in the olfactory bulb of mice after nasal inhalation using microbeam SRXRF mapping techniques
河北省唐山市第二中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题
河北省唐山市第二中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题一、阅读理解Fine Arts Students Deliver Magical PerformancesAs the winter holidays approach,Brookhaven School students presented an array of extraordinary performances showcasing immense talent within our fine arts community. From the band concert to the choral concerts, each event highlighted the dedication and exceptional gifts of our students.The December 12 Eagles Band Concert filled Woodruff Auditorium with melodies that captured the festive spirit.On December 14, the Foundations Christmas Choral Concert featured spirited performances by our 7th graders. The finale of seasonal fine arts showcases occurred on December 18 in Brady Theater with the Senior Chior Concert,spotlighting high school singers.A highly anticipated tradition,the school-wide Holiday Assembly on December 19, hosted by esteemed Fine Arts Department Chair Mr.Kaminer, embodied the true essence of the holiday season. Angelic songs filled Young Gym, followed by joyous laughter and cheers as the “best costume” winners received their awards. Even the youngest War Eagles,the children in the Brookhaven Early Learning Center, attended the celebrations.Following the event, students merrily left school for the holiday break.Looking toward 2024, anticipation builds for the Brookhaven theater spring productions. “Something Rotten!” promises high-energy comedic performances by theater students, while “Tuck Everlasting” assures a moving portrayal by talented Foundations students. Furthermore,the Brookhaven Dance Company will hold their showcase April 11-12 in Woodruff Auditorium. Tickets will soon be available for purchase.1．What did the students at Brookhaven School do before the winter holidays?A．They performed magic tricks.B．They participated in community service.C．They gave holiday concerts.D．They presented new theatre productions. 2．What can we learn about Holiday Assembly on December 19?A．It was a large celebration within the school.B．It was an award presentation for beststudents.C．It featured various fun music and sports events.D．It was held on the first day of the winter holiday.3．What is the text?A．A fine arts brochure.B．A school announcement.C．A school newsletter.D．A concert advertisement.Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s. Until about 2035, the main function of education systems was to supply the economy with the next generation of workers. In 2080, the purpose of education is the well-being of society and all its members. To make this a bit more tangible for you, I would like to give an example of what a child’s education looks like in 2080. Her name is Shemsy. Shemsy is 13, and she is confident and loves learning.Shemsy does not go to school in the morning because schools as you know them no longer exist. The institution was abolished as it was widely thought of as more like a prison or a factory than a creative learning environment. Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages. They are where intergenerational learning happens, in line with the belief that learning is a lifelong pursuit.Every year, Shemsy designs her learning journey for the year with a highly attentive “teacher-citizen”. Shemsy is actively engaged in designing her education and has to propose projects she would like to be involved in to contribute to and serve her community. She also spends lots of time playing as the role of play in learning has finally been recognized as essential and core to our humanity. Shemsy works a lot collaboratively. Access to education is universal, and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly. Variability between students is expected and leveraged (利用) as young people teach one another and use their differences as a source of strength. Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets. She still has some classes to take that are mandatory for children globally: Being Human and the History of Humanity.We invite you to think about your vision for education in the year 2080, what does it look like, who does it serve,and how does it transform our societies?4．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us?A．There are different types of education.B．The present education needs improvements.C．Education and economy are closely associated.D．The goal of future education is fundamentally different.5．What do we know about the Learning Hub that Shemsy goes to?A．It accepts students of all ages.B．It promotes competition.C．It discourages individualized learning.D．It is all about play-based learning. 6．What does the underlined word “mandatory” in paragraph 3 mean?A．Tough.B．Satisfactory.C．Optional.D．Required. 7．What is the suitable title for the text?A．An Example to All B．A Vision for EducationC．A Challenge for Education D．A Journey into the FutureAny schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole. Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea. And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales, such as sperm whales, have one hole, baleen (鲸须) whales, such as humpback and Rice whales, have two.Even among the baleen whales, the placing of those nostrils differs. In some species they are close together. In others, they are much further apart. In a paper published in Biology Letters Conor Ryan, a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, suggests why that might be. Having two nostrils, he argues, helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间).Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物), which they catch by filtering (过滤) them from seawater using the sheets of fibrous baleen that have replaced teeth in their mouths. But to eat something you first have to find it. Toothed whales do not hunt by scent. In fact, the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures. But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs, which suggests smell remains important. And scent can indeed give zooplankton away. Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物). When these are under attack, they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide, which in turn attracts baleen whales.Most animals have stereoscopic senses. Having two eyes, for instance, allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth. Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming. Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits.The farther apart the sensory organs are, the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them. The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species. Sure enough, baleen whales that often eat zooplankton, such as the North Atlantic right whale, have nostrils that are farther apart than do those, such as humpback whales, that eat zooplankton occasionally. Besides allowing them to breathe, it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies.8．What do we know about whales’ nostrils according to the first two paragraphs?A．They are adapted ones.B．They are developed merely for smell.C．They are not easy to detect.D．They are fixed universally in numbers. 9．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton?A．The teeth that baleen whales have.B．The smell that phytoplankton send.C．The sound waves that zooplankton create.D．The chemical signals that zooplankton give off.10．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in paragraph 4?A．By quoting a theory.B．By using examples.C．By making contrast.D．By making inferences.11．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph?A．The sense of smell.B．The possibility to attract food.C．The ability to locate food.D．The ability to communicate.Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is moreaggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice.12．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness?A．People should offer mercy to others.B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.13．What does the example in Paragraph 3 illustrate?A．To fight is to grow.B．To give is to receive.C．To forgive is to abuse.D．To dominate is to harm.14．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness?A．Favorable.B．Reserved.C．Objective.D．Skeptical. 15．What message does the last paragraph convey?A．Forgiveness is in our nature.B．Forgiveness grows with time.C．It takes practice to forgive.D．Actuality is based on potentiality.It’s no secret that reading good news feels a lot better than reading bad news. Like, would you rather bite into a lemon, or sip on a fresh glass of lemonade?16 The world is full of problems and conflicts and we need to stay informed and alert (警觉的) to what’s going on around us. While reading traditional, more negative news is important, consuming good news is also part of staying informed. 17 And it also brings meaningful benefits, like reduced stress and anxiety, higher rates of engagement, community building skills, and inspiration for creating a better world. Plus, knowing what to look for in the good news landscape is a key part of improving our media literacy skills and being thoughtful news consumers.In fact, good news, known as solutions journalism, is becoming more popular, as publishers and news stations discover the benefits of sharing positive stories. Good Good Good is one of them. 18 A team of reporters and editors there work daily to deliver stories that make readers feel hopeful and equipped to do more good with possible solutions.“If it bleeds, it leads.” has long been a saying used in the media to describe how news stories about violence, death and destruction draw readers’ attention.19 The thing is, however, there’s also good stuff out there—the delightful and kind parts of humanity. “Beautiful stories are happening worldwide. 20 When you do find them, the world can suddenly feel like a very different place. Good news is a vital part of how we learn about the world and solving the world’s problems.” Hervey, one of Good Good Good’s editors said.A．Share good news with people around you.B．It’s just that we don’t hear as much about them.C．But the “bad news” has its place in the world.D．It provides a more balanced view of the world.E．And so, negative news stories are everywhere on news media.F．Heartwarming stories make you cry and feel good.G．The news media company is devoted to providing good news intentionally.二、完形填空For the past 18 years, my daughter has been around me all the time. Now that she is in college, the 21 of our relationship has totally changed and our relationship is completely 22 . I’m not going to be there every morning to have breakfast with her. I won’t know when she’s mad or when she’s happy. Here’s a little story of our new 23 .A week ago, my daughter wanted to 24 so she called me during the day as I was in meetings. I 25 her later on, but she was in class. At midnight, she reached out 26 to ask if we could talk. Well, guess what? I was 27 . I thought we would talk the next day, but she was not28 .Research shows that parents are 29 when their children are grown up, but for me that is when I start to get concerned. I am always left to 30 , how can I, as a parent, remain 31 to my daughter to guide, support and love through life's changes?We may have to 32 the way we communicate. My daughter encouraged me to go digital. That’s how I ventured into the world of social media, following her updates and occasionally sharing my own experiences. Through this33 presence, the physical gap is34 and I feel I still have an active role in her life. This experience serves as a reminder that35 , however scary, holds the promise of growth in our shared journey.21．A．problem B．progress C．goal D．context 22．A．cold B．special C．different D．casual 23．A．normal B．idea C．approach D．solution 24．A．catch up B．take over C．check out D．break away 25．A．visited B．touched C．tried D．emailed 26．A．by taxi B．by text C．in private D．in person 27．A．stupid B．angry C．excited D．asleep 28．A．available B．interested C．ready D．guilty 29．A．saddest B．busiest C．happiest D．best 30．A．decide B．wonder C．investigate D．distinguish 31．A．kind B．appreciative C．sensitive D．relevant 32．A．voice B．ignore C．shift D．continue33．A．human B．virtual C．physical D．permanent 34．A．widened B．formed C．broken D．bridged 35．A．college B．relationship C．change D．communication三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
重庆市第八中学2024-2025学年高二上学期第一次月考英语试题
