4 Word-formation 1
综合教程3 text A 课后答案 unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
综合教程3 text A 课后答案Unit 1V ocabularyI. 1. 1) insurance 2) On balance 3) aside from 4) cut back5) resist 6) hawl 7) supplemented 8) sprayed9) wicked 10) illustrated 11) budget 12) digest13) boundary 14). get by 15) at that point2. 1) cut back/down 2) pick up 3) get by 4) get through5) face up to 6) turn in 7) turning out 8) think up3. 1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy.2) often generate imsleading thoughts.3) is patronized by international celebrities drawn to its French food and service.4) be suspected of doing everything for money.5) before he gets through life.4. 1) their indoor/ a profit / to invest in2) device / the improvement / scale3) their household / stacked / temptation / never dined outII. Confusable words1.1) house 2) Home 3) family 4) household2.1) doubt 2) suspected 3) doubted 4) supected 5) suspectIII. Word formation1. rise 2 final 3 regular 4 cash 5 hows / whys6 upped7 yellowed8 bottled9 lower 10 searchStructure1) when it comes to changing your life2) when it comes to such matters as keeping the room tidy.3) when it comes to emotional intelligence4) when it comes to managing minor matters.2. 1) Not everyone agrees on what is right and what is wrong2) but, unfortunately, money isn‘t everything3) not all American like them4) Not all p eople share the same interestsComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1. gets by 2 temptation 3 get through 4 picked up 5 improvements6 aside from7 suspect8 supplement9 profit 10 primarily11 spraying 12 stacking(B) 1 While 2 escape 3 begin 4 Because/As5 quit6 start7 on8 but /also9 be 10 close 11 have 12 cutting13 cook/prepare 14 cities 15 however 16 familyII. TranslationA decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened/set up a household equipment store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily because of their desire to improve the quality of their lives.But , to run a small business is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed. Once she could not even pick up the phone bill and had to ask her parents to loan her some money.Fortunately. Through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.Unit 2V ocabularyI. 1. 1) decades 2) historic 3) imposed 4) racial5) slender 6) closing in on 7) settlement 8) site on9) mission 10) authorized 11) terminal 12) make the best of13) exploits 14) religious 15) on the side2. 1)Children‘s toy guns now look so real that they can often pass for the real thing.2)The rest of them used to be really nasty to me, but Susie always stood up forme.3)The local government has laid down strict rules and regulations to be followedby all soccer fans in the upcomng 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea.4)Tim was quite unhappy to take on all the household chores when his wife wentout to work.5)Sterling promised to be in th e school library by eight o‘clock but it looks likehe‘s let us down again.6) My professor suggested that I draw on the data accumulated over the yearswhen I work on my project.7) I‘m afraid something unexpected has come up; I won‘t be able to see you offtonight. V ery sorry indeed.8) The Oscar winner said this top acting award would give hope for the future toactors who may have given up hope.3. 1) are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify theirmeasures to protect the struggling American steel industry.2) in the eyes of Joe Klein, staff writer of the New Y orker and author of TheNatural, the most talented politician of his generation and the mostcompelling.3) people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.4) could forge a completely different approach to life.5) is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause manyethical and social problems in the long run.4. 1) As for , do not compel, capture of , have forged,2) would starve, At huge risk, the mission, transport,3) who abolished, liberated, In the eyes of , expoitsII. Words with multiple meanings1. I‘ll tell you about my research project in a minute, but first let‘s hear aboutyour French trip.2. Most McDonald‘s lo ok almost the same on the outside, but actually there areabout 16 different basic designs.3. Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to getthrough a financial crisis.4. This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble; it‘s always breakingdown.5. In your resume you‘ve mentioned everything but one vital point.6. Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to theproblem.7. I am sorry, but I think you shouldn‘t have delayed your homework.8. The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simpleignorance.III. Usage1 lonely2 friendly3 weekly4 lovely5 cowardly6 kindly/saintly7 lively8 motherlyStructure1. 1)A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow2) Thus encouraged , we made a still bolder plan for the next year.3) Our government has banned imports of cosmetics containing animal productsfrom 18 countires, mostly in Europe, for fear that they could cause mad cow disease.4) Hav ing graduated from St. Mary‘s College, Joyce applied to the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.2. 