William Blake's Poetry
英国文学复习题
True or False Questions.1. Chaucer‟s plan for The Canterbury Tales was an ambitious one. Each pilgrim was to tell 2 stories on the way to Canterbury and 2 on the return journey to London. The poet died, however, before his plan was realized and instead of the proposal 124 stories, he wrote only 24.2. Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s Progress is the first important novel in British literature.3. Henry Fielding‟s An Apology for the life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews (published in 1741) is a parody on Samuel Richardson‟s Pamela.4. The Song of Beowulf eulogized the heroic deeds of Teutonic people and the best of their qualities—valor, the love of glory, honor, and duty.5. The rhyme scheme of Petrarchan sonnet is abba abba cde cde（cdc cdc）6. Sonnet is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition.7. In the preface to Joseph Andrews,Henry Fielding named his new writing style “comic epic in prose”.8. Classical myth is one of the source s for Milton‟s Paradise Lost.9. Modern novel took shape in the early 18th century. Defoe, Fielding and Richardson belong to the first generation of novelists.10. Daily Express＆The Spectator were two important newspapers in the 18th century.11. The poem …Ozymandias‟ by Percy Bysshe Shelley portrays a flourishing empire ever-growing in strength and greatness, symbolizing Shelley‟s own patriotic pride in Britain‟s status as a mig hty world power.12. .Shakespeare is the first person who made the London vernacular the language of his work, thus making it the foundation for modern speech and establishing English as the literary language of his country.13. James Joyce was inspired by Virginia Woolf‟s pioneering use of the stream-of -consciousness technique, and he went on to use it on his own writing.14. Currer Bell, Ellis Bell and Acton Bell were the men‟s names under which Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte first published their works.15. The modern novel took shape in the early 18th century. Defoe, Fielding and Richardson belong to the first generation of novelists.16. A poem about the simple beauty and peace of countryside life is called a pastoral.17. Robert Browni ng‟s …My Last Duchess‟ and Oscar Wilde‟s The Picture of Dorian Gray both tell stories in which a painted portrait plays a central part.Multiple Choice1. _____ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.A. Thomas WyattB. William ShakespeareC. Phillip SidneyD. Thomas Campion2. The Renaissance was a period of ____A. prose and novelsB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs3. _____was the first buried in th e Poet‟s Corner of Westminster Abby.A. Robert SoutheyB. Francis BaconC. ShakespeareD. Geoffrey Chaucer4. What was George Eliot‟s real name?A. Hannah MoreB. Anna Laetitia BarbauldC. Julia KristevaD. Mary Ann Evans5. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___A. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales6. …I Travelled Among Unknown Men‟ by Willia m Wordsworth gives an account of the poet‟sA. disillusionment with English lifeB. lasting commitment to revolutionary idealsC. rejection of revolutionary idealsD. sympathy with the English working class7. In which of the following works can you fi nd the proper names “Lilliput,” “Brobdingnag,” “Houyhnhnm,” and “Yahoo”?A. James Joyce's DublinersB. Charles Dickens's Bleak HouseC. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's TravelsD. H. Lawrence's Women in Love8. Which of the following is one of William Shakespeare's history plays?A. MacbethB. Henry IVC. Romeo and JulietD. King Lear9. Which of the following is NOT a part of Thomas Hardy‟s fictional region of Wessex?A. SomersetB. GlasgowC. WiltshireD. Devonshire10. “To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield” is the last line of which poem?A. Browning‟s …My Last Duchess‟B. Hardy‟s …At Castle Boterel‟C. Byron‟s …She Walks in Beauty‟D. Tennyson‟s …Ulysses‟11. Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray presents a world in which nobody is heroic and there is very little good to be said about anyone. We would describe this novel as:A. cynicalB. lyricalC: optimisticD. didactic12. The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare's ________A. comediesB. tragediesC. sonnetsD. histories13. "And where are they? And where art thou,"My country? On thy voiceless shoreThe heroic lay is tuneless now-The heroic bosom beats no more!"In the above stanza, "art thou" literally means _______ .A. "are you"B. "art though"C. "are though"D. "art you"14. The most prominent writers of the Romantic period, such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats and Byron, are most famous for having producedA. playsB. poetryC. novelsD. short stories15. A novel that ends with all the good characters rewarded and all the bad characters punished is an example ofA: naturalismB: modernismC: stream-of-consciousness writingD. poetic justice16. “Water, water everywhere / Nor any drop to drink.” These lin es by Samuel Taylor Coleridge are:A. comicalB. ironicC. elegiacD. allegorical17. What historical event directly inspired Percy Bysshe Shelley‟s poem …The Masque of Anarchy?‟A. The abolition of the slave tradeB. The Declaration of American IndependenceC. The Peterloo MassacreD. Queen Victoria‟s Coronation18. Oscar Wilde‟s character who magically stays forever young and beautiful is named:A. Jos SedleyB. Paul MorelC. Angel ClareD. Dorian Gray19. The father of the school of Metaphysical poets is _______.A. Thomas MoreB. Edmund SpenserC. John DonneD. Thomas Wyatt20. Beowulf is the most important and the first epic in the Old English ever written. It was written in _______A. sonnetsB. ballad formC. alliterationD. heroic couplets21. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement?A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology.C. The Glorious revolution.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.22. "O prince, O chief of many throned powers,"That led th' embattled seraphim to warUnder thy conduct, and in dreadful deedsFearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King."In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton's Paradise Lost, the phrase "thy conduct" refers to _______conduct.A. Satan'sB. God'sC. Adam'sD. Eve's23. "And where are they? And where art thou,"My country? On thy voiceless shoreThe heroic lay is tuneless now-The heroic bosom beats no more!"In the above stanza, "art thou" literally means _______A. "are you"B. "art though"C. "are though"D. "art you"24. Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ___ adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. ChristianB. knightlyC. GreekD. primitive25. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___.A. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales26. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism?A Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.B Tolerance of human foibles.C Search for the genuine flavor of ancient culture.D Glorification of religious faith.27. "Not on thy sole but on thy soul, harsh Jew,/Thou mak'st thy knife keen."In the above quotation taken form The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare employs a（n）_______ .A. oxymoronB. punC. simileD. synecdoche28. “Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathe matics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. ” This sentence appears in ________.A. The Advancement of LearningB. A Dictionary of the English LanguageC. An Essay on CriticismD. Of Studies29. The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare's ________ .A. comediesB. tragediesC. sonnetsD. histories30. Which of the following works does not belong to John Milton?