses of the same phonological word. Homography: senses of the same written word.Homophony: senses of the same spoken word.8. Both homonymy and polysemy deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related.。
英语词汇学复习题
英语词汇学复习题一．单项选择1. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over the ______ words. ( )A. nextB. followingC. functionD. neighboring2. Being phrases or sentences, idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic _______. ( )A. entityB. unityC. unionD. unit3．_______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves. ( )A. TerminologyB. ArchaismC. NeologismD. Jargon4. Which of the following is a pejorative prefix? ( )A. dis-B. arch-C. mal-D. anti-5. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: _______ or pejorative. ( )A. denotativeB. appreciativeC. emotiveD. affective6.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called ______. （）A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. back-formation7. Associative meaning of words comprises the following except ______. （）A. connotative meaningB. lexical meaningC. affective meaningD. collocative meaning8. What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? （）A. Suffixation.B. Polysemy.C. Allomorph.D. Variation.9. Which word that formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English?（）A. Deer.B. Cattle.C. Sheep.D. Bird.10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, this word may create ______. （）A. semantic motivationB. degradationC. ambiguityD. extension11. ________ consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas such medicine, mathematics, music, education, etc. ( )A. NeologismB. ArchaismC. TerminologyD. Jargon12. Styles are normally classified into formal, _______ and informal. ( )A. mediumB. neutralC. middleD. common13. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed _______. ( )A. suffixesB. morphemesC. inflectionsD. parts14. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the connection between them is _____and conventional. ( )A. arbitraryB. habitualC. subjectiveD. symbolic15. Apart from the stylistic feature, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of ______ manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech. ( )A. grammaticalB. structuralC. phoneticD. stylistic16. Without ______, there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker intended to convey.A. contextB. semantic unityC. structural stabilityD. stylistic feature17. Idioms manifest such rhetorical features as the following except______. （）A. phonetic manipulationB. lexical manipulationC. literary expressionsD. figures of speech18. According to its grammatical functions, idioms can be classified into five groups. The idiom “heart and soul”belongs to ______. （）A. idioms nominal in natureB. idioms adjectival in natureC. idioms verbal in natureD. idioms adverbial in nature19. The main body for a dictionary is ______ of words. （）A. spellingsB. pronunciationsC. definitionsD. grammar20. Readers can’t find pronunciation or meaning in ______.（）A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese TranslationB. The Encyclopedia AmericanaC. Chamber’s Encyclopedic English DictionaryD. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary二．填空1．Words may fall into _______ words and _______ words by origin.2．Red, orange, yellow, green, white, black, blue, purple, pink, etc., make up the _______ field of ________.3．The obvious characteristics of the basic word stock are all national character, ________, productivity, polysemy and _____________ .4．Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ________ morphemes.5．The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.6．“Pavement”in British English and “sidewalk”in American English have the same ________. 7．Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the ________field of ‘colours’.三．判断对错（）1. The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants. （）2. The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of modern English period. （）3. The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of the stems（）4. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.（）5. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.四．术语英译汉1. derogatory sense2. desk dictionary3. diachronic approach五．术语简释1.linguistic dictionary:2.blending:3.motivation:4.perfect homonyms:5.idioms nominal in nature:6.creation (as a mode of vocabulary development)7.free morphemes8.collocative meaning9.concatenation10. grammatical context六．简答题1.What are the major ways in which words are motivated?2.What are the two major types of factors that cause changes in meaning?3.What is the remarkable feature of Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English ?4. Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.七．论述题1. What are the two approaches to polysemy?2. . Explain the meaning of the phrase “a laconic answer”, using the theory of motivation.。
《英语词汇学》练习测试题集及答案
华中师范大学网络教育学院《词汇学》练习测试题及答案本科I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the correspondingbrackets. （每题一分）( ) 1. “All national character” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words” and “loan words”.( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong toGermanic Family except Norwegian.( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings.( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes.( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts.( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation.( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter.( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages.( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning whichindicates grammatical concepts.( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation” the derived meanings of words are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word graduallyacquires its meanings in the process of development.( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goesthrough extension of meaning.( ) 14. “meat” is an example of narrowing of meaning.( ) 15. “teacher” and “student” are converses.( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared withspelling.( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguisticfactors.( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language.( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words.( ) 21. Idioms are phrases and short sentences the meanings of which are not easy to infer from the constituents in most cases.( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function is the most helpful way.( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words.( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked.( ) 25. V ariations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified.( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms.( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings.( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing.( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme.( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words.( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases.( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns.( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.( ) 35. Associative meaning consists of connotative meaning, stylistic meaning,affective meaning and emotive meaning.( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning.( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening.( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense.( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to beaffected by the action of the verb.( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion” and “gradability”.( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate.( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration.( ) 43. “villain” is an example of degradation.( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs andeven cultural background.( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context.( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature.( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed.( ) 48. The four major foreign contributors to the development of Englishvocabulary are Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian.( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application.( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly r elated to the primary meaning.( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or culturalbackground.( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side byside.( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases.( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated.( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as commonwords.( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylisticfeatures of words and so on.( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive ornegative.( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which aregenerally found in the dictionary.( )71. Idioms are set phrases whose meaning is often difficult or impossible to infer from the constituent words.( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changingmeanings of old words.( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation.( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing—the most important source.( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers theconcept of the latter.( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings.( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see theirorigins as well as sense relatedness.( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language.( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.( ) 84. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical itemin question.( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loanwords.( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning.( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particularmeaning.( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French.( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated.( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants.( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin.( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept.( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language.( )101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primary meaning.( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character,denizens and productivity.( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity.( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness.( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word.( )110. Aliens are words of the native element.( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but laterbecame assimilated into the English language.( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable.( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and theobjective world.( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable.( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-convertedones still retain adjective features.( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative.( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words.( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society.( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the oneaffected by the action.一、答案1、T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. TII. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）Example: disobey ( prefixation)headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization)expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion )ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending )enthuse (backformation ) deadline (compounding )tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping )kodak (commonization ) exwife (prefixation )elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy )autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping )airline ( compounding ) changeable (affixation/suffixation)postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy )bike (clipping ) smog (blending )donate (backformation ) ampere (proper words )antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation)三、填空答案1．meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion 3. root4. prefixes; suffixes5. synonym; relative6. superordinate; subordinate7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic9. Latin; Scandinavian10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept17．intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换)24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes26. superordinate subordinate 27. stable/fixed functional higher28. intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 29. affix 30. extension/generalization31.. antonyms contrary 32. elevation narrowing/specialization 33. connotativeIII. Fill in the blanks according to the coursebook and write your answers on thecorresponding lines. （每空1分）1. The connection between sound and is arbitrary and .2. The three major means of word-formation are , and .3. The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called .4. generally do not change part of speech whereas do.5. The words which are fully identical in meaning are called absolute and all the others care calledsynonyms.6. In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is and the term which conveys a specificmeaning is .7. falls into two kinds, namely context and context.8. A word is the free form which has a give sound, andfunction.9. The major foreign elements which contribute greatly to English vocabulary are, Greek, French and .10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called .11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and .12. The stylistic features of words form their meaning.13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically .14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing,, degradation and .15. motivation refers to the words whose meanings are suggested by their morphological structure.16. is one of the three kinds of meaning which has nothing to do withlanguage.17. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connecion between them is ______ andconventional.18. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.19. A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.20. Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______do.21. Among pairs of antonyms, the ______ term covers the meaning of the ______ term.22. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.23. The major means of word-formation are ______, ______ and ______.24. The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and______.25. Affixation, also called ______, is the formation of new words by adding ______ to stems.26. Hyponymy deals with the relation of semantic inclusion. The general term is ______ and the specific termsare ______.27. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are ______. ______ words enjoy a______ frequency in use than content words.28. There is no ______ relationship between sound and ______ as the connection between them is ______ andconventional.29. A morpheme attached to a stem or root is ______.30. ______ is the change of meaning from specific to general.31. Words which are opposite in meaning are called ______, among which ______ terms are gradable andallow intermediate members.32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and theopposite process is called ______.33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning.IV选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A10.B 11. B12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. DIV. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________.A. argot and jargonB. archaisms and neologismsC. technical termsD. all the above( )2. Functional words are ________________.A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctionsB. adjectives, nouns, articlesC. articles, prepositions, conjunctionsD. verbs, pronouns, prepositions( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock.A. ColloquialismB. All national characterC. StabilityD. Polysemy( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word classwithout the addition of an affix, is called ____________.A. compoundingB. back-formationC. functional shiftD. derivation( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________.A. part of speechB. plural forms of nounsC. tensesD. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______.A. phonologicallyB. morphologicallyC. etymologicallyD. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words.A. formalityB. affectivenessC. appropriatenessD. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________.A. descriptive and prescriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC . spoken and written D. competence and performance( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics?A. polysemyB. language familyC. ambiguityD. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________.A. banana, pear, jamB. pear, apple, bananaC. cucumber, celery, peasD. tree, pine, elm( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________.A. allomorphsB. phonemesC. morphsD. lexis( )14. _________ is a word-formation process by which a word is changed from one word-class into another without the change of form.A. BlendingB. AffixationC. Back-formationD. Conversio( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________.A. 1604B. 1066C. 1406D. 1046( )16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________.A. euphemismB. synecdocheC. metonymyD. metaphor( )17. “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.A. rootB. derivativeC. relativeD. complementary( )18. Th e word “water” is _________ motivated.A. phoneticallyB. semanticallyC. morphologicallyD. non-( )19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________.A. sentence idiomB. proverbC. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________.A. change from material nouns to common nounsB. change from common nouns to proper nounsC. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economyD. change from specific meanings to general meanings( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________.A. true idiomsB. semi-idiomsC. regular combinationsD. all the above( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________.A. blendB. clipped wordC. initialismD. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.A. HomophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ i n ________.A. connotative meaningB. emotive meaningC. stylistic meaningD. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brain. _________.A. SimileB. metaphorC. MetonymyD. synecdoche( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning?A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English.A. 1,000,000,000B. 1,000,000,000,000C. 1,000,000D. 1,000,000,000,000,000( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. freeC. inflectionalD. root( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms.A. dead / aliveB. parent / childC. single / marriedD. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________.A. German / GermanicB. Celts / CelticC. Italian / ItalicD. Sweden / Swedish ( ) 31. The modes of modem English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ________ , semantic change and __________.A. exchange/lendingB. derivation/borrowingC. creation/borrowingD. affixation/creation( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________.A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speechB. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaningC. deriving words by grammatical meansD. changing words in morphological structure( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymyD. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English._________ of them are still in use today.A. 85%B. 56%C. 72%D. 75%V．Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column. （右栏的词每词1分）(1)narrowing manuscriptdeerextension poisongovernorelevation vulgarbonfiredegradation journallustdiseasealibi(2)narrowing journalgirlextension villainmarshalelevation barnmilldegradation deerknightcriticizeliquor(3)narrowing picturemeatextension girlmarshalelevation cunningbonfiredegradation journalangel连线(3)答案Narrowing: meat, girl, bonfire Extension: picture, journalElevation: marshal, angel Degradation: cunning连线(4)答案Narrowing: wife, deer Extension: holiday, manuscriptElevation: minister, governor Degradation: criticize, villain(4)narrowing holidayvillainextension wifeministerelevation deergovernordegradation manuscriptcriticizeVI. Do the following according to instructions.A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of theitalicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many ofthem still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( )2. I like fruit, but not avocado, which is too soft. ( )3.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog inthe street and ate it. ( )4. Most dentists‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio‟s new office is bright, cheerful.( )5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous. He ate two bowls of soup, salad, alarge chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( )6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usuallybrings rain. （）7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry, a marriage system which allows awoman to have more than one husband. ( )8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( )A．