chapter10 multiple-dosage reginmen
肖申克的救赎 英文原版剧本PART9～10
PART 9105 EXT -- SHAWSHANK PRISON -- DAWN (1954) 105The sun rises over gray stone.106 INT -- ANDY'S CELL -- DAWN (1954) 106ANGLE ON RITA POSTER. Sexy as ever. The rising sun sendsfingers of rosy light creeping across her face.107 INT -- LIBRARY -- DAWN (1954) 107Brooks stands on a chair, poised at the bars of a window, cradling Jake in his hands.BROOKSI can't take care of you no more. You go on now. You're free.He tosses Jake through the bars. The crow flaps away.108 EXT -- SHAWSHANK PRISON -- MAIN GATE -- DAY (1954) 108TWO SHORT SIREN BLASTS herald the opening of the gate. Itswings hugely open, revealing Brooks standing in his cheap suit, carrying a cheap bag, wearing a cheap hat.Brooks walks out, tears streaming down his face. He looks back. Red, Andy, and others stand at the inner fence, seeing him off. The massive gate closes, wiping them from view.109 INT -- BUS -- DAY (1954) 109Brooks is riding the bus, clutching the seat before him, gripped by terror of speed and motion.BROOKS (V.O.)Dear Fellas. I can't believe how fast things move on the outside.110 EXT -- STREET -- PORTLAND, MAINE -- DAY (1954) 110Brooks looks like a kid trying to cross the street without his parents. People and traffic a blur.BROOKS (V.O.)I saw an automobile once when I was young. Now they're everywhere.111 EXT -- BREWSTER HOTEL -- DAY (1954) 111Brooks comes trudging up the sidewalk. He glances up as a prop-driven airliner streaks in low overhead.BROOKS (V.O.)The world went and got itself in a big damn hurry.He arrives at the Brewster. It ain't much to look at.112 INT -- BREWSTER HOTEL -- DAY (1954) 112A WOMAN leads Brooks up the stairs toward the top floor. Hehas trouble climbing so many stairs.WOMANNo music in your room after eight p.m. No guests after nine. No cooking except on the hotplate...BROOKS (V.O.)People even talk faster. And louder.113 INT -- BROOKS' ROOM -- DAY (1954) 113Brooks enters. The room is small, old, dingy. Heavy wooden beams cross the ceiling. An arched window affords a view of Congress Street. Traffic noise drifts in. Brooks sets his bag down. He doesn't quite know what to do. He just stands there, like a man waiting for a bus.BROOKS (V.O.)The parole board got me into this halfway house called the Brewster,and a job bagging groceries at the Foodway...114 INT -- FOODWAY MARKET -- DAY (1954) 114Loud. Jangling with PEOPLE and NOISE. Brooks is bagging groceries. Registers are humming, kids are shrieking.WOMANMake sure he double-bags. Last time your man didn't double-bag and thebottom near came out.MANAGERYou double-bag like the lady says, understand?BROOKSYes sir, double-bag, surely will.BROOKS (V.O.)It's hard work. I try to keep up, but my hands hurt most of the time.I don't think the store manager likes me very much.115 EXT -- PARK -- DAY (1954) 115Brooks sits alone on a bench, feeding pigeons.BROOKS (V.O.)Sometimes after work I go to the park and feed the birds. I keepthinking Jake might show up and say hello, but he never does. I hopewherever he is, he's doing okay and making new friends.116 INT -- BROOKS' ROOM -- NIGHT (1954) 116Dark. Traffic outside. Brooks wakes up. Disoriented. Afraid.Somewhere in the night, a LOUD ARGUMENT is taking place.BROOKS (V.O.)I have trouble sleeping at night. The bed is too big. I have bad dreams, like I'm falling. I wake up scared. Sometimes it takes me awhile to remember where I am.117 INT -- FOODWAY -- DAY (1954) 117BROOKS (V.O.)Maybe I should get me a gun and rob the Foodway, so they'd send me home. I could shoot the manager while I was at it, sort of like a bonus.118 INT -- BROOKS' ROOM -- DAY (1954) 118Brooks is packing his worldly possessions into the carry bag.Undershirts, socks, etc.BROOKS (V.O.)But I guess I'm too old for that sort of nonsense anymore.119 INT -- BROOKS' ROOM -- SHORTLY LATER (1954) 119Brooks is dressed in his suit. He finishes knotting his tie, puts his hat on his head. The letter lies on the desk, stamps and ready for mailing. His bag is by the door.BROOKS (V.O.)I don't like it here. I'm tired of being afraid all the time. I've decided not to stay.He takes one last look around. Only one thing left to do. He steps to a wooden chair in the center of the room, pulls out s pocketknife, and glances up at the ceiling beam.He steps up onto the chair. It wobbles queasily. Now facing the beam, he carves a message into the wood: "Brooks Hatlen was here." He smiles with a sort of inner peace.BROOKS (V.O.)I doubt they'll kick up any fuss. Not for an old crook like me.120 TIGHT ON CHAIR 120His weight shifts on the wobbly chair -- and it goes out from under him. His feet remain where they are, kicking feebly in mid-air. His hat falls to the floor.ANGLE WIDENS. Brooks has hanged himself. He swings gently,facing the open window. Traffic noise floats up from below.121 EXT -- EXERCISE YARD -- SHAWSHANK -- DAY (1954) 121Andy reads the letter to Red and the others:ANDYP.S. Tell Heywood I'm sorry I put a knife to his throat. No hard feelings.A long silence. Andy folds the letter, puts it away. Softly:REDHe should'a died in here, goddamn it.122 INT -- PRISON LIBRARY -- DAY (1954) 122Andy is sorting books on the cart. He replaces a stack on the shelf -- and pauses, noticing a line of ants crawling up the wood. He glances up. The ants disappearover the top. He pulls a chair over and stands on it, peers cautiously over.ANDYRed!Red steps in with an armload of files. Andy gingerly reaches in, grabs a black feathered wing, and pulls out a dead crow.RED(softly)Is that Jake?123 INT -- WOOD SHOP -- DAY (1954) 123Red is making something at his bench, sanding and planing.RED (V.O.)It never would have occurred to us, if not for Andy. It was his idea.We all agreed it was the right thing to do...124 EXT -- FIELDS -- DAY (1954) 124Low hilly terrain all around. A HUNDRED CONS are at work in the fields. GUARDS patrol with carbines, keeping a sharp eye. We find Andy, Red, and the boys working with picks and shovels. They lance over to the pickup truck. Hadley's chewing the fat with Mert and Youngblood. A WHISTLE BLOWS.GUARDWater break! Five minutes!The work stops. Cons head for the pickup truck, where water isdispensed with dipper and pail. Red and the boys look to Andy.Andy nods. Now's the time. The group moves off through theconfusion, using it as cover. They head up the slope of a nearby hill and quickly decide on a suitable spot. The guards haven't noticed.Jigger and Floyd start swinging picks into the soft earth, quickly ripping out a hole. Red reaches into his jacket and pulls out a beautiful wooden box, carefully stained and varnished. He shows it around to nods of approval.ANDYThat's real pretty, Red. Nice work.HEYWOODShovel man in. Watch the dirt.124 CONTINUED 124Heywood jumps in and starts spading out the hole.125 BY THE TRUCK 125Youngblood glances up and sees the men on the slope.YOUNGBLOODWhat the fuck.HADLZY(follows his gaze)HEY.' YOU MEN UP THERE.' GET YOUR ASSES OFF THAT SLOPE!(works his rifle bolt)YOU HAPPY ASSHOLES GONE DEAF? YOU GOT FIVE SECONDS 'FORE I SHOOT SOMEBODY!Suddenly, other cons start breaking away in groups, dozens ofthem heading toward the slope. The guards look around.HADLEYWhat am I, talkin' to myself?126 ON THE SLOPE 126Andy pulls a towel-wrapped bundle from his jacket and unfolds it. Jake. Andy lays him in the box, followed by Brook's letter. Red places the casket in the hole. A moment of silence. Andy gives Red with an encouraging nod.REDLord. Brooks was a sinner. Jake was just a crow. Neither was much to look at. Both got institutionalized. See what you can do for 'em. Amen.Muttered "amens" all around. The boys shovel dirt onto the small grave and tamp it down.127 INT -- SHAWSHANK CORRIDORS -- DAY (1955) 127RAPID DOLLY with Hadley. He's striding, pissed-off, a man on emission. He straight-arms a door and emerges onto --128 EXT -- SHAWSHANK PRISON WALL -- DAY (1955) 128-- the wall overlooking the exercise yard. He leans on the railing, scans the yard, sees Andy chatting with Red.HADLEYDufresne! What the fuck did you do?(Andy looks up)Your ass, warden's office, now!Andy shoots a worried look at Red, then heads off.129 INT -- GUARD DESK/WARDEN'S OUTER OFFICE -- DAY (1955) 129Dozens of parcel boxes litter the floor. WILEY, the duty guard, picks through them. Hadley enters, trailed by Andy.ANDYWhat is all this?HADLEYYou tell me, fuck-stick! They're addressed to you, every damn one!Wiley thrusts an envelope at Andy. Andy just stares at it.WILEYWell, take it.Andy takes the envelope, pulls out a letter, reads:ANDY"Dear Mr. Dufresne. In response to your repeated inquiries, the StateSenate has allocated the enclosed funds for your library project..."(stunned, examines check)This is two hundred dollars.Wiley grins. Hadley glares at him. The grin vanishes.ANDY"In addition, the Library District has generously responded with acharitable donation of used books and sundries. We trust this willfill your needs. We now consider the matter closed. Please stopsending us letters. Yours truly, the State Comptroller's Office."Andy gazes around at the boxes. The riches of the world lay at his feet. His eyes mist with emotion at the sight.HADLEYI want all this cleared out before the warden gets back, I shit you not.Hadley exits. Andy touches the boxes like a love-struck man touching a beautiful woman. Wiley grins.WILEYGood for you, Andy.ANDYOnly took six years.(beat)From now on, I send two letters a week instead of one.WILEY(laughs, shakes his head)I believe you're crazy enough. You better get this stuff downstairslike the Captain said. I'm gonna go pinch a loaf. When I get back, thisis all gone, right?Andy nods. Wiley disappears into the toilet, Jughead Comix inhand. Alone now, Andy starts going through the boxes like astarving man exploring packages of food. He doesn't know whereto turn first. He gets giddy, ripping boxes open and pullingout books, touching them, smelling them.He rips open another box. This one contains an old phonographplayer, industrial gray and green, the words "Portland PublicSchool District" stenciled on the side. The box also containsstacks and stacks of used record albums.Andy reverently slips a stack from the box and starts flippingthrough them. Used Nat King Coles, Bing Crosbys, etc.He comes across a certain album -- Mozart's "Le Nozze deFigaro." He pulls it from the stack, gazing upon it as a mantransfixed. It is a thing of beauty. It is the Grail.PART 10130 INT -- BATHROOM -- DAY (1955) 130Wiley sits in one of the stalls, Jughead comic on his knees.131 INT -- GUARD STATION/OUTER OFFICE -- DAY (1955) 131Andy wrestles the phonograph player onto the guards' desk,sweeping things onto the floor in his haste. He plugs the machine in. A red light warms up. The platter starts spinning.He slides the Mozart album from its sleeve, lays it on the platter, and lowers the tone arm to his favorite cut. The needle HISSES in the groove...and the MUSIC begins, lilting and gorgeous. Andy sinks into Wiley's chair, overcome by its beauty. It is "Deutino: Che soave zeffiretto," a duet sung bySusanna and the Contessa.132 INT -- BATHROOM -- DAY (1955) 132Wiley pauses reading, puzzled. He thinks he hears music.WILEYAndy? You hear that?133 INT -- GUARD STATION/OUTER OFFICE -- DAY (1955) 133Andy shoots a look at the bathroom...and smiles. Go for broke.He lunges to his feet and barricades the front door, then thebathroom. He returns to the desk and positions the P.A.microphone. He works up his courage, then flicks all thetoggles to "on." A SQUEAL OF FEEDBACK echoes briefly...134 INT/EXT -- VARIOUS P.A. SPEAKERS -- DAY (1955) 134...and the Mozart is suddenly broadcast all over the prison.135 INT -- BATHROOM -- DAY (1955) 135Wiley lunges to his feet, pants tangling around his ankles.136 INT/EXT -- SHAWSHANK PRISON -- VARIOUS LOCATIONS -- DAY (1955) 136 Cons all over the prison stop whatever they're doing, freezing in mid-step to listen, gazing up at the speakers.137 The stamping machines in the plate shop are shut down (137)138 The laundry line goes silent, grinding to a halt (138)139 The wood shop machines are turned off, buzzing to a stop (139)140 The motor pool...the kitchen...the loading dock...the exercise 140thru yard...the numbing routine of prison life itself...all grinds thru143 to a stuttering halt. Nobody moves, nobody speaks. Everybody 143just stands in place, listening to the MUSIC, hypnotized.144 INT -- GUARD STATION -- DAY (1955) 144Andy is reclined in the chair, transported, arms fluidly conducting the music. Ecstasy and rapture. Shawshank no longer exists. It has been banished from the mind of men.145 EXT -- EXERCISE YARD -- DAY (1955) 145CAMERA TRACKS along groups of men, all riveted.RED (V.O.)I have no idea to this day what them two Italian ladies were singin' about. Truth is, I don't want to know. Some things are best left unsaid. I like to think they were singin' about something so beautiful it can't be expressed in words, and makes your heart ache because of it.CAMERA brings us to Red.RED (V.O.)I tell you, those voices soared. Higher and farther than anybody in a gray place dares to dream. It was like some beautiful bird flappedinto our drab little cage and made these walls dissolve away...and forthe briefest of moments -- every last man at Shawshank felt free.146 INT -- PRISON CORRIDOR -- DAY (1955) 146FAST DOLLY with Norton striding up the hallway with Hadley.RED (V.O.)It pissed the warden off something terrible.147 INT -- GUARD STATION/OUTER OFFICE -- DAY (1955) 147Norton and Hadley break the door in. Andy looks up with asublime smile. We hear Wiley POUNDING on the bathroom door: WILEY (O.S.)LET ME OUUUUT!148 INT -- SOLITARY WING -- DAY (1955) 148LOW ANGLE SLOW PUSH IN on the massive, rust-streaked steel door. God, this is a terrible place to be.RED (V.O.)Andy got two weeks in the hole for that little stunt.149 INT -- SOLITARY CONFINEMENT -- DAY (1955) 149Andy doesn't seem to mind. His arms sweep to the music stillplaying in his head. We hear a FAINT ECHO of the soaring duet.150 INT -- MESS HALL -- DAY (1955) 1 50HEYWOODCouldn't play