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. AdonaisD. Llycidas31. Daniel Defoe describes _______ as a typical English Middle-class man of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.A. Tom JonesB. GulliverC. Moll FlandersD. Robinson Crusoe32. _______ is a typical feature of Swift's writings.A. Bitter satireB. Elegant styleC. Casual narrationD. Complicated sentence structure33. In William Blake's poetry, the father（and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, priest, and king）was usually a figure of _______ .A. benevolenceB. admirationC. loveD. tyranny34. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? … And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave.” T he above quoted passage is most probably taken from ____. ( )A. Great ExpectationsB. Wuthering HeightsC. Jane EyreD. Pride and Prejudice35.The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for _____A. material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. universal truthD. self-fulfillment36. In the following descriptions of Gothic novel, which is not true? ( )A. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic movement.B. Gothic novel predominated in the eighteenth century.C. Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural.D. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliff and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.37. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, _______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Henry FieldingD. Oliver Goldsmith38. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are ___.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways.39. “The novel is structured around the discovery of the hero's origin.” This novel is most probably .A. Charles Dickens's David CopperfieldB. James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManC. Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding CrowdD. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones40. “So much the worse for me, that I am strong. Do I want to li ve? What kind of living will it be when you-oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?” In the above passage quoted from Emily Brontë‟s Wuthering Heights, the word “soul” apparently refers to ____. ( )A. HeathcliffB. ghostC. one‟s spiritual liftD. CatherineLiterary terms1.Realism: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.2 Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.3. Poetry: The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.4. Renaissance: The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.5. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against the inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.6. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during the 19th century.7. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker‟s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.8. Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mentalimages as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.9. Tragedy: In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.10. Rhythm: It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.Victorian Literature:Historical background: Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and came to the throne in 1837, when she was eighteen. She died in 1901 after ruling for 63 years and seven months, which is the longest reign of any British monarch and also the longest of any female ruler in history.1) On the one hand, Britain was powerful during Victoria‟s reign, enjoying a vast flourishing of empire, colonialism.2) The poor in Victorian times suffered greatly, with widespread disease, starvation and mistreatment by the authorities. Living and working conditions were very hard, especially in industrial areas. These realist narratives were intended to teach readers about the plight of the industrial poor, and to emphasize the urgent need to better their situation.3) The Victorians observed a damaging policy of sexual repression, where sex could only be practiced in matrimony and was a taboo subject for discussion even there.4) Inequality between the genders was also rife. Women were so undervalued as citizens that many female writers, including George Eliot and the Bronte sisters, had to use male pseudonyms in order to secure publication.5) Rigid class distinctions existed, with upper-class “ladies and gentlemen” enjoying great wealth and living by hidebound customs and arrogant pomposity. The working classes meanwhile suffered greatly under poverty, and were treated with amusement and contempt.6) Religious hypocrisy caused great suffering among the lower classes.Features of Charles Dickens‟s novels:Charles Dickens was the greatest English critical realist novelist in England.1)The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.2) Dickens‟novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capitalist society.3) Dickens was a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There was a definite tendency fro a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society.4) Almost all his novels have happy endings.5) His novels tell much of the experiences of his childhood.6) Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter. Comment on the significance of Chaucer‟s Canterbury TalesAnalyze William Shakespeare‟s sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm'd;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to theeAnalyze the following poem.How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of Being and ideal Grace.I love thee to the level of everyday'sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.I love thee with a passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints, --- I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life! --- and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.1. Who wrote this poem and what is the name of the poem ?2. To whom did the poet write the poem?3. Which collection or series was the poem from?4. Give an overall analysis on the themes of the poem and how the poet presents the different ways of love (eg. how many different ways of love are mentioned in the poem, what are they and how are they connected to each other).。
英诗经典名家名译：布莱克诗选
英诗经典名家名译：布莱克诗选以《英诗经典名家名译：布莱克诗选》为标题，写一篇3000字的中文文章20世纪英国诗人William Blake（威廉布莱克）以深厚的诗意，描绘出不朽的文学文化瑰宝。
他的诗歌极具张力，揭示生命与激情，影响了许多具有影响力的诗人和作家，因为它们是当代文学的灵感眼睛。
在他激动人心的诗歌中，最为著名的是自然的和革命的主题。
让我们更深入的探索一下布莱克诗歌构成的内涵。
从布莱克诗歌中可以看出，他对自然有着深刻的认识。
他敏锐地感受到大自然的变化，用充满活力的形象把自然的美丽和宁静表现出来。
在他的《西格蒙德哈罗德》中，他用缠绵的语言描述“山中的柔情”，以及“树林的清新”，用他的磨练的诗意来展示自然的美丽。
在《玛格丽特拉尔斯》中，他把大自然与思想的活力相结合，把一抹活力的色彩涂抹在精致的画面上：在天际绽放着“灿烂的火焰”，花朵在“阳光下绽放”，在山腰间满是“野花浓香”。
正是他对大自然的深情和热爱，使他的诗歌更加生动。
另一方面，布莱克也是20世纪有影响力的革命者。
在他的诗歌中，他对政治领域持有不同的观点，他虽然不属于任何政党，但在诗歌中把自己的政治思想表达出来，表达着他对个人自由和国家自由的渴望。
在《孩子们的歌谣》中，他用激昂的语言把自由的渴望表达出来：“让我们穿越这些古老的门，去追寻我们的自由！”正是这样的诗句，激发了一股反抗的洪流，激励着一代又一代的年轻人追求自由。
布莱克以其卓越的诗意把自然与革命融合在一起，用一种超越时代的思想来激发和引领人们。
他的诗歌为世人留下了灿烂的精神文明礼物，把自由、勇敢和创新的精神传递给后代，令人不忘初心。
可以说，布莱克是20世纪最富想象力的诗人之一，他的伟大与他的诗歌分不开，他的不朽的灵感及其激动人心的思想，为世界提供了一种完全不同的文学意识，影响着后世的文学家。
此，以《英诗经典名家名译：布莱克诗选》为标题，深度研究布莱克诗歌，可以让我们既体会到自然的美妙，又可以深刻体会到布莱克对自由和革命的热情，更可以从布莱克诗歌中学到更多的生命力量，坚定信心，勇敢地去追求自由精神。
浪漫主义诗人WilliamBlake
❖ 第一本诗集 ❖ ——Poetical Sketches
（诗的素描）
这部书的出版现在已被认为是 十八世纪后期诗坛的头等大事 之一 布莱克的少年时期作品就足以 使他列入所谓“浪漫主义复兴” 的主要先驱者之一了。
3
Writing features
❖ Blake writes his poems in plain direct language. He presents his view in visual images rather than abstract ideas.
The first important romantic poet
——William Blake
1
❖ His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of both the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic",for its large appearance in the 18th century.