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym3. example/exemplification/superordinate4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant details6. antonym/antonymy7. explanation 8. word structureB Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective or objective sense and put your answersin the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing todo with the robbery. ( ) ( )2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood.( )3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see themovie based on it. ( )4.Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children.( )5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( )6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful.( )7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster.( ) ( )8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small.( )9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded verydoubtful.( ) ( )10. What a boring man he is! ( )11. The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class.( ) ( )12. It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( )13. The little match girl was really pitiful. She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.( )14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well withoutpains. ( )B. 答案1. subjective; objective 2. objective3. objective4. objective5. subjective6. objective7. subjective; objective 8. objective9. subjective; objective 10. objective11. subjective, objective 12. subjective13. objective 14. objectiveC. Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized words,using such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）1.Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing notlong ago. ( )2.Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street and ateit. ( )3.The tribal community still practices polygamy, a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at thesame time. ( )4.As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ).5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.C. 答案1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification3. definition/explanation4. antonym/antonymy5. relevant detailsVII. Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）A B( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one‟s nose( ) 4. repetition d. earn one‟s bread( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success.( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in handVII连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）1.break record (adj) ( record-breaking)2、fight with fists (adj) (ist-fighting)3. walk in one‟s sleep (n) (sleepwalking)4. a worm which glows (n) (glowworm)5. draw the bridge (n) (drawbridge)6. down to the earth (adj) (down-to-earth)7. sick for missing home (adj) ( homesick)8. the blood which causes the stain (n) (bloodstain)9. the part which is bitten by frost (n) (frostbite )10. shake hands (n) (handshake )IX. Define the following terms.（每题3分）1.notional words: Notional words are also called content words which denote clear notions. They includenouns, most verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.2.primary meaning: At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaningis the primary meaning .3.context :In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapterand even the entire book in which a word appears. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation including the people, time, place and even the whole cultural background.4、marked terms:Many pairs of antonyms contain specific words and general words. In such a pair, thespecific word is included in meaning within the general word. The specific words are called marked terms.5、transfer :Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else haveexperienced transfer.6、ambiguity: If there is more than one meaning for a word used in a context, ambiguity occurs. Ambiguity is mainly。
词类 Parts of Speech
1.词类 Parts of Speecha.名词 Nounsb.形容词 Adjectivesc.动词 Verbsd.助动词 Auxiliary Verbse.代词 Pronounsf.数词 Numeralsg.量词 Measure Wordsh.副词 Adverbsi.介词 Prepositionsj.连词 Conjunctionsk.助词 Particlesl.叹词 Interjectionsm.象声词 Onomatopes2.词组 Phrases.主谓词组 Subject-Predicate Phrasesa.动宾词组 Verb-ObjectPhrasesb.联合词组 CoordinativePhrasesc.偏正词组 EndocentricPhrasesd.数量词组 Numeral-Measure Word Phrasese.补充词组 ComplementaryPhrasesf.方位词组 Phrases ofLocalityg.同位词组 AppositivePhrasesh.固定词组 Set Phrasesi.介词结构 PrepositionalPhrases常见介词结构CommonPrepositionalPatternsj.“的”字结构的Phrases3.句子成分 Sentence Elements .主语 The Subjecta.谓语 The Predicateb.宾语 The Objectc.状语 Adverbial Adjunctsd.补语 Complementse.定语 The Attributive4.单句 Simple Sentences.动词谓语句 Sentences with aVerbal Predicatea.形容词谓语句 Sentenceswith an AdjectivalPredicateb.名词谓语句 Sentenceswith a Nominal Predicatec.主谓谓语句 Sentences witha Subject-PredicatePhrase as the Predicated.无主句 SubjectlessSentencese.独语句 One WordSentencesf.简略句 Elliptical Sentences5.句子用途 Sentence Use.陈述句 Declarative Sentencesa.疑问句 InterrogativeSentencesb.祈使句 ImperativeSentencesc.感叹句 ExclamatorySentences6.动作的状态 Aspects of an Action.动作的进行 The ProgressiveAspect of an Actiona.动作的持续 TheContinuous Aspect of anActionb.动作的完成 The PerfectAspect of an Actionc.将来的动作 Future Actionsd.过去的动作 Past Actions7.用特殊动词谓语的句子 Sentencesusing Special VerbalPredicates.“是”字句是 Sentencesa.“有”字句有 Sentencesb.“被”字句被 Sentencesc.“把”字句把 Sentencesd.存现句 ExistentialSentencese.兼语句 Pivotal Sentencesf.连动句 Sentences withVerb Constructions inSeries8.复句 Complex Sentences.并列复句 Coordinate Complex Sentencesa.偏正复句 SubordinateComplex Sentences9.表示比较 ExpressingComparison.用“比”表示比较 Using 比 to Express Comparisona.用“跟”表示比较 Using 跟to Express Comparisonb.用“象”表示比较 Using 象to Express Comparison10.词汇 Vocabulary11.参考文献 References。
选择动词 英语作文
选择动词英语作文Choosing Verbs。
As one of the most important parts of speech, verbs play a crucial role in conveying meaning and expressing actions or states. In order to write effectively, it is essential to choose the right verbs to accurately convey the intended meaning.First and foremost, verbs should be chosen based on their tense. The tense of a verb indicates when the action or state occurred or will occur. For example, “I walked to the store” indicates that the action of walking occurred in the past, while “I will walk to the store” indicates that the action of walking will occur in the future. Choosing the correct tense is important for maintaining clarity and accuracy in writing.Another important factor to consider when choosing verbs is their level of specificity. Some verbs are moregeneral and can apply to a wide range of situations, while others are more specific and indicate a particular type of action or state. For example, the verb “run” is a general verb that can apply to many different situations, while the verb “gallop” is more specific and indicates a particular type of running motion. Choosing specific verbs can add depth and nuance to writing, while using general verbs can simplify and clarify the message.In addition to tense and specificity, verbs should also be chosen based on their connotation. Connotation refers to the emotional or cultural associations that a word carries. For example, the verb “cry” has a more emotional connotation than the verb “weep”, which is more formal and less emotive. Choosing verbs with the appropriate connotation can help to create the desired tone and mood in writing.Finally, verbs should be chosen based on their level of formality. Some verbs are more formal and appropriate for academic or professional writing, while others are more informal and suitable for personal or creative writing.Choosing the appropriate level of formality can help to establish the appropriate tone and style for the intended audience and purpose.In conclusion, choosing the right verbs is essentialfor effective writing. By considering factors such as tense, specificity, connotation, and formality, writers can create clear, accurate, and engaging prose that effectively conveys their intended meaning.。