somethin' good, huh? Hank Williams?ANDYThey broke the door down before I could take requests.FLOYDWas it worth two weeks in the hole?ANDYEasiest time I ever did.HEYWOODShit. No such thing as easy time in the hole. A week seems like a year. ANDYI had Mr. Mozart to keep me company. Hardly felt the time at all.REDOh, they let you tote that record player down there, huh? I could'aswore they confiscated that stuff.ANDY(taps his heart, his head)The music was here...and here. That's the one thing they can'tconfiscate, not ever. That's the beauty of it. Haven't you ever feltthat way about music, Red?REDPlayed a mean harmonica as a younger man. Lost my taste for it. Didn't make much sense on the inside.ANDYHere's where it makes most sense. We need it so we don't forget.REDForget?ANDYThat there are things in this world not carved out of gray stone. Thatthere's a small place inside of us they can never lock away, and thatplace is called hope.REDHope is a dangerous thing. Drive a man insane. It's got no place here.Better get used to the idea.ANDY(softly)Like Brooks did?FADE TO BLACK151 AN IRON-BARRED DOOR 151slides open with an enormous CLANG. A stark room beyond.CAMERA PUSHES through. SEVEN HUMORLESS MEN sit at a longtable. An empty chair faces them. We are again in:INT -- SHAWSHANK HEARINGS ROOM -- DAY (1957)Red enters, ten years older than when we first saw him at a parole hearing. He removes his cap and sits.MAN #lIt says here you've served thirty years of a life sentence.MAN #2You feel you've been rehabilitated?REDYes sir, without a doubt. I can say I'm a changed man. No danger tosociety, that's the God's honest truth. Absolutely rehabilitated.CLOSEUP -- PAROLE FORMA big rubber stamp slams down: "REJECTED."152 EXT -- PRISON YARD -- DUSK (1957) 152Red emerges into fading daylight. Andy's waiting for him.REDSame old, same old. Thirty years. Jesus. When you say it like that...ANDYYou wonder where it went. I wonder where ten years went.Red nods, solemn. They settle in on the bleachers. Andy pulls a small box from his sweater, hands it to Red.ANDYAnniversary gift. Open it.Red does. Inside the box, on a thin layer of cotton, is a shiny new harmonica, bright aluminum and circus-red.ANDYHad to go through one of your competitors. Hope you don't mind.Wanted it to be a surprise.REDIt's very pretty, Andy. Thank you.ANDYYou gonna play something?--Red considers it, shakes his head. Softly:REDNot today.153 INT -- CELLBLOCK FIVE/ANDY'S CELL -- NIGHT (1957) 153Men line the tiers as the evening count is completed. The convicts step into their cells. The master switch is thrown and all the doors slam shut -- KA-THUMP! Andy finds a cardboard tube on his bunk. The note reads: "A new girl for your 10 year anniversary. From your pal. Red."154 INT -- ANDY'S CELL -- LATER (1957) 154Marilyn Monroe's face fills the screen. SLOW PULL BACK revealsthe new poster: the famous shot from "The Seven Year Itch," on the subway grate with skirt billowing up. Andy sits gazing at her as lights-out commences...INT -- RED'S CELL -- NIGHT (1957) 155...and we find Red gazing blankly as darkness takes the cellblock. Adding up the months, weeks, days...He regards the harmonica like a man confronted with a Martian artifact. He considers trying it out -- even holds it briefly to his lips, almost embarrassed -- but puts it back in its box untested. And there the harmonica will stay...FADE TO BLACK156 WE HOLD IN BLACKNESS as THUMPING SOUNDS grow louder (156)RED (V.O.)Andy was as good as his word. He kept writing to the State Senate.Two letters a week instead of one....and the BLACKNESS disintegrates as a wall tumbles before our eyes, revealing a WORK CREW with picks and sledgehammers,faces obscured outlaw-style with kerchiefs against the dust. Behind them are GUARDS overseeing the work.Andy yanks his kerchief down, grinning in exhilaration. Red and the others follow suit. They step through the hole in the wall, exploring what used to be a sealed-off storage room.RED (V.O.)In 1959, the folks up Augusta way finally clued in to the fact theycouldn't buy him off with just a 200 dollar check. AppropriationsCommittee voted an annual payment of 500 dollars, just to shut him up.157 INT -- PRISON LIBRARY -- DAY (1960) 157TRACKING the construction. Walls have been knocked down. Menare painting, plastering, hammering. Lots of shelves going up.Red is head carpenter. We find him discussing plans with Andy.RED (V.O.)Those checks came once a year like clockwork.158 INT -- PRISON LIBRARY -- DAY (1960) 158Red and the boys are opening boxes, pulling out books.RED (V.O.)You'd be amazed how far Andy could stretch it. He made deals with book clubs, charity groups...he bought remaindered books by the pound...HEYWOODTreasure Island. Robert Louis...ANDY(jotting)...Stevenson. Next?REDI got here an auto repair manual, and a book on soap carving.ANDYTrade skills and hobbies, those go under educational. Stack rightbehind you.HEYWOODThe Count of Monte Crisco...FLOYDCristo, you dumbshit.HEYWOOD...by Alexandree Dumb-ass.ANDYDumas. You boys'll like that one.It's about a prison break.Floyd tries to take the book. Heywood yanks it back. I saw it first. Red shoots Andy a look.REDMaybe that should go under educational too.。
Chapter 10课后答案
Chapter 10 答案Cognitive Linguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. Accordingto this approach, language and language use are based on our bodilyexperience and the way we conceptualize it.(2)categorization: the mental process of classification.(3)prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best exampleof a lexical category, e.g. for some English speakers “cabbage” (ratherthan, say, “carrot”) mi ght be the prototypical vegetable.(4)category: the products of categorization.(5)prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by EleanorRosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized accordingto prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representativeof the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the categoryof “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparingthat entity with a prototype.(6)metaphor: a n extension of a word’s use beyond its primary meaning to includereferents that bear some similarity to the word’s primary referent, as in“eye of a needle”, or “cream of the age group”.(7)metonymy: also called conceptual/cognitive metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics.It refers to a conceptual operation in which one entity, the vehicle,can be employed in order to identify another entity, the target, with which itis associated, such as the use of “Hemingway” for “Hemingway’s works” and“White House” for “government of the USA”.(8)iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of languagereflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of theworld, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’shistoric words “Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)” is a goodcase to prove the iconicity of order (the similarity between temporal eventsand the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction).(9)grammaticalization: the shift of an independent word to the status of agrammatical element. A famous example in English is the transition of thelexical verb “go” into an auxiliary used to express the future tense.2.Some tips for the tests: according to the prototype theory, prototypes are the bestexamples of a category and natural categories are organized around prototypes.Therefore, names of category prototypes tend to come to mind before those ofperipheral examples, but many factors (such as culture, individual experience andcontext) may influence the choice of prototypes of categories.3.In the English preposition list, the spatial prepositions, such as in, on, at, might bethe commonest prepositions in grammar books. The reason is that spatial prepositionsare closest to our bodily experience, thus they may be highest in frequencyof use.4.(1) The marriage is rather fragile without enough attention and patience.Their wedding is splendid, while their marriage is rather fragile.(2)Their marriage is on the rocks.They have walked more smoothly since they had a child.(3)They love each other so much that nothing can separate them apart.The more objection there is, the tighter they are to each other.5.(1) His wife is a lovely bird. The source domain is “(a lovely) bird” and the targetdomain is “his wife”. This expression uses the features of a bird to describethe woman, which invites us to conceptualize that she must be lovely, smalland mild.(2)She is a sheep in front of his husband, while a lion in her career. The sourcedomain is “sheep/lion” and the target domain is “she”. The word “sheep” suggeststhat the woman is gentle, mild and obedient as a wife, while the word“lion” creates the impression that she is ambitious, energetic and influentialin her work.(3)My mother was a tiger when we were in danger. The source domain is “tiger”and the target domain is “my mother”. The word “Tiger” conveys the ideathat “my mother” is brave, intrepid, strong and fearless.6.Definitions of these words in dictionaries help us a lot to conceptualize them,most of which are descriptions of the causes, processes and properties of theseemotions. We take “anger, love and fear” for example: (1) anger: the strong feelingyou have when something happened you think is bad and unfair (from OxfordDictionary); a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because theyhave done something bad to you or been unkind to you (from Longman Dictionary). (2) love: to have a strong feeling of affection for someone, combined withsexual attraction (from Longman Dictionary); a strong feeling of deep affectionfor somebody/something, especially a member of your family or a friend, or forsomebody you are sexually attracted to (from Oxford Dictionary). (3) fear: thebad feeling that you have when you are in danger, when something bad mighthappen, or a particular thing frightens you (from Oxford Dictionary); the feelingyou get when you are afraid or worried that something bad is going to happen(from Longman Dictionary). In these definitions, a conceptual metonymy is extensivelyused, that is, THE BODILY SYMPTOMS OF AN EMOTION STANDFOR THE EMOTION (part for whole). Bodily symptoms are helpful for descriptionof the concept of an emotion since generally they are peculiar to a particularemotion.。
读解
日本語能力試験の読解文法の部分は、大量な練習を通じて語彙などの基本的な知識を身に付け、言語の実践力レベルを高め、日本語に対する全体的に把握し、日本各方面の状況と日本式の考え方を理解し?正確的に日本語を身につける目的に達するのである。
読解は能力試験としての綜合反映で?受験生が?習った語彙の量?言語の表現能力?論理的に推理能力?知識の広さなどと深い関係がある。
ここ数年その内容にも?数量にも?難しくなる勢いがある。
読解部分は常に二篇の長い文章と六篇の短い文章からなっている。
長い文章の後に六至七個の問題があり、短い文章の後に一至三個の問題がある。
形式は正しい答えを四つから一つ選んでくださいというような形である。
１９９９年と２０００年の新しい変化は表と図の形式で問題を出すのである。
文章の内容を正しく理解する上で一番ふさわしい答えを選ぶ。
文法の部分は読解の後で現れ?受験生の文法知識を検査するのである。
毎年少し違ったのですが大体の範囲は変わらない。
?<語能力考試語法精解>１，２級(上海外語教育出版社)という本には１，２級の文法範囲がある。
形式も四つから一つ選ぶのである。
次例を見てみましょう日语能力考试的阅读理解和语法部分猪只在于通过大量阅读，加强对词语基础知识的掌握，提高语言的实际运用能力，培养对日语的整体感性认识，加深对日本各方面状况及日本人思维方式的理解，已达到真正掌握日语的目的。
阅读是能力的综合反映，与考生掌握的词汇量，语言综合表达能力，逻辑推理能力，知识面等均有很大关系。
日语能力考试的阅读和语法部分近几年来有容量扩大难度增加的趋势。
阅读的文章数量增多，信息量大，文章长度减少，无疑增加了考试的难度。
阅读部分通常由2篇较长的文章与6篇较短的文章构成。
常文章一般每篇后有6至7个问题，端文章后一般有1至3个问题，形式均为选择答案式。
从给出的4个大案中选择1个符合题干的答案。
最近两年的考试中一个较新的变化就是配合题干出现了图表式问答。
list of FEM books and articles
Books∙Finite Element Procedures, K. J. Bathe, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996.∙The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, T. J.R. Hughes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.∙The Finite Element Method, 4th ed., Vol. 1, O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor, McGraw-Hill, London, 1989.∙The Finite Element Method, 4th ed., Vol. 2, O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor, McGraw-Hill, London, 1991.∙Finite Elements of Nonlinear Continua, J. T. Oden, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.∙Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures, 3rd ed., T. Belytschko, W. K.Liu and B. Moran, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2000.∙Finite Elements: their design and performance, R. H. MacNeal, Marcel Dekker, New York, New York, 1994.∙The Finite Element Analysis of Shells - Fundamentals, D. Chapelle and K. J. Bathe, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2003.∙Inelastic Analysis of Solids and Structures, M. Kojic and K. J. Bathe, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2005.∙Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis, 4th ed., R. D. Cook, D. S.Malkus, M. E. Plesha and R. J. Witt, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2002.∙Finite Element Programming, 4th ed., E. Hinton and D. R. J. Owen, Academic Press, London, 1977.∙The Finite Element Method Displayed, G. Dhatt and G. Touzot, John Wiley & Sons, Norwich, 1984.∙Techniques of Finite Elements, B. Irons and S. Ahmad, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981.∙An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, 3rd ed., J. N. Reddy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.∙Numerical methods for non-linear problems, Volume 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference, Universidad Politecnica de Barcelona, Spain, April 9-13, 1984, C.Taylor, E. Hinton and D. R. J. Owen, Pineridge Press, Swansea, UK, 1984.∙An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, J. N. Reddy, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.∙Computer Methods in Structural Analysis, J. L. Meek, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991. ∙Finite Element Method: Basic Technique and Implementation, P. Tong and J. N.Rossettos, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1977.∙Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis, 2nd ed., J. Bonet and R.D. Wood, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2008.∙Dynamics of Structures, 2nd ed., R. W. Clough and J. Penzien, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.∙Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, 2nd ed.,A. K. Chopra, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001.∙Introduction to Finite Element Vibration Analysis, M. Petyt, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1990.