9
The Sick Rose 病玫瑰
——William Blake
O Rose, thou art sick. 绽放玫瑰却销魂，
The invisible worm
无影虫子暗飞行。
That flies in the night
风雨咆哮何太急，
In the howling storm
已是茫茫夜深沉。
当你的心脏开始搏动时， 使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？ ❖ （郭沫若译）
7
❖ 布莱克生活在工业革命刚刚起步的英国。
❖ 他用老虎来象征所有掠夺性的，可怕的和神秘的 事物；用羔羊来比喻纯朴的，温和的和善良的事 物。他不可理解造出了温顺羔羊的同一个造物主 也造出了凶狠而嗜血成性的老虎。
英国文学史及作品选读自测题1
Test Paper OneⅠ. Identification.1. Identify each on the left column with its related information on the right column.(1) Ernest Jones A. euphuism(2) Oscar Wilde B. Lake poet(3) John Lyly C. Chartist poetry(4) Robert Louis Stevenson D. tragedy(5) Robert Southey E. sentimentalism(6) George Eliot F. critical realism(7) Laurence Sterne G. art for art’s sake(8) Pamela H. Kunstlerroman(9) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man I. epistolary novel(10) Macbeth J. neo-romanticism2. Identify the author with his or her work.(1) Charles Dickens A. A Passage to India(2) E. M. Foster B. Paradise Regained(3) Virginia Woolf C. The Garden Party(4) John Milton D. Of Studies(5) Shelley E. Jonathan Wild the Great(6) Francis Bacon F. Jude the Obscure(7) Katherine Mansfield G. The Waste Land(8) Henry Fielding H. Hard Times(9) T. S. Eliot I. To the Lighthouse(10) Thomas Hardy J. Prometheus UnboundⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1. was one of the most prominent of the 20th century English realistic writers. The Man of Property is one of his works.2. As a literary figure, Stephen Dedalus appears in two novels written by .3. Of Human Bondage is a naturalistic novel by , dealing with the story ofa deformed orphan trying vainly to be an artist.4. , T. S. Eliot’s most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads.5. Henry James’ most famous short story is , a ghost story in which the question of childhood corruption obsesses governess.6. The pessimistic view of life that p redominates most of Hardy’s later works earns him a reputation as a writer.7. is regarded as the oldest poem in English literature.8. The most famous English ballads of the 15th century is the Ballads of ,a legendary outlaw.9. The greatest and most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is ________.10. and were two schools of poetry prevailing in the 17th century.11. wrote his famous prose composite on “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” i n1668, which established his position as the leading critic of the day. 12. , one of Graham Green’s best novels, tells a story of the wandering of a whisky priest, an outlaw in Mexico, who is seedy and alcoholic as an ordinary man, but fulfills his function as priest.13. is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. He called it an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”14. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English against the neoclassical , which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.15. All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christable” and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interest in.16. The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into English literature: the struggle of the for its rights.17. The Rape of the Lock takes the form of a , which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style.18. In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. It shows his indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.19. Horace Walpole’s novel began the tradition of Gothic romance in English literature.20. The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the .Ⅲ. Choose the best answer.1. Life of Charlotte Bronte is written by .A. Emily BronteB. Anne BronteC. Mrs. GaskellD. George Eliot2. was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth in1850.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. Mrs. BrowningD. Dante Rossetti3. Most of Hardy’s novels are set in , the fictional primitive andcrude region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.A. LondonB. YoknapatawphaC. WessexD. Paris4. Which of the following novels doe s NOT belong to the “stream-of- consciousness” school of novel writing?A. UlyssesB. Finnegan’s WakeC. The RainbowD. The Waves5. is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.A. Sons and LoversB. Women in LoveC. The RainbowD. Man and Superman6. William Butler Yeats was .A. an Irish poetB. a dramatistC. a criticD. all of the above7. The hero in the romance is usually the .A. kingB. knightC. ChristD. churchman8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Elizabethan age?A. It is the age of intellectual liberty.B. It is the age of protestant reformation.C. It is the age of social contentment.D. It is the age of bourgeois revolution.9. The Pilgrim’s Progress is .A. a religious allegoryB. a dramatic sonnetC. a historical novelD. a long epic10. In his early volumes of poetry, mainly writes about animals which are emblems and analogues intended as comments on human life.A. Philip LarkinB. W. H. AudenC. Dylan ThomasD. Ted Hughes11. In The French Lieutenant’s Woman, is an existentially independent woman, as she said in the novel, “No limit, no blame, can touch me.”A. SarahB. ErnestinaC. MirandaD. Mantissa12. is distinctive in English literature because he makes thriller a serious form, and thus he bridges the gap between popular and serious writers.A. Graham GreeneB. George OrwellC. Evelyn WaughD. William Golding13. In , William Wordsworth set forth his prin ciples of poetry, “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.A. The Preface to Lyrical BalladsB. The Rime of the Ancient MarinerC. A Defence of PoetryD. Lectures on the English Poets14. The following statements are about “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”. Which statement is NOT true?A. It is about a young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” bespeaks his loathing forEnglish high society.B. Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits, the poem is interspersedwith lyrical outbursts which give utterance to the poet’s own philosophical and political views.C. The first canto deals with Albania and Greece.D. The last canto sings of Italy and the Italian people who have given the worldgreat writers and thinkers like Dante.15. ’s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of his senses. In his poetry, sight, sound, scent taste andfeeling are all taken into give an entire understanding of an experience.A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. WordsworthD. Byron16. Modern English novel, as a product of the 18th century Enlightenment and industrialization, really came with the rising of the class.A. workingB. aristocraticC. bourgeoisD. capitalist17. T. B. Smollett used the form of the novel in his books. This was later followed by Charles Dickens in The Pick wick Papers.A. epistolaryB. picaresqueC. GothicD. psychological18. wrote under the influence of Scottish folk tradition and old Scottish poetry.A. Jonathan SwiftB. Robert BurnsC. William BlakeD. Thomas Gray19. Which of the following is NOT from Ireland?A. Jonathan SwiftB. Alexander PopeC. Oliver GoldsmithD. Richard Brinsley Sheridan20. Which one is correct according to the time when they appeared?A. romanticism, neoclassicism, humanism, critical realismB. humanism, neoclassicism, romanticism, critical realismC. romanticism, humanism, realism, naturalismD. realism, critical realism, romanticism, humanismⅣ. Define the following terms.1. Parody2. Anti-novel3. Heroic couplet4. Blank verse5. Point of view6. Byronic hero7. Epistolarynovel edyofmannersⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Please analyze Adam Bede to illustrate George Eliot’s moral view.2. What are the main features of the romance in the Middle Ages?3. Analyze the image of God in Paradise Lost.4. State briefly the artistic features of Jane Austen.5. What are the characteristics of William Blake’s poetry? Take “The Sick Rose” as an example.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 1I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honey-bee,And live alone in the bee-loud glade.And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,Dropping from the veils of the mourning to where the cricket sings;There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,And evening full of the linnet’s wings.I will arise and go now, for always night and dayI hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,I hear it in the deep heart’s core.Questions:1.Identify the author and the title of the poem.2.Why does the poet want to “arise and go”?3. Analyze the structure of this poem briefly.4. What is the theme of this poem?5. What are stylistic features of this poem?Passage2The spectral, half-compounded, aqueous light which pervaded the open mead impressed them with the feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve... It was then, as has been said, that she impressed him most deeply. She was no longer the milk maid, but a visionary essence of woman-a whole sex condensed into one typical form....Then it would grow lighter, and her features would becomes imply feminine; they had changed from those of a divinity who could confer bliss to those of a being who craved it.Questions:6. This is from Tess of the D’ Urbervilles, the section titled “The Rally” and Chapter XX. Who is “she” in this passage?7. What does this phrase “as if they were Adam and Eve” symbolize?8. How does the paragraph summarize the way that the man feels about the woman and how does this view of her influence the plot?