重庆市第八中学2024-2025学年高二上学期第一次月考英语试题一、阅读理解Notice on the orderly opening of the National Museum of China The National Museum of China (NMC) has limited the daily visitor arrivals with a new timetable and adopted an online booking system. We hereby inform you of the following regulations: * The NMC is open from 9:00 to 17:00 (last admission at 16:00) and closes on Monday.* Visitors must make appointments 1-7 days in advance. Group reservations and on-site reservations are not accepted.* Visitors can make online appointments through our official website or official social media platform account.* On the day of the visit, please enter the museum with Chinese ID cards. For other documents holders, please bring the copies of the original documents used at the time of reservation.* Visitors must enter the museum during their reserved time period to avoid crowding. If visitors miss their reserved time period, they will be refused. If visitors cannot make it on time, please apply for a cancellation in the reservation system before 15:00 on the day of the visit. Reservations cannot be cancelled after the reserved date, and the system will automatically record one’s account as “absent”. For anyone whose account contains three times of absence, the visitor will not be able to make new reservations within 90 days.* Staff-guided tours are cancelled temporarily. Visitors must be in an orderly manner throughout the visit.The NMC will take measures to ensure orderly and safe visits. Thanks for your support and cooperation.National Museum of China 1．When can visitors enter the NMC?A．At 11:00, Monday.B．At 10:30, Sunday.C．At 17:00, Thursday. D．At 16:30, Friday.2．What do we know about the NMC reservation?A．It should be made on site.B．It can be made in groups.C．It must be made a week ahead.D．It can be made through official website.3．What if a visitor misses the reserved time period?A．He should reserve in three months.B．He must reserve again before 15:00.C．He will be refused to enter the museum.D．His account can be recorded as “absent”.Two years ago, Holmes participated in Back to School Bash. He was holding down two jobs at the time — one with the city’s public works department, the other as a barber. Saturday was his busiest hair-cutting day, but he chose to donate his time and give free haircuts to unfortunate kids so they’d look neat on that first day of classes. But then he had a light bulb moment: “The kids should earn their free haircut by having to read a book to me,” Holmes said.The idea was so popular that he continued it the first Tuesday of every month for the next two years. Boys from five to ten years old would grab a favorite book, settle into the barber chair, and read aloud while Holmes was doing their hair. If they were puzzled over a word, Holmes was there to help. After the haircut, they’d review he book, from the characters and vocabulary to the themes — just like in school, only more fun. Holmes, who is married and has two sons, ages three and four, recognizes that not every parent has the time to read with their kids.Holmes admits he, too, benefits from the process. “There was this seven-year-old who struggled through his book, stuttering over words even though he didn’t have a stutter (口吃),” said Holmes. He had the boy take the book home and practice. When the child came back a few days later, “He read it with no problems. That inspires me.”Holmes and his family have recently moved to a Chicago suburb. When they get settled, he plans to take up his role as the Story-book Barber. “The way the world is today with guns and violence,” he says, “it’s a safe heaven for the kids, to come to the barbershop and read books.”4．What do we know about Holmes two years ago?A．He had only one job.B．He earned a lot as a barber.C．He offered free haircuts to the poor kids.D．He was the organizer of Back to School Bash.5．The example in Paragrap3 mainly proves that _______.A．Holmes is very strict with the kidsB．Holmes also learns a lot from the kidsC．being a fluent reader needs plenty of practiceD．many kids have trouble in reading a storybook6．What can we learn from the last Paragraph?A．Holmes is dissatisfied with the world today.B．Holmes’ barbershop will have some changes.C．Holmes’ barbershop has won great popularity.D．Holmes will continue to be a storybook barber.7．What is the best title for the text?A．The Storybook BarberB．Back to School BashC．Reading Counts A LotD．Care About the KidsAny schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole. Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea. And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales, such as sperm whales, have one hole, baleen (鲸须) whales, such as humpback and Rice whales, have two.Even among the baleen whales, the placing of those nostrils differs. In some species they are close together. In others, they are much further apart. In a paper published in Biology Letters Conor Ryan, a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, suggests why that might be. Having two nostrils, he argues, helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间).Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物), whichthey catch by filtering (过滤) them from seawater using the sheets of fibrous baleen that have replaced teeth in their mouths. But to eat something you first have to find it. Toothed whales do not hunt by scent. In fact, the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures. But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs, which suggests smell remains important. And scent can indeed give zooplankton away. Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物). When these are under attack, they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide, which in turn attracts baleen whales.Most animals have stereoscopic senses. Having two eyes, for instance, allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth. Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming. Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits.The farther apart the sensory organs are, the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them. The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species. Sure enough, baleen whales that often eat zooplankton, such as the North Atlantic right whale, have nostrils that are farther apart than do those, such as humpback whales, that eat zooplankton occasionally. Besides allowing them to breathe, it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies.8．What do we know about whales’ nostrils according to the first two paragraphs?A．They are adapted ones.B．They are developed merely for smell.C．They are not easy to detect.D．They are fixed universally in numbers. 9．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton?A．The teeth that baleen whales have.B．The smell that phytoplankton send.C．The sound waves that zooplankton create.D．The chemical signals that zooplankton give off.10．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in paragraph 4?A．By quoting a theory.B．By using examples.C．By making contrast.D．By making inferences.11．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph?A．The sense of smell.B．The possibility to attract food.C．The ability to locate food.D．The ability to communicate.In a world where everyone has their own opinions on just about everything, it’s common for people to be critical of each other’s mistakes and imperfections without noticing their own. Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve.So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, please stop. Make a conscious decision rather than highlight the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.It’s crucial to stay connected to what the other person is talking about, and listen without getting upset, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary.In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party.12．What might the author think of people who like to judge others?A．Self-centered.B．Responsible.C．Talkative.D．Warm-hearted. 13．What does a person mean by saying “OK” according to Paragraph 3?A．He thinks the advice is helpful.B．He completely agrees with the comments.C．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments.D．He defends himself with the response. 14．What is the recommended action for dealing with chronic criticizers?A．Embrace their views.B．Criticize them in return.C．Avoid interaction if needed.D．Engage with them regularly.15．What is the most suitable title for the text?A．The Art of Giving Criticism B．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism C．Dealing with Personal Relationships Flexibly D．The Path to Self-Improvement through CriticismLessons that are Learned from the OlympicsThe Olympic Games are enjoyed by everyone. Here are some tips about how to bring the deeper meaning of the Olympics into your life.◆Excellence comes with hard work and practice.Learning about the training schedules of Olympic athletes reminds us that success doesn’t come easily. Repetition is the servant (仆人) of success. Set long-term goals as well as realistic ones. 16 And remember the most important competitor you have is actually you.◆ 17There are hundreds of events at the Olympics, each standing for a specific activity that athletes have chosen to follow. You can recognize the creativity and excitement and form strong feelings about it, which will help you to achieve your dreams.◆Expect to fail sometimes.Every athlete who has made it into Olympic competition has suffered injury and disappointment along the way, but that has not been the end of their dream. 18 You can treat your setbacks (挫折) as a teaching tool.◆Enjoy your success.Observe the Olympic athletes when they stand on the winners’ platform with their medals, listening to their national anthems (国歌). Their pride is obvious. Enjoy the feelings of power that come from your achievement. 19◆Enjoy other cultures.With its symbol of the five-ring Olympic flag, the Olympics celebrate the unity of the games while honoring individual nationality. 20A．You deserve it.B．Have confidence in yourselves.C．Work hard for your personal best.D．Find your strong feelings and develop it.E．Enough practice will make you successful.F．Athletes show respect to those from other countries.G．They know that they can learn more from failure than success.二、完形填空When my sister Diane began playing the violin, she was seven. How did she sound? Terrible. But she didn’t 21 . At twelve, she asked our parents if she could 22 a full-time music school. They said no. Actually, everyone agreed that my sister lacked talent.I was better at my 23 . My teacher had told my parents that I had great potential. So my parents found the best piano teacher in the area to 24 me. But the only time he was available was Saturday afternoons at 3 pm. Back then, I was 25 by the British TV show The Avengers, which was 26 every Saturday at 3 pm. I let nothing take up my The Avengers hour. So I 27 this amazing opportunity. Today,I don’t even have a 28 in my house.My sister became an engineer, but she 29 stopped making music. When she was in her 40s, she changed her career. She went back to college, got a 30 in music education, and became a music teacher. She starts kids out on their first instrument and gives them all the encouragement and support she never 31 .Recently, she and a pianist pal put on a recital. A big crowd of friends and family 32 for her. As she played, I looked around at the 33 . Everyone was obviously enjoying the music. It occurred to me that I was the only person who remembered that 7-year-old kid making those perfectly 34 sounds and knew how far she had come, despite 35 .Talent is important. But enthusiasm (热情) is even more important.21．A．admit B．advance C．quit D．improve 22．A．attend B．join C．leave D．visit 23．A．major B．project C．composition D．instrument 24．A．examine B．train C．correct D．challenge25．A．surprised B．serious C．fascinated D．particular 26．A．aired B．filmed C．designed D．commented 27．A．jumped at B．opened up C．waited for D．turned down 28．A．tutor B．musician C．piano D．violin 29．A．already B．even C．never D．once 30．A．degree B．chance C．scholarship D．praise 31．A．expected B．provided C．imagined D．received 32．A．paid off B．showed off C．stayed up D．turned up 33．A．audience B．students C．spotlights D．platform 34．A．sweet B．bad C．powerful D．pleasing 35．A．everybody B．everything C．something D．somebody三、单词拼写36．The course on cultural d was designed to broaden students’ understanding of different societies. (根据首字母单词拼写)37．The customer’s c for a refund was denied due to the store’s policy on used items. (根据首字母单词拼写)38．In the pursuit of knowledge, scientists s truth through experimentation and analysis, striving to uncover the principles that govern the natural world. (根据首字母单词拼写) 39．The hospital’s dedicated (全体职员) worked tirelessly throughout the night to ensure that all patients received the necessary care and attention. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 40．Despite the early hour, the students (精力充沛地) read aloud the textbook and other materials every morning. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)41．The artist used a series of vibrant colors to (给书或文章加插图) the depth and complexity of the emotions experienced by the characters in the novel. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 42．The company’s f work hours policy has significantly improved employee satisfaction and productivity.(根据首字母单词拼写)43．Striving for success without hard work is like trying to h where you haven’t planted. （根据首字母单词拼写）44．The dense fog (笼罩) the city, creating an atmosphere that made the streets seem mysterious and almost deserted. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)45．(诚然), the process of learning a new language can be challenging, but the rewards of communication and understanding are well worth the effort. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)四、语法填空语法填空A CCTV journalist succeeded in arousing a heated discussion among citizens. The discussion was about 46 (ask) people if they were happy. There are a 47 (vary) of responses to the question, even some quite funny ones included. Although people played jokes on the answers, it did not take long 48 they begin to figure out the true meanings of happiness.It is certain that people’s views on happiness 49 (affect) greatly by their own life experiences. Unfortunately, too many people refer to being rich as happiness and there is no sign of 50 decrease in the number of those who are voluntarily at the mercy of wealth. Some people whose intention is 51 (make) big money appreciate being given any chance to multiply their income, believing that is 52 their happiness lies. Some are eager to inherit (继承) their parent’s property, especially those who are known 53 silver-spoon kids (富二代). Even worse, some would rather break the law to satisfy their financial desire or seek their fortune 54 (illegal).In my opinion, happiness is not about pursuing wealth merely but about admiring the beautiful things in life. Therefore, live 55 (you) life to the fullest and be happy.五、书信写作56．假定你是李华，上周末你们班在当地的助老中心参加了志愿者活动。