∙Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics, 2nd ed., R. R. Craig Jr. and A. J. Kurdila, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2006.∙Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications and Earthquake Engineering, F.Y. Cheng, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001.∙Structural Dynamics: Theory and Applications, J. W. Tedesco, W. G. McDougal and C.A. Ross, Addison Wesley Longman, California, 1999.∙Structural Dynamics: Theory and Computation, 5th ed., M. Paz and W. Leigh, Springer Science, New York, 2004.∙Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis, D. V. Hutton, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004. ∙Analysis and Design of Elastic Beams - Computational Methods, W. D. Pilkey, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2002.∙Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures, 3rd ed., W. Weaver Jr. and J. R. Gere, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, 2001.∙Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis, J. S. Przemieniecki, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.∙Structural Analysis and Behavior, F. Arbabi, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.∙Matrix Structural Analysis, 2nd ed., W. McGuire, R. H. Gallagher and R. D. Ziemian, John Wiley & Sons, MA, 2000.∙Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2nd ed., R. M. Jones, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1999.∙Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd ed., S. P. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959.∙Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed., S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.∙Strength of Materials, J. P. Den Hartog, Dover Publications, New York, 1977.∙Advanced Strength of Materials, J. P. Den Hartog, Dover Publications, New York, 1987.∙Formulas for Stress, Strain and Structural Matrices, 2nd ed., W. D. Pilkey, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2005.∙Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th ed., W. C. Young, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.∙Matrix Computations, 3rd ed., G. H. Golub and C. F. Van Loan, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996.∙Programming the Finite Element Method, 3rd ed., I. M. Smith and D. V. Griffiths, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1998.∙An Introduction to the Finite Element Method: Theory, Programming and Applications,E. G. Thompson, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2004.∙Applied Finite Element Analysis, L. J. Segerlind, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984. ∙Finite Element Analysis with Error Estimators: An Introduction to the FEM and Adaptive Error Analysis for Engineering Students, J. E. Akin, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, MA, 2005.∙Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures - Volume 1: Essentials, M.A. Crisfield, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1991.∙Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures - Volume 1: Advanced Topics, M. A. Crisfield, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1997.∙Theory and Problems of Finite Element Analysis, G. R. Buchanan, Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995.∙Theories and Applications of Plate Analysis: Classical, Numerical and Engineering Methods, R. Szilard, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2004.∙Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications, M. A. Bhatti, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2005.∙Advanced Topics in Finite Element Analysis of Structures, M. A. Bhatti, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2006.∙Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, 3rd ed., T. R. Chandrupatla and A. D.Belegundu, Prentice Hall, 2002.∙The Finite Element Method for Three-dimensional Thermomechanical Applications, G.Dhondt, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2004.∙Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, Y. C. Fung, P. Tong, World Scientific Co. Pte. Ltd, UK, 2001.Articles∙R. H. MacNeal and R. L. Harder, A Proposed Standard Set of Problems to Test Finite Element Accuracy, Finite Element in Analysis and Design, North Holland, Vol. 1, pp 3-20, 1985.∙K. J. Bathe, Solution Methods of Large Generalized Problems in Structural Engineering, Report UC SESM 71-20, Civil Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1971.∙K. J. Bathe, H. Ozdemir and E. L. Wilson, Static and Dynamic Geometric and Material Nonlinear Analysis, Report UC SESM 74-4, Civil Engineering Department, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, 1974.∙K. J. Bathe, Solution Methods for Large Eigenvalue Problems in Structural Engineering, Report UC SESM 71-20, Civil Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1971.∙ E. N. Dvorkin and K. J. Bathe, A Continuum Mechanics Based Four-Node Shell Element for General Nonlinear Analysis, Engineering Computations, Vol. 1, pp 77-88, 1984.∙ E. L. Wilson, Structural Analysis of Axisymmetric Solids, AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 12, 1965, pp 2269-2274.∙ E. L. Wilson, Elastic Dynamic Response of Axisymmetric Structures, Report UC SEMM 69-02, Civil Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1969.∙ D. Chapelle and K. J. Bathe, Fundamental Considerations for the Finite Element Analysis of Shell Structures, Computers & Structures, Vol 66, No. 1, 1998, pp 19-36∙ D. Chapelle and K. J. Bathe, The mathematical shell model underlying general shell elements, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., Vol 48, 2000, pp 289-313∙T. J. R. Hughes, R. L. Taylor and W. Kanoknukulchai, A Simple and Efficient Finite Element for Plate Bending, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol.11, 1977, pp 1529-1543.∙T. J. R. Hughes and M. Cohen, The 'Heterosis' Finite Element for Plate Bending, Computers & Structures, Vol. 9, 1978, pp 445-450.∙T. J. R. Hughes and T. E. Tezduyar, Finite Elements Based Upon Mindlin Plate Theory With Particular Reference to the Four-Node Bilinear Isoparametric Element, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 48, 1981, pp 587-596.∙K. J. Bathe and Lee-Wing Ho, A Simple and Effective Element for Analysis of General Shell Structures, Computers & Structures, Vol 13, 1981, pp 673-681∙K. J. Bathe, A. Iosilevich and D. Chapelle, An evaluation of the MITC shell elements, Computers & Structures, Vol 75, 2000, pp 1-30∙S. F. Pawsey, The Analysis of Moderately Thick to Thin Shells by the Finite Element Method, Report UC SESM 70-12, Civil Engineering Department, University of California,Berkeley, 1977.∙J. P. Hollings and E. L. Wilson, 3-9 Node Isoparametric Planar or Axisymmetric Finite Element, Report UC SEMM 78-03, Civil Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, 1969.∙R. J. Melosh, Basis for Derivation of Matrices for the Direct Stiffness Method, AIAA Journal, Vol. 1, No. 7, 1963, pp 1631-1637.∙ B. M. Irons, Engineering Applications of Numerical Integration in Stiffness Methods, AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 11, 1966, pp 2035-2037.∙ E.L. Wilson, A. Der Kiureghian, E.P. Bayo, Short Communications A Replacement for the SRSS Method in Seismic Analysis, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.9, 1981, pp 187–194.∙J. S. Archer, Consistent Matrix Formulations for Structural Analysis Using Finite-Element Techniques, AIAA Journal, Vol. 3, No. 10, 1965, pp 1910-1918.。
六人行(老友记)第10季第8集剧本
Monica: Name one of his books.
Chandler: (after a long pause) "The Firm"?
Monica: Ok, let's see... uhm, okay, the turkey is in the oven, the stuffing is ready...
Rachel: Oh, take the clothes of Joey's Cabbage Patch Kid.
Phoebe: Yeah!
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. Chandler is watching TV and Monica is cooking]
Phoebe: Well, I wanna enter her in a baby beauty pageant.
Rachel: Oh my God! That's the creepiest thing I've ever heard!
Phoebe: Okay, but, well, before you say no, my friend Susanne is entering her kid and compared to Emma she's a real dog!
Rachel: Oh! Phoebe, all babies are beautiful!
Phoebe: (sarcastic) Oh... okay.
Rachel: Phoebe, just the idea of pitting one baby against another, I mean, you know, and judging who's cuter just for a trophy...
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
dragon master 英文 24册
dragon master 英文 24册Title: A Comprehensive Overview of the Dragon Master English 24-Book SeriesIntroduction:The Dragon Master English 24-Book Series is a highly acclaimed collection of books designed to enhance language learning for individuals of all ages. This article aims to provide a detailed exploration of the series, highlighting its key features and benefits. The discussion will be divided into five main points, each consisting of several sub-points, followed by a comprehensive conclusion.I. Point 1: Engaging Storylines1.1 Captivating Plots: The Dragon Master series offers a range of captivating storylines that appeal to readers of various interests and age groups.1.2 Diverse Characters: The books feature a diverse cast of characters, allowing readers to engage with different perspectives and experiences.1.3 Thematic Depth: Each book explores a unique theme, providing readers with valuable insights and fostering critical thinking skills.II. Point 2: Language Acquisition2.1 Vocabulary Expansion: The series introduces a wide range of vocabulary, aiding readers in expanding their word bank and improving language proficiency.2.2 Grammar Reinforcement: Through carefully crafted sentences and dialogues, the books reinforce grammar rules and help learners develop a strong foundation in English.2.3 Language Skills Development: The series focuses on developing all language skills, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking, through various interactive activities and exercises.III. Point 3: Cultural Awareness3.1 Cultural Context: The Dragon Master series incorporates cultural elements from different countries, providing readers with a deeper understanding of diverse cultures and traditions.3.2 Global Perspectives: The books promote a global mindset by featuring stories and characters from around the world, fostering empathy and cultural sensitivity.3.3 Appreciation of Diversity: By showcasing characters from different backgrounds, the series encourages readers to embrace diversity and promotes inclusivity.IV. Point 4: Interactive Learning Tools4.1 Illustrations and Visual Aids: The series includes vibrant illustrations and visual aids that enhance comprehension and engage visual learners.4.2 Interactive Exercises: Each book offers a variety of interactive exercises, such as quizzes and puzzles, to reinforce learning and make the experience enjoyable.4.3 Audio Accompaniment: The series provides audio recordings of the texts, enabling learners to improve their pronunciation and listening skills.V. Point 5: Progression and Adaptability5.1 Gradual Difficulty Increase: The books are designed with a progressive difficulty level, allowing learners to gradually advance their language skills.5.2 Adaptability to Different Levels: The Dragon Master series offers books for learners of various proficiency levels, ensuring that each reader can find suitable material.5.3 Supplementary Materials: The series provides additional resources, such as workbooks and teacher's guides, to support educators and facilitate classroom integration.Conclusion:The Dragon Master English 24-Book Series is a comprehensive language learning resource that combines engaging storylines, language acquisition tools, cultural awareness, interactive learning, and adaptability. With its diverse content and well-structured approach, this series offers an effective and enjoyable way to enhance English language skills. Whether used for self-study or classroom instruction, the Dragon Master series is a valuable asset for language learners of all ages and proficiency levels.。
达芬奇密码英文电子书9-10章
