Searching and Viewing Settlement Batch Information_SPD
蒙大拿州英文介绍
蒙大拿州英文介绍Montana is a state located in the Western region of the United States. With its breathtaking landscapes, rich history, and diverse wildlife, Montana offers a unique experience for both residents and visitors alike.Geographically, Montana is known for its majestic Rocky Mountains, which provide a stunning backdrop to the state's outdoor activities. From Glacier National Park in the northwest to Yellowstone National Park in the south, there are endless opportunities for hiking, camping, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The state is also home to numerous lakes, rivers, and streams, making it a paradise for water sports enthusiasts.Montana's history is deeply rooted in Native American culture and the exploration and settlement of the American West. Visitors can explore the state's rich heritage at various historical sites and museums, such as the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument and the Museum of the Rockies. The Lewis and Clark Expedition, which crossed through Montana in the early 1800s, is also an important part of the state's history.In addition to its natural beauty and historical significance, Montana is home to vibrant cities and towns that offer a mix of cultural experiences and modern amenities. The state capital, Helena, is known for its charming downtown area and historic buildings. Missoula, home to the University of Montana, offers a lively arts and music scene. Bozeman, located near the famous ski resort of Big Sky, is a hub for outdoor enthusiasts and a gateway to Yellowstone National Park.Montana's economy is primarily driven by agriculture, mining, and tourism. The state is known for its ranching and farming communities, which produce a variety of crops and livestock. Mining, particularly for coal, copper, and gold, is also a significant industry in Montana. The tourism sector attracts millions of visitors each year, who come to experience the state's natural wonders and recreational opportunities.Montana has a relatively small population compared toits vast land area, which contributes to its sense of open space and tranquility. The state's residents are known for their friendly and welcoming nature, and the strong senseof community is evident in the numerous local events and festivals that take place throughout the year.Overall, Montana is a hidden gem in the United States, offering unparalleled natural beauty, rich history, and a warm and welcoming atmosphere. Whether you are a nature lover, history enthusiast, or simply seeking a peaceful retreat, Montana has something to offer everyone.蒙大拿州位于美国西部地区，拥有令人惊叹的风景、丰富的历史和多样化的野生动植物，为居民和游客提供独特的体验。
(完整版)风景园林专业英语词汇
园林景观专业英语词汇规划planning草图sketch；rough map平面plan剖面section立面elevation透视perspective示意图diagram容积率coverage城市设计urban design; civic design区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis总体规划general planning; master planning分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning控制性详细规划control detailed planning修建性详细规划site plan居住区规划residential district planning城市化urbanization城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities 旧城改建urban redevelopment开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality; city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district行政中心administration center商业街commercial street科技园technological region校园规划campus planning城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat历史地段history district民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district居住区规划residential district planning 护林区ranger district工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory绿地/绿化带greenbelt绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage 绿地率ratio of green space工厂绿化landscaping within factory广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building 室内绿化indoor garden城市绿化urban virescence城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆）caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema；movie house商场emporium; shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house; children’s palace图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room; dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor灌木shrub铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands庭园cartilage; Garth标志牌(sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard瀑布fall步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park草本植物herbage藤本植物liane蔓本植物liana砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭，阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪turf；grass园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula常用的景观英文1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND20.旱冰道SLIDE21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台VIEWING DECK26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL27.极可意JACUZZI28.嬉水池WADING POOL29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥BRIDGE35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION37.停车场PARING AREA38.特色花架TRELLIS39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT44.网球场TENNIS COURT45.阶梯***/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场MAIN PLAZA47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN49.旱溪DRY STREAM50.凉亭PAVILION51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶STAIR54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK58.人行漫步道PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE 61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA常用造价英语词汇估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算：roposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;初期控制估算：interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算：initial approved cost核定估算：check estimate首次核定估算：first check estimate二次核定估算：production check estimate人工时估算：man hour estimate材料费用/直接材料费用：material cost/direct material cost设备费用/设备购买费用：equipment cost/purchased cost of equipment散装材料费用/散装材料购买费用：bulk material cost/purchased cost of bulk material 施工费用：construction cost施工人工费用：labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用：labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用：labor cost associated with bulk materials人工时估算定额：standard manhours施工人工时估算定额：standard labor manhours标准工时定额：standard hours劳动生产率：labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio修正的人工时估算值：adjusted manhours人工时单价：manhours rate施工监督费用：cost of construction supervision施工间接费用：cost of contruction indirects分包合同费用/现场施工分包合同费用：subcontract cost/field subcontract cost公司本部费用：home office cost公司管理费用：overhead非工资费用：non payroll开车服务费用：cost of start-up services其他费用：other cost利润/预期利润：profit/expected profit服务酬金：service gains风险：risk风险分析：risk analysis风险备忘录：risk memorandum未可预见费：contingency基本未可预见费：average contingency最大风险未可预见费：maximum risk contingency用户变更/合同变更：cilent change/contract change认可的用户变更：approved client change待定的用户变更：pending client change项目变更：project change内部变更：internalchange批准的变更：authoried change强制性变更：mandatory change选择性变更：optional change内部费用转换：internal transfer认可的预计费用：anticipated approved cost涨价值：escalation项目费用汇总报告：project cost summary report项目实施费用状态报告：project operation cost status report 总价合同：lump sum contract偿付合同：reimbursible contract预算：budget02.1 总论2.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape gardening2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑garden building2.0009 园林工程garden engineering2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林garden and park2.0014 园林学史history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology2.0020 绿化greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing 2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting 2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林城市landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden2.0048 宿根园perennial garden2.0049 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground2.0051 街心花园street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园petty street garden2.0053 水景园water garden2.0054 铺地园paved garden2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park2.0068 城市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park2.0071 体育公园sports park2.0072 森林公园forest park2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park2.0078 中央公园central park2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园historic site park2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园recreation park2.0088 疗养公园sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园special park2.0092 植物园botanical garden2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地green space2.0098 公共绿地public green space2.0099 单位绿地unit green area2.0100 城市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地attached green space2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery2.0109 