动词的好处有什么英语作文
动词的好处有什么英语作文The Benefits of Using Verbs。
As one of the most important parts of speech, verbs play a vital role in communication. They are used to express actions, states, and events, and are essential for conveying meaning in both written and spoken language. In this essay, I will explore the benefits of using verbs and how they enhance our ability to communicate effectively.Firstly, verbs help to make our language more descriptive and engaging. By using verbs to describe actions and events, we can create vivid images in the minds of our readers or listeners. For example, instead of saying "the car moved quickly", we can use a more descriptive verb like "zoomed" or "raced", which paints a clearer picture of what is happening. This makes our language more interesting and engaging, and helps to hold the attention of our audience.Secondly, verbs are essential for expressing tense and time. By changing the tense of a verb, we can indicate whether an action is happening now, in the past, or in the future. This allows us to convey the sequence of events in a story or describe the timing of an action. For example, "I am writing this essay" indicates that the action is happening now, while "I wrote this essay yesterday" indicates that the action has already happened. This helps to make our language more precise and accurate.Thirdly, verbs are important for expressing mood and tone. By choosing the right verb, we can convey different emotions and attitudes. For example, "I love you" expresses a positive emotion, while "I hate you" expresses a negative emotion. Similarly, "I apologize" expresses remorse, while "I demand" expresses authority. This allows us to convey our feelings and attitudes more effectively, and helps to create a stronger connection with our audience.In conclusion, verbs are essential for effective communication. They help to make our language more descriptive, precise, and engaging, and allow us to expresstense, time, mood, and tone. By using verbs effectively, we can create a more powerful and impactful message, and improve our ability to connect with others. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the verbs we use and choose them carefully to enhance our communication skills.。
演讲动词英语作文
演讲动词英语作文In a speech, the use of action verbs can make your message more dynamic and engaging. Here's a sample English composition that showcases the use of speech verbs:Ladies and gentlemen, today I stand before you to advocatefor the power of persuasion. It is a skill that can inspire, motivate, and even change the world. Let's delve into the art of convincing others through the power of our words.Firstly, we must articulate our thoughts with clarity. Each word we choose should be a tool to convey our message effectively. When we articulate, we ensure that our audience understands the core of our argument.Next, we should emphasize the key points of our speech. By emphasizing, we draw attention to the most important aspects, making them memorable for our listeners.Moreover, we must challenge the status quo. It is through challenging conventional wisdom that we can inspire change and progress.We also need to inspire our audience. An inspiring speech can move people to action, to feel, and to think. It's not justabout what we say, but how we say it.Furthermore, we should persuade with evidence and logic. Facts and figures can be powerful allies in our quest to convince others.Additionally, we must appeal to the emotions of our audience.A speech that appeals to the heart as well as the mind can be incredibly persuasive.Lastly, we should conclude with a call to action. A strong conclusion can leave a lasting impression and spur our audience to act on what they have heard.In conclusion, the power of persuasion lies in our ability to articulate, emphasize, challenge, inspire, persuade, appeal, and conclude. When we master these speech verbs, we can move mountains and change lives.Thank you for your attention, and may your words always carry the weight of conviction.This composition demonstrates how speech verbs can be used to structure and deliver a compelling speech.。
卧底英语动词
卧底英语动词Undercover English VerbsThe world of language is a fascinating realm, where words hold the power to convey ideas, emotions, and actions. Among the many parts of speech, verbs stand out as the dynamic drivers of our communication, transforming the mundane into the extraordinary. In the realm of English, these linguistic chameleons take on a multitude of forms, each with its own unique purpose and personality. It is in this realm of undercover English verbs that we find a world of intrigue, subtlety, and linguistic mastery.At the heart of any sentence lies the verb, the engine that propels the narrative forward. These unsung heroes of language come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each with its own distinct role to play. From the staccato precision of action verbs, to the fluid grace of linking verbs, and the enigmatic charm of auxiliary verbs, the English language is a tapestry woven with these linguistic masterpieces.Consider the humble verb "to be," a seemingly innocuous word that has the power to transform the entire meaning of a sentence. With a simple conjugation, it can shift from the declarative "I am" to theinquisitive "Are you?" or the conditional "If I were." This versatile verb is the chameleon of the language, blending seamlessly into the fabric of our speech, often going unnoticed yet indispensable to our communication.But the verbs of English do not stop there. They take on a myriad of forms, each with its own distinct personality and purpose. The dynamic "to run" evokes images of urgency and motion, while the contemplative "to ponder" suggests a more introspective approach. The playful "to giggle" brings a touch of levity, while the solemn "to mourn" conveys the weight of emotional experience.These verbs, like undercover agents, infiltrate our language, subtly shaping the way we express ourselves. They are the unsung heroes of communication, the linguistic ninjas that transform the mundane into the extraordinary. With a simple conjugation or a strategic placement, they can shift the tone, the mood, and the entire meaning of a sentence, wielding their power with precision and grace.Yet, the true mastery of English verbs lies not only in their individual prowess, but in the way they interact and collaborate within the larger framework of language. The interplay between transitive and intransitive verbs, the nuances of active and passive voice, the complexities of tense and aspect – all of these elements cometogether to create a tapestry of linguistic richness that is both captivating and challenging.To the untrained eye, these verbs may appear to be simple tools, serving their purpose without fanfare. But to the linguist, the writer, and the language enthusiast, they are the beating heart of the English tongue, the unsung heroes that elevate our communication to new heights.So, let us take a moment to appreciate the undercover English verbs, these linguistic chameleons that shape our words, our thoughts, and our very understanding of the world around us. For in the mastery of these verbs lies the key to unlocking the true power and beauty of the English language.。