CHAPTER 9To ensure his conversation with Mr. Langdon would not be interrupted, Bezu Fache had turned off his cellular phone. Unfortunately, it was an expensive model equipped with a two-way radio feature, which, contrary to his orders, was now being used by one of his agents to page him."Capitaine?" The phone crackled like a walkie-talkie.Fache felt his teeth clench in rage. He could imagine nothing important enough that Collet would interrupt this surveillance cachée—especially at this criticaljuncture.He gave Langdon a calm look of apology. "One moment please." He pulled the phone from his belt and pressed the radio transmission button. "Oui?""Capitaine, un agent du Département de Cryptographie est arrivé." Fache's anger stalled momentarily. A cryptographer? Despite the lousy timing, this was probably good news. Fache, after finding Saunière's cryptic text on the floor, had uploaded photographs of the entire crime scene to the Cryptography Department in hopes someone there could tell him what the hell Saunière was trying to say. If a code breaker had now arrived, it most likely meant someonehad decrypted Saunière's message."I'm busy at the moment," Fache radioed back, leaving no doubt in his tone that a line had been crossed. "Ask the cryptographer to wait at the commandpost. I'll speak to him when I'm done.""Her," the voice corrected. "It's Agent Neveu."Fache was becoming less amused with this call every passing moment.Sophie Neveu was one of DCPJ's biggest mistakes. A young Parisiandéchiffreuse who had studied cryptography in England at the Royal Holloway, Sophie Neveu had been foisted on Fache two years ago as part of the ministry's attempt to incorporate more women into the police force. Theministry's ongoing foray into political correctness, Fache argued, was weakening the department. Women not only lacked the physicality necessary for police work, but their mere presence posed a dangerous distraction to the men in the field. As Fache had feared, Sophie Neveu was proving far moredistracting than most.At thirty-two years old, she had a dogged determination that bordered on obstinate. Her eager espousal of Britain's new cryptologic methodologycontinually exasperated the veteran French cryptographers above her. And by far the most troubling to Fache was the inescapable universal truth that in an office of middle-aged men, an attractive young woman always drew eyes awayfrom the work at hand.The man on the radio said, "Agent Neveu insisted on speaking to you immediately, Captain. I tried to stop her, but she's on her way into the gallery."Fache recoiled in disbelief. "Unacceptable! I made it very clear—"For a moment, Robert Langdon thought Bezu Fache was suffering a stroke. The captain was mid-sentence when his jaw stopped moving and his eyes bulged. His blistering gaze seemed fixated on something over Langdon's shoulder. Before Langdon could turn to see what it was, he heard a woman'svoice chime out behind him."Excusez-moi, messieurs."Langdon turned to see a young woman approaching. She was moving down the corridor toward them with long, fluid strides... a haunting certainty to her gait. Dressed casually in a knee-length, cream-colored Irish sweater over black leggings, she was attractive and looked to be about thirty. Her thick burgundy hair fell unstyled to her shoulders, framing the warmth of her face. Unlike the waifish, cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence.To Langdon's surprise, the woman walked directly up to him and extended a polite hand. "Monsieur Langdon, I am Agent Neveu from DCPJ's Cryptology Department." Her words curved richly around her muted Anglo-Franco accent."It is a pleasure to meet you."Langdon took her soft palm in his and felt himself momentarily fixed in her strong gaze. Her eyes were olive-green—incisive and clear.Fache drew a seething inhalation, clearly preparing to launch into a reprimand."Captain," she said, turning quickly and beating him to the punch, "pleaseexcuse the interruption, but—""Ce n'est pas le moment!" Fache sputtered."I tried to phone you." Sophie continued in English, as if out of courtesy to Langdon. "But your cell phone was turned off.""I turned it off for a reason," Fache hissed. "I am speaking to Mr. Langdon.""I've deciphered the numeric code," she said flatly.Langdon felt a pulse of excitement. She broke the code?Fache looked uncertain how to respond."Before I explain," Sophie said, "I have an urgent message for Mr. Langdon."Fache's expression turned to one of deepening concern. "For Mr. Langdon?"She nodded, turning back to Langdon. "You need to contact the U.S. Embassy, Mr. Langdon. They have a message for you from the States."Langdon reacted with surprise, his excitement over the code giving way to a sudden ripple of concern. A message from the States? He tried to imagine who could be trying to reach him. Only a few of his colleagues knew he was inParis.Fache's broad jaw had tightened with the news. "The U.S. Embassy?" he demanded, sounding suspicious. "How would they know to find Mr. Langdonhere?"Sophie shrugged. "Apparently they called Mr. Langdon's hotel, and the concierge told them Mr. Langdon had been collected by a DCPJ agent."Fache looked troubled. "And the embassy contacted DCPJ Cryptography?""No, sir," Sophie said, her voice firm. "When I called the DCPJ switchboard in an attempt to contact you, they had a message waiting for Mr. Langdon and asked me to pass it along if I got through to you."Fache's brow furrowed in apparent confusion. He opened his mouth to speak, but Sophie had already turned back to Langdon."Mr. Langdon," she declared, pulling a small slip of paper from her pocket, "this is the number for your embassy's messaging service. They asked that you phone in as soon as possible." She handed him the paper with an intent gaze."While I explain the code to Captain Fache, you need to make this call."Langdon studied the slip. It had a Paris phone number and extension on it."Thank you," he said, feeling worried now. "Where do I find a phone?" Sophie began to pull a cell phone from her sweater pocket, but Fache waved her off. He now looked like Mount Vesuvius about to erupt. Without taking his eyes off Sophie, he produced his own cell phone and held it out. "This line issecure, Mr. Langdon. You may use it."Langdon felt mystified by Fache's anger with the young woman. Feeling uneasy, he accepted the captain's phone. Fache immediately marched Sophie several steps away and began chastising her in hushed tones. Disliking the captain more and more, Langdon turned away from the odd confrontation and switched on the cell phone. Checking the slip of paper Sophie had given him,Langdon dialed the number.The line began to ring.One ring... two rings... three rings...Finally the call connected.Langdon expected to hear an embassy operator, but he found himself instead listening to an answering machine. Oddly, the voice on the tape was familiar. Itwas that of Sophie Neveu."Bonjour, vous êtes bien chez Sophie Neveu," the woman's voice said. "Je suisabsenle pour le moment, mais..."Confused, Langdon turned back toward Sophie. "I'm sorry, Ms. Neveu? I thinkyou may have given me—""No, that's the right number," Sophie interjected quickly, as if anticipating Langdon's confusion. "The embassy has an automated message system. You have to dial an access code to pick up your messages."Langdon stared. "But—""It's the three-digit code on the paper I gave you."Langdon opened his mouth to explain the bizarre error, but Sophie flashed him a silencing glare that lasted only an instant. Her green eyes sent a crystal-clearmessage.Don't ask questions. Just do it.Bewildered, Langdon punched in the extension on the slip of paper: 454.Sophie's outgoing message immediately cut off, and Langdon heard anelectronic voice announce in French: "You have one new message."Apparently, 454 was Sophie's remote access code for picking up hermessages while away from home.I'm picking up this woman's messages?Langdon could hear the tape rewinding now. Finally, it stopped, and the machine engaged. Langdon listened as the message began to play. Again, thevoice on the line was Sophie's."Mr. Langdon," the message began in a fearful whisper. "Do not react to this message. Just listen calmly. You are in danger right now. Follow my directionsvery closely."CHAPTER 10Silas sat behind the wheel of the black Audi the Teacher had arranged for him and gazed out at the great Church of Saint-Sulpice. Lit from beneath by banks of floodlights, the church's two bell towers rose like stalwart sentinels above the building's long body. On either flank, a shadowy row of sleek buttresses jutted out like the ribs of a beautiful beast.The heathens used a house of God to conceal their keystone. Again the brotherhood had confirmed their legendary reputation for illusion and deceit. Silas was looking forward to finding the keystone and giving it to the Teacher so they could recover what the brotherhood had long ago stolen from the faithful.How powerful that will make Opus Dei.Parking the Audi on the deserted Place Saint-Sulpice, Silas exhaled, telling himself to clear his mind for the task at hand. His broad back still ached from the corporal mortification he had endured earlier today, and yet the pain was inconsequential compared with the anguish of his life before Opus Dei had saved him.Still, the memories haunted his soul.Release your hatred, Silas commanded himself. Forgive those who trespassed against you.Looking up at the stone towers of Saint-Sulpice, Silas fought that familiar undertow... that force that often dragged his mind back in time, locking him once again in theprison that had been his world as a young man. The memories of purgatory came as they always did, like a tempest to his senses... the reek of rotting cabbage, the stench of death, human urine and feces. The cries of hopelessness against the howling wind of the Pyrenees and the soft sobs of forgotten men.Andorra, he thought, feeling his muscles tighten.Incredibly, it was in that barren and forsaken suzerain between Spain and France, shivering in his stone cell, wanting only to die, that Silas had been saved.He had not realized it at the time.The light came long after the thunder.His name was not Silas then, although he didn't recall the name his parents had given him. He had left home when he was seven. His drunken father, a burly dockworker, enraged by the arrival of an albino son, beat his mother regularly, blaming her for the boy's embarrassing condition. When the boy tried to defend her, he too was badly beaten.One night, there was a horrific fight, and his mother never got up. The boy stood over his lifeless mother and felt an unbearable up-welling of guilt for permitting it to happen.This is my fault!As if some kind of demon were controlling his body, the boy walked to the kitchen and grasped a butcher knife. Hypnotically, he moved to the bedroom where his father lay on the bed in a drunken stupor. Without a word, the boy stabbed him in the back. His father cried out in pain and tried to roll over, but his son stabbed him again, over and over until the apartment fell quiet.The boy fled home but found the streets of Marseilles equally unfriendly. His strange appearance made him an outcast among the other young runaways, and he was forced to live alone in the basement of a dilapidated factory, eating stolen fruit and raw fish from the dock. His only companions were tattered magazines he found in the trash, and he taught himself to read them. Over time, he grew strong. When he was twelve, another drifter—a girl twice his age—mocked him on the streets and attempted to steal his food. The girl found herself pummeled to within inches of her life. When the authorities pulled the boy off her, they gave him an ultimatum—leave Marseilles or go to juvenile prison.The boy moved down the coast to Toulon. Over time, the looks of pity on the streets turned to looks of fear. The boy had grown to a powerful young man. When peoplepassed by, he could hear them whispering to one another. A ghost, they would say, their eyes wide with fright as they stared at his white skin. A ghost with the eyes of a devil!And he felt like a ghost... transparent... floating from seaport to seaport.People seemed to look right through him.At eighteen, in a port town, while attempting to steal a case of cured ham from a cargo ship, he was caught by a pair of crewmen. The two sailors who began to beat him smelled of beer, just as his father had. The memories of fear and hatred surfaced like a monster from the deep. The young man broke the first sailor's neck with his bare hands, and only the arrival of the police saved the second sailor from a similar fate.Two months later, in shackles, he arrived at a prison in Andorra.You are as white as a ghost, the inmates ridiculed as the guards marched him in, naked and cold. Mira el espectro! Perhaps the ghost will pass right through these walls!Over the course of twelve years, his flesh and soul withered until he knew he had become transparent.I am a ghost.I am weightless.Yo soy un espectro... palido coma una fantasma... caminando este mundo a solas.One night the ghost awoke to the screams of other inmates. He didn't know what invisible force was shaking the floor on which he slept, nor what mighty hand was trembling the mortar of his stone cell, but as he jumped to his feet, a large boulder toppled onto the very spot where he had been sleeping. Looking up to see where the stone had come from, he saw a hole in the trembling wall, and beyond it, a vision he had not seen in over ten years. The moon.Even while the earth still shook, the ghost found himself scrambling through a narrow tunnel, staggering out into an expansive vista, and tumbling down a barren mountainside into the woods. He ran all night, always downward, delirious with hunger and exhaustion.Skirting the edges of consciousness, he found himself at dawn in a clearing where train tracks cut a swath across the forest. Following the rails, he moved on as ifdreaming. Seeing an empty freight car, he crawled in for shelter and rest. When he awoke the train was moving. How long? How far? A pain was growing in his gut. Am I dying? He slept again. This time he awoke to someone yelling, beating him, throwing him out of the freight car. Bloody, he wandered the outskirts of a small village looking in vain for food. Finally, his body too weak to take another step, he lay down by the side of the road and slipped into unconsciousness.The light came slowly, and the ghost wondered how long he had been dead. A day? Three days? It didn't matter. His bed was soft like a cloud, and the air around him smelled sweet with candles. Jesus was there, staring down at him. I am here, Jesus said. The stone has been rolled aside, and you are born again.He slept and awoke. Fog shrouded his thoughts. He had never believed in heaven, and yet Jesus was watching over him. Food appeared beside his bed, and the ghost ate it, almost able to feel the flesh materializing on his bones. He slept again. When he awoke, Jesus was still smiling down, speaking. You are saved, my son. Blessed are those who follow my path.Again, he slept.It was a scream of anguish that startled the ghost from his slumber. His body leapt out of bed, staggered down a hallway toward the sounds of shouting. He entered into a kitchen and saw a large man beating a smaller man. Without knowing why, the ghost grabbed the large man and hurled him backward against a wall. The man fled, leaving the ghost standing over the body of a young man in priest's robes. The priest had a badly shattered nose. Lifting the bloody priest, the ghost carried him to a couch."Thank you, my friend," the priest said in awkward French. "The offertory money is tempting for thieves. You speak French in your sleep. Do you also speak Spanish?"The ghost shook his head."What is your name?" he continued in broken French.The ghost could not remember the name his parents had given him. All he heard were the taunting gibes of the prison guards.The priest smiled. "No hay problema. My name is Manuel Aringarosa. I am a missionary from Madrid. I was sent here to build a church for the Obra de Dios." "Where am I?" His voice sounded hollow."Oviedo. In the north of Spain.""How did I get here?""Someone left you on my doorstep. You were ill. I fed you. You've been here many days."The ghost studied his young caretaker. Years had passed since anyone had shown any kindness. "Thank you, Father."The priest touched his bloody lip. "It is I who am thankful, my friend."When the ghost awoke in the morning, his world felt clearer. He gazed up at the crucifix on the wall above his bed. Although it no longer spoke to him, he felt a comforting aura in its presence. Sitting up, he was surprised to find a newspaper clipping on his bedside table. The article was in French, a week old. When he read the story, he filled with fear. It told of an earthquake in the mountains that had destroyed a prison and freed many dangerous criminals.His heart began pounding. The priest knows who I am! The emotion he felt was one he had not felt for some time. Shame. Guilt. It was accompanied by the fear of being caught. He jumped from his bed. Where do I run?"The Book of Acts," a voice said from the door.The ghost turned, frightened.The young priest was smiling as he entered. His nose was awkwardly bandaged, and he was holding out an old Bible. "I found one in French for you. The chapter is marked."Uncertain, the ghost took the Bible and looked at the chapter the priest had marked.Acts 16.The verses told of a prisoner named Silas who lay naked and beaten in his cell, singing hymns to God. When the ghost reached Verse 26, he gasped in shock."