风景landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观natural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden2.0126 私家园林private garden2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景distant view2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery2.0167 框景enframed scenery2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature2.0170 副景secondary feature2.0171 配景objective view2.0172 夹景vista line, vista2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background2.0175 景序order of sceneries2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery2.0181 视野visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间garden space2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery2.0187 苍古antiquity2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing2.0190 静观in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line2.0199 主轴main axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color2.0209 冷色cool color2.0210 色感color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 2.0212 绿地系统green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource2.0220 绿地效果green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划space planning2.0223 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noise proof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区lawn space2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center2.0258 野营区camp site2.0259 游人中心visitors center2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction2.0272 城市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型park type, park category2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles2.0277 游览区excursion area, open-to-public area2.0278 非游览区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area2.0280 服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place2.0284 主要入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance2.0286 人流量visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation 2.0292 风景学scenicology2.0293 风景规划landscape plan2.0294 风景设计landscape design2.0295 游览路线touring route2.0296 旅游资源tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质tourism geology2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site 2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area 2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area02.5 园林设计2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map2.0327 地形图topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design2.0331 造价分析cost analysis2.0332 园林形式garden style2.0333 规整式园林formal garden style2.0334 非规整园林informal garden style2.0335 几何式园林geometric garden style2.0336 自然式园林natural garden style2.0337 混合式园林mixed garden style2.0338 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style2.0339 马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden2.0340 园林区划garden area division2.0341 园林分区规划garden block planning2.0342 庭院花园courtyard garden2.0343 前庭front yard, forecourt2.0344 后庭back yard, rear yard2.0345 中庭patio2.0346 厨园kitchen yard2.0347 沉[床]园sunken garden2.0348 窗园window garden2.0349 墙园wall garden2.0350 宅园home garden2.0351 台地园terrace garden2.0352 冬园winter garden2.0353 切花园cut flower garden2.0354 屋顶花园roof garden2.0355 后花园back yard garden2.0356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden2.0357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound2.0358 假山rockery, artificial rockwork2.0359 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone2.0360 黄石yellowish brown stone2.0361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 2.0362 孤赏石monolith, standing stone2.0363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making2.0364 叠石stones laying2.0365 板石flag stone2.0366 散点石scattered stone2.0367 抱角石corner stone2.0368 屋基石foundation stone2.0369 排衙石guard stone2.0370 屏石screen stone2.0371 石岸rock bank2.0372 石阶stone steps2.0373 汀步stepping stone on water surface2.0374 附壁石stone appended to wall2.0375 石花台stone flower bed2.0376 石凳stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall2.0378 干砌石dry stone wall2.0379 假山石楼梯rock stairway2.0380 石亭stone pavilion2.0381 石洞stone cavern2.0382 石窟grotto2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout2.0384 拱石arch stone2.0385 拱顶石key stone2.0386 园林水景water scenes of garden2.0387 水体water body2.0388 水面water surface2.0389 水池pool2.0390 水塘pond2.0391 喷泉fountain2.0392 喷水池fountain pool2.0393 涉水池wading pool2.0394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool 2.0400 隐头喷泉secret fountain2.0401 岛园island garden2.0402 半岛园peninsula garden2.0403 小岛isle2.0404 瀑布waterfall2.0405 小瀑布cascade2.0406 湖lake2.0407 矶rock projecting over water2.0408 水帘洞water curtain cave2.0409 园桥garden bridge2.0410 拱桥arch bridge2.0411 石板桥stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥plank bridge2.0413 圆木桥log bridge2.0414 亭桥pavilion bridge2.0415 曲桥zigzag bridge2.0416 壁泉wall fountain2.0417 饮水喷头drinking fountain2.0418 植物配植plant arrangement2.0419 树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 2.0420 群植group planting, mass planting2.0421 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 2.0422 丛植clump planting2.0423 组植group planting2.0424 林植forest planting2.0425 列植linear planting2.0426 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 2.0427 环植circular planting2.0428 带植belt planting2.0429 散植scattered planting, loose planting 2.0430 边缘种植edge planting2.0431 边界种植boundary planting2.0432 整形种植architectural planting2.0433 基础种植foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植corner planting2.0435 景框种植planting as enframent2.0436 门卫种植guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植fence planting2.0438 障景种植screen planting2.0439 背景种植background planting2.0440 林下种植underwood planting2.0441 路边种植roadside planting2.0442 绿篱hedge2.0443 树墙espalier2.0444 庭荫树shade tree2.0445 园景树specimen tree2.0446 风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest2.0447 行道树avenue tree, street tree2.0448 纪念林memorial forest2.0449 整型树topiary tree2.0450 花篱flower hedge’2.0451 刺篱thorny plants hedge2.0452 常绿绿篱evergreen hedge2.0453 落叶绿篱deciduous hedge2.0454 高篱high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱boundary fence2.0461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林pure forest2.0463 混交林mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地open space in woodland2.0465 杂木林spinney2.0466 树冠覆盖面tree canopy2.0467 草坪lawn2.0468 整形草坪formal lawn2.0469 开花草坪flowering lawn2.0470 牧场草坪meadowy land2.0471 花坛flower bed2.0472 路边花坛roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed2.0474 时钟花坛flower clock2.0475 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed 2.0476 高设花台raised flower bed2.0477 毛毡花坛carpet bed2.0478 镶嵌花坛mosaic bed2.0479 铺石花坛paved bed2.0480 灌木花坛shrub bed2.0481 图案花坛群parterre2.0482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛knot bed2.0484 整形花坛formal flower bed2.0485 花境flower border2.0486 花桶flower tub2.0487 植树箱planting box2.0488 活动花坛movable flower bed2.0489 瓶饰garden vase2.0490 灌木花境shrub border2.0491 混合花境mixed border2.0492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 2.0493 漫步路trail, footway2.0494 小径alley, path2.0495 川草坪岛lawn island2.0496 安全岛traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度turning curvature2.0498 转弯半径turning radius2.0499 踏面landing pitch2.0500 步石stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步wading step2.0502 错铺路crazy paving path2.0503 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 2.0504 花纹路pattern path2.0505 林荫路mall2.0506 林荫大道boulevard2.0507 花园路parkway2.0508 林间小道path in woodland2.0509 种植池planting bed2.0510 树池保护格栅tree grate2.0511 树干保护套栏tree guard2.0512 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting2.0513 路面线纹score line2.0514 传统园林建筑traditional garden building2.0515 凉亭summer shelter2.0516 活树亭arbor, tent arbor2.0517 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion2.0518 茅亭thatched pavilion2.0519 竹亭bamboo pavilion2.0520 茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk2.0521 回廊cloister2.0522 水廊corridor on water2.0523 曲廊zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊sloping gallery2.0525 楼廊two-storied gallery2.0526 画舫painted pleasure boat2.0527 石舫stone boat2.0528 不击舟immovable pleasure boat2.0529 诗条石poem-engraved stone slab2.0530 月洞门moon gate2.0531 扶手栏杆handrail2.0532 坐凳栏杆seat rail2.0533 石碑stone tablet, stele2.0534 园林露天剧场open garden theater2.0535 园林露天舞池open garden dancing place2.0536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台prospect deck2.0538 繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse2.0539 展览温室public conservatory2.0540 月池new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品small garden ornaments2.0542 磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅garden chair, garden seat2.0544 园凳garden bench2.0545 园桌garden table2.0546 园灯garden lamp2.0547 日规sundial2.0548 鸟浴bird bath2.0549 鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box2.0550 鸟笼bird cage, bird coop2.0551 悬篮hanging basket2.0552 野鸟喂食器bird feeder2.0553 额匾horizontal inscribed board2.0554 楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar2.0555 引露天烤炉open barbecue2.0556 树棚living-tree pergola2.0557 花架pergola2.0558 花格架trellis, treillage2.0559 点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway2.0560 园林施工garden layout, garden construction2.0561 种植工程planting engineering2.0562 大树移植big tree transplanting2.0563 裸根移植bare root transplanting2.0564 土球移植ball transplanting2.0565 沟植trench planting2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planting2.0567 播种草坪seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 2.0573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree2.0587 国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物shade plant2.0597 装饰植物decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant2.0602 球根植物bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626 青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect02.8 园林机具设备2.0633 园林机械garden machine2.0634 园林工具garden instrument, garden implement 2.0635 园林设备garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器planting container2.0638 圆木桩log peg2.0639 喷射装置jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler 2.0647 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner 2.0651 滴水喷头emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net2.0653 苗木包装材料nursery stock package material2.0654 麻布袋burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘seed tray2.0659 网孔盆mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot。
风景园林专业英语词汇总结
规划planning 草图sketch；rough map平面plan 剖面section 立面elevation透视perspective 示意图diagram 容积率coverage城市设计urban design; civic design 区域规划regional planning步行轴ped axis 总体规划general planning; master planning分区规划district planning 近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed planning 控制性详细规划control detailed planning 修建性详细规划site plan 居住区规划residential district planning 城市化urbanization 城市生态urban ecology可持续发展sustainable development历史文化名城保护规划Plan of Preservation of Historic Cities旧城改建urban redevelopment 开发区development area城市化水平urbanization level 城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system 卫星城satellite town城市基础设施urban infrastructure居民点settlement市municipality; city生态基础设施ecological infrastructure牧场pasture 市域administrative region of a city商业区commercial district 行政中心administration center商业街commercial street 科技园technological region校园规划campus planning 城市中心区urban center district居住单元flat 历史地段history district 民政区域civil district水警区waters guard district 居住区规划residential district planning护林区ranger district 工业区industrial district林木种子公园tree seed orchard快速公路thruway城市美学urban esthetics游憩空间esplanade系统工程systems engineering城市更新理论urban renewal theory绿地/绿化带greenbelt 绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率ratio of green space工厂绿化landscaping within factory广场绿化landscaping of square居住区绿化landscaping of residential area谷底植栽场improved vegetation & wild life公共建筑绿化landscaping around public building室内绿化indoor garden城市绿化urban virescence 城市绿化系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space 专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer建筑空间architecture剧院show place; theater茶楼（馆caff；tea shop专卖店monopolistic shop博物馆museum电影院cinema；movie house商场emporium; shopping mall体育馆palaestra青少年宫callan house; children’s palace图书馆library棋牌室relaxation room健身房gymnasium书店book store客厅parlor阳台balcony浴室bathroom橱柜cabinet合院式建筑courtyard building餐厅dining-room; dining hall入口entrance厨房kitchen屋顶roof小孩房kid room儿童游乐室/玩具室dollhouse起居室living room门廊porch更衣室change room休息室pavilion私家花园private garden居民resident共享地带shared zone工人房servants hall比例scale元素element会议中心conference center园林景观view of the garden乔木arbor灌木shrub铺石band stone地下车库car park bellow曲线形铺地curved paving bands庭园cartilage; Garth标志牌(sign) courtyard identification sign 庭院courtyard瀑布fall 步道footpath园桥garden bridge园林garden and park草本植物herbage藤本植物liane蔓本植物liana砌石natural cut stone铺地pave亭，阁pavilion榭pavilion on terrace植被planting花坛planting beds大广场plaza台platform栈道deck promenade灯柱pole lights小水池pool雕塑sculpture小广场small square小水景small water feature林荫树shade trees楼storied building小溪流stream行道树street trees踏石stepping stone踏步terrace steps木制平台timber deck草坪turf；grass园廊veranda空地void水景waterscape园墙wall in garden滨水地区waterfront茶亭tea house木亭log cabin遮阳亭shade structure水岸edge湾bay渡口ferry挡土墙retaining wall人行道pavement卵石pebble半岛peninsula常用的景观英文1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN 9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE 15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE 18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND 20.旱冰道SLIDE21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN 24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台VIEWING DECK26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL27.极可意JACUZZI 28.嬉水池WADING POOL 29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL 31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA 33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥BRIDGE 35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION 37.停车场PARING AREA38.特色花架TRELLIS 39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN 41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT 43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT44.网球场TENNIS COURT45.阶梯***/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场MAIN PLAZA 47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN 49.旱溪DRY STREAM 50.凉亭PAVILION51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER 52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶STAIR 54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION 56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK 58.人行漫步道PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE 61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA常用造价英语词汇估算/费用估算：estimate/cost estimate;估算类型：types of estimate;详细估算：是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;设备估算：equipment estimate;分析估算：analysis estimate;报价估算：roposal estimate;控制估算：control estimate;初期控制估算：interim control estimate/initial control estimate批准的控制估算：initial approved cost核定估算：check estimate首次核定估算：first check estimate二次核定估算：production check estimate人工时估算：man hour estimate材料费用/直接材料费用：material cost/direct material cost设备费用/设备购买费用：equipment cost/purchased cost of equipment散装材料费用/散装材料购买费用：bulk material cost/purchased cost of bulk material施工费用：construction cost施工人工费用：labor cost/construction force cost设备安装人工费用：labor cost associated with equipment散装材料施工安装人工费用：labor cost associated with bulk materials人工时估算定额：standard manhours施工人工时估算定额：standard labor manhours标准工时定额：standard hours劳动生产率：labor productivity/productivity factor/productivity ratio修正的人工时估算值：adjusted manhours人工时单价：manhours rate施工监督费用：cost of construction supervision施工间接费用：cost of contruction indirects分包合同费用/现场施工分包合同费用：subcontract cost/field subcontract cost公司本部费用：home office cost公司管理费用：overhead非工资费用：non payroll开车服务费用：cost of start-up services其他费用：other cost利润/预期利润：profit/expected profit服务酬金：service gains风险：risk风险分析：risk analysis风险备忘录：risk memorandum未可预见费：contingency基本未可预见费：average contingency最大风险未可预见费：maximum risk contingency用户变更/合同变更：cilent change/contract change认可的用户变更：approved client change待定的用户变更：pending client change项目变更：project change内部变更：internalchange批准的变更：authoried change强制性变更：mandatory change选择性变更：optional change内部费用转换：internal transfer认可的预计费用：anticipated approved cost 涨价值：escalation项目费用汇总报告：project cost summary report项目实施费用状态报告：project operation cost status report总价合同：lump sum contract 偿付合同：reimbursible contract预算：budget02.1 总论园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture造园学garden making, landscape gardening环境园艺学environmental horticulture 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture 园林艺术garden art 园林美学garden aesthetics园林建筑学garden architecture 园林建筑garden building园林工程garden engineering园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant盆景miniature landscape, penjing园林garden and park 园林学史history of garden architecture园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 园林设计garden design园林机具设备gardening machine 园林管理garden management园林生态landscape ecology 绿化greening, planting环境绿化environmental greening绿地面积green area绿地率ratio of green space城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing街道绿化street greening, street planting车行道绿化driveway greening分车带绿化dividing stripe greening人行道绿化sidewalk greening群众绿化mass planting movement郊区绿化suburban greening公路绿化highway greening铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting堤岸种植bank planting阳台绿化balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening 屋顶绿化roof greening垂直绿化vertical greening攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening花园garden蔷薇园rose