Ⅶ. Essay question.Comment on D. H. Lawrence with reference to Sons and Lovers.KeysⅠ. Identification.1. Identify each on the left column with the related information on the right column. (1) C (2) G (3) A (4) J (5) B(6) F (7) E (8) I (9) H (10) D2. Identify the author with his or her work.(1) H (2) A (3) I (4) B (5) J(6) D (7) C (8) E (9) G (10) FⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1. John Galswathy2. James Joyce3. William Somerset Maugham4. The Waste Land5. The Turn of the Screw6. naturalistic7. Beowulf 8. Robin Hood9. drama 10. Metaphysical Poetry; Cavalier Poetry 11. John Dryden 12. The Power and the Glory13. Don Juan14. Imagination; reason15. mysticism 16. proletariat17. mock epic 18. A Modest Proposal19. The Castle of Otranto20. dramatic monologueⅢ. Choose the best answer.1. C2. A3. C4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. A 10. D11. A 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. A16. C 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. BⅣ. Define the following terms.1. Parody: A parody is a high burlesque. It imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject. Henry Fielding in Joseph Andrews parodied Samuel Richardson’s Pamela by putting a hearty male heroin place of Richardson’s heroine.2. Anti-novel: A form of experimental fiction that dispenses with certain traditional elements of novel-writing like the analysis of characters’ states of mind or the unfolding of a sequential plot. Antecedents of the anti-novel can be found in the blank pages and comically self-defeating digressions of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759~1767) and in some of the innovations of modernism, like the absence of narration in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (1931).3. Heroic couplet: Iambic pentameter lines rhyming in pairs are called decasyllabic (ten-syllable) couplets or heroic couplets.4. Blank verse:Blank verse was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translations of Books 2 and 4of Virgil’s The Aeneid. It consists of lines of iambic pentameter (five-stress iambic verse) which are unrhymed—hence the term “blank”. Of all English metrical forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification. It became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama; a free form of blank verse is still the medium in twentieth-century verse plays.5. Point of view: The vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view: first-person and third-person.(1) In the first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters in hisor her own word. The first-person point of view is limited, since the reader is told only what this character knows and observes.(2) In the third person point of view, the narrator is not a character in the story .Thenarrator may be an “omniscient” or “all-knowing” observer who can describe and comment on all the characters and actions in the story. On the other hand, the third-person narrator might tell a story from the point of view of only one character in the story.6. Byronic hero:A stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of right in gall the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.7. Epistolary novel: A type of novel in which the narrative is carried on by means of series of letters. The genre was extremely popular during the 18th century. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is among the best-known epistolary novels.8. Comedy of manners: A kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde.Ⅴ. Short-answer questions.1. As a philosopher turned novelist, Eliot wrote her novels with the aim o f propagating her moral views. Adam Bede is a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passion, temperament, human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty. The theme of social in equality is blended in the book with a moralization typical of the author. In the novel, the two pairs, Arthur and Hetty on the one hand, and Adam and Dinah on the other, are described in contrast to each other. The former couple are shown to be always thinking of their own interests without any consideration of others, while the latter pair are endowed with high moral principles which guide their conduct for the good of others and of themselves. The novelist takes her side with the latter party. According to Eliot, the moral principles of man are closely c onnected with the “religion of heart”. This shows theinfluence of the bourgeois positivist philosophy which seeks to reconcile science with religion and to prove the possibility of social harmony and concord in a capitalist society.2. The romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. Its essential features are:(1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.(2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.(3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.(4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.(5) The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilledin the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.3. In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His long speeches are never pleasing. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan.4. (1) Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations,human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love.(2) She writes with in a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, themoral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial or village life of the 19th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life. (3) Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetratinganalysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done.(4) Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots ofher novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.(5) Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucidand very economical.5. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to present his view with visual images instead of abstract terms. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.In “The Sick Rose”, the poet is looking at a blighted rose. He is moved to reflect on some kind of curious relationship between love and death. The poem is brief and on the surface the language is simple and lucid. Beneath the poem is a profound vision of good and evil, of life-bringing and death-bringing love, of brightness and darkness, of forces we can know little about, of motives that are hard to fathom.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 11. William Butler Yeats’ “The Lake Isle Of Innisfree”.2. “While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray”, which is a typical image of city dwe lling, the poet finds that he doesn’t feel good in urban surroundings and is tired of the life of his day, and he hears in his heart “lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore”, so he wants to “arise and go” to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of the nature.3. The poem consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab.4. The poem is one of the poet’s best-known lyrics and a popular representative of the poems which get meaning by contrasting ideas or images like human and fairy, natural and artificial, domestic and wild, and ephemeral and permanent. Tired of the life of his day, the poets ought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of the nature. From his viewpoint, the best remedy for the blankness of his life seems to be a return to simple and serene life of the past.5. The poem is closely woven, easy, subtle and musical. The clarity and control of the imagery give the poem a hunting quality.Passage 26. Tess of the D’s Urbervilles, or “Tess” is an acceptable answer.7. It symbolizes their innocence or perhaps the idea that they see each other, especially Angel sees Tess, as perfect.8. Angel basically sees Tess as a pure, innocent representative of the whole race, not as a real person. He idealizes her too much and does not allow for her to be an actual human with weaknesses. Later, he deserts her when he realizes that she has been with another man already—she is not the perfect person he had imagined so he leaves her. Grading notes: to get all the points the student must mention the fact that Angel sees Tess as more perfect than she is, that he is disappointed in some way by this, and that he leaves h er later when he realizes that she isn’t perfect/innocent.