总结所学知识英文
Summary of the Knowledge LearnedIntroductionIn the world of education, it is essential to continuously acquire new knowledge. In this documentation, we will summarize the knowledge that has been learned, focusing on English-language topics. This documentation will provide an overview of the key concepts and skills that have been acquired, serving as a useful reference for future studies.English GrammarEnglish grammar is the foundation of all language learning, and a strong understanding of its rules and structure is crucial. Some of the essential components of English grammar include:1.Parts of Speech: Understanding the different parts of speech, such asnouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, andinterjections, is vital in constructing meaningful sentences.2.Tenses: English has various tenses, including the present, past, andfuture tenses, as well as their continuous and perfect forms. Understanding the appropriate use of these tenses is key to effective communication.3.Sentence Structure: Learning about sentence structure, includingsubject-verb agreement, word order, and punctuation rules, allows for theconstruction of clear and coherent sentences.Vocabulary BuildingExpanding one’s vocabulary is essential for effective communication in any language. Here are some strategies and resources for vocabulary building:1.Reading: Reading English books, newspapers, and articles exposeslearners to new words in context. Keeping a vocabulary notebook to jot down unfamiliar words and their meanings can help with memorization.ing a Thesaurus: A thesaurus is a valuable tool for findingsynonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings). By using a thesaurus, learners can enhance their vocabulary andimprove their writing.3.Word Games and Apps: Engaging in word games, such as crosswords,word search puzzles, and online vocabulary-building apps, can make learning new words more enjoyable and interactive.English Listening and Speaking SkillsBeing able to understand and speak English fluently is crucial for effective communication. Here are some techniques to improve listening and speaking skills:1.Active Listening: Actively listening to English audio materials, such aspodcasts, songs, or movies, can help learners improve their listening skills. It is beneficial to listen to a variety of accents and practice understanding different speech patterns.2.Engaging in Conversations: Engaging in conversations with nativeEnglish speakers or fellow learners provides opportunities to practice speaking skills. Joining language exchange programs or conversation clubs can be helpful in this regard.3.Pronunciation Practice: Paying attention to correct pronunciation isessential. Practicing pronunciation by repeating words, phrases, and sentences can improve clarity and fluency.English Reading and Writing SkillsStrong reading and writing skills are important for both academic and professional purposes. Here are some tips for enhancing these skills:1.Extensive Reading: Reading widely in English is a great way toimprove both vocabulary and reading comprehension skills. Regular reading of different genres, such as fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers, exposes learners to a variety of writing styles and perspectives.2.Writing Practice: Regular writing practice can help strengthen writingskills. Engaging in activities such as keeping a journal, writing essays, orparticipating in online writing communities can provide opportunities forpractice and constructive feedback.3.Grammar and Punctuation: Paying attention to grammar andpunctuation rules is crucial for effective writing. It is recommended to review grammar rules and proofread written work to ensure accuracy.ConclusionIn conclusion, this documentation has provided a comprehensive summary of the knowledge acquired in the study of English. The topics covered include English grammar, vocabulary building, listening and speaking skills, as well as reading and writing skills. By continuously practicing and applying these skills, learners can improve their overall proficiency in English and enhance their communication abilities.。
词汇学考试
2016年2013届词汇学考试范围一、词语替换题1’*10=10’1. Economists worldwide have been aware of the rapid economic growth of China.A. commencementB. IncrementC. establishmentD. aliment2. The country has experienced a population increase in the past 20 years.A. accretionB. navigationC. alleviationD. immigration3. The rapid decrease of oil deposit has compelled us to seek new energy resources.A. explorationB. exploitationC. decrementD. deployment4. My only advice is: Wrestle with adversities and stay alive.A. surviveB. surrenderC. surroundD. thrive5. Many traditional conventions came alive after the revolution was over.A. deprivedB. revivedC. revolvedD. involved6. Everyone at the party wanted to dance with the adorable, lively little girl.A. viciousB. vigorousC. victoriousD. vivacious7. All the animals became vivid under the cartoonist’s miraculous paintbrush.A. lifelikeB. realC. likelyD. lovely8. This ginseng extract is formulated to rejuvenate your body and enhance your vitality.A. vigorB. rigorC. valorD. color9. Electricity is the energy that pushes the car forward.A. projectsB. propelsC. protrudesD. provides10. A piece of chimney sticks out from the roof.A. projectsB. propelsC. protrudesD. provides11. The government promised to offer food and shelter for those families afflicted by the earthquake.A. projectB. propelC. protrudeD. provide12. The device is designed to cast computerized graphics onto a screen.A. projectB. propelC. protrudeD. provide13. The meeting has been postponed till next Friday.A. called offB. taken offC. put offD. pulled off14. You can always count on us for assistance.A. rely onB. call onC. put onD. live on15. Completion of the project calls for the collaboration of all departments.A. recommendsB. commendsC. demandsD. commands16. In order to make your points understood, you should avoid using lots of run-on sentences.A. get…intoB. get…acrossC. get…offD. get…around17. Please get rid of the old newspapers.A. impose onB. go awayC. throw awayD. compose18. The Department of Public Safety will look into the information leak.A. instigateB. obligateC. investigateD. interrogate19. I am looking forward to seeing you soon.A. expecting