garden专类花园specified flower garden 花园村garden village园林城市landscape garden city松柏园conifer garden 球根园bulb garden宿根园perennial garden假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery狩猎场hunting ground街心花园street crossing center garden小游园petty street garden 水景园water garden 铺地园paved garden野趣园wild plants botanical garden 野生植物园wild plants garden乡趣园rustic garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape动物园zoo, zoological garden墓园cemetery garden沼泽园bog and marsh garden水生植物园aquatic plants garden学校园school garden室内花园indoor garden芳香花园fragrant garden盲人花园garden for the blind公园park, public park城市公园city park, urban park 区公园regional park儿童公园children park体育公园sports park 森林公园forest park纪念公园memorial park烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park综合公园comprehensive park文化公园cultural park文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park中央公园central park天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park古迹公园historic site park河滨公园riverside park湖滨公园lakeside park路边公园roadside park, street park娱乐公园amusement park雕塑公园sculpture park休憩公园recreation park疗养公园sanatorium park国家公园national park邻里公园neighborhood park特种公园special park植物园botanical garden植物公园abeled plants park高山植物园alpine garden热带植物园tropical plants garden药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 绿地green space公共绿地public green space单位绿地unit green area城市绿地urban green space街道广场绿地street and square green area居住区绿地residential quarter green area防护绿地green area for environmental protection郊区绿地suburban green space 街坊绿地residential block green belt附属绿地attached green space 生产绿地productive plantation area苗圃nursery风景landscape, scenery自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities草原景观prairie landscape山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape地质景观geological landscape喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden意大利式园林Italian style garden英国式园林English style garden 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden西班牙式园林Spanish style garden 法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus迷阵maze, labyrinth典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 华清官Hua-Qing Palace艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden景view, scenery, feature远景distant view 近景nearby view障景obstructive scenery, blocking view借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery漏景leaking through scenery框景enframed scenery尾景terminal feature 主景main feature 副景secondary feature 配景objective view前景front view背景background 景序order of sceneries景点feature spot, view spot仰视景观upward landscape俯视景观downward landscape 季相景观seasonal phenomena气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 视野visual field秋色fall color, autumn color园林空间garden space开敞空间wide open space, wide space封闭空间enclosure space意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 苍古antiquity空灵spaciousness, airiness 动观in-motion viewing静观in-position viewing视错觉visual illusion园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line 主轴main axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis树冠线skyline园林色彩艺术art of garden colors单色谐调monochromatic harmony复色谐调compound chromatic harmony对比色突出contrast colors accent 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony 暖色warm color 冷色cool color 色感color sense城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning绿地系统green space system公共绿地定额public green space quota公共绿地指标public green space norm 绿地布局green space layout吸引圈attractive circle 吸引距离attractive distance有效半径effective radius 绿地资源green space resource绿地效果green space effect绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space空间规划space planning 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noise proof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space绿荫区shade tree section 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area诱鸟区bird sanctuary area钓鱼区fishing center 野营区camp site游人中心visitors center 服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground 文化活动区cultural activities area道路系统approach system, road system环形道路系统circular road system 方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system 2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system 园林规划图garden planning map 园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system 公园分布distribution of parks 公园类型park type, park category公园间距distance between parks 公园形式park styles游览区excursion area, open-to-public area 非游览区no-admittance area办公区administrative area服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space 静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 主要入口main entrance次要入口secondary entrance 人流量visitors flowrate车流量vehicle flowrate 公园道路park road 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio游人容纳量visitors capacity风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation风景学scenicology风景规划landscape plan风景设计landscape design游览路线touring route 旅游资源tourism resource2旅游地理tourism geography旅游地质tourism geology2 历史名城famous historical city文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic天然博物馆natural open museum风景地貌natural geomorphology造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot森林风景区forest scenic spot 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot 江河风景区river landscape district湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area02.5 园林设计2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map2.0327 地形图topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design造价分析cost analysis园林形式garden style 规整式园林formal garden style非规整园林informal garden style几何式园林geometric garden style自然式园林natural garden style 混合式园林mixed garden style近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden园林区划garden area division 园林分区规划garden block planning庭院花园courtyard garden前庭front yard, forecourt后庭back yard, rear yard 中庭patio 厨园kitchen yard沉[床]园sunken garden 窗园window garden 墙园wall garden宅园home garden 台地园terrace garden后花园back yard garden冬园winter garden 切花园cut flower garden 屋顶花园roof garden园林地形改造topographical reform of garden土山earth piled hill, artificial mound假山rockery, artificial rockwork太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone 人造假山石artificial stone,man-made stone孤赏石monolith, standing stone 掇山piled stone hill, hill making叠石stones laying 板石flag stone2.0366 散点石scattered stone抱角石corner stone 屋基石foundation stone排衙石guard stone屏石screen stone石岸rock bank石阶stone steps汀步stepping stone on water surface附壁石stone appended to wall石花台stone flower bed石凳stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall干砌石dry stone wall假山石楼梯rock stairway石亭stone pavilion 石洞stone cavern石窟grotto2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout2.0384 拱石arch stone2.0385 拱顶石key stone2.0386 园林水景water scenes of garden2.0387 水体water body2.0388 水面water surface2.0389 水池pool2.0390 水塘pond 喷泉fountain2.0392 喷水池fountain pool2.0393 涉水池wading pool2.0394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool2.0400 隐头喷泉secret fountain2.0401 岛园island garden半岛园peninsula garden小岛isle瀑布waterfall小瀑布cascade 湖lake 矶rock projecting over water水帘洞water curtain cave园桥garden bridge拱桥arch bridge石板桥stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥plank bridge圆木桥log bridge亭桥pavilion bridge曲桥zigzag bridge 壁泉wall fountain饮水喷头drinking fountain植物配植plant arrangement树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs群植group planting, mass planting孤植specimen planting, isolated planting丛植clump planting2.0423 组植group planting林植forest planting列植linear planting对植opposite planting, coupled planting 环植circular planting带植belt planting 散植scattered planting, loose planting边缘种植edge planting边界种植boundary planting整形种植architectural planting2.0433 基础种植foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植corner planting2.0435 景框种植planting as enframent2.0436 门卫种植guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植fence planting2.0438 障景种植screen planting2.0439 背景种植background planting.0440 林下种植underwood planting2.0441 路边种植roadside planting2.0442 绿篱hedge2.0443 树墙espalie 庭荫树shade tree园景树specimen tree.