Ⅶ. Essay question.D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century. He makes a strong protest against the mechanical civilization. It is this agonized concern about the dehumanizing effect of mechanical civilization on the sensual tenderness of human nature that haunts Lawrence’s writing. He holds that the only remedy to the decaying civilization is through are arrangement of personal relationships and are turn to nature .In his writings, he is chiefly concerned with human relationships, especially with the relation of self to other selves. From his viewpoint, the most important relationship is the one between man and woman, which should develop freely and healthily. Lawrence is one of the first novelists to introduce themes of ps ychology into his works. Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to depict the subtle ebb and flow of his characters’ subconscious life.All these features of D. H. Lawrence are reflected in his autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers thematically, sociologically and psychologically. Lawrence was from a working-class family. His father was a miner with little education, thus his mother, a school teacher, thought she had married beneath her and was eager to raise the level of her sons. His mother’s claims on him kept frustrating his relationships with girls, and personal problems and conflicts that resulted are vividly presented in this novel.Sons and Lovers displays Lawrence’s characteristic themes: the dehumanizing effect of the bourgeois industrialization; the complexity of human relationship; the emotional possession; and the spiritual liberation of the protagonist in search for identity and fulfillment as an artist. The psychic conflict in human relationships is the central theme. Sociologically, Sons and Lovers is a novel about the “sickness of a whole ci vilization” that causes the destruction of human nature. Psychologically, the novel depicts a triangle of father, mother and son, which embodies Freud’s remarkable psychosexual theory.。
英国文学赏析
William Blake (1757-1827)The characteristics of Blake’s poetry:1. plain and direct language2. lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning3. visual images used to embody abstract ideas4. symbolism in wide rangeThe Tiger"The Tyger" consists entirely of unanswered questions, and the poet leaves usto awe at the complexity of creation, the sheer magnitude of God's power, andthe mysteriousness of divine will.The tiger is strikingly beautiful yet also horrific in its capacity for violence.What kind of a God, then, could or would design such a terrifying beast as the tiger? In more general terms, what does the undeniable existence of evil and violence in the world tell us about the nature of God, and what does it mean tolive in a world where a being can at once contain both beauty and horror?Blake's tiger becomes the symbolic center for an investigation into the presence ofevil in the world.The poem is comprised of six quatrains in rhymed couplets. The meter is regular and rhythmic, its hammering beat suggestive of the smithy that is the poem's central image.Robert Burns (1759-96)A Red Red RoseSimple language, sincere feelings, beautiful melody, written essentially in the ballad stanza, rhyming abcbFigures: alliteration, assonance, repetition, parallelism, simile, metaphor, hyperbole.The Scottish words give a national coloring and the archaic words (art, thee) create a sense of formality.Lord Byron (1788-1824)Byronic hero:A proud, passionate, courageous, strong-willed, mysterious, gloomy and rebellious figure, usually of noble origin, this Byronic hero would shoulder the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would fight alone against any type of tyranny and oppression, either in government, in religion, or in moral principles. To some extent, the figure is created according to the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and a broad.The reasons for the popularity of Byron’s poetry : his persistent attacks on social evils,the novelty of his oriental scenery, the romantic character of the Byronic hero, his fantastic imagination and the easy, fluent and natural beauty of his verse.She Walks in BeautyThe perfect balance between darkness and brightness; her face is a mixture of the best of light and shadow, and her dusky beauty makes daylight seem gaudy.The vision which the subject inspires combines the beauties of the night and the day. The darkness of her dress and of her hair symbolizes the beauties of night, the light which radiates from her face, eyes and expression the other; and the two elements are perfectly balanced.The speaker moves from physical beauty to inward spiritual virtue. The beauty of her physical appearance is matched by the spiritual qualities of which it is an expression. In one of his conversations, Byron said: “ I do not talk of mere beauty of feature or complexion, but of expression, that looking out of the soul through the eyes which in my opinion constitutes true beauty.”Metaphor, antithesis and parallelismSix-lined stanza in iambic tetrameter rhyming abababDaniel Defoe(1660-1731)His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.The literary significance of Robinson Crusoe:The growth of Robinson from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. A real hero, a typical 18th c English middle class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment and also against human fate. In describing R’s life on the island, he glorified human labor and the puritan fortitude. From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through several stages of human civilization.Theme: man can improve his condition through labor and struggling with nature.Milton (1608-1674)Paradise LostWritten in blank verse and in an allegorical religious form.Superficially seen,The subject is the Fall of Man, i.e. man’s disobedience and subsequent loss of paradise. The purpose is to “ justify the ways of God to men”, i.e. to show that the fall, death, and salvation are all acts of a just God.Underneath,The main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authorityThe story: (see textbook )1) It represents the author’s views in an allegorical religious form;2) And the reader will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of thistime and passionate appeal for freedom.3) It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race—Adam andEve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in plot.Theme and characterization:The main idea of the poem—the heroic revolt against God’s authority. In th e poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His angels are silly while the rebel Satan who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge, is by far the most striking character in the poem.Satan:A brave fighter against an unjust God, a powerful military leader, the real hero of the poem. He has huge courage, a willingness to fight against authority and a strong love of liberty. Satan tells the other rebels that they can make “a Heav’n of Hell, a Hell of Heav’n” (I, 255) and adds, “Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heav’n” (I, 263). Milton showed his sympathy and even admiration for Satan. Milton was “of the devil’s party without knowing it” ( W. Blake). Sometimes we feel Satan is Milton himself. To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against unjust authority.Adam and Eve:They are responsible for man’s losing paradise and immortality. However, in the poem they are not portrayed as failures and wretches. Their dignity, nobility, innocence and beauty are stressed and they show the best qualities of humanity such as love, compassion, temperance and devotion. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. This is the error as well as the greatness. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. Their sin is redeemed through the Christian values of love. They leave with the knowledge that faith in the redeemer( Christ) can lead them back to paradise. Hand in hand they leave to begin a life full of hardships, but not without delight and hope.Adam and Eve embodies Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Their craving/longing for knowledge denied them by God, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to intelligent and active life.Miltonic style: grand, sublime, elevated style1.Classical and biblical allusions2. Epic similes3. Latinate syntax4. Elevated diction: a combination of English and classical Latin; e.g. Empyreal, Morn for morning; champaign for open flat country.The language is sublime, elevated, grand; it is a divine epic with a sublime subject, its very nature requires elevation of diction and syntax.Written in blank verse, which gives an authoritative tone.In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points)①Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1 point)②The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spots ever created by God; (2 points)③There live in innocent bliss God’s masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, whoare allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 points)④Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them instrumental in hisstruggle against God’s author ity. (1 point)Romeo and JulietHis earliest success in tragedy, full of poetry and romance. Its scenes of youth and love are painted in brilliant colors. There is no tinge of pessimism in the play. Though a tragedy, the play is optimistic in spirit. It is a song of the optimistic youth, love, wit and courage of the early rising young men and women against the drab.HamletHamlet as a typical tragic hero: a hero of the Renaissance period and a representative of humanismGood qualities: noble-minded, brave, intelligent, learned, with a strong sense of justice, loved and respected by his people;Weaknesses: rash, impulsive, indecisive, sometimes can be cruel, harsh and coarse His tragic flaw is lack of emotional balance; either acts rashly, without thinking, or doesn’t act quickly and firmly enough. His indecisiveness, his inability to act when action is needed, is one of the major causes for his downfall.Hamlet’s soliloquy (See Anthology p76-77)(Situation) Hamlet's endurance has reached the breaking point. His father has been murdered. His mother, who he loves dearly, has married her dead husband's brother. Moreover his sweetheart, Ophelia, has been acting very strangely. He senses that she does not love him any more. Now, he's all alone. The world that he knew is shattered. His black mood of despair is deepened by his inability to act - to do something to change the situation.Now he ponders whether to continue living - or to take his own life.