to seeB. looking to seeC. waiting to seeD. going to see20. We have run out of printer toners.A. given upB. set upC. used upD. put up二、选词填空题1’*20=20’1. The king was forced to abdicate under social pressure.2. The new king abolished the ruthless laws established by the former king.3. The gang was charged with abducting and smuggling children to countries in Southeast Asia.4. The passage was abridged from a newspaper article.5. The suspect abandoned his business and absconded with the money.6. Unlike the study of language, the study of medicine requires several years of in-hospital internship.7. Due to the manager’s disapproval, the contract became aborted.8. The unfair contract threw us on a disadvantageous point.9. Being a prostitute, she is regarded as a disgrace to the family.10. I am very pleased to receive the admission notice.11. Please disregard this invoice if you have already paid the bill off.12. With the rapid progress of space science, human exploration of the Mars will not be an impossible mission.13. The CEO is very dissatisfied with the sales performance of the first quarter.14. Petroleum is an unrecyclable natural resource.15. Speaking loudly in the train is a disgraceful act.16. The contract terms are inconsistent throughout the document.17. The 50-year-old airline company is facing bankruptcy.18. Do you know the borderline between affection and love?19. For customer service, please call our toll-free line 94947777.20. Now our technical writers are drafting the proposal against the deadline.21. Use the outline to guide your book writing.22. Many celestial bodies in the universe are planets devoid of water.23. Everyone, when working under pressure, is apt to make mistakes.24. Our mission is to teach the local residents to be aware of the importance of eco-balance.25. The insurance company is investigation which party is liable for the auto accident.26. The president of the Teachers College expects all the graduates to be dedicated to the mission of education.27. Be alert to the rise of your blood pressure.三、配对题0.5’*20=10’四、名词解释5*5’=25’What is a word?Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language. In fact, a word is only a symbol, a representation of something in life, either physical or abstract.What is lexicology?Lexicology ，a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words.What is collocation?Collocations refer to clusters of words or language chunks that have been used together ineveryday communication.Clipping 截短法Clipping is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word such as phone from telephone, such as phone from telephone, and exam from examination.Conversion 转类法Conversion refers to the creation of a new word from an existing word without any change in form. The same word just converts from one part of speech into another part of speech.compounding 复合构词法Compounding is one of the oldest methods of word formation. It refers to the combination of two or more independent words, each of which can function as individual word.morphemes(词素或语素).A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes {walk} + {-s},{-ed},and {-ing} respectively.Simile 明喻Simile is a major figurative technique in which two things that are essentially different but similar on one or more aspects are compared.Metaphor 隐喻A metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identifies one thing with another.Personification 拟人Personification is a figurative technique by which non-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.五、简答题5’*3=15’1. What are the four major methods of creating new words？Give some examples.Derivation派生法is the process by which new words are formed from existing words or roots by adding affixes.self+less+ness Prepay预付prefer更喜欢Combining组合法refers to creating new word by using a combing form.biography传记geography地理学Compounding复合法afterlife死后的生活afterworld阴间，后世Conversion转类法water v/n skin n/v2.Three forms of compounds 复合词的三种形式Solid form 固定形式：Database 数据库website 网址webpage 网页Open form 开放形式：customer service，data protection，data analysisHyphenated form 连接符形式：newly-married，easy-going，rock-and-roll，home-made3. What are the four types of basic meanings?They are 1.grammatical meaning, 2.semantic meaning, 3.contextual meaning and 4.pragmatic meaning.Grammatical meaning refers to the linguistic information that the word in the discourse conveys, such as part of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives,etc.), verb tense and inflectional paradigm (see, sees, saw, seen, seeing, etc.), singular or plural form of nouns, position and collocations of the words, etc.Semantic meaning is also called lexical meaning. It has two components: conceptual meaning(概念义) and extended meaning（扩展义）. Conceptual meaning is the dictionary meaning and functions as the core meaning. Extended meaning refers to the meaning that is associated with the conceptual meaning.Contextual meaning refers to the meaning derived from the context of communication Pragmatic meaning mainly refers to the influence or intention from the speakers or writers who are using the language.4. What are the five sense relationships?Synonymy 同义关系tall，high picture ，photois a word meaning relationship in which two words have identical or nearly identical meanings. Antonymy 反义关系tall short black whiteis a word meaning relationship in which two words have opposite meaning.Hyponymy 上下义关系plants，trees fruits ，applesrefers to the sense relation that holds between classes and their members.Polysemy 一词多义table表格桌子gorefers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.Homonymy 同形或同音异义词= homograph(同形异义)+ homophone（同音异义）Homograph：bear，bank，bat，lead，presentHomophone：hour/our，air/heir, principle/principal, compliment/complement, dew/due,is, in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings.Left opposite of right past tense of leave5.8 major types of figures of speech•Simile 明喻•Metaphor 暗喻•Personification 拟人•Dehumanization 去人化或非人化•Hyperbole 夸张•Allusion 暗指或用典•Paradox 悖论•Onomatopoeia 拟声6. 5 suggested methods in learning vocabularyUsing knowledge of word formationDeveloping inference skills in readingMaking effective use of dictionariesUsing mnemonic techniquesUsing new words in application六、翻译题Part I 翻译一篇PartⅡ搭配1’*10=10’Noun collocations 名词搭配• A bird’s eye view of鸟瞰•Exit signs 安全出口• A floatation ring 救生圈• A seat belt 安全带• A mass casualty 大量伤亡•Miracle diet 神奇减肥餐•Best sellers 畅销品•Quality time 黄金时段•news briefings 新闻吹风会，新闻发布会Verb collocations 动词搭配•All things considered 全面考虑•Keep to oneself 喜欢独处•Ring in one’s ears在耳边响起•Warn sb against doing sth 警告sb不要做sth •Sting one’s eyes刺痛sb眼•Remind sb of sth 使某人想起•Act on principles 基于……•Bring sb to tears 是某人哭泣Adjective collocations形容词搭配•Be true of 对……真实的，对……也一样•Be hostile to 对……有敌意的•Be impatient with sth 无耐心•Be angry with 生气•Be okay with sb 对sb来说……是可以接受的•Be used to 习惯于•Be grateful for sth 对……感激Preposition collocation•Across time and space 跨域时空•Through no design of one’s own偶然碰到•On behalf of 代表•Be worth doing sth 值得做•Regardless of 不管不顾•In some cases 在某些情况下•For the sake of 为了……的目的•On weekends 在周末。