风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest行道树avenue tree, street tree 纪念林memorial forest整型树topiary tree花篱flower hedge’刺篱thorny plants hedge常绿绿篱evergreen hedge落叶绿篱deciduous hedge高篱high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱boundary fence2.0461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林pure forest2.0463 混交林mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地open space in woodland杂木林spinney 树冠覆盖面tree canopy 草坪lawn 整形草坪formal lawn 2.0469 开花草坪flowering lawn 牧场草坪meadowy land 花坛flower bed 2.0472 路边花坛roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed时钟花坛flower clock 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed高设花台raised flower bed 毛毡花坛carpet bed镶嵌花坛mosaic bed铺石花坛paved bed灌木花坛shrub bed图案花坛群parterre2.0482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛knot bed整形花坛formal flower bed花境flower border 花桶flower tub2.0487 植树箱planting box2.0488 活动花坛movable flower bed瓶饰garden vase 灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design漫步路trail, footway 小径alley, path川草坪岛lawn island 安全岛traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度turning curvature 转弯半径turning radius踏面landing pitch步石stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步wading step错铺路crazy paving path随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 花纹路pattern path2.0505 林荫路mall林荫大道boulevard花园路parkway 林间小道path in woodland种植池planting bed树池保护格栅tree grate 树干保护套栏tree guard树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting路面线纹score line传统园林建筑traditional garden building凉亭summer shelter活树亭arbor, tent arbor 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion茅亭thatched pavilion 竹亭bamboo pavilion茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk 回廊cloister水廊corridor on water曲廊zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊sloping gallery楼廊two-storied gallery 画舫painted pleasure boat石舫stone boat不击舟immovable pleasure boat诗条石poem-engraved stone slab 月洞门moon gate扶手栏杆handrail坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet, stele园林露天剧场open garden theater园林露天舞池open garden dancing place2.0536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台prospect deck繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse 展览温室public conservatory2.0540 月池new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品small garden ornaments磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅garden chair, garden seat园凳garden bench 园桌garden table 园灯garden lamp日规sundial 鸟浴bird bath.鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box鸟笼bird cage, bird coop 悬篮hanging basket 野鸟喂食器bird feeder额匾horizontal inscribed board楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar2.0555 引露天烤炉open barbecue2.0556 树棚living-tree pergola花架pergola 花格架trellis, treillage点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway园林施工garden layout, garden construction种植工程planting engineering大树移植big tree transplanting裸根移植bare root transplanting土球移植ball transplanting2.0565 沟植trench planting2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planting播种草坪seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plan 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber 地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant2.0598装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant 球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant, perennial水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626 青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument, garden implement园林设备garden equipment 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider种植容器planting container 圆木桩log peg 喷射装置jet bubbler滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator环动喷灌器circle sprinkler圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler 自控器automatic controller管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage 草坪加肥器lawn feeder施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner滴水喷头emitter, dripper 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net苗木包装材料nursery stock package material麻布袋burlap bag 铁丝篮wire basket篮状种植器basket container 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican播种盘seed tray网孔盆mesh pot含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot盆栽机potting machine换盆机repotting machine 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter2.0666 松土除草机cultivator 旋转锄rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机foliage cutter 翻地犁uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机mounted spreader 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机planting machine 植物覆盖plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪pruning shear播种器garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer 嫁接刀grafting knife2.0684 温室设备greenhouse equipment 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller温室覆盖greenhouse covering喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system二氧化碳发生器C02 generator温度报警钟temperature alarm游览车park sightseeing bus引剪草机lawn mower动力剪草机power lawnmower畜力剪草机horse lawnmower手推剪草机hand lawnmower游人调查visitors investigation 游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis 游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map 导游解说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management 物资管理material handling, goods handling设备管理equipment management, facility management财务管理financial management 安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management质量管理quality management园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control 园林管理规划management plan 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions 游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource2.0726 自然保护conservation of nature自然保存natural preservation2.0728 环境保护environmental protection环境容量environment capacity环境适宜性environment fitness 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生symbiosis 互惠共生mutualism2.0734 公害public nuisance 生态绝灭ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统ecosystem 生态圈ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难ecological disaster 环境质量environmental quality2.0740 环境压力environment stress生命维持系统life-support system反馈系统feedback system 自养生物autotroph 异养生物heterotroph食物链foodchain 生物圈biosphere主体群落major community濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant2.0749人工群落artificial community 绿色革命green revolution户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource原始环境系统wilderness environment system近代环境系统modern environment system乡村生活模式country life-pattern烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution雾害fog pollution 霜害frost injury 水污染water pollution土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境保护植物environmental conservation plant引气候调节climatic regulation 自动调节机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平衡ecological homeostasis 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem滞尘植物dust holding plantAccessibility 可达性Accessible route 易达的路线advance notice 事先通知aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerobic digesters 需氧消化池aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏aesthetic controls 审美控制aggregate base 混合基础AIA 美国建筑师协会Anaerobic digesters 厌氧分解池APA 美国规划师协会arterial streets 主干道as-built records 施工记录ASLA 美国景观建筑师协会axioms 原理athletic facility 运动设施average walking distance 平均步行距离backfill 回填backhoe 挖沟机bar charts 横道图barrier design 障碍设计beams 大梁bearing capacity 承载力benchmarks 水准点billing 帐簿biodiversity 生物多样性bioengineering 生物工程biomass 生物量bioretention ponds 生物滞留池boardwalks 栈桥bonding company 担保公司bonuses 奖金boundary definition 边界确定boundary survey 边界测量brown fields 褐色土地bulldozers 推土机business development 商业开发business parks 商业园区cadastral survey 地籍测量camping 野营candlepower 烛光度cantilevered wall 悬臂墙cascading waterfalls瀑布叠水certificates of payment 付款证明书certifications of compliance 应允证明书cesspools 化粪池，污水坑，污水渗井，粪坑change orders 变更单changes, unauthorized 未经同意的变更channels, stormwater 雨水沟渠，槽，渠道circulation control 循环控制circulation patterns 环流模式clay lenses 粘土防渗层clay soil 粘土clean-up 清扫，清理，清除，提纯，净化clearing and grubbing 清理和除根client 业主climate zones 气候带closeout 竣工cluster treatment systems 集中式污水处理系统co-ordinates 坐标cold 寒带collected rainwater 收集起来的雨水collector streets 次干道colloidal soil 胶质土壤commercial center design 商业中心设计communication 电信community commercial 社区商业community facility standards 社区设施标准community parks and recreation planning data 社区公园和文娱体育规划资料connected imperviousness 连续的非渗透地面community scale 社区尺度community standards 社区标准compaction 压实competition pools 竞赛用游泳池composting toilets 堆肥厕所conceptualization 概念化concrete crib wall 混凝土格笼墙cones of vision 视锥conservation standards 保护标准constructed wetlands 人工湿地construction 施工brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏construction document 施工文件construction layout 施工布局construction observation 施工监理construction permits 施工许可construction sequence 施工顺序construction survey 施工测量。
Abstract Telecom Traffic and Investment in Developing Countries The Effects of Internationa