1) we come to appreciate the value of life2) people will come to like genetically modified crops someday3) we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer –security expert4) came to understand that the Chinese preferred ―teaching by holding the hand‖Comprehensive Exercises.I. Cloze(A) 1. Underground 2. forged 3. stand up 4. transport 5. compelled6. convictions7. lieberating8. mission9. abolish 10. intent on11 risk(B) 1 who 2. the 3. along 4. in 5 that 6. through7. not 8. as 9. referred 10. escape 11. where 12. If13 in 14. even 15. until 16 instead 17. asII. TranslationHenson‘s painful life as a slave strengthened his determination to struggle for freedom. Shortly after he achieved freedom he became a member of an organizaion that assisted fugitive slaves. He secrectly retruned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping sliaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. In addition , later he buit a small settlement in Dresden, Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school where they could learn useful ways of making a living. He held to he conviction that slavery would be abolished , all the slaves would be liberated, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.Unit 3V ocabularyI. 1. 1) tranquil 2) analyze 3) by a small margin 4) civilize 5 rural6) close up 7) era 8) paste 9) without so much 10) sideways11)barricaded 12)hook up to 13) error 14) chart 15) Bathed 2.1) The shock of an accident or a physical injury may sometimes bring aboutimmediate inability to think clearly—even when the injury is not to the head.2) In his autobiography,Mr. Hanson looked back on his second career, taken upat the age of sixty, as the happiest time of his life when his creativity was exercised to the full.3) The heavy rain cut off electricity to large parts of the South and caused thepolluted rivers to flood, wheich later contaminated the entire region.4)If the TV has to fit into a limited speace, it‘s a good idea to choose a model thathas a front-facing speaker, asuch as Ferguson or Hitachi.5)Both sides are trying to wear the other down by obstinately sticking to hteirown positions in the negotiations.6)The secret of a successful school lies in effective co-operation betweenprofessional leadership , the government and the local authority.7) Many suburban residents in the United States put up an invisible electronicfence around their premises to prevent their pets from running away.8) The initials VA T stand for V alue Added Tax, which is a type of tax paid by theperson who buys the goods or services.3. 1) which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthmas has been found byresearchers ast the Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford.2) with mirrored doors had to be bulit in so as to make their small bedroom looklarger3) feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986 –killing allseven crew.4)can be held at bay by increasing your intake of fruit and vegetables , which areboth low in calories and rich in Vitamin C.5)are a major barrier to the country‘s economic growth due to the fact thatimported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchanged.4. 1) looked back on, tranqil, urban life2) was puzzled, stand for, electronic rather3) advertisements, featuring, his premisesII. Collocation1) away 2)inside/in 3)forward/through 4)back 5) off6) home 7) back down 8) in, outIII. Usage1. 1. Internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be2.Most men do not look unattrative in them.3.Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemploymet4.This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city‘s violentcrimes.5.His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life.Structure1.1)It never occurred to me to ask him what was intended by that remark. I thoughthe was just joking.2) It occurred to me that the names of their children—Rose, Lily andDaisy—were the names of flowers.3)When he heard her say so, it occurred to him that for convenience he also couldcontact the local travle agency and ask them to take care of everything.4) Has it never occurred to you that the problems in the Middle East arecomplicated and difficult to solve?2 1) If they don‘t agree to work extra hours for no extra say, chances are that theywill be dismissed2)Research is being carried out on the disease and progress is being made atpresent. Chances are that there will be a cure within the next ten years.3) If you are eating lots of fatty food, chances are that you‘ll put on severalpounds in a matter of weeks4) He left his office an hour ago but hasn‘t got home yet. Chances are that he‘s gotstruck in a traffic jam.I. Cloze.