生物专业英语试题及答案.docx
生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语：1、Odorant receptor气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得1分；仅答受体或感受器，则得0.5 分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得0.5分）。
3、M0E主要嗅（觉）上皮［答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称"Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分］。
4、VN04犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Voniemrmsdl organ,也得分）。
5、Social behavior社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得1分）。
6、Monogamy一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一•雌制、单配制”也得1分）7、Vasopressin加压索（答为“抗利丿來索”仅得0.5分）。
8、Oxytocin催产素。
9> Kin recognition亲属识别。
10> Autism 白闭症/孤独症。
11、NIH （美国）国家（立）卫生研究院（所）（若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health也得分）。
12、HHMI雀华徳・休斯医学研究所（若写出其英文术语全称HHMI二Howard Hughes Medical Institute 也得分；或者译为Howard Hughes医学研究所，也得全分）。
13、Nanotechnology纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
阳光大学牛•网14、Renewable energy可再生能源（量）（答为“可更新能源、再牛能源”，或意思相近者，也得1分）。
15、Biomechanical energy生物机械能（答为“生物力能、生物力学能”也得1分，而“生物化学能、生物能”，则得 0.5 分）16、Nanogenerator纳米发电机（答为“纳米发动机、纳米电机、纳米发生器、纳米生产器”，也得1分）。
2025届高考英语培优外刊阅读学案：芯片行业话题
高三英语培优外刊阅读班级：____________学号：____________姓名：____________外刊精选｜这家芯片业隐形巨头，拿下全球年内最大IPO 很多人没有听说过Arm这家公司，但都在用它的产品。
9月14日，这家芯片公司在美国纳斯达克证券交易所成功上市，一夜市值突破650亿美元，融资近50亿美元。
这是今年以来美股以及全球最大规模IPO，同时也是继阿里巴巴、Facebook之后，科技公司史上第三大IPO。
Arm是一家什么样的公司？为什么媒体会用“春天到来”形容它的IPO？Arm Soars 25% in the Year's Biggest Initial Public OfferingBy Erin Griffith and Don ClarkCall it Wall Street's Groundhog Day. When shares of Arm, the British chip designer, began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange on Thursday in the year's biggest initial public offering, investors, tech executives, bankers and start-up founders were watching closely for how it performed.They quickly got their answer: It was an early spring. Arm's shares opened trading at $56.10, up 10 percent from its initial offering price of $51. Shares quickly soared further, rising 25 percent by the end of trading to close at $63.59 and giving the company a valuation of $67.9 billion.That stands out in a year that has been the worst for I.P.O.s since 2009. Arm is a particularly interesting test of the public market because it provides an essential technology that is geopolitically and strategically coveted, which also means it faces challenges.Founded in 1990 in Cambridge, England, the company sells blueprints of a part of a chip known as a processor core. Its customers include many of the world's largest tech companies, like Apple, Google, Samsung and Nvidia.Arm's chip designs are primarily used in smartphones, but the company has pitched itself as able to ride the wave of artificial intelligence sweeping Silicon Valley. Many A.I. companies need the most advanced computer chips to do the sophisticated calculations required to develop the tech.【词汇过关】请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。
生物专业英语试题附答案
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------生物专业英语试题附答案生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语： 1、Odorant receptor 气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得 1 分；仅答受体或感受器，则得 0.5 分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene 差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得 0.5 分）。
3、MOE 主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4 犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得 1 分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior 社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得 1 分）。
6、Monogamy 一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得 1 分）7、Vasopressin 加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得 0.5 分）。
8、Oxytocin 催产素。
9、Kin recognition 亲属识别。
10、Autism 自闭症/孤独症。
11/ 1611、NIH (美国)国家(立)卫生研究院(所)(若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。
12、HHMI 霍华德·休斯医学研究所(若写出其英文术语全称 HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute 也得分；或者译为 Howard Hughes 医学研究所，也得全分)。
13、Nanotechnology 纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
_______引起的回忆作文英语
_______引起的回忆作文英语英文回答：Memories are indispensable threads in the tapestry of our lives, weaving together our past, present, and future. They evoke powerful emotions, transporting us to forgotten moments and shaping our identities. Memories can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including sensory cues, such as scents, sounds, tastes, and textures; visual cues, such as photographs and familiar objects; and emotional cues, such as feelings of nostalgia or sadness.Scent is a particularly evocative trigger for memories, as it is directly linked to the olfactory bulb, a brain region that processes emotions and memory. Certain scents, like the smell of freshly baked bread or a particular perfume, can instantly transport us back in time tospecific experiences and emotions. The sound of a familiar song can also have a similar effect, evoking memories of past concerts, dances, or even childhood lullabies.Tastes and textures can also be powerful memory triggers. The taste of a favorite childhood dish, for example, can evoke feelings of comfort and nostalgia. The texture of a soft blanket or a beloved toy can bring back memories of security and warmth.Visual cues, such as photographs and familiar objects, are among the most common memory triggers. A photograph can capture a moment in time, preserving a memory that would otherwise fade. Similarly, familiar objects, such as a childhood toy or a piece of jewelry, can evoke memories of past experiences and loved ones.Emotional cues can also trigger memories. Feelings of nostalgia or sadness, for example, can lead us to recall past events that are associated with those emotions. Conversely, feelings of joy or excitement can trigger memories of happy experiences.The process of memory retrieval is complex and involves multiple brain regions. When a memory is triggered, thebrain sends signals to the hippocampus, which is responsible for forming and retrieving memories. The hippocampus then activates other brain regions that are involved in processing the memory, such as the amygdala, which is involved in emotional processing, and the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher-level cognitive functions.Memories are not static entities; they are constantly being reconstructed and reshaped. Each time we recall a memory, it is influenced by our current context and experiences. This means that memories can be unreliable and can change over time.中文回答：回忆是构成我们生命的一部分，它把我们的过去、现在与未来交织在一起。
打开记忆的门作文
打开记忆的门作文英文回答：The door to memory is an enigmatic archway, granting access to the vast landscape of our past. Its threshold marks the boundary between the conscious realm and the forgotten recesses of our minds. In the depths of memory's labyrinth, experiences lay dormant, waiting to be rekindled by the spark of recall.Unveiling the tapestry of memory is a delicate process, akin to excavating a buried treasure. We employ an array of techniques to unlock its hidden wonders: mindfulness, meditation, and the excavation of sensory cues. Like a master key, language serves as a potent instrument, shaping and accessing the contours of our memories.The olfactory bulb, a sentinel of scent, possesses the uncanny ability to transport us back in time. A whiff of perfume, a hint of smoke, can trigger a surge of vividrecollections. Similarly, music can evoke memories with its emotive melodies and nostalgic lyrics. The auditory cortex, a symphony of sound, becomes a gateway to the past.Through the evocative power of narration, we can weave the threads of memory into a coherent tapestry.Storytelling transforms abstract recollections intotangible tales, granting them a newfound permanence. The act of verbalizing our experiences reinforces the neural pathways that encode them, strengthening their hold on our consciousness.Memory is not merely a passive repository of events. It is a malleable construct, shaped by the lens of our present selves. As we navigate the complexities of life, our memories undergo a constant process of revision and reinterpretation. This plasticity allows us to adapt to changing circumstances, integrating new knowledge and perspectives into the fabric of our past.However, the path to memory can be treacherous. Trauma, stress, and the weight of time can erode the integrity ofour recollections. False memories, like treacherous quicksand, can obscure the truth, casting doubt on the reliability of our own minds. It is crucial to approach the exploration of memory with a discerning eye, seeking corroborating evidence and acknowledging the potential for error.中文回答：记忆之门是一道谜一样的拱门，通往我们过去辽阔的风景。
《哈利波特与秘室》第2章《多比的警告》英文版
Harry Potter and the Chamber of SecretsChapter TwoDobby’s WarningHarry managed not to shout out, but it was a cl ose thing. The little creature on the bed had large, bat-like ears and bulging green eyes the size of tennis balls. Harry knew instantly that this was what had been watching him out of the gard en hedge that morning.As they stared at each other, Harry heard Dudl ey's voice from the hall.‘May I take your coats, Mr and Mrs Mason?'The creature slipped off the bed and bowed so l ow that the end of its l ong thin nose touched the carpet. Harry noticed that it was wearing what l ooked like an ol d pillowcase, with rips for arm and l eg hol es.‘Er - hell o,' said Harry nervously.‘Harry Potter!’said the creature, in a high-pitched voice Harry was sure woul d carry d own the stairs. 'So l ong has Dobby wanted to meet you, sir ... Such an honour it is ...’'Th-thank you,' said Harry, edging along the wall and sinking into his d esk chair, next to Hedwig, who was asleep in her large cage. He wanted to ask, 'What are you?' but thought it woul d sound too rud e, so instead he said, 'Who are you?' ‘Dobby, sir. Just Dobby. Dobby the house-elf,’ said the creature.'Oh - really?' said Harry. ‘Er - I d on't want to be rud e or anything, but - this isn't a great time for me to have a house-elf in my bedroom.’Aunt Petunia's high, false laugh sound ed from the living room. The elf hung his head.'Not that I'm not pl eased to meet you,' said Harry quickly, ‘but, er, is there any particular reason you're here?'‘Oh, yes, sir,' said Dobby earnestly. ‘Dobby has come to tell you, sir ... it is difficult, sir ... Dobby wond ers where to begin ...'‘Sit d own,' said Harry politely, pointing at the bed.To his horror, the elf burst into tears - very noisy tears.‘S-sit d own!' he wail ed. ‘Never ... never ever. ..’Harry thought he heard the voices d ownstairs falter.‘I’m sorry,’ he whispered, 'I didn't mean to offend you or anything.'‘Offend Dobby!’ choked the elf. ‘Dobby has never been asked to sit d own by awizard - like an equal -′Harry, trying to say 'Shh!' and l ook comforting at the same time, ushered Dobby back onto the bed, where he sat hiccoughing, l ooking like a large and very ugly d oll. At last he managed to control himself, and sat with his great eyes fixed on Harry in an expression of watery ad oration.‘You can't have met many d ecent wizards,’ said Harry, trying to cheer him up.Dobby shook his head. Then, without warning, he l eapt up and started banging his head furiously on the wind ow, shouting, 'Bad Dobby! Bad Dobby!’‘Don't - what are you doing?' Harry hissed, springing up and pulling Dobby back onto the bed. Hedwig had woken up with a particularly l oud screech and was beating her wings wildly against the bars of her cage.‘Dobby had to punish himself, sir,' said the elf, who had gone slightly cross-eyed. ‘Dobby almost spoke ill of his family, sir ...'‘Your family?'‘The wizard family Dobby serves, sir ... Dobby is a house-elf - bound to serve one house and one family for ever ...’