生存还是毁灭, 这是个必须回答的问题:是否应默默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。
william blake
William BlakeIntroductionWilliam Blake (1757-1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker, who is now considered one of the most significant figures in the history of both literature and visual arts. Despite being relatively unknown during his lifetime, Blake’s works have gained immense recognition and admiration in the centuries that followed.Early Life and EducationBlake was born on November 28, 1757, in London, England. From a young age, he had a deep interest in literature and visual arts. His parents recognized his artistic talent and encouraged him to pursue his passion. Blake attended art school and received formal training. However, his unconventional ideas and unconventional methods of artistry often clashed with the traditional teachings of his mentors.Literary and Artistic Works1.Poetry: Blake’s poetry is known for its complex symbolism anddeeply spiritual themes. His collection of poems titled Songs of Innocence and Experience is considered one of his most notable works. The collection explores the contrasting states of the human soul, presenting a view of innocence that is gradually corrupted by societal constraints.2.Paintings: Blake’s paintings are characterized by their vibrant colorsand imaginative compositions. His most famous painting, The Ancient of Days, depicts a figure bending over a dark void with a compass-like object,representing divine creation and human imagination.3.Printmaking: Blake was also a skilled printmaker. His technique ofrelief etching, a combination of traditional engraving and new methods,allowed him to create intricate and detailed prints. His illustrated books, such as The Marriage of Heaven and Hell and Songs of Innocence and Experience, are prime examples of his innovative printmaking skills.Spirituality and MysticismBlake’s worl dview was deeply influenced by his mystical beliefs. He believed in the interconnectedness of all things and saw the divine in every aspect of life. His works often explore themes of spirituality, religion, and the nature of the human soul. Blake’s poetry and art were not merely a means of creative expression but served as a tool for him to convey his spiritual and philosophical ideas.Legacy and InfluenceThough Blake’s works were not widely recognized during his lifetime, his influence grew steadily after his death. The Romantic poets of the 19th century, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, greatly admired Blake’s imagination and creativity. In the 20th century, Blake’s works became more widely studied and appreciated as scholars recognized his unique contributions to both literature and the visual arts.ConclusionWilliam Blake was a visionary poet, painter, and printmaker who left an indelible mark on the world of literature and visual arts. His imaginative approach, complex symbolism, and spiritual themes continue to captivate audiences to this day. Blake’s legacy serves as a testament to the power of artistic expression and the enduring impact of creative individuals throughout history.Note: This text is written in Markdown format, a lightweight markup language used for formatting text.。
william blake的诗歌
william blake的诗歌威廉·布莱克（William Blake）是18世纪英国的一位重要诗人、画家和版画家。
他的诗歌作品独特而又富有表现力，通常涉及宗教、自然和人类心灵的主题。
在他的作品中，布莱克探索了人类存在的意义、灵魂的复杂性以及社会的不公。
布莱克的诗歌作品可以分为两种风格：一种是具象与清晰的，另一种是模糊与抽象的。
无论是哪种风格，他都热衷于使用象征、隐喻和对比手法，以便传递他深刻的思想和感受。
布莱克的一系列诗歌作品，如《天国之书》（The Book of Thel）、《无辜之书》（The Book of Innocence）和《经验之书》（The Book of Experience），反映了他对人类经验的深度思考。
这些作品以寓言形式呈现，探讨了人类天性、天堂、地狱和苦难等主题。
布莱克在这些诗歌中使用了自己创造的象征符号和画面，以帮助读者更好地理解他表达的思想和情感。
举例来说，《天国之书》中的《铸光者》（The Clod and the Pebble）是一首描写爱情的诗歌。
通过比较泥土和鹅卵石的态度，布莱克表达了对不同类型的爱之观念。
泥土代表了无私和牺牲的爱，而鹅卵石则代表自私和占有的爱。
这首诗歌充满了对人类情感复杂性的思考，在简洁的文字中呈现了丰富的意义。
布莱克的另一首著名诗作是《西南风》（The Tyger），它反映了人类理解上帝造物之奇妙的困扰。
诗歌以问句的形式提出一系列问题，探讨了创造者和创造物之间的关系。
布莱克使用强烈的视觉、听觉和意象，将读者引入对善恶、美丽和恐怖之间微妙辩证关系的探索。
此外，布莱克的《杀人蠕虫的咒语》（The Chimney Sweeper）系列诗歌描述了伦敦的烟囱清扫工人的悲惨生活。
这些诗歌揭示了工业时代社会不正义的一面，探讨了儿童权益和社会贫困的问题。
通过讲述一个受苦受难的孩子的悲惨故事，布莱克谴责了身体和心灵的压迫。
无论是诗歌还是他的版画作品，布莱克都常常使用黑暗和光明的对比，以表达他对人类存在的矛盾和复杂性的认识。
大学英语课件williamblake
continue to be inspired by his innovative technologies, symbols,
and expressive style
04
William Blake and Modern Culture
Blake's Position in Modern Literature
Innovative Technologies
Blake was a Pioneer in the field of printmaking, introducing innovative technologies that merged traditional printmaking with his unique vision
VS
Techniques
Blake frequently employs techniques such as personality, symbolism, and irony in his poetry He also uses visual images to create a multi-sensor experience for the reader
His unique style and themes have been reinterpreted and reimagined by numerical artists throughout the 20th and 21st centers
His influence can be seen in the works of many owned artists, including the Beat poems, Abstract Expressionists, and contemporary musicians
浪漫主义诗人William Blake
前期的诗作，语言上简单易懂，且以短诗为主， 音节也能短则短，题材内容则以生活中的所见所 闻为主； 而中后期的诗作篇幅明显增长，有时长达数百乃 至上千行，内容也明显地晦涩起来，趋向玄妙晦 涩， 充满神秘色彩，以神秘、宗教，以及象征为 主要特征。 布莱克则通晓灵性力量，他告诉人们他的能力： 我不是以外表的眼睛看事物，我只是透过它看事 物，而不是依靠它。
羔羊
小羊羔谁创造了你 你可知道谁创造了你 给你生命，哺育着你 在溪流旁，在青草地； 给你穿上好看的衣裳， 最软的衣裳毛茸茸多漂亮； 给你这样温柔的声音， 让所有的山谷都开心； 小羔羊谁创造了你 你可知道谁创造了你； 小羔羊我要告诉你， 小羔羊我要告诉你； 他的名字跟你的一样， 他也称他自己是羔羊； 他又温顺又和蔼， 他变成了一个小小孩， 我是个小孩你是羔羊 咱俩的名字跟他一样。 小羔羊上帝保佑你。 小羔羊上帝保佑你。 （杨苡译）
The Sick Rose 病玫瑰
——William Blake
O Rose, thou art sick. The invisible worm That flies in the night In the howห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ing storm Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy.
The first important romantic poet
——William Blake
His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of both the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic",for its large appearance in the 18th century. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England, Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions as well as by such thinkers as Jakob Böhme and Emanuel Swedenborg
William Blake一沙一世界
Assignment:Write your comment on the following lines by W Blake.To see a world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flowerHold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hourAuguries of Innocence一沙一世界一花一天堂，双手握无限霎那成永恒。
William Blake wasan English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of thepoetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age.These four lines were excerpted from thebeginningof William Blake's poem Auguries of Innocence ，which has 132 lines. An augury is a sign or omen.From these four lines，we learn that it was rhymed in abab forms. As we can see from the poem, Blake writes poem in plain and direct language. He presents his view in visual images rather than abstract idea. Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.What’ s more，if you have read the Buddhist classic works，you will find that there are something common between them. They all have profoundly meditations about life.From the first two lines, we learn that everything is made up by many micro objects,therefore, the details can determine success or failure. Blake thought that if one can really notice an imperceptible thing, so he can comprehend the true essence of the universe. The last two lines, compared with the infinity human history and endless time in universe, it is the limited human individual that contributes to thewhole world.Back in the ages of William Blake, this poem might seem beyond imagination. People might doubt whether we are really capable to see the whole world in some micro objet like sand or flower. That is probably why people deemed it as a religious illusion.In my eyes, Blake was the poet of inspiration alone, following no man’s lead, an d obeying no voice but that which he heard in his own mystic soul.。
William Blake 威廉布莱克
Life stn on November， 28, in 1757.