(A) 1.Statistics 2. rural 3. era 4) stood for 5)on the latch6.vulnerable7. barriers8.at bay9. electronic 10 reflection11. puzzle 12. civilized(B) 1.worse/scarier 2.tougher/harder 3. Y es/True 4 barricading 5. from6 not7 every 8.However 9. say 10back/at bay 11. chances 12. Therefore 13.when 14.leave 15. Don‘t 16. head/brains II. TranslationA burglary is reported every 15 seconds in the United States .Statistics show burglars entered more than 2 million homes last year . Actually it is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes, thus exposing him to police patrols or those wandering around. Common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Believe it or not, some people, particularly children who happen to be the last to come in, leave their doors on the latch at night. Doors of hollow core, even when locked, are vulnerable to break-ins. Thus doors o solid core or steel are much preferred as they make it difficult for the burglar to pry open. If you decide to buy an alarm device, be sure to ask for its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. Finally , a word of warning—whenyou travel, make sure that you have a trusted neighbor collect and keep all the deliveries of newspapers and mail until you return. This is because a collection of newspapers and mail on the front doorstep or in your mailbox is an advertisement that no one is home.Unit 4V ocabularyI. 1. 1) rocket 2) garbage 3) knock off 4) complicated5) locality 6) cursed 7) came around 8) deputy9) heave 10) caught sight of 11) arrangement 12) blinked13) isolated 14). disabled 15) regardless of2. 1)One of the aims of modern natural science is to work up universal principles orlaws from pieces of data.2)Uncle Fred unfortunately had a car accident on his way home that Saturdayafternoon and passed away in a local hospital three days later..3)It is reported that a man tends to go for a woman whose character or appearancehas something in common with his mother‘s.4)Grandma has not a high fever; do you think we should send for the doctor?5)The old woman was awarded ￡230,981 in damages in the High Court injuriessuffered when she was knocked down by a motorcycle.6) One of the my university classmates called on me this morning. It was the firsttime we had met after we graduated ten years ago.7) Cathy turned down the well-paid job because it involved too many businesstrips.8) Julia and her husband finally came up with a unique plan to celebrate theirwedding anniversary.3. 1)…put the government at your service, giving you what you‘ve paid for2) …are keeping the patient under close observation on account of her criticalcondition.3)…this complicated technical problem is even beyond the wits of the skilledtechnicians.4)…are alike in the details of their black and white lines though they all seem tohave the same appearance.5)…bugged by her persistent complaining about her routine life, soaring prices,the polluted surroundings, and the like.4. 1)column / wits / complicated / knock down / their appearance / mode of2) isolating himself from / supreme / On account of / alike3) is really bugged / makes like/ is going over / is left alone/ adoptedII. Usage1) high 2) easy 3) deep 4) real 5) steady 6) funnyIII. Word formationWTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值ATM automated teller machine 自动出纳机V AT value-added tax 增值税CAD computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计IT information technology 信息技术IDD international direct dial 国内直拨电话MTV music television 音乐电视radar radio detecting and ranging 雷达IOC International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会VIP very important person 大人物Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光CPU central processing unit 中央处理器IPO Initial Public Offerings 首次公开募股、发行原始股Structure1) Bernard was believed to have been killed in a car-bomb attack a year and a halfago.2) As a freshman, Jane is so curious about university life that she wants to beinvolved in all kinds of campus activities.3)What worries us most is that little seems to have been done to remedy the tradedeficit.4)He got to the railway station only to be told that the train had already left.2. 1)His opponent having gained a lead of almost 60,000votes, the candidatepublicly admitted that he had lost his election bid.2) All the guests having left his house, the host kicked off his shoes andstrectched out on the couch.3) His voice (being ) almost drowned by the big noise from the audience, thespeaker had to stop his lecture.4) The roads being wet and slippery after the heavy rain, I drove very carefully. Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1. deputy 2 complicated 3 on account of 4 caught sight of 5 go over6 appearance7 nationality8 isolated9 locality 10 organization11 garbage 12 leave alone(B) 1 with 2 drowned/buried/lost 3 at 4 away5 from6 sign7 However8 later9 found/figured 10 alients 11 conducted 12 None13 at 14 times 15 but 16 likeII. TranslationExtraterrestrials have been a topic of interest to experts and laymen/nonprofessionals alike. Researchers of various nationalities and organizations are adopting different modes of investigation in search of them. Some keep close observation on starts with extremely high levels of rare, radioactive elements. They believe such elements have resulted from extraterrestrial technology that is still beyond human wit to understand. Some try to isolate radio signals from the ―noise‖ of the universe. And some claim that they have caught sight of extraterrestrials and can even describe their appearance in detail. Researchers work up the complicated data they collect into a series of reports and books. Although no definite answer has yet been found, the explorer s‘hope shows no sign of fading out on account of their frustrations and they hold to the belief that their hard efforts will prove worthwhile.Unit 5V ocabularyI. 1. 