‘Do they know you're here?' asked Harry curiously.Dobby shudd ered.‘Oh no, sir, no ... Dobby will have to punish himself most grievously for coming to see you, sir. Dobby will have to shut his ears in the oven d oor for this. If they ever knew, sir -′‘But won’t they notice if you shut your ears in the oven d oor?’‘Dobby d oubts it, sir. Dobby is always having to punish himself for something, sir. They l ets Dobby get on with it, sir. Sometimes they reminds me to d o extra punishments ...’‘But why d on’t you l eave? Escape?’'A house-elf must be set free, sir. And the family will never set Dobby free ... Dobby will serve the family until he dies, sir ...’Harry stared.'A nd I thought I was hard-d one-by staying here for another four weeks,' he said. 'This makes the Dursl eys sound almost human. Can't anyone help you? Can't I?'Almost at once, Harry wished he hadn't spoken. Dobby dissolved again into wails of gratitud e.‘Pl ease,’Harry whispered frantically, 'pl ease be quiet. If the Dursl eys hear anything, if they know you're here ...'‘Harry Potter asks if he can help Dobby ... Dobby has heard of your greatness, sir, but of your goodness, Dobby never knew ...’Harry, who was feeling distinctly hot in the face, said, ‘Whatever you've heard about my greatness is a l oad of rubbish. I’m not even top of my year at Hogwarts, that's Hermione, she -'But he stopped quickly, because thinking about Hermione was painful.‘Harry Potter is humble and mod est,' said Dobby reverently, his orb-like eyes agl ow. ‘Harry Potter speaks not of his triumph over He Who Must Not Be Named.' ‘Vold emort?' said Harry.Dobby clapped his hands over his bat ears and moaned, ‘Ah,speak not the name, sir! Speak not the name!''Sorry,’said Harry quickly. ‘I know lots of peopl e d on't like it - my friend Ron ...’He stopped again. Thinking about Ron was painful, too.Dobby l eaned towards Harry, his eyes wid e as headlamps.‘Dobby heard tell,’ he said hoarsely, ‘that Harry Potter met the Dark Lord for a second time, just weeks ago ... that Harry Potter escaped yet again.'Harry nodd ed and Dobby's eyes sudd enly shone with tears.'A h, sir,' he gasped, dabbing his face with a corner of the grubby pillowcase he was wearing. 'Harry Potter is valiant and bol d! He has braved so many dangers already! But Dobby has come to protect Harry Potter, to warn him, even if he d oes have to shut his ears in the oven d oor later ... Harry Potter must not go back to Hogwarts.'There was a sil ence broken only by the chink of knives and forks from d ownstairs and the distant rumble of Uncle Vernon's voice.'W-what?' Harry stammered. ‘But I've got to go back- term starts on September the first. It's all that's keeping me going. You d on't know what it's like here. I d on't belong here. I belong in your world - at Hogwarts.’‘No,no, no,' squeaked Dobby, shaking his head so hard his ears flapped. 'Harry Potter must stay where he is safe. He is too great, too good, to l ose. If Harry Potter goes back to Hogwarts, he will be in mortal danger.’‘Why?' said Harry in surprise.‘There is a pl ot, Harry Potter. A pl ot to make most terribl e things happen at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry this year,' whispered Dobby, sudd enly trembling all over.‘Dobby has known it for months,sir. Harry Potter must not put himself in peril. He is too important, sir!'‘What terribl e things?' said Harry at once. 'Who's pl otting them?'Dobby mad e a funny choking noise and then banged his head madly against the wall.'A ll right!' cried Harry, grabbing the elf’s arm to stop him. 'You can't say, I und erstand. But why are you warning me?' A sudd en, unpl easant thought struck him. ‘Hang on - this hasn't got anything to d o with Vol- sorry - with You-Know-Who, has it? You coul d just shake or nod,' he ad d ed hastily, as Dobby's head tilted worryingly close to the wall again.Sl owly, Dobby shook his head.‘Not - not He Who Must Not Be Named, sir.'But Dobby's eyes were wid e and he seemed to be trying to give Harry a hint. Harry, however, was completely at sea.‘He hasn't got a brother, has he?'Dobby shook his head, his eyes wid er than ever.'Well then, I can't think who else woul d have a chance of making horribl e things happen at Hogwarts,’ said Harry. ‘I mean, there's Dumbl ed ore, for one thing - you know who Dumbled ore is, d on't you?’Dobby bowed his head.‘A lbus Dumbled ore is the greatest Headmaster Hogwarts has ever had. Dobby knows it, sir. Dobby has heard Dumbled ore's powers rival those of He Who Must Not Be Named at the height of his strength. But, sir,' Dobby's voice dropped to an urgent whisper, ‘there are powers Dumbledore d oesn't ... powers no d ecent wizard ...'And before Harry could stop him, Dobby bounded off the bed, seized Harry's d esk lamp and started beating himself around the head with ear-splitting yelps.A sudd en silence fell downstairs. Two seconds later Harry, heart thudding madly, heard Uncle Vernon coming into the hall, calling, ‘Dudl ey must have l eft his television on again, the little tyke!''Quick! In the wardrobe!’ hissed Harry, stuffing Dobby in, shutting the d oorand flinging himself onto the bed just as the d oor handl e turned.'What - the - d evil - are - you - d oing?' said Uncl e Vernon through gritted teeth, his face horribly cl ose to Harry's. 'You’ve just ruined the punchline of my Japanese-golfer joke ... one more sound and you'll wish you'd never been born, boy!’He stomped flat-footed from the room.Shaking, Harry l et Dobby out of the wardrobe.‘See what it's like here?' he said. 'See why I've got to go back to Hogwarts? It's the only place I've got - well, I think I’ve got friends.'‘Friends who d on't even write to Harry Potter?' said Dobby slyly.‘I expect they've just been - hang on,' said Harry, frowning. ‘How d o you know my friends haven't been writing to me?'Dobby shuffl ed his feet.‘Harry Potter mustn't be angry with Dobby - Dobby did it for the best ...’‘Ha ve you been stopping my l etters?’Dobby has them here, sir,' said the elf. Stepping nimbly out of Harry's reach, he pull ed a thick wad of envel opes from the insid e of the pillowcase he was wearing. Harry could make out Hermione's neat writing, Ron's untidy scrawl and even a scribbl e that l ooked as though it was from the Hogwarts gamekeeper, Hagrid.Dobby blinked anxiously up at Harry.‘Harry Potter mustn't be angry ... Dobby hoped ... if Harry Potter thought his friends had forgotten him ... Harry Potter might not want to go back to school, sir ...'Harry wasn't listening. He mad e a grab for the l etters, but Dobby jumped out of reach.'Harry Potter will have them, sir, if he gives Dobby his word that he will not return to Hogwarts. Ah, sir, this is a danger you must not face! Say you won't go back, sir!’‘No,' said Harry angrily. 'Give me my friends' letters!''Then Harry Potter l eaves Dobby no choice,' said the elf sadly.Before Harry coul d move, Dobby had darted to the bedroom d oor, pull ed it open - and sprinted d own the stairs.Mouth dry, stomach lurching, Harry sprang after him, trying not to make asound. He jumped the last six stairs, landing cat-like on the hall carpet, l ooking around for Dobby. From the dining room he heard Uncle Vernon saying, '... tell Petunia that very funny story about those American plumbers, Mr Mason, she's been dying to hear ...’Harry ran up the hall into the kitchen and felt his stomach disappear.Aunt Petunia's masterpiece of a pudding, the mountain of cream and sugared violets, was fl oating up near the ceiling. On top of a cupboard in the corner crouched Dobby.‘No,' croaked Harry. ‘Please ... they'll kill me ...''Harry Potter must say he's not going back to school -’‘Dobby ... pl ease ...'‘Say it, sir...'‘I can't!'Dobby gave him a tragic l ook.'Then Dobby must d o it, sir, for Harry Potter's own good.’The pud ding fell to the fl oor with a heart-stopping crash. Cream splattered the wind ows and walls as the dish shattered. With a crack like a whip, Dobby vanished.There were screams from the dining room and Uncle Vernon burst into the kitchen to find Harry, rigid with shock, covered from head to foot in Aunt Petunia's pud ding.At first,it l ooked as though Uncl e Vernon would manage to gl oss the whole thing over (Just our nephew - very disturbed - meeting strangers upsets him, so we kept him upstairs ...') He shooed the shocked Masons back into the dining room, promised Harry he woul d flay him to within an inch of his life when the Masons had l eft, and hand ed him a mop. Aunt Petunia dug some ice-cream out of the freezer and Harry, still shaking, started scrubbing the kitchen cl ean.Uncle Vernon might still have been abl e to make his d eal - if it hadn't been for the owl.Aunt Petunia was just handing round a box of after-dinner mints when a huge barn owl swooped through the dining room wind ow, dropped a letter on Mrs Mason's head and swooped out again. Mrs Mason screamed like a banshee and ran from the house, shouting about lunatics. Mr Mason stayed just l ong enough to tell the Dursl eys that his wife was mortally afraid of birds of all shapes and sizes,and to ask whether this was their id ea of a joke.Harry stood in the kitchen, clutching the mop for support as Uncl e Vernon advanced on him, a d emonic glint in his tiny eyes.‘Read it!' he hissed evilly, brandishing the l etter the owl had d elivered. 'Go on - read it!’Harry took it. It did not contain birthday greetings.Dear Mr Potter,We have received intelligence that a Hover Charm was used at your place of residence this evening at twelve minutes past nine.As you know, underage wizards are not permitted to perform spells outside school, and further spellwork on your part may lead to expulsion from said school (Decree for the Reasonable Restriction of Underage Sorcery, 1875, Paragraph C).We would also ask you to remember that any magical activity which risks notice by members of the non-magical community (Muggles) is a serious offence, under section 13 of the International Confederation of Warlocks' Statute of Secrecy.Enjoy your holidays!Yours sincerely,Matalda HopkirkImproper Use of Magic OfficeMinistry of MagicHarry l ooked up from the letter and gulped.'You didn't tell us you weren't all owed to use magic outsid e school,' said Uncl e Vernon, a mad gl eam dancing in his eyes. ‘Forgot to mention it ... slipped your mind, I dare say ...’He was bearing d own on Harry like a great bulld og, all his teeth bared. 'Well, I’ve got news for you, boy ... I'm l ocking you up ... you're never going back to that school ... never ... and if you try and magic yourself out - they’ll expel you!' And laughing like a maniac, he dragged Harry back upstairs.Uncle Vernon was as bad as his word. The foll owing morning, he paid a man to fit bars on Harry's wind ow. He himself fitted the cat-flap in the bedroom d oor, so that small amounts of food could be pushed insid e three times a day. They l et Harry out to use the bathroom morning and evening. Otherwise, he was l ocked in his room around the cl ock.Three days later, the Dursl eys were showing no sign of relenting and Harrycoul dn't see any way out of his situation. He lay on his bed watching the sun sinking behind the bars on the wind ow and wond ered miserably what was going to happen to him.What was the good of magicking himself out of his room if Hogwarts woul d expel him for d oing it? Yet life at Privet Drive had reached an all-time low. Now the Dursl eys knew they weren't going to wake up as fruitbats, he had l ost his only weapon. Dobby might have saved Harry from horribl e happenings at Hogwarts, but the way things were going, he'd probably starve to d eath anyway.The cat-flap rattled and Aunt Petunia's hand appeared, pushing a bowl of tinned soup into the room. Harry, whose insid es were aching with hunger, jumped off his bed and seized it. The soup was stone col d, but he drank half of it in one gulp. Then he crossed the room to Hedwig's cage and tipped the soggy vegetabl es at the bottom of the bowl into her empty food tray. She ruffl ed her feathers and gave him a l ook of d eep disgust.‘It's no good turning your beak up at it,that's all we've got,' said Harry grimly.He put the empty bowl back on the fl oor next to the cat-flap and lay back d own on the bed, somehow even hungrier than he had been before the soup.Supposing he was still alive in another four weeks, what would happen if he didn't turn up at Hogwarts? Woul d someone be sent to see why he hadn't come back? Would they be able to make the Dursl eys let him go?The room was growing dark. Exhausted, stomach rumbling, mind spinning over the same unanswerabl e questions, Harry fell into an uneasy sl eep.He dreamed that he was on show in a zoo, with a card reading 'Und erage Wizard' attached to his cage. Peopl e goggl ed through the bars at him as he lay, starving and weak, on a bed of straw. He saw Dobby's face in the crowd and shouted out, asking for help, but Dobby call ed, ‘Harry Potter is safe there, sir!' and vanished. Then the Dursl eys appeared and Dudl ey rattled the bars of the cage, laughing at him.‘Stop it,' Harry muttered, as the rattling pound ed in his sore head. 'Leave me alone ... cut it out ... I'm trying to sl eep ...'He opened his eyes. Moonlight was shining through the bars on the wind ow. And someone was goggling through the bars at him: a freckl e-faced, red-haired, l ong-nosed someone.Ron Weasl ey was outside Harry's wind ow.。