Telecom Traffic and Investment in Developing Countries: The Effects of International Settlement Rate ReductionsScott J. WallstenStanford Institute for Economic Policy ResearchandThe World BankWallsten@AbstractIn 1997 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ordered sharp decreases in international settlement rates (bilaterally negotiated rates for telecom traffic between pairs of countries) for telecom traffic between the U.S. and the rest of the world. Even the poorest countries with the least developedtelecommunications networks must slash rates for traffic to the U.S. by 2003. Developing countries, which received about $35 billion in net settlement payments from U.S. telecom carriers between 1985 and 1998, were upset by the FCC’s decision, since lower rates mean lower payments. They note that the payments represent a significant share of their telecom revenues and help finance telecom investment. The FCC’s unilateral decision, they claim, will substantially harm the development of their telecom sectors. In this paper I use a panel dataset of 179 countries from 1985 – 1998 to test the effects of settlement rate changes on telecom traffic and investment. I find rates significantly negatively correlated with traffic, with the largest effects in the poorest countries. In other words, reduced settlement rates spur international telecom traffic from developing countries to the U.S. And while there is a statistically significant correlation between settlement payments and telecom revenues in developing countries, I find no evidence that the payments are invested in telecom networks. Settlement payments appear to have no effect on growth in the number of telephone mainlines or on imports of telecommunications equipment.IntroductionBetween 1985 and 1998, United States telephone carriers transferred almost $50 billion to non-US carriers for international telecommunications traffic between the US and other countries (FCC, 2000). Developing countries received about 70 percent of these payments (Braga, et al 1998). The payments result from large traffic imbalances between the US and almost every other country and international accounting rates—bilaterally negotiated symmetric prices carriers pay each other to terminate international telephone calls in the other country—that are far above cost. To deal with what US carriers perceived as unfair subsidies of foreign telecom providers, in 1997 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) unilaterally established benchmark settlement rates far below those in effect at the time. The FCC established a stringent timeline, with the rates between the US and even the poorest countries with the least developed telephone networks scheduled to fall dramatically by 2003. Not surprisingly, developing countries are upset by the FCC’s action, noting that these payments represent a substantial share of their total telecom revenues and asserting that the payments are necessary for funding investment in their domestic telecom networks.Curiously, given the large magnitudes of the payments and the importance of international settlement rates to international telephone traffic, there is almost no empirical work on the effects of settlement rates. In this paper, I ask two questions. First, how do settlement rates affect international call volume? This question is important because telecom traffic is a real economic good, while the settlement payments are, in a global sense, merely monetary transfers. Second, do developing countries, in fact, use the payments to fund telecom investment? I use a panel dataset of 179 countries from 1985 to 1998 to explore the effects of settlement rates on international telecom traffic and on investment in domestic telecom networks.I find a strong, statistically significant negative relationship between international settlement rates and calls from other countries to the US, even controlling for country and year fixed effects, population, per capita income, and country’s income classification (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income). The relationship appears to be strongest in the poorest countries, where I find an elasticity of about negative 0.9—each one percent decrease in settlement rates leads to a 0.9 percent increase in outbound traffic to the United States. In other words, reducing settlement rates stimulates international telecom traffic, which, presumably, improves economic growth.Lower settlement rates also reduce settlement paymen ts from the US. How will reduced payments affect developing countries? Consistent with the claims, I find a statistically significant positive relationship between settlement payments and telecom revenues in poor countries. However, the results suggest that the settlement payments are not invested in the local network. I find no correlation between settlement payments and telephone mainlines or imports of telecommunications equipment.International Accounting Rates“Accounting rates” for International Message Telephone Service (IMTS) are bilaterally negotiated rates for international telephone calls between every pair of countries in the world. In theory, the accounting rate represents the cost of an international telephone call between a country-pair (Frieden, 1996). The originating and terminating carriers are assumed to have equal costs in completing the call. The “settlement rate”—the amount the originating carrier pays the foreign carrier to complete the call—is typically half the accounting rate. The originating carrierbills the caller some retail price (the “collection rate”), pays the foreign carrier the settlement rate, and keeps the balance.1While accounting rates are supposed to reflect the cost of a telephone call between two countries, almost nobody even pretends to maintain that fiction anymore. The FCC (1997) estimated that accounting rates were five to ten times the true cost of completing a call. By some estimates, the total cost (including operating expenses) of an internationa l call over cable and satellite services was less than $0.01 per minute by 1996 (FCC, 1997). That year the average settlement rate for calls between the US and other countries excluding Western Europe and North America was about $0.88 per minute. Even countries that receive large net settlement payments from US carriers do not claim that the accounting rates reflect the true costs of IMTS service. Instead, they say that the payments are an important component of their telecom revenue and are necessary for financing investments in the local network (e.g., Khalidson, 2000; Braga, 1999; Telecommunications Reports, 1997).If international telecom traffic were relatively balanced, telecom carriers would have little reason to complain, as net settlement payments would be minimal.2 But there is no reason to believe that incoming and outgoing telecom traffic should be equal. First, international trade always involves imbalances, and telecom traffic is no different (Melody, 2000). Second, residents of wealthier countries are likely to make more calls to residents of poorer countries than vice-versa if prices are symmetric. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, different levels of competition and market structure around the world and arbitrary accounting rates between countries have led to serious distortions in the international telecommunications market.1 The accounting rate system began in the 1930s when all countries had monopoly telecom providers. A system was needed to facilitate interconnection between these carriers to make international telephony possible. See Ergas and Paterson (1991) or Frieden (1996) for a detailed history of the accounting rate system.The most serious distortion in international telecom markets is call turnaround, or “callback.”3 The liberalized and relatively competitive US market means that retail prices of calls from the US to other countries are typically much lower than prices of calls to the US. Technological advances make it trivial to reverse a call terminating in the US and make it appear to originate in the US (or any other country). Consumers abroad have probably benefited from callback, which effectively brings the price of calls to the US closer to the prices of calls from the US.4All these factors stimulating calls from the US (both those that truly originate in the US and those that cause calls to appear to have originated in the US) have generated a large gap between incoming and outgoing US telephone traffic. As Figure 1 demonstrates, traffic from the US to the rest of the world soared while traffic to the US increased only slightly during the 1990s. As a result, net settlement payments from the US to these countries increased from about $1 billion in 1985 to more than $5 billion in 1996 before falling to about $4.4 billion in 1998 as accounting rates began to fall (see Figure 2). Needless to say, US international telecom carriers were increasingly upset by the large payments they were making to foreign telecom firms. And, indeed, the FCC (1997) estimated that “at least seventy percent of that total [is] an above-cost subsidy from US consumers to foreign carriers.”2 Consumers, however, would have great cause to complain. Balanced traffic would simply allow all telecom firms to benefit equally from accounting rates that keep prices far