1)sprinkled 2)in turn 3) reversed 4) repay5)at sea 6)on your behalf 7)statement 8) specific9)got to 10)in secret 11)unloaded 12)accord 13)weep14)quote. 15) under way2. 1)came across 2)make out 3)hope for 4) over5) put away 6)brings back 7)got to 8)go about3. 1) …diminish, people are working to increase the use of solar energy2) …appreciate what they already have3) are exposed to more information than were children of the past, it does notfollow that they automatically become more sophisticated.4) …has been immersed in British history and culture.5) …in a flash on June 1, 2000 when he lost both legs in a serious trafficaccdient.4. 1)my sincere/considerate of/ with gratitude/2) assembled/amid the/impressed on/ in quest of3) was marvelous/had undergone /swift/and the restII. Collocation1.fond of2.sick of3. thoughtful of4. confident of5. conscious of6.critical of7. guilty of8. uncertain ofIII. Usage1.To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather thanwhat they say.2.It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve yoursuccess3.Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think4.I think I ‗ll stay at home this evening rather than go/going home5.Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather thanplan/planing for themStructure1) it was taken for granted2) Most young people take tap water for granted3) took it for granted that they were married4) then the second is taken for granted2. 1) The 1980s saw the start of the development of some special economic zones inChina.2)The past decade has seen the release of many films, some of them good, somethem bad, and a few of them very brilliant.3) The last 100 years have seen the material wealth of humankind explodebeyond all previous imagining.4)We have been at your service for five years. The future will see us developingnew ideas and plans to suit more of your needs.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1. at sea 2 Turning over 3 reverse 4 got to 5 repay6 gratitude7 appreciated8 assembled9 immersed 10 unloading 11 swift(B) 1 all 2 reason 3 better 4 for5 year6 together7 because8 by9 brings 10 that 11 for 12 the13 harvest 14 from 15 if 16 reward 17 itself 18 foodII. TranslationAmid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving , rather than joining his friends in celebration of the holiday. George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed twosuccessive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George has spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George‘s father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. He also taught him that nothing in the world could be taken for granted. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop‘s famous saying ―Gratitude is the sign of a noble soul‖ and tell him to acord the greatest importance to it.Unit 6V ocabularyI. 1. 1)flutter/fluttering 2)acute 3)cling to 4) streaming5)fancy 6)mock 7)fierce 8)masterpiece9)nonsense 10)bare 11)subtracted 12) victim13) Sin 14)look the part. 15)for the rest2. 1)The Minister reluctantly gave in/gave up and resigned.2)He was trying to figure out why the camera wasn‘t working.3)The guide dog sized up the traffic and decided to lead its measter across the road.4)Small –pox wiped out some Native Indian tribes.5)The typhoon destroyed everything on its way, knocking down houses and pullingup tress.6)The waterproof coating will wear away very quickly or after many yearsdepending on use and care.7)After a few minutes, my blood pressure became normal and I was allowed to situp again.8)Our main aim in producing the magazine is to give readers inspiratio n and ideasfor their homes and it‘s heart-warming to hear of/about the success we‘ve had. 3. 1)…usually stand out in childhoos memories.2) …a joint bechelor‘s degree program in environmental studeis together withDuke University.3)…still stalks the country4)…scarcely any surface water in the desert5)…for change in the electrion law is so persistent that both houses havepromised to consider it.4. 1)dreary / mingled with / Here and there / not to excess / a merry2) called to us / in a whisper / in tune with3) was …wet through / backward / won‘t hear of / turn loose yourII. Words with multiple meanings1.He went to Paris on business last month.2.The train to Brussels goes at 2:25 p.m3.As soon as they arrived at the meadow, the shepherd let the sheep go.4.We went exploring together in the mountain./ We will go exploring together in themountains.5.Let‘s go and have a drink in the bar.6.The store is going to close up soon.7.South Koreans went crazy when their soccer players beat the Spanish team in thequarter-finals.8.When Mother came out of the house, she found her children gone.III. Usage1. a little white wooden house2.long, curly red hair3. a large old round table4. a cheap Indian restaurant5. a huge cool chocolate ice-cream6.rapid technological advance7. a handsome young Chinese AmericanStructure1) …The kitchen smells of rubber.2) …It smells of rose.3) … It tastes of fish.4)…It tastes of gasoline.2. 1)I killed the spider by hitting it.2) The little girl supported herself by selling matches.3)Y ou can unlock the door by turning the key to the right.4)She tried to get help by screaming.