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InterjectionHere are some interjections with examples:P . 2(1)感嘆句:表示喜怒哀樂等強烈情緒. 句尾用感嘆號. 範例a. Wonderful !b. How beautiful she is !1 . Oh, mama ! Will you come here , please ?2 . O time , how fast you fly !3 . Look out! Some of those rocks are loose .Be careful where you put your feet .4 . Dash it! I've cut my hand on a brokenbottle .5 .Dear me !6 . Oh no , I forgot that the exam was today .7 . Hey ! Put that down !An interjection is a word or phrase showing emotion or surprise which has no grammatical relationship to any other words or part of a sentence. They are often punctuated by exclamation points and are used infrequently. It is best to avoid theuse of them in formal writing other than direct quotations. In most dictionaries the abbreviation interj. means "interjection."The interjection is always a spoken word that expresses an emotion, The word'interjection' arises from the Latin 'inter' meaning 'between' and 'iacere', to cast. Other English words such as adjective, eject, inject and jet are derived from the same root of 'iacere'. Interjections are often followed by an exclamation mark. Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command. They sometimes stand by themselves, but they are often contained within larger structures.Interjections are exclamatory words that express strong emotion. Interjections have no other grammatical connection with or relationship to the rest of the sentence. Interjections may be followed by either commas or exclamation points. Examples of both follow:P . 3 Examples:Oh ! Aha ! Wow ! Ouch ! Alas !∙Wow! I won the lottery!∙Oh, I don't know about that. , Oh, what a wonderful movie!∙Ouch! That hurt!∙Aha! I've found your secret!∙Alas, the poet was no more.Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh! , Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.The highlighted words in the following sentences are interjections . Here are some interjections with examples:Ah , Alas , Dear , Eh , Hello , Hey , Hi , Oh , Uh , WellA)A h , that feels good . ,A h , now I understand .B)A las , she's dead now .C)O h dear ! Does it hurt ?D)D ear me ! That's a surprise !E)It's hot today . "E h?" I said it's hot today . ,What do youthink of that , e h ? ,Let's go ,eh ?F)H ello John . How are you today ?G)H ey ! look at that ! ,H ey! What a good idea !P . 4H)H i ! What's new ?I)O h ! You're here ! ,O h , please say 'yes' !J)U h...I don't know the answer to that .K)W ell I never ! ,W ell, what did he say ?"Interjection" comes from the Latin words for "throw" ("ject") and "among" ("inter"). An interjection is thus a word or construction that is "thrown among" the words in a sentence. Unlike all the other words, interjections DO NOT chunk to the rest of the sentence. Instead, they usually indicate an attitude about the entire sentence. In speech, short interjections are common:Golly, I didn't know that! Uhm, do you think they will let us go?Interjections such as those above are not considered proper in formal writing, but the following, which consist of phrases, are common to both writing and speech: In fact, everyone came. He was, in my opinion, a bit slow."In fact" here simply emphasizes the writer’s belief that the sentence is factual, whereas "in my opinion" suggests that the sentence may not be.Subordinate Clauses as InterjectionsP . 5I like to consider the clauses in the following as interjections:It was, I think, a big mistake. Mrs. Robinson was going, he said, to kill a rabbit.I have four reasons for doing this, one practical, the other three theoretical. In practice, it is much easier simply to put brackets around them:It was, [I think], a big mistake. Mrs. Robinson was going, [he said,] to kill a rabbit.We could, of course, analyze these two sentences as meaning:I think [it was a big mistake.]He said [Mrs. Robinson was going to kill a rabbit.] To do so, students would have to rewrite the sentence (ugh). Nor do we want to put brackets around each part of the clauses:[It was,] I think, [a big mistake.]P . 6 To do that makes it appear that there are two subordinate clauses, when there are not. Theoretically, my preference can be justified by our model of how the mind processes language. Having dumped a main clause to long-term memory, short-term memory is cleared and the brain will take whatever it finds that can be a main S/V pattern as a main S/V pattern.(which is why subordinate clauses at the beginning of a sentence must have a subordinate conjunction). In our example, the brain would take "It was" as a main S/V pattern. It must then handle the "I think" (or "he said")as a subordinate clause. Another theoretical reason is that such clauses fit the definition of an interjection: they indicate the speaker/writer's attitude or comment about the sentence as a whole. My final theoretical reason is based on a hypothesis, a hypothesis that can be confirmedby more statistical research. The hypothesis is that written interjections appear late in natural syntactic development. A seventh grader is likely to write "I think it was a big mistake." A college graduate is more likely to write"It was, I think, a big mistake." If, in analyzing and marking sentences, we count them both as "I think [it was a big mistake], we would have to reanalyze everything just to distinguish one version from the other. When clauses are used as interjections, they are often set off either by dashes or parentheses:P . 7 That island -- wherever it is -- is a tropical paradise.He had worked too hard (Noone knew how hard.) to make their marriage work.E x e c i s e : (A)1. ! R e a l l y ?A . EhB . ThatC . OuchD . Dear2. ! L o o k a t t h a t !A . HeyB . OhC . WellD . Uh3. , w h a t d i d h e s a y ?A . WellB . EhC . HiD . Ouch4. ! P u t t h a t d o w n !A . OhB . HeyC . GodD . Hurrah5. ! I ’ v e w o n !A . AhB . OhC . AlasD . HurrahE x e c i s e : (B) Find the interjections in the following sentences .P . 81.Oh , I haven’t seen my bother since he left forcollege !2.Help ! I’m bout to fall !3.The poor dear was , alas , destitute and hungry .4.Ah, l’ve heard that trick before .E x e c i s e : (C) uses what ,how to chang these sentences:1.The flowers look beautiful in the vase.2. I was foolish to think like that .3. It's a pity they aren't here.P . 94.It would be nice if she could be here.E x e c i s e : (D) Find the interjections in the following sentences.1. Goodness! He listened to the man's story and reported it to the police immediately!______________2. Oh, I haven't seen my brother since he left forcollege!______________3. Oops! I dropped the jelly._____________ __4. No! Don't touch that!_____________ _ _5. Help! I'm about to fall!____________ ___6. The poor dear was, alas, destitute and hungry.________________P . 10 7. Wait! Don't leave me behind in this cave!________________8. Ah, I've heard that trick before. _________________ Answer Key : ( A )1.E h ( A )2.Hey ( A )3.Well ( A )4.Hey ( B )5.Ah ( A )Answer Key : ( B )1.Oh2.Help3.Alas4.Ah 5 . Ah The answers is : ( C )1.How beautiful the flowers look in the vase .2.How foolish I was to think like that ! 3.What a pity it is they aren't here !4.How nice it woul d be if she coul d be here.P . 11 The answers key : ( d )1. goo d ness ,2. oh ,3. oops ,4.no ,5. help ,6. alas ,7. wait ,8. ahP . 12。