题型05 七选五(解题技巧)-备战2024年高考英语答题技巧与模板构建(解析版)
题型05 七选五命题特点七选五语篇选材以说明文为主，偶尔考查记叙文。
主要考查学生把握文章基本结构、段内句间衔接关系以及逻辑关系的能力、根据上下文进行总结与推理推断的能力。
命题规律考查方向：题目类型以段首题、段中题、段尾题为主，偶尔出现段落小标题。
备考方向：1. 培养逻辑思维能力，增强语篇意识。
2.掌握不同体裁语篇的结构特点，尤其是说明文和记叙文。
说明文一般以逻辑、空间、时间顺序进行阐述，结构多为“总-分”；记叙文一般以时间顺序展开，应重点关注连接词，段落之间的关系。
命题点01 段首题【典例01】【2024·福建莆田·高三莆田第六中学校考】Have you ever caught a smell of something and been strongly reminded of a person or place? There seems to be a deep psychological link between smells and our memory. Some research even suggests that smells can influence our cognition (感知).36 Roja Dove, a perfumer, informed the BBC that when we are born, the olfactory bulb (嗅球), which is the area in our brain that processes smell, is empty, without pre-existing information or association. ......Our awareness of smells is primarily unconscious. We are not actively aware of them unless they are extremely strong. But, low-level smells are still picked up because the scent receptors (感受器) in our brain are so powerful that we unconsciously register them. In fact, various studies have found the olfactory bulb sends more neurons (神经元) to more areas of our brain than our hearing or vision.Research suggests that the power of smell can also affect how the brain performs....... But research by others has shown it to be useful in reducing pre treatment anxiety in dental and medical situations.40 The next time a familiar smell brings back a special memory, just remember that your nose is working wonders.A．Why do smells take us back?B．So, don’t take your nose for granted.C．How is the sense of smell connected to your brain?D．Scents can revive memories that have been long forgotten.E．We are not actively aware of them unless they are extremely strong.F．This is especially true when it comes to the fragrance of essential oils.G．Therefore, our responses to smells are learnt and highly individualized.【答案】36．C 40．B【答案】36.C 40.B【模板】1.观察句式特征（无特殊句式。
写狗嗅觉灵敏的作文
写狗嗅觉灵敏的作文英文回答：Dogs possess an extraordinary sense of smell, a remarkable ability that sets them apart from many other animals. Their olfactory capabilities surpass those of humans by a significant margin, allowing them to detect scents that we cannot even perceive.Olfactory Organs:The dog's nose is a complex organ that houses a multitude of scent receptors. These receptors, located in the olfactory bulb, are responsible for detecting and translating odor molecules into electrical signals that are then transmitted to the brain for interpretation.Number of Scent Receptors:Humans possess approximately 5 million scent receptors,while dogs have an astonishing 220 million. This massive difference grants dogs an unparalleled ability to distinguish between different odors. They can differentiate between subtle variations in scents that humans would find indistinguishable.Surface Area of the Olfactory Bulb:The surface area of the olfactory bulb in dogs is significantly larger than that of humans. This increased surface area allows for more scent receptors to be accommodated, further enhancing the dog's olfactory acuity.Humidity and Moisture:Dogs require a moist environment within their noses to optimize their sense of smell. Their tongues help to maintain moisture by regularly licking their noses. Additionally, the mucus produced by the nasal passages helps to trap and dissolve odor molecules for improved detection.Scent Discrimination and Localization:Dogs exhibit remarkable scent discrimination abilities. They can not only identify specific scents but also distinguish between different concentrations of the same odor. This allows them to track odors over long distances and pinpoint their source with great accuracy.Applications:The exceptional olfactory capabilities of dogs have made them invaluable partners in various fields:Search and rescue operations: Dogs are trained to locate missing persons, detect explosives, and track down illegal substances.Medical diagnosis: Dogs can detect diseases such as cancer and diabetes by sniffing out volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the breath or urine of affected individuals.Forensic investigations: Dogs assist law enforcementby tracking criminals, identifying human remains, and detecting trace amounts of evidence.中文回答：犬类的灵敏嗅觉。
辨别气味 英语
辨别气味英语Discerning ScentsThe human sense of smell is a remarkable and often underappreciated faculty. Our olfactory system, with its intricate network of receptors and neural pathways, allows us to perceive and interpret the myriad of scents that surround us. From the fragrance of freshly brewed coffee to the pungent aroma of a blooming flower, our sense of smell plays a vital role in our daily lives, shaping our experiences, memories, and even our emotions.One of the most remarkable aspects of our sense of smell is its ability to discern a vast array of scents. The human nose is capable of detecting and distinguishing between thousands of different odor molecules, each with its unique chemical composition and sensory profile. This remarkable capacity is the result of evolution, as our ancestors relied heavily on their sense of smell for survival, from detecting the presence of predators to identifying safe and nutritious food sources.The process of discerning scents is a complex and fascinating one. When we encounter a particular odor, the molecules responsible forthat scent enter our nasal cavity and stimulate the olfactory receptors located in the upper part of our nose. These receptors, which are connected to the olfactory bulb in the brain, then transmit the information about the scent to the brain, where it is processed and interpreted.One of the key factors that influence our ability to discern scents is our personal experience and familiarity with different odors. Our olfactory memory, which is closely linked to our emotional and autobiographical memories, plays a crucial role in our ability to recognize and identify specific scents. For example, the aroma of freshly baked bread may evoke fond memories of childhood, while the scent of a particular perfume may instantly transport us back to a special moment in our lives.In addition to our personal experiences, our sense of smell is also shaped by cultural and environmental factors. Different cultures may have unique associations and meanings attached to certain scents, and the prevalence of certain odors in our environment can also influence our perception and interpretation of them.Another important aspect of discerning scents is the concept of olfactory adaptation. This phenomenon occurs when we are exposed to a particular scent for an extended period, and our sensitivity to that scent gradually decreases. As a result, we may become lessaware of the presence of a familiar odor, only to be struck by it again when we encounter it after a break. This adaptation process helps us to focus our attention on new and potentially important scents in our environment.The ability to discern scents is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also has practical applications in various fields. In the culinary world, chefs and food critics rely heavily on their sense of smell to evaluate the quality and flavors of different dishes. In the perfume industry, perfumers use their highly developed olfactory skills to create unique and captivating fragrances. In the medical field, researchers are exploring the potential of using scent-based diagnostics to detect certain diseases, as some conditions can produce distinctive odors that may be detectable by a trained nose.Moreover, the sense of smell plays a crucial role in our emotional and social well-being. Certain scents can evoke strong emotional responses, triggering feelings of happiness, nostalgia, or even anxiety. The ability to discern and interpret these scents can help us better understand our own emotional states and those of others, fostering empathy and social connection.In conclusion, the human sense of smell is a remarkable and complex faculty that allows us to discern a vast array of scents, each with its unique sensory profile and emotional resonance. By understandingthe mechanisms and nuances of olfaction, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the role that our sense of smell plays in shaping our experiences, memories, and overall well-being. As we continue to explore and unravel the mysteries of the olfactory system, we may unlock new insights and applications that can enhance our lives in profound and meaningful ways.。
教案：The power of smell 气味的力量
2024届高考备考外刊精读Day 36The power of smell气味的力量教案文本导读：有没有某种气味一下就唤起了你对旧人旧事的记忆？气味与我们的性格和记忆之间似乎存在着心理层面的联系。
我们出生时，大脑中处理气味的区域是空的，人们对气味的反应是后天习得的，因此也就各不相同。
有一些研究甚至表明，某些气味会影响我们的认知。
本文探讨气味的力量。
Step 1:词汇温习psychological 心理的smell 气味cognition 认知take (someone) back 唤起（某人的）记忆odour （尤指难闻的）气味flood back （回忆）涌现unconscious 无意识的low-level 低水平的，（此处指气味）淡薄的pick up 捕捉scent receptor 嗅觉感受器neuron 神经元hearing 听觉vision 视觉aroma 香气，芳香essential oil 精油lavender 薰衣草Step 2:原文精听+精读Have you ever caught a whiff of something and been strongly reminded of a person or place? It seems there is a deep psychological link between smells, our personality and our memory. Some research even suggests that smells can influence our cognition.So, why do smells take us back? Roja Dove, a perfumer, told the BBC that when we are born, the olfactory bulb, which is the area in our brain that processes smell, is empty. Therefore, our responses to smell are learnt and very personal to the individual. This means that when we smell an odour again, the original and unique memory comes flooding back because of the association.Our awareness of smells is primarily unconscious, according to Andreas Keller from the Department of Philosophy at City University of New York. This means we are not actively aware of them unless they are extremely strong. But, low-level smells are still picked up because the scent receptors in our brain are so powerful that we unconsciously register them. In fact, various studies have found the olfactory bulb sends more neurons to more areas of our brain than our hearing or vision.Research suggests that the power of smell can also affect how the brain performs, especially when it comes to the aroma of essential oils. Mark Moss, from the Department of Psychology at Northumbria University, found that sage and peppermint show general positive effects on cognition while the smell of rosemary can enhance our memory. He also investigated lavender which he says "tends to impair memory and slow down reaction time. But research by others have [has] shown it to be useful in reducing pre-treatment anxiety in dental and medical situations".So, don't take your nose for granted. It really is powerful!Step 3:阅读原文并回答以下问题。
记忆中的味道英语作文汤
记忆中的味道英语作文汤The Taste of Memory.In the vast tapestry of our lives, flavors and scents play an intricate role in weaving the threads of memory. Certain aromas and tastes possess an uncanny ability to transport us back in time, evoking vivid recollections with astonishing clarity. The taste of a childhood treat, the scent of a loved one's perfume, or the aroma of a freshly baked pie can unleash a torrent of emotions and memories that feel both deeply personal and universally resonant.The connection between taste and memory is deeply rooted in our biology. The olfactory bulb, located at the base of the brain, is directly linked to the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain regions that are central to memory and emotion. When we smell or taste something, theolfactory bulb sends signals to the amygdala, whichtriggers emotional responses, and to the hippocampus, which helps us to encode and retrieve memories.This explains why certain scents and flavors can evoke such strong emotional reactions and memories. For example, the scent of lavender may remind you of a relaxing spa treatment, while the taste of your grandmother's apple pie may transport you back to childhood family gatherings. These associations are formed through repeated experiences, and as we grow older, the connections between scents, flavors, and memories become increasingly complex and nuanced.In literature, the power of taste to evoke memory is a recurring theme. In Marcel Proust's masterpiece, "In Search of Lost Time," the narrator discovers the evocative power of a madeleine dipped in tea. The taste of the pastry unlocks a flood of memories from his childhood, leading him on a profound journey of self-discovery. In James Joyce's "Ulysses," the protagonist, Leopold Bloom, experiences a series of epiphanies, many of which are triggered by the tastes and smells of Dublin. Through these sensory experiences, Joyce immerses the reader in the sights, sounds, and flavors of Edwardian Dublin.Beyond