above cost.3 Call rerouting—diverting traffic through a third country—is also common and has the same effect as callback.4 Many believe that callback benefits liberalized countries by pushing down prices. Malueg and Schwartz (1998), however, demonstrate how the symmetric division of accounting rates and “proportional return”—a feature of the accounting rate system mandating that traffic from foreign monopolists go to US carriers in proportion to those carriers share of traffic to the foreign country—can actually benefit the monopolists.Incoming traffic highly profitableOne reason US interexchange carriers find the imbalance upsetting is because incoming traffic under the accounting rate regime tends to be much more profitable to them th an is outgoing traffic. Consider a telecom firm’s profits for outgoing and incoming calls, where π is the firm’s profit, Q is telecom traffic, S is the settlement rate, MC is the true marginal cost of the call (assumed to be equal for originating or terminating a call), and P is the price charged to the consumer:Incoming: πi = Q i*[S – MC]Outgoing: πo = Q o*P - Q o*[S + MC]An incoming minute is more valuable to the firm than an outgoing minute ifS – MC > P – [S + MC]S > ½PAs long as the settlement rate is more than half the price charged the consumer, the firm’s profits from incoming calls are greater than from outgoing calls.As Cave and Waverman (1998, p.884) note, “each operator will have a desired optimal accounting rate. In determining this rate, the operator—if unconstrained by regulation—will strike a balance between the profits available to it from terminating a call (causing it to favor a high rate) and the desire to earn profits on outgoing calls (causing it to prefer a lower settlement rate paid to its correspondent).” The current system also means that firms with net inflows prefer higher accounting rates, since S – MC represents profit, while countries with net outflows prefer low accounting rates, since S is a cost they must cover (Ergas an d Paterson, 1991).Accounting rates and the FCC’s decisionSince US international carriers are unlikely in the foreseeable future to have more incoming than outgoing traffic, it is not surprising that they would like settlement rates to decrease. As settlement rates come down, outgoing calls become more profitable. Likewise, foreign carriers, which even absent callback are likely to receive more calls from the US than vice-versa, oppose reducing settlement rates. And while callback has undoubtedly put downward pressure on retail prices of calls to the US, by itself it is unlikely to push down accounting rates. Because incoming calls are so profitable, non-US monopolists can still earn above-normal profits from callback even if incoming calls substitute for outgoing calls.5 Along with settlement payments, Figure 2 shows average US accounting rates by region from 1985 to 1999. The figure reveals an unmistakable downward trend in accounting rates to all points in the world. This trend probably resulted from the FCC’s 1986 decision to allow the resale of international private leased circuits for international telecommunications (Stern and Kelly, 1997). The FCC hoped that the use of private circuits would introduce competition into the international telecommunications market, putting downward pressure on prices. Nonetheless, US outgoing traffic increased faster than settlement rates decreased, and net settlement payments continued to skyrocket.In 1992, the ITU attempted to reduce accounting rates with agreement ITU-T D.140, “which committed them to implementing principles of cost-orientation, non-discrimination, and transparency when negotiating accounting rates, and to do so within a five-year period” (Kelly, 1997). This initiative had moderate success at best. Indeed, by 1996 rates remained far above5 Some carriers have taken this arbitrage a step further. In 1997 Hong Kong Telecommunications International launched its own callback service, which presumably allowed it to receive a settlement payment for incoming calls it generated and also reap additional profits as long as it could price the callback service above the settlement rate.cost, and the rate of decrease even seemed to slow (for example, the average accounting rate for traffic between the US and Africa barely budged between 1991 and 1995). Moreover, rates are anything but transparent—only the US, the U.K., and New Zealand make their accounting rates public (Kelly, 1997; Wheatley, 1999).Under pressure from US international carriers and anxious to reduce prices of international calls, the FCC decided to act unilaterally. In August 1997 the FCC adopted an order specifying benchmark rates and a strict timeline for their adoption. Table 1 shows the benchmark rates, whose level and adoption timeline depend on national income and teledensity (telephones per capita). High-income countries (those with a per-capita income of about $9000 and higher) had to reduce settlement rates to $0.15 per minute almost immediately. Low-income countries (those with annual per-capita incomes of less than about $730) with less than one mainline per hundred people had until 2003 to adopt settlement rates of $0.23 per minute.High-income countries with liberalized telecom markets had no trouble meeting this goal. For example, by 1999 the off-peak accounting rate between the US and the U.K. was about $0.14 per minute (meaning the settlement rate was about $0.07 per minute)—well below the benchmark. Indeed, in 1999 the FCC decided that the accounting rate system is entirely unnecessary for countries with competitive telecom markets. FCC Order 99-73 “removed the international settlements policy and contract filing requirements for arrangements with foreign carriers that lack market power [and] removed the international settlements policy for arrangements with all carriers on routes where rates to terminate US calls are at least 25 percent lower than the relevant settlement rate benchmark previously adopted by the FCC in itsSettlement Rate Benchmark Order” (FCC 1999a). By July 1999, the FCC exempted 11 countries from the accounting rate regime (FCC 1999b).6Meeting the benchmarks is not easy for developing countries. While they were allowed settlement rates more than 50 percent higher than high-income countries, their rates had much further to fall. In 1996 the average settlement rate for African and South Asian countries, for example, was almost $1.00 and $1.40 per minute, respectively. By 1999 those rates had fallen to about $0.60 and $1.20 per minute. These reductions have affected net settlement payments, which began to decline in 1997. While dramatic, the rates are still far from the FCC benchmarks.Developing countries have objected strongly to the FCC’s order. This is hardly surprising given the direction of the payments and the fact that the payments can represent more than half of all reported telecom revenue in some developing countries (Braga, et al, 1998).7 But the important question is what the real effects of reduced settlement rates are likely to be. Madden and Savage (1998) demonstrate that accounting rates, along with market structure and ownership, are an important determinant of retail prices. Thus, lower settlement rates, by reducing the costs to the carrier of an international call, should reduce retail prices. Ergas and Paterson (1991) note that international telecom traffic is quite price sensitive. Lower prices, by stimulating additional telecom traffic, would benefit the economies of developing countries. Lower settlement rates also mean lower settlement payments, which developing countries view6 These countries are Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.7 Interestingly, while US interexchange (long distance) carriers such as AT&T and WorldCom supported the FCC’s decision to lower accounting rates, other US telecom firms, such as SBC and GTE, opposed it (Telecommunication Reports, 1997). This opposition is undoubtedly because those firms are large stakeholders in foreign carriers including Telmex (Mexico, partly owned by SBC) and CANTV (Venezuela, partly owned by GTE), which receive large net settlement payments. In 1997, Mexico and Venezuela received $710 million and $72 million, respectively, in net settlement payments. Because of their ownership positions in foreign telecom firms, many US telecom firms also benefit from net settlem ent payments. In other words, some of the settlement payments are simply transfersas detrimental. What are the likely effects of reduced settlement payments? Developing countries maintain that these transfers help finance the development of their local