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1.victiim 2 in tune 3Scarcely 4 in a whisper 5 cling to6 merry7 sat up8 nonsense9 fancy 10 fierce11 sin 12 masterpiece(B) 1 As 2 whose 3 that 4 or5 jail6 Her7 so8 buy9 not 10 figured 11 collect 12 when13 into 14 deliver 15 including 16 feel 17 take 18 Bring19 in 20 smallII. TranslationHere and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn outjeans all the year round, or walk barefoot/inbare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work. In fact, many of them act like this just to look the part, or to be―in tune with‖ other artist. They have forgotten that only through persistent effort canone achieve success.Unit 7V ocabularyI. 1. 1)pledge 2)betray 3)transit 4)went off5)off balance 6)laundry 7)retail 8)disorder9)limitations 10)section 11)tilted 12)transferred13)delivery 14)lean 15)linger2. 1)messing around 2)hang on 3)was laid up with 4) are gaining on 5)kicked up 6)cool down 7) drop off 8)was reaching out3. 1) …sometimes didn‘t register with(with her)2) …strained his back during a practice session. That explains why he was absent from today‘s game.3)…was transferred from Rather‘s account to my account.4) …are lean for taxi drivers because there are few tourists5) …the most profitable business in Amercia.4. 1)was gaining / was laid up in / In time/ scar on2) a cripple/crippled / surgery / limitations / in literature3) on (straight) commission / on the phone / territory / a strain on/ never registerswithII. Usage3.I never did go over these books, although I probably should have.4.I know this is a personal question. Y ou don‘t have to anser me if you don‘twant to.5.I think this topic should have attracted far more attention from philosophersthan it has.6.―I think you‘re right.‖—―I‘m sure I7.―He thought that the condition was hereditary in his case.‖—―Well, it mightbe.8.―Sugar?‖—―‖No. Maybe next time.‖9.The house is only a buuilding. It is a place to live, nothing more.10.DIANE: Y ou didn‘t ! Tell me you didn‘t !FA THER: Oh, yes. Anything for my children.III. Word Family1.1)bored 2)boredom 3)bored 4) boringly 5) boring2. 1) encouraged 2) encouraging 3) encouraging 4) encouragement3. 1) frozen 2)freeze 3)freezing 4)freezer 5)freezeStructure1. 1)She had to finish reading all the mail that arrived that morning before leaving/she left her office.2) It took Jane years of hard practice before she learned to write English well.3) Because they learned it the hard way, they will not trust anyone before heproves himself trustworthy.4) Before you criticize him, I think you should let hime explain why he acted inthe way he did.2. 1) Whenever I felt like talking2)don‘t feel like writing3) Those who felt like hearing the story again4) I feel like going for /taking a walkComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1 off feet 2 signature 3 commission 4 on the phone 5 laid up6 surgery7 representative8 territory9 disorder 10 linger 11 applying for 12 dignity(B) 1 in 2 on 3 read 4 But 5 for 6 and 7 on8 worry 9 Now 10 because 11 then 12 the 13 or 14 bother/have 15 doing 16 in 17 looking 18 Why 19 money 20 reaaly 21 noII. TranslationTom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win/gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human being.Tom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a slaes representative for a sports wear company in a territory no one lese would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him on straight commission.Unit 8V ocabularyI. 1. 1)residence 2)gave birth to 3)fuse/merge 4) primitive5)genes 6)compromise 7)mixture 8)union9)beforehand 10)started out 11)comment 12)catalog13) theoretical 14)all the world 15)opposed2. 1)calls for 2)woke up 3)took up 4)runs out of5)sums up 6)broke down 7)lashed out at 8)has grown into 3. 1)…is dotted with colorful houses2) …inherited a weak economy from the Conservative government3) …lashed out at the racial discrimination that has plagued the American Blacksfor more than two hundred years.4) …are immune to the disease5) … will not tolerate such offensive behavior4. 1)am not opposed to / in principle / terrifying / an identical twin/ atomic。
浅析英语构词法
浅析英语构词法摘要：每一种语言都是随其外部社会环境的变化而演变的，这种演变是通过其基本单位——单词的变化来实现的。
新的单词的产生如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的, 即构词法。
本文旨在分析英语构词法的san 种形式：转化法，合成法及缀合法。
关键词：构词法缩略法逆生法拟声法每一种语言都不是静止的，都是随社会环境的发展而演变的。
语言的演变是通过其词素单词的变化实现的。
而英语中新词的产生就如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的。
这种单词的构成方法就是英语词汇构成法（word-formation）。
下面要介绍的是缩略法，逆生法，拟声法三种构词法。
一、缩略法1．缩略语的概述缩略词（abbreviation）指的是“把词的音节加以省略或简化而产生的词”。
（汪榕培等，1983）它是现代语言中一种主要的构词手段，是在不改变词语意义的基础上，把原来较长较复杂的词或短语直接或间接地缩减成较短较简单的组合。
用这种方法创造出来的新词或短语就称之为缩略词语。
2．缩略法的原则缩略法的第一原则是其等价性，或一一对应性，或一致性。
即:原文缩略语例如:yard = yd(码)；dormitory = dorm(宿舍)从原文到缩略语和从缩略语到原文是等价的，或一一对应的，一致的，不存在含义上的混淆。
缩略法的第二个原则是最简性，即尽量用最少的符号去代表原文的含义。
例如:Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic InstructionCode = BASIC(一种计算机语言)缩略语取其每个字的首字母构成一个最简单但又能代表其意义的缩略语。
类似的例子还有:例如:SAL T (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈)。
缩略法的第三原则是习惯性，或者说方便记忆，识别和推断。
例如:Xmas 就是用来代表拼写繁复的Christmas造出来，并且已为人们所接受了的一个最有说服力的例子。
以上这些原则是一般对缩略语的要求。
造词法破解英语词汇
造词法破解英语词汇原创结构和意义英语世界中专门研究英语词汇起源的一门学问叫做词源学（Etymology），专门研究英语词汇结构的一门学问叫做构词法（Word-formation），这两种学问各有所长各有所重，共同构成英语词汇学习和研究的基础理论。