...And suddenly, there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken, and all the doors fell open."His eyes shot up at the priest.The priest smiled warmly. "From now on, my friend, if you have no other name, I shall call you Silas."The ghost nodded blankly. Silas. He had been given flesh. My name is Silas."It's time for breakfast," the priest said. "You will need your strength if you are to help me build this church."Twenty thousand feet above the Mediterranean, Alitalia flight 1618 bounced in turbulence, causing passengers to shift nervously. Bishop Aringarosa barely noticed. His thoughts were with the future of Opus Dei. Eager to know how plans in Paris were progressing, he wished he could phone Silas. But he could not. The Teacher had seen to that."It is for your own safety," the Teacher had explained, speaking in English with a French accent. "I am familiar enough with electronic communications to know they can be intercepted. The results could be disastrous for you."Aringarosa knew he was right. The Teacher seemed an exceptionally careful man. He had not revealed his own identity to Aringarosa, and yet he had proven himself a man well worth obeying. After all, he had somehow obtained very secret information. The names of the brotherhood's four top members! This had been one of the coups that convinced the bishop the Teacher was truly capable of delivering the astonishing prize he claimed he could unearth."Bishop," the Teacher had told him, "I have made all the arrangements. For my plan to succeed, you must allow Silas to answer only to me for several days. The two of you will not speak. I will communicate with him through secure channels.""You will treat him with respect?""A man of faith deserves the highest.""Excellent. Then I understand. Silas and I shall not speak until this is over.""I do this to protect your identity, Silas's identity, and my investment.""Your investment?""Bishop, if your own eagerness to keep abreast of progress puts you in jail, then you will be unable to pay me my fee."The bishop smiled. "A fine point. Our desires are in accord. Godspeed."Twenty million euro, the bishop thought, now gazing out the plane's window. The sumwas approximately the same number of U.S. dollars. A pittance for something so powerful.He felt a renewed confidence that the Teacher and Silas would not fail. Money and faith were powerful motivators11。
《哈利波特与密室》第10章《失控的游走球》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利˙波特与密室》Chapter TenThe Rogue Bludger第10章失控的游走球Since the disastrous episod e of the pixies, Professor Lockhart had not brought live creatures to class. Instead, he read passages from his books to them, and sometimes reenacted some of the more dramatic bits. He usually picked Harry to help him with these reconstructions; so far, Hary had been forced to play a simpl e Transylvanian villager whom Lockhart had cured of a Babbling Curse, a yeti with a head-col d, and a vampire who had been unabl e to eat anything except l ettuce since Lockhart had d ealt with him.自从发生了那次小精灵的灾难事件后，洛哈特教授就再也不把活物带进课堂了。
现在，他把他写的书大段大段地念给学生们听，有时候还把一些富有戏剧性的片断表演出来。
他一般选择哈利协助他重现当时的场景。
到目前为止，哈利被迫扮演的角色有：一个被施了吐泡泡咒、经洛哈特治愈的纯朴的特兰西瓦尼亚村民；一个患了鼻伤风的喜马拉雅山雪人；还有一个吸血鬼，自从洛哈特跟它打过交道后，它就不吃别的，只吃萝卜了。
Harry was haul ed to the front of the class during their very next Defence Against the Dark Arts l esson, this time acting a werewolf. If he hadn't had a very good reason for keeping Lockhart in a good mood, he would have refused to d o it.这一节黑魔法防御术课，哈利又被拖到前面去了，这次是扮演一个狼人。
经典常谈读书笔记第9,10章
经典常谈读书笔记第9,10章Reading and taking notes from classic literature such as the 9th and 10th chapters of a book provides an opportunity to delve deeper into the text and gain a deeper understanding of the themes and characters. 读书并记录经典文学作品的笔记，比如第9和第10章，可以深入了解文本内容，增进对主题和人物的理解。
It allows readers to dissect the narrative and analyze the author's use of language and symbolism. 它使读者能够剖析叙述，分析作者对语言和象征的运用。
In the 9th and 10th chapters, the plot may reach a turning point, the climax of the story, or introduce new conflicts and resolutions. 在第9和第10章，情节可能会到达转折点，故事的高潮，或者介绍新的冲突和解决方法。
This can be an exciting time for readers as they anticipate the resolution of storylines and conflicts. 这对读者来说可能是兴奋的时刻，他们期待着故事情节和冲突的解决。
The characters may also undergo significant development, revealing new facets of their personalities or motivations. 人物可能也会经历重大发展，揭示他们性格或动机的新侧面。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第10章《魔法部乱成一团》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利˙波特与火焰杯》Chapter TenMayhem at the Ministry第10章魔法部乱成一团Mr Weasl ey woke them after only a few hours’ sl eep. He used magic to pack up the tents, and they l eft the campsite as quickly as possibl e, passing Mr Roberts at the d oor of his cottage. Mr Roberts had a strange, dazed l ook about him, and he waved them off with a vague ‘Merry Christmas’.只睡了几个小时，韦斯莱先生就把他们叫醒了。
他用魔法把帐篷收起来装进背包，然后他们尽快离开了营地，路上看见罗伯茨先生站在他小石屋的门口。
罗伯茨先生的样子怪怪的，神情恍惚，他朝他们挥手告别，还含混地说了句“圣诞快乐”。
‘He'll be all right,’ said Mr Weasl ey quietly, as they marched off onto the moor. ‘Sometimes, when a person's memory's modified, it makes them a bit disorientated for a while ... and that was a big thing they had to make him forget.’“他不会有事的，”他们大步向沼泽地走去时，韦斯莱先生说道，“有时候，当一个人的记忆被修改时，他会暂时有点儿犯糊涂……况且他们想使他忘记的又是那么一件大事。
从语用学角度分析美国情景剧《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默
CNN热门话题新闻英语
B.《CNN热门话题新闻英语》介绍[COLOR=blue]2009年05月30日：更新第一册视频。
2009年02月17日：感谢kingsun031提供的第三册PDF配套音频。
2009年02月03日：感谢topstar信息提示，使得我有机会找到第三册的视频。
感谢驴友vonic 帮忙分流做源。
2009年02月01日：跟两位视频拥有者失去联络，敬请见谅。
第三册视频2月3日放出。
2009年01月06日：更新音频链接，请重新下载。
昨日发布时，出现莫名其妙的问题，ed2k 链接居然和文件不匹配，导致很多驴友下载失败。
对此带来的不便，深表歉意。
2009年01月03日：该珍贵资源由驴友kingsun031提供，特此致谢！内容提要 ：内容提要本系列丛书精心选择CNN热门话题,设计编写为一套分三个层次的新闻英语学习丛书。
特点：每章三篇选文从不同视角探讨同一个热点话题,文章随着类型的不同而不同,逐渐增加文章阐述难度。
确保读者参与,刺激思考,引出谈话的热门主题,文章探究的话题对读者而言都不只一个方面,鼓励了辩论和课堂上的互动。
通过预备问题,略读和浏览活动,对上下文线索的利用,词汇分析,批判性思考技能的培养,对阅读技巧和阅读理解的集中关注,帮助学生增加新闻阅读的流畅性。
每章结尾的开放式问题鼓励学生以讨论或者书面的形式,表达阐述他们的看法和观点。
法和观点。
BOOK 1 Contents To the Teacher Chapter 1 Pampered Pets:Love me?Love may dog! Chapter 2 Sill Sports:Can you really call this a sport? Chapter 3 Modern Marriage:Until Death do us part? Chapter 4 Shopping:The new drug of choice Chapter 5 Las Vegas:Sin City Chapter 6 Shoplifting:Why is the price tag still on your hat? Chapter 7 Gluttony:You are what you eat! Chapter 8 Get-Rich-Quick Scams:Have I got a deal for YOU! Chapter 9 Sports Doping:Does it matter if you win or lose? Chapter 10 White-Collar Crime:When A LOT just isn't enough Chapter 11 The Homeless:It's not their choice Chapter 12 Beauty Contests:The business of bearty Chapter 13 Drug Trends:Legal but lethal Chapter 14 Nature:Paradise Lost-Can we get it back? Appendix CNN Video Activities BOOK 2 Contents To the Teacher Chapter 1 Reality TV:Would you be a survivor? Chapter 2 Violence in Sports:When is a game not a game? Chapter 3 Advertising:We know what you want before you do! Chapter 4 Fashion:You mean you're wearing THAT? Chapter 5 Work:Is it interfering with your life? Chapter 6 Internet Dating:Is this Really YOUR Photo? Chapter 7 Anger:I'm not angry!You're angry! Chapter 8 Psychics:What do they know that we don't? Chapter 9 Beauty:Mirror,mirror,on the wall…………Chapter 10 Lying:What's THAT on your resume? Chapter 11 Intelligence:How important is it? Chapter 12 Graffiti:You call this ART? Chapter 13 Chiild Labor:Who made your sneakers? Chapter 14 Infidelity:Our cheating hearts Appendix I Guess Meaning form Context-Matching Exercises Appendix II CNN Video Activities BOOK 3 Contents To the Teacher Acknowledgments Photo Cred its Chapter 1 The Cruelty of Strangers：Who can you trust? Chapter 2 Crime and Punishment：Jusdce for aJl？Chapter 3 Fertility Now：Babies by design Chapter 4 Gambng：Wanna’bet? Chapter 5 The Disabled：Handicapped?Not us! Chapter 6 Marriage：Why marry just one? Chapter 7 Prostitution：Looking for a good time? Chapter 8 Education：Is cvc／~o[1e cheating? Chapter 9 Gender：Are women weak?Are men necessary? Chapter 10 Immigration：Is it time tO shut the door? Chapter 11 Business：Globalization or cultural imperialism? Chapter 12 Sex Education：How much do we need tO know? Chapter 13 Cults：Path to God or somewhere else? Chapter 14 Strange Brains：Unlocking the secrets Appendix CNN Video Activities 。
Chapter-10
$5, 400 $4,000 10,000 6,000 $1, 400 = $0.35 per machine-hour 4, 000
=
Constant = Total cost – (Slope coefficient Quantity of cost driver) = $5,400 – ($0.35 10,000) = $1,900 = $4,000 – ($0.35 6,000) = $1,900 The cost function based on the two observations is Maintenance costs = $1,900 + $0.35 Machine-hours 2. The cost function in requirement 1 is an estimate of how costs behave within the relevant range, not at cost levels outside the relevant range. If there are no months with zero machinehours represented in the maintenance account, data in that account cannot be used to estimate the fixed costs at the zero machine-hours level. Rather, the constant component of the cost function provides the best available starting point for a straight line that approximates how a cost behaves within the relevant range.
17742505-Scientific-Advertising-Book-Updated
Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business Scientific Advertisingby Claude Hopkins, updates by Tim BruxvoortCopyright 2009, Times Ten Marketing, all rights reservedIssue 1.0Published by: Times Ten Marketing 8161 Highway 100, #194 Nashville, TN 37221-42132009, Times Ten MarketingPage 2Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business 2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 3Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................4 NOTE FROM THE PUBLISHER .............................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE—How Advertising Laws Are Established ...................................................................................6 CHAPTER TWO—Just Salesmanship....................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER THREE—Offer Service ........................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER FOUR—Mail Order Advertising—What It Teaches .........................................................................17 CHAPTER FIVE—Headlines ..................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER SIX—Psychology ...................................................................................................................................24 CHAPTER SEVEN—Being Specific .......................................................................................................................28 CHAPTER EIGHT—Tell Your Full Story .............................................................................................................31 CHAPTER NINE—Art in Advertising....................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER TEN—Things Too Costly .....................................................................................................................37 CHAPTER ELEVEN—Information........................................................................................................................41 CHAPTER TWELVE—Strategy.............................