He left school at the early age of ten to attend the Henry Pars Drawing Academy for five years.
（ 1757 - 1827 ）
British poet Painter, and engraver, who illustrated and printed his own books Visionary（幻想家） and mystic（神秘主 义者）
Blake's life experience Comments on Blake
•In 1789 Blake completed The Songs of Innocence. •Five years later, he followed it with The Songs of Experience. •In his old age, Blake gave up poetry to devote himself to painting and engraving.
He started writing poetry at the age of twelve and in 1783 his friends paid for his first collection of verses to be printed, which was entitled “Poetical Sketches” .
“Living near the end of a century, born in a period of imperialistic wars, coming to maturity during the American Revolution and to the full bloom of his genius during the French Revolution, aware of impending economic change and sick to the bone of ruling hypocrisy（虚伪）, he viewed the events of his own days as the fulfilment of prophecy…”
William_Blake简介及作品
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
❖It is regarded as Blake’s principle prose work, was conceived as early as 1790 but was not etched in its entirely until 1793. while this work was given lavish praise by the 19th-century poet Swinburne, it is actually very obscure.
❖ The poems are short and lyrical and still assume the childlike tongue and use simple language, but we could find poet’s deeper and more penetrating observation of reality.
❖ In 1790, “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”.
❖ In 1793,Blake issued a “Prospectus, To the Public”.
❖ In 1794, “The Songs of Innocence” was published again, together with “The Songs of Experience” .
❖The Little Black
The Songs of Experience
“The Songs of Experience” (1794)
❖ It is certainly about the most important volume of all Blake’s poetry, because it is matured work than either “Poetical Sketches”.(1783) or “The Songs of Innocence”(1789)
William·black
威廉·布莱克布莱克是风格独特的诗人，被20世纪的学者们誉为英国文学史上最重要的伟大诗人之一。
1757年出生于伦敦一个贫寒的袜商家庭，未受过正规教育。
14岁当雕版学徒，后于1779年入英国皇家艺术学院学习美术，1782年结婚。
不久以后，布莱克印刷了自己的第一本诗集--Poetical Sketches。
William Blake is a famous painter of the late 18th century and early 19th century , one of the most personality of poets in the history of English literature.He was born in London A poor hosier families in 1757, lack of formal education.After 14 years of age when engraving apprentice, into the royal college of art study fine arts in 1779, married in 1782.Soon after, published his first book of poems - black Poetical Sketches.布莱克的早期诗歌以颂扬爱情、向往欢乐与和谐为主题。
他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活，诗歌语言质朴，形象鲜明，富有音乐感，充满想象和激情。
后期作品具有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩，用象征手法表达思想。
Blake's early poetry to celebrate love, yearning for joy and harmony as the theme.He broke the 18 th-century neoclassical doctrine, with songs and blank verse writing ideal and life, plain language of poetry, the image is bright, full of music, full of passion and ter work with mysticism tendency and religious, express thoughts with symbolism.布莱克的诗摆脱了18世纪古典主义教条的束缚，以清新的歌谣体和奔放的无韵体抒写理想和生活，有热情，重想象，开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河。
英国作家Blake
“呼唤迷失的灵魂 哭泣而涕下夜间的露水 汗、泪)” 呼唤迷失的灵魂,哭泣而涕下夜间的露水 呼唤迷失的灵魂 哭泣而涕下夜间的露水(汗
Is this a holy thing to see In a rich and fruitful land, Babes reduc'd to misery, Fed with cold and usurous hand?
Examples
Songs of Innocence
"Mother bore me in the southern wild, And I am black, but O! my soul is white; White as an angel is the English child, But I am black, as if bereav'd of light" ("The Little Black Boy")
Hate of the church and tthe child, In trembling zeal he seiz'd his hair: He led by his little coat, And all admir'd the Priestly care. 神父坐在他旁边谛听， 神父坐在他旁边谛听， 激动地抓住他的头发：： 激动地抓住他的头发：： 他拽着小外衣揪牢这孩子， 他拽着小外衣揪牢这孩子， 大家都佩服这神父的心机。 大家都佩服这神父的心机。
romantic poets(I)
Romantic Poets (I)/浪漫主义诗人William Blake/威廉·布莱克作者简介If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.如果眾妙之門豁然，萬物還得本性：即是無窮無限。
如果感知的大门，剔透无所玷染，则万物皆会示人其本然，即：涵纳无限。
---- William Blake威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757-1827），是18世纪末19世纪初英国著名的画家，英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一。
他12岁就开始创作诗歌，主要作品有《诗的素描》（Poetical Sketches , 1783）、《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence, 1789）、《塞尔书》（The Book of Thel, 1789）、《天堂与地狱的结合》（The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, 1790）、《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience, 1794）、《阿尔比昂的女儿们之幻想》(Visions of the Daughters of Albion, 1793)、《罗斯之歌》、（The Song of Los, 1795）等。
布莱克的早期诗歌以颂扬爱情、向往欢乐与和谐为主题。
他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活，诗歌语言质朴，形象鲜明，富有音乐感，充满瑰丽的想象和奔放的激情。
后期诗作明显具有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩，用象征的手法来表达深邃的思想。
布莱克生活清贫，靠绘画和雕刻为生，他那富有个人灵念与想象力的恢弘诗篇生前并没有得到承认。
英国文学界直到19世纪末才开始意识到他们原来忽略的的不仅仅是一位颇有造诣的版画家，而且还是一位诗哲。
20世纪布莱克受到了T. S. 艾略特等现代主义诗人的格外推崇。
英国文学Blake_Burns
William Blake (1757-1827)British poet, painter, visionary mystic, and engraver, who illustrated and printed his own books.To see a World in a Grain of SandAnd a Heaven in a Wild Flower,Hold Infinity in the palm of your handAnd Eternity in an hour.Often called a romantic poet or a forerunner of Romanticism in England, because his poetry shows some features of romantic spirit; he is opposed to neo-classicism, and his poetry is marked by imagination, feeling and originality.Religiously a dissenter; politically a radical, sympathetic to the American and French revolutions and to the spirit of freedom. Considered eccentric and incomprehensible in his time; but in 20th c recognized as one of the greatest of English poets. Today, he is known both for his poetry and his drawings of Biblical subjects, his illustrations of Dante and other artistic works. Both an artist and a poet.Poetic works:Two main categories: the lyrics and the prophecies.Of the lyrics the most important are the Songs of Innocence(1789) and Songs of Experience(1794). The two volumes form a contrast and reflect two widely different views of life. Innocence and experience represent two contrary states in the development of human soul; the two different stages of life: childhood and adulthood. The first volumepresents a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The keynote is happy and delightful; the poems show the happy and carefree state of innocent children before they know anything about the hardships and misery of life and evils of society. In the eyes of children the world is beautiful and peaceful, full of kindness and sympathy.The second volume paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. The speakers in the second book have grown up, gained experience from reality, know enough about life and society; the orphans and the little chimney-sweepers are living in misery and coldness; London is no longer a paradise, but becomes the city of poverty and despair. The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.The second category is the prophecies: including French Revolution, America, Europe, the Book of Los, Vala, Jerusalem, Milton, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell etc. These became more and more philosophical, symbolic and mystical; Blake tried to give his account of the creation of the world and the nature of God; even a complete account of human history, from the beginning to the present day. For these poems he is called a prophet, because he often had visions of the future and gave warnings about the development of human society. Despite their importance and high value, they are seldom read by ordinary readers.The characteristics of Blake’s poetry:1. plain and direct