造词法（word-creation）则以词源学和构词法为基础和参照，结合英语词汇产生的社会发展历史和科学技术背景，破解了诸多英语词汇的起源和原创问题。
一、三种语言学之间的关系词源学根据世界语言历史文献资料尽量寻找每个英语词汇的最早记录，并推测每个英语词汇与其他语言词汇之间的渊源关系。
但是，词源学所能够跟踪记录的英语词汇太少，而且绝大多数拥有多种语言来源，因而无法确定最合理最准确的语言来源。
就像整个印欧语系的确立，实际上也是在印度成为大英帝国的殖民地之后，英国在印度的殖民官员偶然发现印度梵文（梵fan=佛fo）与英语甚至整个欧洲语系的血缘关系，因此客观而科学地将印欧语系中的“印”放在了“欧”之前。
这个例子充分说明了词源学寻找英语词汇起源的努力及其不确定性。
构词法根据希腊语和拉丁语与英语之间的关系，将英语词汇的基本构成要素做了统计分类，总结出英语词汇“前缀+词根+后缀”的基本结构，对于掌握英语词汇的结构起到重要作用。
就像学习中国汉字的偏旁部首一样，构词法成为英语初学者的入门工具。
但是，构成法只解决了词汇结构或者词汇形状问题，并没有解决为什么特定结构在一起就形成了特定词汇的特种意义。
在中国，有一本叫做《说文解字》的古书，对汉字不同结构组合在一起的原创意义进行了初步探索和分析；但是，构词法并不具备《说文解字》的功能，更加重要的是构词法词缀过多而且分类和解释并不科学，因而，构词法对于许多中国学者而言并不具备理解英语词汇并简化记忆的功能。
造词法以英语词汇产生的社会发展和科学技术为背景，尊重词源学与逻辑学之间的相互印证，遵循统计学和语言学（包括词源学和构词法）的基本原理，探索每一个英语词汇的“音形义”创造过程以及诸多英语词族之间的本质联系，最终从英语词汇快速增长的语言现象中归纳出造词法的四项基本原则和造词公式，在汉语和英语之间建立了直接的思维转换桥梁。
全新版大学英语第三册Unit1课后习题答案
Useful Expressions
1. 过得去 get by 2. 寻觅心灵的满足 find contentment 3.自力更生的生活 a self-reliant life 4. 艰苦的生活 a tough life
5.日常的家务 household routine 6. 正如老话说的那样 as the old saying goes 7. 温馨快乐每一分钟 Love / enjoy every minute 8. 过冬 get through the winter 9. 常青藤联合会学校 Ivy League schools
2. Happy Moments and Events growing nearly all their fruits and vegetables canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle rides, etc. keeping warm inside the house in winter writing freelance articles earning enough money while maintaining a happy family life
Ivy League refers to eight long-established colleges and universities in the United States with prestigious academic and social reputations. Members of the Ivy League are Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island; Columbia University in New York City; Cornell University in Ithaca, New York; Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire; Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. The members of the Ivy League compete in intercollegiate athletics.
英文构词法及常见词缀(word-formation)
英文构词法（Word-formation）按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。
英语构词法主要有转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法六种，一、转化法(Conversion)英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1.动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。
例如：①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2.名词转化为动词很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。
例如：①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3.形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如：Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。
word-formation
• 名词转化为动词
– 许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也 随之有些改变：
• She had booked three seats on the plane . • The usher seated us in the front row.
– 表示身体某部位的名词也可以用作动词：
①care careful careless carefully carelessly carefulness
②courage courageous courageously encourage
5)建立清楚的词类概念，每学一个词都要知道 他的词类，并掌握与它相关的词，左引右联， 很容易形成一个词汇网，这是掌握英语的第 一步。
• 合成形容词
– 合成形容词很多有多去分词或带-ed词尾的词 构成:
• absent-minded 心不在焉的 • broken-hearted 心碎的
– 也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另外 一词构成：
• close-fitting 紧身的 • far-reaching 深远的（影响）
– 还有一些合成词由“形容词+名词”或“名词 等+形容词”构成：
– dry cleaning
fast food
– first-aid
French fries
– high jump
high school
• 有些合成词由动词-ing形式和另一个词构成：
– dining room
drawing pin 图钉
– driving license frying pan
– sleeping bag
air raid
词汇学第四章word formation (课堂PPT)
An example has been done for you.
Word
prefix
root
retell
re
tell
ex-wife
misleading
multimedia
automobile
microcomputer
vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think
it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems.
• Features:
non-class changing
• Exceptions:
class-changing prefixes
In modern English, there are small part of
every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or
stem?
2020/4/5
5
• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into
ten groups:
① Negative Prefixes否定前缀 ② Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 ③ Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 ④ Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 ⑤ Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 ⑥ Locative prefixes方位前缀 ⑦ Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 ⑧ Number prefixes数字前缀 ⑨ Conversion prefixes转化前缀 ⑩ Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
英语基本构词法的分类及其特点
英语最基本的构词法(Word formation)有三种： 有三种： 英语最基本的构词法 有三种 派生法(Derivation 派生法(Derivation or affixation) 复合法(Compounding 复合法(Compounding or composition) 转化法(Conversion) 转化法(Conversion)
(a) prefix
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等， 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 等 在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。 在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
eg：
agree→disagree fair→unfair possible→impossible understand→misunderstand
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 多构成表语形容词 anti- (反对；抵抗 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词 反对； 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 多构成表语形容词), 反对 抵抗), auto- (自动 co- (共同 en- (使), inter- (互相 re- (再；又), 自动), 共同), 互相), 自动 共同 使 互相 再 sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离 等。 下面的； 强调距离)等 下面的 强调距离
•
1. 名词转化为动词 face 脸— face 面对 hand 手— hand 传递 nurse护士 — nurse 护理 护士
•
2. 形容词转化为动词 dirty脏 — dirty 弄脏 脏 narrow窄 — narrow 变窄 窄 clean干净的 —clean打扫 干净的 打扫
英语构词法
5. Blending混成法/拼缀法
Blending is a process of wordformation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.