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER THIRTEEN—Use of Samples ..............................................................................................................48 CHAPTER FOURTEEN—Getting Distribution ....................................................................................................52 CHAPTER FIFTEEN—Test Campaigns ................................................................................................................55 CHAPTER SIXTEEN—Leaning on Dealers ..........................................................................................................59 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN—Individuality...............................................................................................................62 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN—Negative Advertising....................................................................................................64 CHAPTER NINETEEN—Letter Writing...............................................................................................................66 CHAPTER TWENTY—A Name That Helps .........................................................................................................69 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE—Good Business ........................................................................................................72 Appendix A.................................................................................................................................................................75 1917 Mead Cycle Advertisement ..............................................................................................................................75 1917 Mead Cycle Advertisement 1917 Mead Cycle Advertisement ......................................................................762009, Times Ten Marketing Page 4Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business NOTE FROM THE PUBLISHERhis book was originally written by Claude Hopkins in 1923. A lot has changed since then, but what has not changed is the way people respond to advertising. Human psychology remains the same now as it did back then. Therefore, this book is every bit as valid today as it was when it was written. I have made edits and updates to the book to make it fit in our modern time. Back then women's roles in the world were a lot different than they are now. I took the liberty of updating the entire book to use language that better reflect women's current roles. While I changed a lot of terms like "advertising man" to "advertising person," I left the term salesmanship since there really isn't a word that I think effectively replaces it. I updated a few paragraphs that used terminology many people wouldn't understand. I also added Appendix A which includes pictures of advertisements run by Mead Cycle Company, which is referred to in Chapter 4. Wherever you see [comments in brackets] as shown here, these are comments made by me to add clarity or point out areas I think have changed in our modern Internet-based world. I have also highlighted important points throughout the book. The examples given in this book are all the original ones. While they are a little dated they provide a fascinating view into the history of advertising. I did update the formatting to make the book easier to print out. Otherwise the book is largely intact the way it was originally written. I believe you will enjoy reading this book as I did and you will gain many valuable insights into the way advertising works. Once you start putting some of the book's methods into practice you should see start seeing your business grow. Tim Bruxvoort T2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 5Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business CHAPTER ONE—How Advertising Laws Are Establishedhe time has come when advertising has in some hands reached the status of a science. It is based on fixed principles and is reasonably exact. The causes and effects have been analyzed until they are well understood. The correct methods of procedure have been proved and established. We know what is most effective, and we act on basic laws. Advertising, once a gamble, has thus become, under able direction, one of the safest of business ventures. Certainly no other enterprise with comparable possibilities need involve so little risk. Therefore this book deals, not with theories and opinions, but with well-proved principles and facts. It is written as a text book for students and a safe guide for advertisers. Every statement has been weighed. The book is confined to established fundamentals. If we enter any realms of uncertainty we shall carefully denote them. The present status of advertising is due to many reasons. Much national advertising has long been handled by large organizations known as advertising agencies. Some of these agencies, in their hundreds of campaigns, have tested and compared thousands of plans and ideas. The results have been watched and recorded, so no lessons have been lost. Such agencies employ a high grade of talent. None but able and experienced people can meet the requirements in national advertising. Working in cooperation, learning from each other and from each new undertaking, some of these advertising people develop into masters. Individuals may come and go, but they leave their records and ideas behind them. These become a part of the organization's equipment, and a guide to all who follow. Thus, in the course of decades, such agencies become storehouses of advertising experiences, proved principles, and methods [we must be careful though that we don't attempt to emulate large business advertising practices which often focus on brand building. Small business simply doesn't have the resources to do brand-building advertising]. The larger agencies also come into intimate contact with experts in every department of business. Their clients are usually large organizations. So they see the results of countless methods and policies. They become a clearing house for everything pertaining to merchandising. Nearly every selling question which arises in business is accurately answered by many experiences. Under these conditions, where they long exist, advertising and merchandising become exact sciences. Every course is charted. The compass of accurate knowledge directs the shortest, safest, cheapest course to any destination. We learn the principles and prove them by repeated tests. This is done through keyed advertising, by traced returns, largely by the use of coupons [there are lots of new methods of tracking the results of your advertising which you simply must use. Seldom do any form of advertising that you can't track]. We compare one way with many others, backward and forward, and record the results. When one method invariably proves best, that method becomes a fixed principle. Mail order advertising is traced down to the fraction of a penny. The cost per reply and cost per dollar of sale show up with utter exactness.T2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 6Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business One ad is compared with another, one method with another. Headlines, settings, sizes, arguments and pictures are compared. To reduce the cost of results even one percent means much in some mail order advertising. So no guesswork is permitted. One must know what is best. Thus mail order advertising first established many of our basic laws. In lines where direct returns are impossible we compare one town with another. Scores of methods may be compared in this way, measured by cost of sales. But the most common way is by use of the coupon [tracking codes, web site responses, 800 number statistics, etc.]. We offer a sample, a book, a free package or something to induce direct replies. Thus we learn the amount of action which each ad engenders. But those figures are not final. One ad may bring too many worthless replies, another replies that are valuable. So our final conclusions are always based on cost per customer or cost per dollar of sale [For example: Advertisement "A" produces 27 leads at a cost of $2 a lead that then produces 2 sales at $500 each: Total sales = $1000. Advertisement "B" costs $30 a lead but produces 12 sales: Total sales = $6000.] These coupon plans are dealt with further in the chapter on "Test Campaigns." Here we explain only how we employ them to discover advertising principles. In a large agency, coupon returns are watched and recorded on hundreds of different product or service lines. In a single line they are sometimes recorded on thousands of separate ads. Thus we test everything pertaining to advertising. We answer nearly every possible question by multitudinous traced returns. Some things we learn in this way apply only to particular product or service lines. But even those supply basic principles for analogous undertakings. Others apply to all lines. They become fundamentals for advertising in general. They are universally applied. No wise advertiser will ever depart from those unvarying laws. We propose in this book to deal with those fundamentals, those universal principles. To teach only established technique. There is that technique in advertising, as in all art, science and mechanics. And it is a basic essential. The lack of those fundamentals has been the main trouble with advertising of the past. All advertisers were a law to themselves. All previous knowledge, all progress in advertising, was a closed book to them. It was like a person trying to build a locomotive train without first ascertaining what others had done. It was like a Columbus starting out to find an undiscovered land. Advertisers were guided by whims and fancies—vagrant, changing breezes. They rarely arrived at their port. When they did—by accident—it was by a long roundabout course. Early mariners in this sea mapped their own separate course. There were no charts to guide them. Not a lighthouse marked a harbor, not a buoy showed a reef. The wrecks were unrecorded, so countless ventures came to grief on the same rocks and shoals. Advertising was then a gamble—a speculation of the rashest sort. One person's guess on the proper course was as likely to be as good as another's. There were no safe pilots, because few sailed the same course twice.2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 7Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business That condition has been corrected. Now the only uncertainties pertain to people and to products, not to methods. It is hard to measure human idiosyncrasies, the preferences and prejudices, the likes and dislikes that exist. We cannot say that a product or service will be popular, but we know how to find out very quickly. We do know how to sell it in the most effective way. Ventures may fail, but the failures are not disasters. Losses, when they occur, are but trifling. And the causes are factors which have nothing to do with the advertising. Advertising has flourished under these new conditions. It has multiplied in volume, in prestige and respect. The perils have been almost eliminated. The results have increased many fold. Just because the gamble has become a science, the speculation a very conservative business. These facts should be recognized by all. This is no proper field for sophistry or theory, or for any other misleading goal. The blind leading the blind is ridiculous. It is pitiful in a field with such vast possibilities. Success is a rarity, maximum success an impossibility, unless one is guided by laws as immutable as the law of gravitation. So our main purpose here is to set down those laws, and to tell you how to prove them for yourself. After them come a myriad of variations. No two advertising campaigns are ever conducted on products or services that are identical. Individuality is an essential. Imitation is a reproach. But those variable things which depend on ingenuity have no place in a text book on advertising. This is for ground-work only. Our hope is to foster advertising through a better understanding. To place it on a business basis. To have it recognized as among the safest, surest ventures which lead to large returns. Thousands of conspicuous successes show its possibilities. Their variety points out its almost unlimited scope. Yet thousands who need it still look upon its accomplishments as somewhat accidental. That was so, but it is not so now. We hope that this book will throw some new lights on the subject.2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 8Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business 2009, Times Ten MarketingPage 9Fast Business Profits: Marketing Secrets of a Highly Profitable Small Business CHAPTER TWO—Just SalesmanshipTo properly understand advertising or to learn even its rudiments one must start with the right conception. Advertising is salesmanship. Its principles are the principles of salesmanship. Successes and failures in both fields are due to like causes. Thus every advertising question should be answered by the salesperson's standards. Let us emphasize that point. The only purpose of advertising is to make sales. It is profitable or unprofitable according to its actual sales.It is not for general effect. It is not to keep your name before the people. It is not primarily to aid your other salespeople. Treat it as a salesperson. Force it to justify itself. Compare it with other salespeople. Figure its cost and result. Accept no excuses which good salespeople do not make. Then you will not go far wrong. The difference is only in degree. Advertising is multiplied salesmanship. It may appeal to thousands while the salesperson talks to one. It involves a corresponding cost. Some people spend $1000 per word on an average advertisement. Therefore every ad should be a super-salesperson. A salesperson's mistake may cost little. An advertising mistake may cost a thousand times as much. Be more cautious, more exacting, therefore. A mediocre salesperson may affect a small part of your trade. Mediocre advertising affects all of your trade. Many think of advertising as ad-writing. Literary qualifications have no more to do with it than oratory has with salesmanship. One must be able to express himself briefly, clearly and convincingly, just as a salesperson must. But fine writing is a distinct disadvantage. So is unique literary style. They take attention from the subject. They reveal the hook. Any studied attempt to sell, if apparent, creates corresponding resistance. That is so in personal salesmanship as in salesmanship-in-print. Fine talkers are rarely good salespeople. They inspire buyers with the fear of over-influence. They create the suspicion that an effort is made to sell them on other lines than merit. Successful salespeople are rarely good speech makers. They have few oratorical graces. They are plain and sincere people who know their customers and know their lines. So it is in ad-writing. [This is why we tend to use a conversational tone to our advertising]. Many of the ablest people in advertising are graduate salespeople. The best we know have been house-tohouse salespeople. They may know little of grammar, nothing of rhetoric, but they know how to use words that convince. There is one simple and right way to answer many advertising questions. Ask yourself, "Would this help a salesperson sell the goods?" "Would it help me sell them