the world of fiction, countless real-lifestories attest to the enduring power of taste to evoke memory. For Holocaust survivors, the taste of certain foods can trigger both painful memories of the horrors they endured and bittersweet recollections of happier times. For soldiers returning from war, the taste of a familiar dish can provide solace and a sense of normalcy amidst the chaos and trauma of conflict.The taste of memory is not always a pleasant one. Sometimes, certain flavors or scents can trigger painful or traumatic memories. For example, the smell of smoke may evoke memories of a house fire, or the taste of aparticular food may remind you of a difficult time in your life. These associations can be difficult to overcome, but it is important to remember that our memories, both good and bad, shape who we are.Whether they evoke joy, nostalgia, or sorrow, the tastes of memory hold a profound power over our lives. They connect us to our past, enrich our present, and shape ourfuture. By paying attention to the flavors and scents that surround us, we can enhance our memories and deepen our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.Here are a few ways to harness the power of taste to enhance your memory:Keep a food journal: By writing down what you eat and how it makes you feel, you can begin to identify the foods that evoke strong memories for you.Attend food-related events: Food festivals, cooking classes, and wine tastings can be great ways to explore new flavors and create new memories.Share meals with loved ones: Food is a powerful social connector. By sharing meals with family and friends, you can create new memories and strengthen existing ones.Experiment with different cuisines: Different cultures have their own unique culinary traditions. By trying new cuisines, you can expand your palate and create newmemories.Be mindful when you eat: When you eat, pay attention to the flavors, smells, and textures of your food. By doing so, you can create more vivid and lasting memories of your dining experiences.The taste of memory is a precious gift. By embracing the evocative power of flavors and scents, we can enrich our lives, deepen our connections with others, and create memories that will last a lifetime.。
嗅觉与味觉英文的作文
嗅觉与味觉英文的作文Title: The Dynamic Duo: Olfaction and Gustation。
Introduction:Olfaction and gustation, commonly known as smell and taste, respectively, are two of the human body's remarkable sensory systems. Together, they form a complex interaction that enhances our experiences and influences our behaviors in profound ways. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating realms of olfaction and gustation, exploring their mechanisms, roles, and interconnectedness.Olfaction:Olfaction, or the sense of smell, plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, often operating subtly yet significantly. The olfactory system is intricate, comprising specialized sensory neurons located in the nasal cavity. These neurons detect odor molecules in the air,triggering neural signals that are then transmitted to the brain for processing.One remarkable aspect of olfaction is its connection to memory and emotion. The olfactory bulb, the brain's smell center, has direct links to the amygdala and hippocampus, regions associated with emotion and memory, respectively. As a result, certain smells can evoke vivid recollections and powerful emotions, sometimes even more effectively than other sensory cues.Moreover, olfaction serves crucial functions beyond mere perception. It plays a key role in detecting potential dangers, such as spoiled food or hazardous chemicals, thereby aiding in survival. Additionally, olfaction contributes to our enjoyment of food by influencing flavor perception, as we shall explore further in the section on gustation.Gustation:Gustation, or the sense of taste, complements olfactionin the intricate process of flavor perception. Unlike smell, which detects volatile molecules in the air, tastereceptors are located on the tongue and respond to various chemical compounds dissolved in saliva.The five primary taste sensations—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami—are detected by specialized taste buds distributed across the tongue. Each taste serves a distinct evolutionary purpose: sweetness indicates energy-rich foods, sourness may signal acidity or spoilage, saltinesssignifies essential minerals, bitterness warns against potential toxins, and umami indicates the presence of protein.However, taste perception is not solely determined bythe tongue's receptors. Olfaction plays a crucial role in enhancing and enriching flavor perception. The brain integrates signals from both olfactory and gustatory pathways to create the multisensory experience we perceive as flavor. Hence, when we savor a delicious meal, it is the harmonious interplay of aroma and taste that delights our senses.Interconnectedness and Influence:The relationship between olfaction and gustation extends beyond mere sensory cooperation; they also influence each other in profound ways. Olfactory cues can significantly impact taste perception, as demonstrated by experiments showing reduced flavor intensity in individuals with impaired olfactory function.Conversely, taste can modulate olfactory perception, with certain tastes altering the perceived intensity of specific odors. This intricate interaction underscores the complexity of flavor perception, which arises from the integration of multiple sensory inputs.Furthermore, both olfaction and gustation are susceptible to various factors, including age, genetics, and environmental influences. Changes in olfactory or gustatory function can have significant implications for overall well-being, affecting dietary preferences, nutritional intake, and even mental health.Conclusion:In conclusion, olfaction and gustation are integral components of human sensory experience, enriching our lives in myriad ways. From evoking memories to guiding dietary choices, these senses shape our perceptions and behaviors on a daily basis. Understanding the mechanisms andinterplay between smell and taste not only deepens our appreciation of sensory physiology but also offers insights into broader topics such as nutrition, psychology, and neurobiology. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of these senses, we gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.。
留在记忆里的芬芳八百字满分作文
留在记忆里的芬芳八百字满分作文英文回答：The scent of memories lingers in the recesses of our minds, evoking both joy and sorrow, nostalgia and longing. Whether it's the aroma of freshly baked bread, the heady perfume of blooming roses, or the earthy fragrance of a forest after rain, each scent carries with it a unique story, a poignant reminder of moments past.The power of scent to evoke memories is deeply rooted in our neurophysiology. The olfactory bulb, responsible for processing smells, is directly connected to the limbic system, which governs emotions, memory, and behavior. When we inhale a particular scent, it activates specific neurons in the olfactory bulb, which then trigger corresponding memories and emotional responses.This phenomenon, known as the Proust effect, is named after the French writer Marcel Proust who famouslydescribed the involuntary recall of childhood memories triggered by the scent of a madeleine dipped in tea. In his novel "In Search of Lost Time," Proust writes, "And as soon as I had recognized the taste of the piece of madeleine soaked in her decoction of lime-flowers which I had so often tasted on Sundays in Combray... immediately the old grey house upon the street, where I had been brought up, came up like the scenery of a theater to attach itself to the little pavilion, opening on to the garden, which had been built out behind it for my parents ..."The connection between scent and memory is particularly strong in the context of autobiographical memories, which are personal, episodic memories of events that have happened in one's life. Research has shown thatparticipants in scent-evoked memory experiments can often accurately recall specific autobiographical memories with remarkable detail. This is because scents are often associated with particular places, people, and events, and can act as powerful cues to unlock these memories.The olfactory sense is also closely linked to theformation of new memories. Studies have shown that exposure to a particular scent during a novel experience can enhance later recall of that experience. This suggests that scents can serve as "memory enhancers," helping us to remember important information and experiences.中文回答：留在记忆里的芬芳，是喜悦与忧伤、怀旧与渴望的交织。
闻和尝为主题英语作文
The Senses of Smell and Taste: AMultifaceted JourneyIn the intricate dance of life, two senses stand out as paramount: smell and taste. They are the first ambassadors of experience, introducing us to the world through the language of flavors and scents. Smell is the silent poet, painting pictures in our minds with subtle odors, while taste is the orchestrator, harmonizing flavors to create melodies of pleasure. Together, they orchestrate an unforgettable symphony of sensation.Smell is a powerful sense that triggers memories and emotions. It's the first sense we develop in utero, and it remains with us throughout life. The olfactory bulb, the part of the brain that processes smell, is directly connected to the amygdala, the emotional center of the brain. This explains why certain scents can instantly evoke memories of childhood or evoke strong emotional reactions.A whiff of fresh-cut grass might remind us of summer afternoons spent in the park, while the scent of a familiar meal might evoke memories of a loved one's cooking.Taste, on the other hand, is the sense that guides our culinary explorations. It's the language of flavors, a dialogue between our tongues and the world. The five basic tastes — sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (a savory taste) — form the building blocks of all culinary experiences. Each taste triggers a unique physiological response, exciting different regions of the brain and creating a unique sensation.But smell and taste are not just senses; they are gateways to culture and memory. They are the reasons why certain foods taste different in different parts of the world, why certain scents evoke specific memories or emotions. They are the threads that connect us to our past and our culture, reminding us of who we are and where we come from.In today's fast-paced world, where food and scents are constantly bombarding our senses, it's easy to overlook the importance of smell and taste. We rush through meals,barely registering the flavors, and ignore the scents that waft through the air. But taking a moment to appreciate thesesenses can lead to a deeper understanding of the world and a more fulfilling life.By slowing down and paying attention to the scents and flavors of our surroundings, we can rediscover the joy of simple pleasures. We can appreciate the subtleties of a fresh-brewed coffee or the complexity of a well-prepared meal. We can relish the scent of flowers blooming in a garden or the earthy aroma of rain on dry soil.Moreover, cultivating our sense of smell and taste can enhance our social connections. Sharing a meal with friends or family is not just about nourishing our bodies; it's about sharing experiences and creating memories. The laughter and conversation that accompany a meal are often as important as the food itself.In conclusion, smell and taste are not just senses; they are windows to the world, connecting us to our past, present, and future. By taking the time to appreciate them, we can enhance our understanding of the world and enrich our lives with deeper experiences and stronger connections. So, let's pause for a moment, close our eyes, and let thesenses of smell and taste take us on a journey through the wonders of the world.**闻与尝：多维度的感官之旅**在生命的复杂交织中，两种感官尤为突出：嗅觉和味觉。
留在心底的清香作文
留在心底的清香作文The lingering fragrance in the heart, the memory of a scent that takes you back to a specific moment in time. 留在心底的清香，这是一种香气的记忆，可以让你回到特定的时刻。
The sweet smell of jasmine on a warm summer night, the familiar scent of your mother's cooking, the subtle fragrance of a loved one's perfume - these are the kind of scents that have the power to evoke strong emotions and memories. 温暖的夏夜中茉莉花的香味，母亲烹饪时的熟悉气息，爱人香水的微妙芳香 - 这些香气可以唤起强烈的情感和回忆。
There's something truly magical about how a particular scent can transport you back in time, triggering a flood of emotions and memories. 那种特定香气可以让你穿越时光，引发一系列情感和回忆，这种感觉确实是一种魔法。
The connection between scent and memory is a powerful one that often goes unnoticed. 香气和记忆之间的联系是非常强大的，但很多时候被忽视了。
Scientists have found that the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain that processes smell, is closely connected to the amygdala and hippocampus, which are involved in the processing and storage of emotional and long-term memories. 科学家发现，大脑中负责处理嗅觉的嗅球与扁桃体和海马体紧密相连，这两者涉及情感和长期记忆的处理和存储。
The Science of Smell Olfactory Adventures