Blending混成法/拼缀法
Smoke
+ fog
smog（烟雾）
Eg: haircut, X-ray, tear gas
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
Noun compounds名词合成词
Adjective compounds形容词合成词
Verb compounds动词合成词
Noun compounds
+ N: Easy chair, deadline N + N: end product, Dream Team, lip service V + N: crybaby, swearword Ving + N: cleaning lady, floating bridge V + Adv : sit-in, have-not Ving + Adv: going-over, carryings-on
CLIPPINGS
截断法是指新词是通过截取的方法创造出来的。
截去后面的部分：advertisement
截去开头的部分：telephone
ad(广告)
phone(电话) flu(流
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
截去开头和结尾相应的部分：influenza
感)
2) initialisms首字母缩略词
a
type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
精读
Unit11. Word Formation1) Several countries,specifically the US, Britain, and France, have signed the agreement. (specific)2) There are thorough(周密的，彻底的)maintenance（保养）checks on each plane before take-off. (maintain v.供养，维护)3) The administrative problems quicklyexhausted any enthusiasm I had for the program. (inexhaustible)4) The lack of jobs as a result of the economic crisis in this country means that the workforce is easilyexploitable . (exploitation)5) Thecommunicative ability of whales is considered to be highly developed. (communicate)6) Ideas, emotions or thoughts have to be presented in ways which make themcommunicable , whether in words, music, graphics, or art forms. (communicate) 7) The majority of the world’s poorest people depend on the natural environment for their survival. (survive)8) The indication from the trade figures is to reduce stock by at least 30%. (indicator) equipment which gives extremely accurate readings. (sensitivity)10) One of the side effects of the drug is an increasedsensitiveness to sunlight. (sensitivity) 2. Translation of Chinese Sentences1)很多美国人都对总统奥巴马被授予2009年诺贝尔和平奖感到诧异。
Chapter 4 (me)
inflectional affixes in English
1. Third Person Singular: "She plays the piano" 2. Past Tense: "She played the piano" 3. Progressive: "She is playing the piano now" 4. Past participle: "She has/had eaten the cookies" 5. Plural: "She has two pianos" 6. Possessive: "Mary's piano needs to be repaired" 7. Comparative: "Mary runs faster than Jack" 8. Superlative: "Mary is the fastest of all"
English lexicology chapter 4
6
Verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take -sion (as in expansion, decision, omission). Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (e.g. imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are irbefore r (e.g. irresponsible); il- before l (e.g. illogical); in- before all other consonants and vowels (e.g. inflexible, inexcusable); im-, irand il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme iner 4
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题3
1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one ofthe unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of thevocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction鼻音 nasals破裂音 plosives部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征 aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学 phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
morphology
4.Words 4.1. what is word? Word is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by nativespeakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. 4.2.identification of words (1)stability words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. chairman- manchair (unacceptable) The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. (2) relative uninterruptibility
(3)allomorphs: a particular morpheme. The morpheme “plural”, “cat +plural”, “sheep +plural” and “man +plural”. The actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme ‘plural’ turn out to be different. Yet they are all allomorphs of the one morpheme. 3. Classifying morphemes 3.1 free and bound morphemes (1) free morphemes are morphemes which can stand by themselves as single words, e.g. open and tour free morphemes fall into two categories: lexical morphemes and functional morphemes. lexical morphemes : nouns, adjectives and verbs, ‘open’ class of words, e.g. boy ,man , house ,tiger functional morphemes: conjunctions , prepositions, articles and pronouns, ‘close’ class, e.g. and, but, when , because, on, near. (2). bound morphemes: those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form, e.g. re-, -ist, -ed, -s. All affixes in English are bound morphemes. bound morphemes fall into two types: derivation morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
张维友英语词汇学教程第四章
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
4.1 Affixation
• Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
mis- meaning ‘wrongly, astray’, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns
pseudo- meaning ‘false, imitation’, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives
英语主要有三种构词法
派生词
unmis-
Derivation
前缀
disreimanti-
后缀
-er -tion -or -less -ness -ful -ment -ward(s)
Guess the meaning
Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stare at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest hey repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” A.value C. performance B. result D. connection
17. The boy noticed an ___________ uncorrected mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 18. When in Rome, do as the ________ do. Romans (Rome) 19. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest) honesty 20. The mother didn’t know why her noisily daughter was crying _______. (noise)
11. She hoped that her son would become musician a _________. (music) spoken 12. Few ________ words made us excited. (speak) 13. The days on the moon get hotter than boiling ________ water. (boil) kindness 14. Thank you for your _________. (kind) 15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _________ . expenses (expensive) business 16. Most international _________ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
英语主要有三种构词法
构词法 (Word Formation)
英语主要有三种构词法: 1.派生(Derivation):
通过加前缀或后缀构成另外一个词: eg. happy---- unhappy (加前缀) ---- happiness (加后缀)
2.合成(Compounding): 由两个或更多的词合成一个词 eg. wood(木)+ cut(刻)----woodcut(木刻) 3.转化(Conversion) 由一个词类转化为另一个词类: eg. water (n.)水 ---- water (v.)浇水
词
-- ness 性质, 状态 -- or ….者 --ion--tion 表示动作,过程,
结果
形容词:
- al ; – an ; – ern; -ful ; -ble ; –ish ; –ive; – y; - less 表示具有…的性质, 或与…有关 e.g. practical , American, southern , possible, active, native, rainy, careless
Step 2 Match the prefix with its meaning.