if I met the buyer in person?" A fair answer to those questions avoids countless mistakes. But when one tries to show off, or does things merely to please himself, he is little likely to strike a chord which leads people to spend money.2009, Times Ten Marketing Page 10Some argue for slogans, some like clever conceits. Would you use them in personal salesmanship? Can you imagine a customer whom such things would impress? If not, don't rely on them for selling in print.Some say, "Be very brief. People will read but little." Would you say that to a salesperson? With a prospect standing before him, would you confine him to any certain number of words? That would be an unthinkable handicap.So in advertising. The only readers we get are people whom our subject interests. No one reads ads for amusement, long or short. Consider them as prospects standing before you, seeking for information. Give them enough to get action.Some advocate large type and big headlines. Yet they do not admire salespeople who talk in loud voices. People read all they care to read in 8-point type. Our magazines and newspapers are printed in that type. Folks are accustomed to it. Anything larger is like loud conversation. It gains no attention worth while. It may not be offensive, but it is useless and wasteful. It multiplies the cost of your story. And to many it seems loud and blatant.Others look for something queer and unusual. They want ads distinctive in style or illustration. Would you want that in a salesperson? Do not people who act and dress in normal ways make a far better impression?Some insist on dressy ads. That is all right to a certain degree, but it is quite unimportant. Some poorly dressed ads, like poorly dressed people, prove to be excellent salespeople. Over-dress in either is a fault. So with countless questions. Measure them by salespeople's standards, not by amusement standards. Ads are not written to entertain. When they do, those entertainment seekers are little likely to be the people whom you want. [Many commercials do entertain, like beer commercials. But few businesses can afford this type of brand building advertisement and the ads probably don’t sell much product either].That is one of the greatest advertising faults. Ad-writers abandon their parts. They forget they are salespeople and try to be performers. Instead of sales, they seek applause.When you plan and prepare an advertisement, keep before you a typical buyer. Your subject, your headline has gained his or her attention. Then in everything be guided by what you would do if you met the buyer face-to-face. If you are a normal person and a good salesperson you will then do your level best. Don't think of people in the mass. That gives you a blurred view. Think of a typical individual, man or woman, who is likely to want what you sell. Don't try to be amusing. Money spending is a serious matter. Don't boast, for all people resent it. Don't try to show off. Do just what you think a good salesperson should do with a half-sold person before him or her.Some advertising people go out in person and sell to people before they plan or write an ad. One of the most able of them has spent weeks on one product, selling from house to house. In this way they learned the reactions from different forms of argument and approach. They learned what possible buyers want and the factors which don't appeal. It is quite customary to interview hundreds of possible customers.Others send out questionnaires to learn the attitude of buyers. In some way all must learn how to strike responsive chords. Guesswork is very expensive.The maker of an advertised product knows the manufacturing side and probably the dealer's side. But this very knowledge often leads him or she astray in respect to consumers. His or her interests are not their interests.Advertising people study the consumer. They try to place themselves in the position of the buyer. Their success largely depends on doing that to the exclusion of everything else.This book will contain no more important chapter than this one on salesmanship. The reason for most of the non-successes in advertising is trying to sell people what they do not want. But next to that comes the lack of true salesmanship.Ads are planned and written with some utterly wrong conception. They are written to please the seller. The interests of the buyer are forgotten. One can never sell goods profitably, in person or in print, when that attitude exists.CHAPTER THREE—Offer ServiceRemember that the people you address are selfish, as we all are. They care nothing about yourinterest or your profit. They seek service for themselves. Ignoring this fact is a common mistake and a costly mistake in advertising. Ads say in effect, "Buy my brand. Give me the trade you give to others. Let me have the money." That is not a popular appeal.The best ads ask no one to buy. That is useless. Often they do not quote a price. They do not say that dealers handle the product.The ads are based entirely on service. They offer wanted information. They cite advantages to users. Perhaps they offer a sample, or to buy the first package, or to send something on approval, so the customer may prove the claims without any cost or risk.Some of these ads seem altruistic. But they are based on a knowledge of human nature. The writers know how people are led to buy.Here again is salesmanship. The good salesperson does not merely cry a product or service name. She doesn't say, "Buy my product or service." She pictures the customer's side of her service until the natural result is to buy.A brush maker has some 2,000 salespeople who sell brushes from house to house. He is enormously successful in a line which would seem very difficult. And it would be if his salespeople asked the people to buy.But they don't. They go to the door and say, "I was sent here to give you a brush. I have samples here and I want you to take your choice."The people at the door are all smiles and attention. In picking out one brush they see several they want. They are also anxious to reciprocate the gift. So the salesperson gets an order.Another business sells coffee, etc. by trucks in some 500 cities. Salespeople drop in with a half-pound of coffee and say, "Accept this package and try it. I'll come back in a few days to ask how you like it."Even when they come back they don't ask for an order. They explain that they want to send the potential customer a fine kitchen utensil. It isn't free, but if the customer likes the coffee, a certain percentage of the sale price of the coffee will be applied towards the purchase of the utensil until it is paid for. Always some service.The maker of an electric sewing machine found advertising difficult. So, on good advice, he ceased soliciting a purchase. He offered to send to any home, through any dealer, a sewing machine for one week's use. With it would come a person to show how to operate it. "Let us help you for a week without cost or obligation," said the ad. Such an offer was resistless and about nine in ten of the trials led to sales.So it is with many, many products or services. Cigar makers send out boxes to anyone and say, "Smoke ten, then keep them or return them, as you wish."Makers of books, typewriters, washing machines, kitchen cabinets, vacuum cleaners, etc., send out their products without any prepayment. They say, "Use them a week, then do as you wish." Practically all merchandise sold by mail is sent subject to return.These are all common principles of salesmanship. The most ignorant peddler applies them. Yet salespeople-in-print very often forget them. They talk about their interests. They blazon a product name, as though that was of any importance. Their phrase is "Drive people to the stores," and that is their attitude in everything they say.People can be coaxed but not driven. Whatever they do they do to please themselves. Many fewer mistakes would be made in advertising if these facts were never forgotten.CHAPTER FOUR—Mail Order Advertising—What It Teaches The most severe test of advertising people is in selling goods by mail. But that is a school fromwhich they must graduate before they can hope for success. There, cost and result are immediately apparent. False theories melt away like snowflakes in the sun. The advertising is profitable or it is not, clearly on the face of returns. Figures which do not lie tell one at once the merits of an ad.This puts people on their mettle. All guesswork is eliminated. Every mistake is conspicuous. One quickly loses his conceit by learning how often his judgment errs—often nine times in ten.There one learns that advertising must be done on a scientific basis to have any fair chance at success. And he or she learns how every wasted dollar adds to the cost of results.Here he or she is taught efficiency and economy under a master who can't be fooled. Then, and then only, is he or she apt to apply the same principles and keys to all advertising.A man was selling a fifty-dollar product. The replies from this ad cost $4.84. Another man submitted an ad which he thought better. The replies cost $84.70 each. Another woman submitted an ad which for two years brought replies at an average of $2.42 each.Consider the difference, on 250,000 replies per year. Think how valuable was the woman who cut the cost in two. Think what it would have meant to have continued that $84.70 ad without any key on returns.Yet there are thousands of advertisers who do just that. They spend large sums on a guess. And they are doing what the men above did— paying for sales from 2 to 35 times what they need cost.A study of mail order advertising reveals many things worth learning. It is a prime subject for study. In the first place, if continued, you know that it pays. It is therefore good advertising as applied to that line.The probability is that the ad has resulted from many traced comparisons. It is therefore the best advertising yet discovered for that product.Study those ads with respect. There is proved advertising, not theoretical. It will not deceive you. The lessons it teaches are principles which wise people apply to all advertising.Mail order advertising is always set in small type. It is usually set in smaller type than ordinary print. That economy of space is universal. So it proves conclusively that larger type does not pay.Remember that when you double your space by doubling the size of your type. The ad may still be profitable. But traced returns have proven that you are paying a double price for sales.In mail order advertising there is no waste of space. Every line is utilized. Borders are rarely used. Remember that when you are tempted to leave valuable space unoccupied.In mail order advertising there is no chatter. There is no boasting, except for super-service. There is no useless talk. There is no attempt at entertainment. There is nothing to amuse.Mail order advertising usually contains a coupon or order form. That is there to get some action from the converts partly made. It is there to cut out as a reminder of something the reader has decided to do.。
再要你命3000 - 乱序版 9
somnolence瞌睡，嗜睡：needing sleepthick-skinned冷漠无情的，不顾他人感受的：unaffecteddisengage分开，使脱离：set free, entanglementprostrate平躺（的），使平躺：lying flat；衰弱的，使衰竭：weaknessremorse懊悔，悔恨：bitter regretincongruent不全等的；不一致的：not conformingfortify加固，鼓励：give physical strength；做好心理准备：prepare mentallylubricate使润滑：reduce frictiondonor捐赠人，给体：donatesperpetual永恒的，不断的：continuing foreverdreary单调乏味的：nothing cheer；令人不悦的：causing unhappinesssporadic偶尔的，零星发生的：not often occurringsterile贫瘠的：not productive；无菌的：free from bacteriarespire呼吸：inhale, exhale airaccord一致：consistency；相符合，相一致：in harmony；授予，给予：to grant or givetranscend超越，超过极限：beyond the limitsunassailable无可争辩的，无法否认的，不可亵渎的：not to be violatedplod沉重缓慢地走：walk heavilyvilify诽谤，辱骂：utter slanderous statementserrant居无定所的：from place to place；误入歧途的，犯错误的：straying proper course or standards ossify（使）硬化，（使）僵化：hardened, conventional, opposed to changesqualid污秽的，肮脏的：dirty；道德败坏的：repulsiveeffrontery厚颜无耻，放肆大胆：disregard, courtesydigress脱离主题：turn aside main subjectparticularize详述：give detailscosmopolitan有世界性眼光的，包容的：worldwideacquisitive贪婪的：desirouscogent令人信服的：convincing; 相关的：pertinentagonize折磨，使痛苦：agony；感到痛苦：suffer agonyrestless不平静的：lack of quiteplush（味道等）浓郁的：abundance quality；奢华的，豪华的：notably luxuriousdogged坚持的，坚决的：continuing, slackening, yielding]；固执的，任性的：sticking tocoda终曲：concluding passageopine表达观点；想，认为：express opinionsprosecution实行，执行：doingsanctimonious假装虔诚的：hypocritically piouscovetous贪婪的，渴求财富的：inordinate desiredemoralize使士气低落：dishearten；贬低，使堕落：lower in characterauthentic真实的，非仿造的：exactly; 准确的，相符的：originalvouchsafe允诺，给予：grant in a gracious or condescending mannerproofread正式宣布：make knownoust免职：remove from；驱逐：drive outtenacious顽固的，不屈不挠的：persistent；粘着的：adhere tomanumit解放（奴隶）：release from slaveryneophyte初学者，新手：beginnerpatrician贵族，名门望族：high birth；贵族的，地位高的：high birthdrizzle（下）细小、轻柔、似雾的雨，毛毛雨：misty rainstoic隐忍的，冷静的：unaffected by pleasure or painfinicky过分讲究的，挑剔的：extremely meticulouspioneer扩荒者，先驱者：first to settle；最初的，最早的：coming before；开创，创造：open up preface序言：preliminary statementawning雨篷，遮阳篷：sheltertinge给...