The Science of Smell Olfactory Adventures The sense of smell, also known as olfaction, is one of the most fascinating and complex senses that humans possess. It is a sense that is often overlooked, yet it plays a crucial role in our daily lives. From the enticing aroma of freshly baked bread to the repulsive stench of rotten eggs, our sense of smell has the power to evoke a wide range of emotions and memories. In this olfactory adventure, we will delve into the science of smell, exploring the intricate mechanisms behind this sense and its profound impact on our lives.At its core, the sense of smell is a chemical sense, as it relies on the detection of airborne molecules that are inhaled through the nose. These molecules stimulate specialized sensory cells in the nasal cavity, which then send signals to the brain, where the sensation of smell is processed. The olfactory system is incredibly sensitive, capable of detecting a vast array of odors, from the faintest hint of a floral perfume to the pungent aroma of a ripe cheese.The olfactory system is a marvel of biological engineering, consisting of a complex network of sensory neurons, receptor proteins, and neural pathways. When we inhale an odor, the airborne molecules bind to specific receptor proteins located on the cilia of the sensory neurons in the nasal cavity. Each odor molecule has a unique shape and structure, allowing it to interact with specific receptor proteins, which in turn triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions within the sensory neurons. These reactions ultimately result in the generation of electrical signals that are transmitted to the olfactory bulb, a specialized structure in the brain that processes olfactory information.The olfactory bulb is where the magic of smell truly happens. This small but mighty structure is responsible for analyzing and interpreting the signals sent by the sensory neurons, allowing us to perceive and make sense of different odors. The olfactory bulb is intricately connected to various brain regions, including those involved in memory, emotion, and decision-making, which explains why smells have such a powerful ability to evoke memories and emotions. For example, the scent of a particular perfume may instantly transport us back to a cherished moment from our past, while the smell of smoke may trigger feelings of alarm and danger.In addition to its role in evoking memories and emotions, the sense of smell also plays a crucial role in our perception of flavor. In fact, much of what we perceive as taste is actually due to our sense of smell. When we eat, volatile molecules from the food travel through the back of the mouth to the nasal cavity, where they stimulate the olfactory receptors. This is why food can seem bland and unappetizing when we have a stuffy nose, as our sense of smell is compromised. The complex interplay between taste and smell is a testament to the intricate nature of our sensory experiences.Despite its remarkable capabilities, the sense of smell is not infallible. Like all senses, it is susceptible to a range of disorders and dysfunctions. Anosmia, the loss of the sense of smell, can have profound effects on a person's quality of life, as it can diminish the ability to enjoy food, detect danger, and experience the world around them. On the other hand, hyperosmia, or heightened sensitivity to odors, can also be debilitating, causing discomfort and distress in everyday situations. These olfactory disorders can arise from a variety of causes, including head trauma, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the fragility of this sense.In recent years, scientists have made significant strides in understanding the science of smell, shedding light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie olfaction. This knowledge has paved the way for groundbreaking research in areas such as artificial olfaction, where scientists are developing electronic nose devices that mimic the human sense of smell. These devices have the potential to revolutionize various industries, from food and beverage to healthcare, by providing rapid and accurate odor detection capabilities.In conclusion, the sense of smell is a wondrous and intricate sense that enriches our lives in countless ways. From its role in evoking memories and emotions to its contribution to our perception of flavor, the science of smell is a treasure trove of marvels waiting to be explored. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of olfaction, we stand to gain a deeper appreciation for this sense and its profound impact on our experiences and interactions with the world around us.。
灵敏的鼻子作文英语版
灵敏的鼻子作文英语版Title: The Astute Sense of Smell。
The sense of smell, often overlooked amidst the prominence of sight and sound, possesses a remarkableability to evoke memories, influence emotions, and even guide behavior. In the realm of olfaction, the human nose stands out as an astute instrument, capable of discerning a myriad of scents with remarkable precision and depth. This essay delves into the intricacies of the olfactory system, exploring its evolutionary significance, physiological mechanisms, and practical applications in everyday life.First and foremost, the evolutionary significance of the sense of smell dates back to our earliest ancestors. Long before the development of language and complex cognition, our prehistoric predecessors relied heavily on olfaction to navigate their environment, detect predators, and locate sources of food. This primal reliance on scent endowed humans with a sophisticated olfactory system,equipped with millions of sensory receptors capable of detecting an extensive array of odor molecules.Physiologically, the process of olfaction begins with the inhalation of airborne molecules through the nostrils. These molecules then stimulate specialized sensory cells located within the nasal cavity, known as olfactory receptors. Remarkably, humans possess approximately 5 to 6 million of these receptors, each tuned to detect specific odor molecules. Upon stimulation, these receptors transmit signals to the olfactory bulb, a structure located within the brain's limbic system, which is associated with emotions, memory, and behavior.One of the most fascinating aspects of the olfactory system is its profound impact on human emotions and behavior. Unlike other sensory modalities, such as vision or hearing, which are processed primarily in the neocortex, olfactory information bypasses the thalamus and projects directly to the limbic system. Consequently, certain scents have the power to evoke strong emotional responses and trigger vivid memories. For example, the aroma of freshlybaked cookies may evoke feelings of nostalgia and warmth, transporting individuals back to cherished childhood memories.Furthermore, the sense of smell plays a crucial role in social interactions and mate selection. Humans emit unique chemical signals known as pheromones, which can convey information about an individual's genetic compatibility, reproductive status, and overall health. While theconscious perception of pheromones remains debated,research suggests that these chemical cues influence interpersonal attraction and mate choice on a subconscious level.Beyond its role in human psychology and behavior, the sense of smell also holds practical applications in various domains, including food and beverage industries, healthcare, and environmental conservation. In the culinary world, for instance, chefs rely on olfaction to discern subtle nuances in flavor profiles and create harmonious culinary experiences. Similarly, healthcare professionals utilize scent detection dogs to diagnose medical conditions such ascancer, diabetes, and seizures, capitalizing on the remarkable olfactory abilities of these canine companions.In conclusion, the human nose emerges as a remarkable organ endowed with remarkable sensitivity and versatility. From its evolutionary origins to its profound influence on emotions, behavior, and cognition, the sense of smell plays a multifaceted role in shaping human experience. By delving into the intricacies of olfaction, we gain a deeper appreciation for this often overlooked sense and its profound impact on our lives.。
鼻子英语作文
鼻子英语作文Title: Exploring the Marvels of the Human Nose。
The nose, a seemingly small organ perched centrally on the face, holds immense significance in our daily lives. Beyond its primary function of facilitating the sense of smell, the nose plays a crucial role in breathing, taste perception, and even emotional expression. In this exploration, we delve into the intricate workings of the human nose, its anatomy, physiology, and the fascinating mechanisms underlying olfaction.Anatomy of the Nose:The nose comprises several distinct structures, each contributing to its functionality. The external portion, known as the nasal pyramid, consists of bone and cartilage covered by skin. This prominent feature not only provides aesthetic appeal but also acts as a barrier, protecting the delicate internal nasal structures.Internally, the nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the nasopharynx, housing a complex network of bones, cartilage, and soft tissues. The nasal septum divides the cavity into two passages, ensuring symmetrical airflow. Within these passages are three bony projections called turbinates, which increase the surface area for air conditioning and filtering.Physiology of Smell:Olfaction, the sense of smell, begins with the detection of odorants by specialized sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium. This tissue lines the roof of the nasal cavity and contains millions of olfactory receptor cells. Each receptor cell expresses a specific type of olfactory receptor protein, allowing it to respond to particular odor molecules.When an odorant enters the nasal cavity through inhalation, it binds to its corresponding receptor, triggering a series of biochemical events. This signal isthen transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb, where initial processing occurs. From the olfactory bulb, neural impulses travel to higher brain regions, including the olfactory cortex, where odor perception and interpretation take place.Functions Beyond Smell:While olfaction is the primary function associated with the nose, it serves other essential roles in respiratory physiology. The nasal passages act as a first line of defense against airborne pathogens and foreign particles. Mucus secretions trap debris, while cilia lining the nasal epithelium sweep contaminants toward the throat, where they can be expelled or swallowed.Additionally, the nose plays a crucial role in breathing and maintaining respiratory homeostasis. As air passes through the nasal cavity, it is warmed, humidified, and filtered, preparing it for efficient gas exchange in the lungs. This process helps prevent respiratory discomfort and ensures optimal oxygenation of thebloodstream.Emotional and Social Significance:Beyond its physiological functions, the nose holds significant cultural and social symbolism. Facial expressions, including flaring nostrils or wrinkling the nose, can convey a wide range of emotions, from disgust to affection. In various societies, the size and shape of the nose may carry cultural connotations or be considered aesthetically desirable traits.Furthermore, the sense of smell can evoke powerful emotional responses and trigger vivid memories. Certain odors have the ability to transport individuals back in time, eliciting nostalgic feelings or evoking strong emotional reactions. This phenomenon underscores the intimate connection between olfaction, memory, and emotion.Conclusion:In conclusion, the human nose is a marvel of biologicalengineering, serving as the gateway to our sensory perception of the world. Its intricate anatomy and physiology enable us to experience the diverse array of aromas that enrich our lives, while also fulfilling essential respiratory functions. Beyond its physical attributes, the nose holds profound cultural, social, and emotional significance, shaping our perceptions and experiences in profound ways. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of olfaction, we gain a deeper appreciation for this remarkable organ and its role in our existence.。