language2. lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning3. visual images used to embody abstract ideas4. symbolism in wide rangeLondonTaken from Songs of Experience.The speaker wanders through the streets of London and comments on his observations. He sees despair in the faces of the people he meets and hears fear and repression in their voices.It gives a comprehensive picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.chartered--- to hire or rent for exclusive use A chartered street is a street that is rented out to some private company for exclusive use, or monopolized by it. Everything in this urban space--even the natural River Thames--submits to being "charter'd,".the church and the palace--- institutions of power--the clergy, the government--are rendered by synecdoche, by mention of the places in which they reside."mind-forg'd manacles," ---more powerful than material chains could ever be.. "Marriage hearse," ---a vehicle in which love and desire combine with death and destruction. Sexual and marital union--the place of possible regeneration and rebirth--are tainted by the blight of venereal disease. Thus the wedding is turned into a funeral.The poem is written in quatrains, with alternate lines rhyming. Repetition is the most striking formal feature of the poem, and it serves to emphasize the prevalence of the horrors the speaker describes.The Tiger"The Tiger" consists entirely of unanswered questions, and the poet leaves us to awe at the complexity of creation, the sheer magnitude of God's power, and the mysteriousness of divine will.The tiger is strikingly beautiful yet also horrific in its capacity for violence. What kind of a God, then, could or would design such a terrifying beast as the tiger? In more general terms, what does the undeniable existence of evil and violence in the world tell us about the nature of God, and what does it mean to live in a world where a being can at once contain both beauty and horror?Blake's tiger becomes the symbolic center for an investigation into the presence of evil in the world.The poem is comprised of six quatrains in rhymed couplets. The meter is regular and rhythmic, its hammering beat suggestive of the smithy that is the poem's central image. Questions:1. What are the differences of The Songs of Innocence and The Songs of Experience?2. What are the characteristic of Blake’s poetry?Robert Burns (1759-96)The national poet of Scotland; wrote chiefly in Scottish dialect; published his first volume in 1786, “ Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect”; his themes vary: love and friendship, natural beauty of his native Scotland, the life and labor of the common people, the patriotism of his people and their struggle for liberty; satires on the corruption and hypocrisy of the clergy and high society. His poetry is noted for its beautiful lyricism andsincerity of emotions, and is characterized by a profound sympathy for the down-trodden people. He ranks among the greatest poets Britain has ever produced.A Red Red RoseSimple language, sincere feelings, beautiful melody, written essentially in the ballad stanza, rhyming abcbFigures: alliteration, assonance, repetition, parallelism, simile, metaphor, hyperbole.The Scottish words give a national coloring and the archaic words (art, thee) create a sense of formality.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
William Blake’s PoetryZhengboren⏹William Blake’s Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) are his best-known works of poetry and have had a lasting influence on children’s literature. Some Songs, such as the “Introduction” and “The Lamb,”explore the innocence of children’s understanding of God and the natural world. Others, such as “The Chimney Sweeper” and “The Garden of Love,” reveal the hardships both children and adults must confront in the unsheltered world of “experience.” American-born English poet and critic T. S. Eliot wrote that Blake’s poetry in Songs of Experience and other writings contained “an honesty against which the whole world conspires because it is unpleasant.”Typical Style of Blake’s Poems⏹Typical for Blake's poems were long, flowing lines and violent energy, combined with aphoristic clarity and moments of lyric tenderness.⏹Blake was not blinded by conventions, but approached his subjects sincerely with a mind unclouded by current opinions. On the other hand this made him also an outsider. He approved of free love, and sympathized with the actions of the French revolutionaries but the Reign of Terror sickened him.⏹William Blake infused his poetry with mysticism and complex symbolism.⏹Blake explored issues of divine love in the collection Songs of Innocence (1789), while he considered the nature of evil in Songs of Experience (1794).⏹Blake also juxtaposed poems from the first collection with corresponding poems from the second. For example, “The Lamb” from the first collection provides a gentle counterpart to “The Tyger”, from the second.⏹Songs of Innocence is a collection of illustrated lyrical poetry, published by William Blake in 1789. Its companion volume is Songs of Experience.⏹Songs of Experience is a poetry collection, forming the second part of William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience. It includes the poems The Tyger and The Sick Rose .Blake's The Lamb羔羊（杨苡译）⏹小羊羔谁创造了你你可知道谁创造了你给你生命，哺育着你在溪流旁，在青草地；给你穿上好看的衣裳，最软的衣裳毛茸茸多漂亮；给你这样温柔的声音，让所有的山谷都开心；小羔羊谁创造了你你可知道谁创造了你；⏹小羔羊我要告诉你，小羔羊我要告诉你；他的名字跟你的一样，他也称他自己是羔羊；他又温顺又和蔼，他变成了一个小小孩，我是个小孩你是羔羊咱俩的名字跟他一样。
小羔羊上帝保佑你。
小羔羊上帝保佑你。
⏹The Lamb (1789) is one of the plates illustrating Songs of Innocence,a series of poems by the English poet, painter, and engraver William Blake, Blake made the illustrations for this collection of poems by combining metal-relief etching with watercolor painting. His unique style was imaginative and visionary and was a radical departure from the type of art generally produced in the late 18th century.The TigerTiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?And what shoulder, and what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? And what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?When the stars threw down their spears, And water’d heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？你炯炯的两眼中的火燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？用怎样的手夺来火焰？又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？当你的心脏开始搏动时，使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？⏹是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？群星投下了他们的投枪。
用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍，他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，是怎样的神手或天眼造出了你这样的威武堂堂？⏹Bible (Jeremiah, 21:12-14)⏹“Deliver him that is spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor, lest my fury go out like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings…. But I will punish you according to fruit of your doings, saith the Lord: and I will kindle a fire in the forest thereof, and it shall devour all things round about it.”To See the World in a Grain of SandTo see the world in a grain of sand,And a heaven in a wild flower;Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,And eternity in an hour.Love’s SecretNever seek to tell thy love,Love that never told can be;For the gentle wind doth moveSilently, invisibly.I told my love, I told my love,I told her all my heart,Trembling, cold, in ghastly fears—Ah! She did depart!Soon after she was gone from me,A traveler came by,Silently, invisibly.He took her with a sigh.爱情的奥秘千万别想把爱情倾诉，爱情只能深藏在心里；因为，那柔风的吹拂无声无息，无形无迹。