着上少量的色彩：color, tintpretense虚假，伪装：pretending deceive；自大，优越感：exaggerated sense of one’s importance gadfly刺激物：provocative stimulus；令人反感的人：annoyseffete衰弱的，衰落的：depleted；缺乏信念的，懦弱的：lacking strength of willscant不足的，缺乏的：scarcelyhedonism享乐主义：doctrine pleasureaspect 外表，容貌：appearancebarrage 弹幕：curtain; 有压倒之势的、集中倾泻的（如言语）：overwhelming, outpouring; （同时）袭来：attack with, overwhelming outpouringscowl皱眉（表现出不高兴）：expression displeasure baffling令人疑惑的，难以理解的：hard to comprehend shallow浅显的，浅薄的：lack of depth of understandingrue后悔，遗憾：feeling of regretdogma教条，信条：doctrine stated authoritatively vertigo眩晕：dizzyquash镇压，阻止：put a stop tooaf愚蠢的人：stupid personaccost 提供所需（例如服务、借贷、寄宿）：provide; 改变以适应新情况、新场景：make, suitable;使和谐：free of conflictsherald告知，宣布：make known；预示，预兆：indication of beforehand fraught充满的：full；令人忧虑的：emotional distresspreempt预先占有：seize, before others；替换：replacepersecute迫害，折磨：cause sufferingstigma耻辱，污名：mark of shamevanquish打败，征服：defeatgibe嘲弄：taunting wordsprude 过分正经的人：一个过分关心自己是否得体、谦逊、或正确的人：greatly concerned seemly behavior and morallydistraught精神狂乱的，极疯狂的：agitated, insanecement粘合，粘合剂：uniting, bindingoxymoron矛盾修饰法：combination contradictorydally虚度时光：doing nothing；玩乐：amusement；慢吞吞，磨磨蹭蹭：slowly sloth怠惰，懒惰：disinclination to actionpedagogical教学的；教师的：teacher or educationwicked邪恶的：morally badsinuous蜿蜒的，迂回的：irregular curvesslipshod粗心的，随意的：indifference to exactness, precision, and accuracy dike堤坝，水坝：control or confine water；水沟，水渠：long narrow channel dispassionate客观公正的，不易被情绪或偏见影响的：unaffectedmordant尖酸刻薄的：biting causticresidue剩余物：remainsbaleful有害的：harmful; 凶兆的，凶恶的：evil; 致命的：causing death secluded僻静的，隐蔽的：hiddenreplicate复制，复刻：make an exact likeness；重复，反复：do againdolorous忧伤的：misery, griefstentorian声音洪亮的：loudunderscore强调：to emphasizedecipher破译：interpret；对…有清晰的想法，理解，解读：clear ideakindle点燃：set fire, igniteloathe厌恶：dislikedirge挽歌：solemn, mournful musicrefine提纯，精炼：free from impurities；改善，改进：improve or perfect parable寓言：teach a basic truthswill痛饮，大口地吃：drink greedily, eat greedilygrin咧嘴笑，咧嘴笑着表示：express an emotionprophetic预言的，预示的：foretellingeuphoria感觉极其愉快：overwhelming usually pleasurableameliorate（食物）特别美味的，香的：extremely pleasinggrotesque难看的：unpleasantchauvinistic盲目爱国的：excessive favoritismendorse公开支持，推崇：express approvalgobble狼吞虎咽：eat greedilysuccinct简明的，简洁的：clear, preciseburgeon迅速成长扩大，蓬勃发展：grow, rapidly, flourishforebear祖先：an ancestorobviate排除，使不必要：unnecessaryambivalent（尤指感情、态度）矛盾的：opposing feelingsmanipulate巧妙操作：skillful；巧妙处理，暗中操控：deviouslygrovel卑躬屈膝：draw back, fearful submissionpalter欺骗，讨价还价：insincerely deceitfullycourt追求，献殷勤：seek affectionssmirk（自鸣得意地）笑：offensively self-satisfieddelve探究，钻研：detailed search for informationhomage尊敬，敬意：respectbalky不服管束的，倔强的：refusingforeword前言：prefaceappealing 吸引人的：attractive, invitinglissome柔软的：easily bent；敏捷的，轻盈的：move with easemeet合适的：very properoblique斜的：inclined or twistedpredestine预先注定：in advanceabuse大量的： great plentyabhor vt.深恶痛绝，极度厌恶：extreme repugnancevessel管：tube body fluid；船，舰艇：watercraftrepine抱怨、表达不满：express discontent；渴望：long forpedestrian行人：traveling on foot；平庸无奇的，令人厌倦的：causing wearinesshumdrum千篇一律，单调：lack of variety；无聊的，乏味的：lacking excitementnudge用肘推以引起注意：push elbow；说服某人做某事：persuadeexpedite加快进程：speed up the progressnadir最低点：lowest pointcanonize过分宠爱，过分崇拜：admire too much；使崇高，使神圣：high status or valuelargesse捐赠物：without expectation of a return；慷慨：liberalityrepulse使厌恶，排斥：reject with denialcajole哄骗：wheedlepellucid透明的：admitting light；清晰明确的，易懂的：clearlopsided歪的，倾斜的：leaning；不平衡的，不协调的：lacking in balanceaugur预言家：predicts; 出现好兆头：signs of, successful outcome; 预言：tell, beforehandnaysay拒绝，否认：oppose, denyprincipal主要的，重要的：highest importance, rankgroggy虚弱的，（走路）不稳的：weak and unsteady；无法思考的，头脑不清的：not able to think or move apparition鬼魂，幽灵：ghostly figurecast演员，演员阵容：a set of characters; 选派（演员）：assign, actor; 提出：give off; 抛弃：get rid of foment助长，煽动：promote the growthbellwether领导者，带头人：leadequivalent等价的，相等的：equalcatalyze成为···的导火索，导致：be the cause ofennoble使尊贵：noblespecific特有的，独特的：exact sort；明确的：clearly expresseddilate（使）膨胀，扩大：enlarge, expand, wide；详细表达：more fully greater detailresilience弹力：resume original shape；恢复能力：ability to recover quicklyvex使烦恼，使恼怒：bring agitationwrangle纷争，争端：differing opinions；争吵：quarrelplatitude陈词滥调：banal statement；缺乏原创性：lack of originalityaseptic 消毒的，无菌的：preventing infection; 缺乏活力的：lacking vitality; 冷漠的：lacking emotion ballad（由简单诗节和叠句组成的）民歌：poemirascible易怒的：easily provoked angerobsolete过时的，被淘汰的：no longer usefuldesecrate亵渎，玷污：treat shamefullypreposterous荒谬的，不符合常理的：contrary common sensereciprocate往复运动：forward and backward；报答，回报：returnusurp篡夺，篡位：seize power without legal authorityanemic 缺乏力量、活力、精神的：lacking forcejustify证明...的合理性，为...辩解：prove to be just, rightstaunch忠诚的，坚定的：steadfast in loyaltyferal野生的：not domesticated；动物性的：nature of a lower animalsurpass超越，强于：become better；突破（界限、纪录等）：beyond the limitadamant敏锐的：keen discernment; 严重的，急性的：immediate attention; （程度、影响）极强的：extreme homely其貌不扬的，朴素简单的：not attractiveunderdog受害者，输家： loser/victimestrange使疏远，离间，使感情失和：enmity, indifference, friendlinesstantamount等价的，与...相等的：equivalentnourish养育，培养：provide with food；培养，促进：help with growthsuffocate使窒息：deprive of oxygenobeisance敬礼，尊重：respect, submissiontrenchant锐利的：sharp；（言辞）一针见血的：articulatesuspend暂停，中止：bring to a formal close；悬挂：hangrelevant有关系的，重要的：having connectionbland味道平淡的，不刺激的：soothing; 无趣的：dull; 温和的，和蔼的：not harshreplete彻底吃饱了的：appetite completely satisfied；充满…的，富于…的：possessing great numbersmalaise不舒服：bodily discomfortrookie新兵；新生；菜鸟：recruitreign统治权：right to command；占统治地位或盛行：be predominant peep一瞥：brief look；轻声：slight soundsolace安慰：comfort in sorrow；安慰，安抚：consolecachet威望，声望：mark or qualityloquacious话多的：excessive talkarbitrary 专横的，独断专行的：force one's will on others；独裁的，拥有无限权力的：without interference by others；缺乏计划的，随意的：lacking a definite planmangy卑劣的：contemptibledepressed不开心的，情绪不高的，消沉的：unhappiness；生活境况悲催的：healthful environment disconcert使不安：disturbdecry强烈反对，否定：strong disapprovalsquat又矮又胖的：broad in build, short in staturegoad刺激，驱使，激发：incite rouseperipheral外围的：boundary or periphery；辅助性的：supplyfallow休耕的：untilled；闲置的：not being in a state of useissue （有争议的）话题，议题：matter that is in dispute；发布（期刊）等：produce and release；（使）流出：flow outreserved内向的，缄默的：restrainedmisconstrue误解，曲解：mistakepolarize使分开对立，使两极分化：break into opposingretainer家仆：servicesophism假推理，诡辩：deceptive argumentationquail胆怯，畏缩：fear, cowerincumbent义不容辞的，必须的：obligation dutypan严厉批评：harsh criticismabdicate v.正式放弃（权力、责任）：thronecontrite（因为有罪孽或过错而感到）后悔悲痛的：showing remorse lurk潜伏：lie in waitvolatile多变的：rapid changeparaphrase转述，意译，改写；in different wordsfigurative比喻的：denoting anotherconspicuous显而易见的；吸引人的：obvioussurrender交出，放弃，投降：give over to；使沉溺于：give（oneself）over obliterate除去：removeapplicable 可用的，可行的：put to use；相关的，有光的：having to do with；合适的，恰当的：meeting the requirementsmirth欢乐，欢笑：gladness laughtervarnish上清漆，使有光泽：smooth glossy；粉饰（令人不悦的东西）：conceal unpleasant impenitent不悔悟的：not regretfulintrepid无谓的：resolute fearlessnesslassitude乏力，没精打采：diminished energyinfiltrate秘密潜入：enter surreptitiouslyeffervesce冒泡：bubble；兴奋，热情洋溢：high spiritsinterminable无尽头的：no enddehydrate去除水分，使干燥：remove water；使失去活力：deprive of vitalitysullen闷闷不乐的：lacking in cheerruthless没有怜悯心的，残忍的：no pityinch少量，很短的距离：small degree；（使）慢慢移动：move slowlydisjointed机能失调的：out orderly function；不连贯的：not connectedmeager贫乏的：deficientparody（以嘲笑原作作者的）模仿作品：imitated for ridicule；模仿（以嘲弄）：copy to make fun forebode预示，预兆：show signssuperfluous多余的，过剩的：exceeding sufficientlanguish变得衰弱：become feeblesentinel哨兵，看守：watches overoutwit瞒骗，以智取胜：surpass cunninglanguor懒惰：inertness；衰弱：weakness, wearinesspen监狱：confinement；关押，监禁：closecontract契约，合同：binding agreement；收缩：reduce size；感染疾病：become affectedcynic愤世嫉俗者：selfishnessacumen刻薄的，充满仇恨的：deep-seated resentmentsolid 固态的，坚固的：not easily yield to pressure；有理有据的：sound reasoning；坚定的，不迟疑的：not showing weaknessensue紧随其后：afterwardinsular（观念、想法等）孤立狭隘的：narrow provincial viewpointclot密集的一群：a number of things, a unit; 堵塞：prevent, through, filling with something; 凝结：jelly belligerent好斗的，好战的：assertiveness, hostility, combativenessoverture前言：introductory, preclude；序曲：introduction operaenigma难以理解或解释的事物，谜：hard to understandcoltish不守纪律的：not subjected, discipline; 爱开玩笑的：joking, teasingeccentric行为出格的，不循规蹈矩的：deviating conventionalslur耻辱：mark of guilt；含糊地发音：indistinctly；疏忽，忽略：without due, considerationstature高度，身高：height；才干，水平：quality, statusexempt使免除：release liabilityknotty多结的，复杂的，困难的：full of difficulties complicationssvelte（女人）体态苗条的，优雅的：slimsteadfast坚定的，忠诚的：firm in beliefnil不存在，零：nothingleer一瞥，斜眼看：sidelongfester感染，溃烂，腐烂：corruptindolent懒惰的：averse to activityappropriate 私自挪用：take possession, without permission; 适当的：suitable, fittingfabricate捏造：make up；搭建，组建，打造：bring into being by combiningnautical航海的：on waterincessant无间断的：without interruptionpetition请愿，正式的申请，申请书：supplication or request；（尤指正式地）请求：,make a requestspecious似是而非的，欺骗性的：false look of truthquack骗子医生，江湖郎中：pretendermishap不幸之事：unfortunateblunt使变钝：less sharp; 减弱（力度等）：weaken in strength or feeling; 直率的：direct, briefargument 争吵，争论：expression of differing opinions；（逻辑上的）论证：from a premise to a conclusion；观点，论点：idea, opiniondisaffected不满的，叛逆的：discontentedincendiary煽动者：person who stirs up；煽动性的：tending to inflame embarrass使尴尬：experience distress；阻挠，制造障碍：create difficulty patriot爱国者：loves countrypinnacle顶峰：highest pointravish使陶醉，使沉迷：overcome with emotionirritate刺激，惹恼：provoke angercumbersome笨重的，难处理的：difficult to handleflush （肤色）健康红润的：healthy reddish；富有的：money in abundance；大量的：abundance；冲洗：pour liquidabstain自我克制，主动戒绝：refrain, by one’s own choice anachronistic时代错误：chronologically misplacedbathetic平凡的，陈腐的：commonplacenessimmanent内在的：innermostantiquated古老的，过时的：out of styleglut使过量，使充满：beyond capacitylegion大量的人，（尤指）军团：large body of men；大量的：numerous nip少量：small amount；小口吃喝：in small amountsencumber阻碍，妨碍：impede；给…增添负担：place burdenweather安全度过（危机等），经受住：come throughpacify使平静，安慰：ease the angerpalatial宫殿般奢华的：ornatenessadmonish即兴的：without previous thought or preparationdoff脱下：take off, removeliberal思想前卫的：not bound；慷慨的，大方的：generosityespouse支持；拥护：support；与…结婚：marriage, marryspent精疲力竭的：drained of energydepreciate贬低…的价值：lower value；轻视：lower estimation, esteem fervent充满感情的，热情洋溢的：great intensity of feelingcomplacent 自满的，自鸣得意的：excessive or unjustified satisfaction；无所谓的，不关心的：lack of interest or concernmettle勇气：strength of spirit；毅力，耐力：staminaconvention常规，习俗：agreement, acceptance；公约，协议：agreement；大会，集会：coming together。
动物学11 第10章 节肢动物门10.2 课件
Chapter 10 Arthropoda节肢动物一、主要特征（一）发达坚厚的几丁质外骨骼（exo skeleton）1. 概念体壁具有一定的硬度，起着相当于骨骼的支撑作用，故称其为外骨骼。
它是由上皮细胞分泌，其功能是保护防止水分蒸发。
主要成分是几丁质（含N的多糖化合物）和蛋白质（节肢蛋白）。
上角质膜（上表皮）：epi cuticle外角质膜（外表皮）：exo cuticle内角质膜（内表皮）：endo cuticle2.分层一、主要特征一、主要特征3. 蜕皮（ecdysis）几丁质外骨骼与附着的肌肉一起运动，但其伸展性有一定限度，会限制身体的生长，因此，节肢动物有蜕皮现象，即生长到一定阶段可蜕去旧外骨骼，长出新外骨骼的现象。
甲壳动物可终生蜕皮，昆虫成熟后不再蜕皮。
蜕皮受激素控制。
一、主要特征（二）呼吸系统多样性1.体壁：低等的小型甲壳动物，如水蚤。
2.鳃：水生甲壳动物在足的基部，由体壁向外突起的薄膜状结构，充满毛细血管。
如虾、蟹等。
3.书鳃：由足基部体壁向外突起折叠成书页状，有血管分布。
为水生种类鲎的呼吸器官。
4.书肺：由体壁向内凹陷折叠成书页状，为陆生的节肢动物蜘蛛、蝎的呼吸器官。
一、主要特征5. 气管（trachea）由体壁内陷形成分支的管状结构，为陆生节肢动物昆虫、马陆、蜈蚣等的呼吸器官。
气管上无毛细血管分布,直接将氧气输送到呼吸组织,也可直接从组织中排出二氧化碳。
一、主要特征（三）具混合体腔和开管式循环系统1.混合体腔（mixocoel）体腔在发育早期形成中胚层的体腔囊，但不扩展为广阔的真体腔，而是退化为生殖管腔、排泄管腔和围心腔。
在以后的发育过程中，围心腔壁消失，体壁和消化道之间的初生体腔与围心腔的次生体腔混合，形成混合体腔。
混合体腔内充满血液，混合体腔也称作血体腔（haemo coel）。
一、主要特征2. 开管式循环系统心脏→动脉→血腔→心孔→心脏心脏能自主搏动，血流有一定方向.循环系统的复杂程度与呼吸系统的复杂程度有关：呼吸系统简单，循环系统复杂,如虾。
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浓度Cn与时间t的函数关系式，就是在单剂量给药 后的血药浓度与时间的函数关系式中，将每一个指 数项乘以多剂量函数，该函数的速度常数与指数项 的速度常数相同。
k a FX 0 1 e 1 e -k a t - kt Cn ( e e ) - k a - k V (k a k ) 1 e 1 e
•其血药浓度预测，可用单剂量给药函数导出的多剂量给药 函数式求算，也可用叠加法求算。
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第一节
血药浓度与时间的关系
一、单室静注 二、单室模型血管外给药 三、双室模型重复给药
四、利用叠加原理预测重复给药血药浓度
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一、单室模型静脉注射给药
（一）多剂量函数
ss C max
c
(C1)max
ss Cmin
(C1)min
7
（Xn）max= X0（1+e-kτ+ e-2kτ+…+e-（n-1）kτ）
是一组公比Q为e-kτ的等比数列
第n项an为e-（n-1）kτ
其首项a1为1，
根据等比数列前n和的公式则有：
a1 an Q n 1 Q
1 e e
-k
-2k
-nk 1 e e 1 e -(n-1)k e - k - k 1 e 1 e
（四）稳态最小血药浓度
当t＝τ时，为稳态最小血药浓度。
C
ss min
k a FX 0 1 1 - k a - k ( e e ) - k a - k V (k a k ) 1 e 1 e
∵ ka >> k，该式可简化为：
C
ss min
k a FX 0 1 - k ( e ) - k V (k a k ) 1 e
单剂量
-kt max
-k a t max
∵ ka >> k，该式可简化为：
C
ss max
FX 0 e ( ) - k V 1 e
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-kt max
Cmax
FX 0 kt max e V
ka FX 0 1 1 -k a t -kt Css ( e e ) - k a - k V (k a k ) 1 e 1 e
项乘以多剂量函数，该函数的速度常数与指数项的速度常 数相同。以重复单室静脉注射给药为例，即：
1 e - kt C n C0 e - k 1 e
P246例1
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-nk
（三）稳态血药浓度
重复给药时，随着n的增大，血药浓度不断 增加，当增加到一定程度时，血药浓度不再升高， 随每次给药做周期性的变化，此时药物进入体内 的速度等于体内消除的速度，这时的血药浓度叫 稳态血药浓度或坪浓度，记为Css。
C ss
0
Css (t )dt
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一、单室模型平均稳态血药浓度 （一）静脉注射给药平均稳态血药浓度
重复静脉注射给药，达稳态后AUC为：
C
0
ss
(t )dt
0
X0 1 1 1 k X 0 X 0 e kt ( e ) ( k )dt k V 1 e k k Vk V 1 e
C ss
C
0
ss
(t )dt
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0
C (t )dt
1 1 e-nk -kt - kt e ) Css lim C n lim(C0 C e k 0 k n n 1 e 1 e
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（四）稳态最大血药浓度 在一个给药周期（τ）内，稳态血药浓度也有 波动，会在一个恒定的水平范围内波动。 当t＝0时，就是稳态最大血药浓度，以 Css max 表 示。
第十章 多剂量给药 （重复给药）
multiple-dosage reginmen
1
本章要求
1. 掌握从单剂量给药血药浓度－时间方程式转变为 多剂量给药后方程式的方法。 2. 掌握多剂量函数、稳态平均血药浓度、蓄积因子、 波动指数的定义与计算方法。
3. 熟悉多剂量给药的给药剂量或血药浓度计算方法。 4. 了解间歇静脉滴注血药浓度的经时变化及各种参 数的计算。
P255 表10－1
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第二节 平均稳态血药浓度
从重复给药的C-t曲线可以看出，在达到稳态后，其 血药浓度亦有波动，Css仍然是时间t（0≤t≤τ）的函 数。
平均稳态血药浓度: 把血药浓度达到稳态后，一
个剂量间隔时间内，血药浓度-时间曲线下面积除以 时间间隔τ称为平均稳态血药浓度，用C ss 表示。
2
概 述
•多剂量给药又称重复给药，是指按一定剂量（X0）、一定
给药间隔（ τ） 、多次重复给药，才能达到并保持在一定有 效治疗血药浓度范围内的给药方法 •重复给药有两种情况
⑴ τ＞7 t1/2 —— 实质上是单剂量给药 ⑵ τ较小 —— 药物在体内不断积累，经过一定时间达到稳 态，规定在“等剂量、等间隔”的条件下讨论－－本章所指
19
-nk
-nk a
（二）稳态血药浓度 重复血管外途径给药与静脉注射给药一样，随着给药次
数的不断增加，体内药物不断积蓄，当n充分大时，血药浓 度逐渐趋向并达到稳定状态。
ss C max
c
ss Cmin
20
t
ka FX 0 1 e 1 e -k a t - kt Css lim C n lim ( e e ) k k a n n V ( k k ) 1 e 1 e a
-nk
-nk a
ka FX 0 1 1 -k a t -kt Css ( e e ) - k a - k V (k a k ) 1 e 1 e
21
（三）稳态最大血药浓度与达峰时 重复血管外给药，由于有一个吸收过程，每一 个给药周期内，峰浓度不象静脉注射给药那样，紧
跟在给药之后，而是在两次给药间隔内的某一点。 求其最大血药浓度与达峰时，就是求函数的极大值， 也就是求它的一阶导数，并令其等于零，得稳态达 峰时：
8
-(n -1)k -k
(X n ) max
1 e X0 - k 1 e
-nk
(X n ) min
1 e - k X0 e - k 1 e
1 e r ki 1 e
9
-nk
1 e -nk 就是多剂量函数，用r表示，n为给药次 - k 1 e 数，τ为给药周期。 nki
单剂量静脉注射给药，AUC为： X X 0 kt X 0 0 kt 0 C (t )dt 0 V e dt kV e 0 Vk
31
重复给药达稳态血药浓度后，在一个给药周 期（t＝0~τ）内AUC=单剂量给药（t=0~∞)范围内 AUC。 根据平均稳态血药浓度的定义，则
17
（八）蓄积系数
又叫累积系数，或称蓄积因子，指坪浓度与第一次 给药后的浓度的比值，以R表示。
1 - kt C e 0 - k 1 Css 1 e R -k - kt 1 e C1 C0e
判断：消除越慢的药物越易蓄积？ 给药越频繁越易蓄积？
18
二、单室模型血管外给药
（一）血药浓度与时间的关系 多剂量函数是一个转换因子，n次给药后的血药
单室模型n次给药C-t曲线
5
t
第一次给药 当给药时间间隔为τ时 第二次给药时
（X1）max=X0 （X1）min=X0e-kτ
（X2）max=（X1）min+X0 = X0e-kτ+ X0= X0（1+e-kτ） （X2）min= (X2)max e-kτ= X0（1+e-kτ）e-kτ
6
第三次给药时
k
1-e-kτ <1- e-kaτ
k a (1 e ) ka < k a k (1 e ) k
因此稳态时的达峰时小于单次给药的达峰时。
23
将tmax代入，求得：
C
ss max
k a FX 0 e e ( ) - k a - k V (k a k ) 1 e 1 e
C
ss max
1 - kt C0 e 1 e-k
X0 1 1 C0 -k -k 1 e V 1 e
13
（五）稳态最小血药浓度 当t＝τ时，即达到稳态血药浓度以后，经过一 个给药周期时的血药浓度，为稳态最小血药浓度 ，以 表示。 Css min
C
ss min
1 1 -kt - k C0 e C0 e -k - k 1 e 1 e
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iv：
1 e 1 e t t Cn A( )e B( )e 1 e 1 e
血管外：
n
n
1 e n t 1 e n t 1 e nka kat Cn L ( )e M ( )e N ( )e k a 1 e 1 e 1 e
通式
（二）重复给药血药浓度与时间的关系 多剂量函数——转换因子，在等时间间隔、维持 剂量相同的前提下，多剂量给药的体内动态规律可 以用相应的单剂量公式经一定转换成多剂量公式。