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DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-0617-z Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 272, No.3 (2007) 527–5310236–5731/USD 20.00Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest© 2007 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest Springer, DordrechtDistribution of TiO 2 particles in the olfactory bulb of miceafter nasal inhalation using microbeam SRXRF mapping techniquesJ. X. Wang,1,2 C. Y. Chen,1* H. W. Yu,1,2 J. Sun,1,2 B. Li,1 Y. F. Li,1,2 Y. X. Gao,1 W. He,3 Y. Y. Huang,3Z. F. Chai,1,4 Y. L. Zhao,1 X. Y. Deng,5 H. F. Sun 51 Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China2 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China3 Synchrotron Radiation Facility Laboratory, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China4 Institute of Nuclear Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China5 Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China(Received June 30, 2006)The characterization of different sized TiO 2 (25 nm, 80 nm, and 155 nm) was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the micro-distributions of TiO 2 in the olfactory bulb of mice after nasal inhalation were investigated by microbeam SRXRF mapping techniques. The results show that TiO 2 particles can be translocated to the olfactory bulb through the olfactory nerve system after inhalation. The distributions of Fe, Cu, and Zn in the olfactory bulb were also studied.IntroductionNano-sized TiO 2 is widely used for cosmetics, anti-bacteria, cleaning air, and decomposing organic matter in wastewater because of its properties of high stability, anticorrosion and photocatalysis. TiO 2 particles are being released into the atmosphere gradually with themass production and wide use. Exposure to human may occur at any moment in the mining of ores and in any industries, where the powder is produced and used. It is still in question whether the releases of TiO 2 particles would pollute the environment and then influence human health. Some papers reported that ultrafine particles (UFP, including carbon black, SiO 2, quartz, and TiO 2) were more prone to induce inflammation and pathological changes of lung than fine particles.1–6 Because of the smaller diameter, larger surface area and increased number of ultrafine particles compared with fine particles in a fixed volume and amount, UFP could carry more reactive materials such as free radicals, transition metals, or organic compounds to the deep lung, which induce their high deposition in lung, defective phagocytosis and increased inflammation of the alveolar epithelium.7 Certainly, ingestion is possiblewhen some dust accumulates on mucosa surfaces of the oropharynx and nasopharynx or from contaminated food. But, inhalation of UFP is the most common route for exposure. Nanoparticle could be translocated into the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. The increased Mn concentration was observed in the brain of rats after inhalation of Mn phosphate and sulfate.8 O BERDÖRSTER 9 showed that there was an increase of 13C concentration in the olfactory bulb,* E-mail: chenchy@ cerebrum and cerebellum of rat brain after exposure to carbon particles. Severe damage to brain tissue wasobserved when largemouth bass lived in the watercontaining 500ppb buckyballs.10 To our knowledge, translocation of insoluble TiO 2 into the brain via olfactory nerve system has not been reported yet.Synchrotron radiation (SR) as a new generation of light source has superior properties of high intensity (103–106 stronger than conventional X-ray sources), high collimation and linear polarization in the electron orbital plane. The advantages of SR greatly improve the sensitivity and space resolution of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The nondestructive and multi-elemental analysis is possible for synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) with a relative detection limit of several µg/g or even lower levels. In this study the characterization of different sized TiO 2 was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the distributions of TiO 2 in the olfactory bulb of mice were investigated after nasal instillation of TiO 2 suspension by SRXRF. ExperimentalCharacterization of TiO 2The nano-sized TiO 2 (Dayang Nanotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, nominal size: 80 nm and 25 nm) and commercial fine TiO 2 (Zhonglian Chemical Medicine Co., Beijing) were used in the present work. TiO 2 powder was suspended in ethanol with ultrasonic agitating. The solution was dipped on the copper microgrid and dried in air. TEM images were obtained with a JEM-200CX TEM (Japan).J. X. W ANG et al.: D ISTRIBUTION OF TiO 2 PARTICLES IN THE OLFACTORY BULB OF MICE528Detection of elements in the olfactory bulb by SRXRF Twenty CD-1(ICR) mice (Beijing Vitalriver Experimental Animal Technology Co., Ltd., body weights of 21±2 g) were randomly divided into four groups: 80 nm, 25 nm, fine (commercial fine TiO 2), and control groups. TiO 2 powders were dispersed into distilled water and the concentration of suspension was 0.1 g/ml. After stirring, 25 µl TiO 2 suspensions were instilled into each mouse via nose, once a day for the first five days. No significant growth in mouse body weight was found. Subsequently, only 10 µl TiO 2 suspension was inhaled once every other day. The equal volume of distilled water was given to controls. After one month, all of test animals were sacrificed after being anaesthetized by ether. The olfactory bulb was removed quickly and frozen at –70 °C. The frozen sections (50 µm) were cut along the coronal plane on a freezing microtome and put on polycarbonate membrane, and then dried in air and stored in a ventilation area. The section of the olfactory bulb is shown in Fig. 1.The scanning analysis of titanium in the frozen sections was carried out at 4W1B beam of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). The current intensity was about 50–100 mA. In this platform, a computer-controlled 3D stepping motor could move the sample platform freely, and even a few microns step was controllable. The combination of surface scanning and spectral analysis technique could directly give the spatial distributions of the interested elements in the scanning range.The low energy photons of the white light were absorbed by an Al-foil to reduce the spectrum background. Then the photon beams were collimated by a set of slits and focused by the K-B lens to excite the samples in a 45° angle of incidence. In surface scanning, the sample section was moved in the matrix mode with a step of 400–600 µm. The XRF signals were collected for 200 seconds for each point with a Si(Li) detector. The spectra were recorded and read out with a PGT multi-channel analyzer (MCA 4000) and analyzed by the AXIL program.11 In order to correct the shift of the synchrotron radiation beam, the peak area counts of elements were normalized to the counts of ionization chamber, and then corrected for the contribution from blank polycarbonate membrane. The relative content was calculated by means of the normalization to the Compton scattering intensity. The contour map for each element distribution was plotted using the Origin 6.1 software.Results and discussionCharacterization of TiO 2TEM images of different sized TiO 2 are shown in Fig. 2. The 80 nm and 25 nm TiO 2 particles have the similar nanocrystalline rutile phase with column/needle shape, whereas the phase of commercial fine TiO 2 is anatase with octahedral shape. The average sizes are 71.43±23.53 nm and 21.05±5.08 nm for nano-sized TiO 2, which are coincident with the nominal sizes, and the average size is 154.98±32.98 nm (76–233 nm) for commercial fine TiO 2 particles.Distribution of trace elements in the olfactory bulb The microbeam X-ray fluorescence can be used as a powerful tool for elemental imaging and analysis even in a single cell level. Fig. 3 shows the micro-distribution mappings of titanium in the olfactory bulb of the different groups analyzed by SRXRF. In the control group, the content of titanium is below the detection limit and the mapping is not visible. Generally, the titanium concentration in urban air is mostly below 0.1 µg/m 3. An approximate range of 0.5–15 µg/l was reported in drinking water. A typical diet may contribute some 300–400 µg Ti/day and the average titanium concentration in human urine is about 10 µg/l.12In this paper, the results show that TiO 2 particles were taken up by the olfactory bulb via the primary olfactory neurons and accumulated in the olfactory nerve layer (ON), olfactory ventricle (OV), and granular cell layer of the olfactory bulb (GrO) (Fig. 3.). The distribution areas of fine TiO 2 were wider than those of nano-sized TiO 2 in the olfactory bulb of the three experimental groups, which indicated that fine TiO 2 was easier to entry into the olfactory bulb through olfactory tract than nano-sized TiO 2. This is likely because nano-sized TiO 2 particles might be adsorbed in the nasal cavity and/or mucosa and only a spot of particles were translocated into the olfactory bulb and brain through the respiratory tract and olfactory nerve system. The surface of nano-sized TiO 2 particles has the big surface area and the strong hydrophilic character, which endows nanoparticles with the ability of aggregation into big particles in aqueous solution.13 However, the aggregation tendency does not occur for fine TiO 2 particles, which could be another reason to interpret why less nano-sized TiO 2 particles entered the olfactory bulb through the respiratory tract.J. X. W ANG et al.: D ISTRIBUTION OF TiO 2 PARTICLES IN THE OLFACTORY BULB OF MICE529Fig. 1. Section of olfactory bulb (arrow diagram) and thecorresponding skeleton map (coronal diagram). Abbreviations of ON, OV, and GrO represent olfactory nerve layer, olfactory ventricle, andgranular cell layer of the olfactory bulb, respectivelyThe distribution mappings of Fe, Cu, and Zn in the olfactory bulb of mice in the different experimental groups are shown in Fig. 4. In the 25 and 80 nm groups, the copper and zinc distributions significantly differ from that of the control group. The different distribution of iron is also found in the four groups. Iron, copper, and zinc are the essential elements and exist in the active sites of some redox enzymes. The changes of their micro distributions would influence the normal metabolism of material and energy in organism. The deficiency of copper could induce high cholesterol and uric-acid symptoms. In brain, zinc is one of the most prevalent trace elements and highly enriched in the hippocampus. It is also known to influence the synthesis and the metabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, and saccharides. The iron-contained hemoglobin could afford oxygen for organisms and the change of iron content could impair brain functions by influencing the production of the neuron transmitters. The contents of Fe, Cu and Zn also show a close relationship with certain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).14There is no evidence for titanium being an essential element in human or animals. The content of titanium in lung squamous cancer of women shows much higher by 48% than men.15 There were increased numbers of segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes, protein carbonyl levels, and interstitial fibrosis in the lung of golden hamsters exposed to toner, TiO 2, and SiO 2.18,19 Nanoparticles do not rest on the original site after inhalation, and they could be transferred to the surrounding tissues and further areas, such as, epithelial, interstitial, and endothelial sites of lung, and enter the blood circulation .18,19 In this study, the results suggest that TiO 2 nanoparticles could transfer via the secondary and tertiary olfactory pathways to most parts of brain. The subsequent influence on neuron and brain functions could be induced by the invasion of TiO 2, which is ongoing in our further study.Fig. 2. TEM images of TiO 2 with an average size of (A) 80 nm, (B)25 nm, and (C) fine particles (×100 K)J. X. W ANG et al.: D ISTRIBUTION OF TiO2 PARTICLES IN THE OLFACTORY BULB OF MICE530Fig. 3.Distribution of titanium in olfactory bulb of mice in the different experimental groups analyzed by SRXRF Fig. 4. Distribution of Fe, Cu, and Zn in the olfactory bulb of mice in the different experimental groups analyzed by SRXRFJ. X. W ANG et al.: D ISTRIBUTION OF TiO 2 PARTICLES IN THE OLFACTORY BULB OF MICE531ConclusionsIn brief, the present results show that TiO 2 particles used in this experiment have the different crystalline phases. The sizes observed by TEM are in coincidence with the nominal sizes. After nasal inhalation by mice, TiO 2 particles can be translocated to the olfactory bulb through the olfactory nerve system, which influence the micro-distributions of Fe, Cu, and Zn in the olfactory bulb. Metabolic pathway of TiO 2 in olfactory bulb and brain and its potential neurotoxicity are important issues and required further investigation.*The authors are grateful to the 973 programs (2006CB705600 and 2005CB724703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10490180 and 90406024), the Major Direction Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX3.SYW.N3), and the Project of National Center for NanoScience and Technology (90406024-5).References1. J. F ERIN , G. O BERDÖRSTER , D. P. P ENNY , Am. J. Respir. CellMol. Biol., 6 (1992) 535. 2. K. D ONALDSON , X. Y. L I , W. M AC N EE , J. Aerosol Sci., 29 (1998)553. 3. E. B ERMUDEZ , J. B. M ANGUM , Toxicol. Sci., 70 (2001) 86. 4. P. B OFFETTA , A. S OUTAR , Cancer Cause Control, 15 (2004) 697. 5. Q. W. Z HANG , Y. 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