intertelebioexoveruntransenmisdisnonreilsubunderinimwrong again former/out under too much
between
below not far biology make across /move
disappearance misunderstanding enlargement reconsideration interaction unexpected unforgettable unsuccessful
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(e) Back formation逆生法(1%)
gangle, vacuumclean, editor (f) Reduplication重叠法(0.5%) go-go 表演歌舞的 walkie-talkie步话机/对讲机 (g) Neoclassical formations (about 4%): psychodelic迷幻剂 , neurolinguistics神经语言 学; (h) Others (about 3%): pizzazz精力,潇洒, gazump房价谈妥后又抬价改售给 Words formed by these minor processes account for 26.5% of the new vocabulary. The remaining 18.5% is from borrowing, e.g. discotheque, ombudsman调查官员舞弊情况 的政府官员( 专员）and many others.
pass
real
veile
4). Prefixes of degree or size (5)
sub
Under, lower than, less than
Culture
sonic
center
4). Prefixes of degree or size (6)
over
Too much
protective
4). Prefixes of degree or size (1)
arch
supreme, highest, worst
enemy bishop monetarist archangel
4). Prefixes of degree or size (2)
super
above, more than, better man natural market
Teaching focus:
Affixation Compounding Conversion
Percentage of the word-formation processes since World War II 1. Three major processes (a) Derivation or affixation(17.5%) Prefixation: antihero, nonhero Suffixation: modernize, helpful (b) Compounding or composition(27%) raindrop, snow-white, baby-sit (c) Conversion(10.5%) bottle (verb), buy (noun) These processes account for 55% of the new vocabulary.
பைடு நூலகம்
2). Reversative (privative) prefixes 逆反前缀(1)
un
reverse the action of, to release from pack wrap do
dress
2). Reversative prefixes (2)
Deto get rod of, to reverse the action of
5). Prefixes of attitude (4)
for, on the side of
European Chinese pro
Common Market
5). Prefixes of attitude
prefixes cocountermeaning with against examples cooperate counterattack
against, in opposition to act argument example
counter
revolution
5). Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
against cancer war clockwise
social
Difference between anti- and counter Anti-
capacity
emphasize
4). Prefixes of degree or size (7)
under
Too little
develop
educated
age
4). Prefixes of degree or size (8)
ultra
Beyond, extremely
violet
left
outsursuboverunderhyperultra-
surpassing
over below excessive too little extreme extreme
outlive
surcharge subnormal overconfident underhand hypercritical ultrafashionable
minicoextramicro-
little
jointly very small
miniskirt
co-author extra-large microeconomics
macro
large
macroeconomics
5). Prefixes of attitude (1)
co
with, together, through exist author adapted
Chapter 4
Word Formation (1)
Objectives:
To help students master the rules of word formation and
cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation.
antipro-
against for
dedis-
decode
disconnect
3). Pejorative贬损的prefixes (1)
mis
wrongly, astray
hear
conception
giving(s)
3). Pejorative prefixes (2)
mal
badly, bad
treat function formed
insane
illogical
immortal
irregular
1). Negative prefixes
(4)
dis
not
honest
like
information
1). Negative prefixes
(5)
a, an
lack of, lacking in Amoral 无道德感的 Anarchy 混乱 Atheism 无神论
2. Eight minor processes (a) Initialisms（首字母连写词） and acronyms（首字母拼音词） (9%) VOA,IOC, TV;UNESCO(联合国教科文组织), NATO. (b) Blending 拼缀法(6%) brunch, motel，smog (c) Clipping截短法(2%) phone, lab (d) Words from proper names (2%) Uncle Sam, Xerox['zɪərɔks]复印, 影印; china
1). Negative prefixes
prefixes unmeaning examples unwise
nondisinim-
nonessential not, the converse of
dishonest informal immature
ilira-
illegal
irregular amoral
缀 6. Locative prefixes方位前缀 7. Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 8. Number prefixes数字前缀 9. Conversion prefixes转化前缀 10.Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
1). Negative prefixes (1)
4.1 Affixation/derivation
Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.
suggests simply an attitude of opposition Counter- suggests an action in opposition to or in response to a previous action E.g.: A counterattack can take place only if there has already been an attack.
centralize
mobilize
forest
code
2). Reversative prefixes (3)
dis-
分开,分离,
connect union colour
hearten
2). Reversative prefixes
prefixes unmeaning
examples
unpack reversing the action