networks. Whether that is true is an empirical question.In the remainder of the paper I set out to uncover the real effects of international settlement rates. Specifically, I ask two questions. First, how do settlement rates affect telecom traffic? Second, how do settlement payments affect investment in the local telecom network? The following sections discuss the data, methodology, and results.Empirical Methods and ResultsDataThe data I use to investigate these questions come from several sources. The FCC publishes historical accounting rates between the US and all other countries.8 These data are currently available from 1985 through 1999. To make the rates comparable across countries and over time, I calculate the rate for a three-minute call between the US and each other country. In a few countries with multiple carriers the rate differs by carrier. In those cases I take the average rate for that country. International traffic data also comes from the FCC. Each year the FCC publishes what is known as the “43.61 International Traffic Report” which provides, among other information, total minutes of incoming and outgoing traffic between the US and every other country. Traffic data are currently available from 1992 through 1998.9 Finally, net settlement payments also come from the FCC, and are available from 1985-1998.10 Figures 1 through 3, discussed above, show regional trends in these data.from one US-based carrier to another.8 Available from < /ib/td/pf/account.html>9 Available from < /Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Reports/FCC-State_Link/intl.html>.10 Available from </ib/td/pf/account.html>The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) compiles information on the telecommunications sector in countries around the world. The ITU data I use include telecom revenues, the number of telephone mainlines, and imports of telecommunications equipment (in dollars) by country for 1985-1998. Finally, World Bank Development Indicators provide each country’s population and GDP.Accounting rates and call volumePerhaps the most serious problem with the accounting rate system is that it has kept telephone rates for international calls far above cost by essentially putting a floor on the rate any firm can charge. Madden and Savage (1998) demonstrate that accounting rates are an important determinant in retail prices. Ergas and Paterson (1991) report a strong price elasticity of international calls, with greater elasticities for higher accounting rates. These relationships suggest that lower accounting rates are likely to stimulate additional telecom traffic.To test the relationship between accounting rates and call volume, I estimate equation (1): (1) M it = β1(R it*Low it) + β2(R it*LowMid it) + β3(R it*UpMid it) + β4(R it*High it) + γ1(Low it) +γ2(LowMid it) + γ3(UpMid it) + γ4(High it) + α1(population it) + α2(income it) + δ1(Year) +δ2(Country) + εitIn this equation, M it is the number of minutes from country i in year t to the US that are billed in country i. R it is the settlement rate between country i and the US in year t. Low it, LowMid it, UpMid it, and High it are dummy variables indicating whether the country is considered low, lower-middle, upper-middle, or high income, respectively. I include population and income to control for the two factors that are likely to be the most important determinant of international telecom traffic. I include year fixed effects to control for time trends, and country fixed effectsto control for unobserved country differences. All variables are included as logs of the actual value, so the equation is a log-linear specification.I interact the settlement rate with the income level dummy variables to test how the effects of accounting rate changes affect countries depending on their development status. Specifying the model this way is important for several reasons. First, the FCC order sets the benchmark settlement rate according to this division. It is therefore necessary to determine how accounting rate changes are likely to affect countries within these groupings. Second, accounting rates tend to be much higher for poorer countries, meaning both that they have further to fall to meet the benchmarks and that changes may have bigger effects. Finally, poorer countries are upset by the decision and will see the biggest changes; we must determine how they will be affected.The careful reader will note that M it is the number of minutes of telecom traffic to the US billed outside of the US rather than total telecom traffic. I purposely exclude the number of minutes billed inside the US. The reason for this decision is that callback and other innovations have caused much of incoming US traffic to appear in the data as outgoing US traffic (and thus billed in the US). Because outgoing minutes surged as accounting rates fell, any empirical analysis that did not control for callback volume would likely find a negative correlation between traffic and accounting rates. Without that crucial control, however, the finding would be specious. Unfortunately, there is no good estimate of callback volume between the US and each other country.Using minutes billed abroad nicely solves this problem for the purposes of the analysis. Callback and other technologies have suppressed the number of minutes billed outside the US, as some traffic that actually originates outside the US is recorded as if it had originated inside theUS. By using this figure I bias the estimation against finding a negative correlation between settlement rates and call volumes since rates fell while incoming minutes were artificially suppressed. In other words, this analysis will understate any stimulatory effect that reduced accounting rates may have on outgoing telecom traffic.Table 2 shows the results of this estimation. The first column shows the results when country and year fixed effects are included. The estimation reveals a strong, statistically significant, negative price elasticity for all income levels. Even more striking is the fact that the elasticity (and statistical significance) appears stronger for poorer countries. The poorest countries show an elasticity of negative 0.9: for each one percent decrease in the settlement rate outgoing traffic increases by about 0.9 percent.It seems surprising at first that population and income are not significant in determining outgoing call volume. The main reason for this result appears to be the inclusion of the country fixed effects. These fixed effects control for much of the variation in population and income, as the second column of the table, which shows the estimation without the country fixed effects, reveals. This estimation shows that the negative price elasticity remains, and also that population and income are correlated with outgoing minutes. While excluding the fixed effects is useful to demonstrate more simple correlations, they are important to include since the estimation cannot otherwise control for so many other unobserved country-specific factors.The empirical results strongly suggest that, as we would expect, reducing accounting rates will stimulate international telephone traffic. Moreover, this effect is stronger for poorer countries. In this respect, not only will poor countries benefit from reductions in accounting rates, but they will benefit by even more than rich countries. Consider, for example, Africa. In 1998 the average settlement rate was about $0.72 per minute. Telecom traffic from Africa to theUS that year totaled about 98 million minutes. Reducing the accounting rate to $0.23 per minute implies approximately a 70 percent decrease in the settlement rate. Assuming tha t most African countries fall in the “low income” category, our estimated price elasticity suggests the rate decrease would mean a 63 percent increase in minutes. While it is dangerous to project out-of-sample, the estimates suggest that traffic to the US could increase by almost 59 million minutes as a result of the rate decrease alone.Settlement payments and investment in telephone networksFew would argue with the conclusion that reduced settlement rates will stimulate telephone traffic. Instead, the controversy focuses on the settlement payments. Essentially, developing countries contend that those payments help finance investments in their domestic networks. In this section I evaluate that claim. I estimate three versions of equation (2) to explore the relationship between investment and settlement payments.(2) Y it = β1(Pay it*Low it) + β2(Pay it*LowMid it) + β3(Pay it*UpMid it) + β4(Pay it*High it) + γ1(Low it) +γ2(LowMid it) + γ3(UpMid it) + γ4(High it) + α1(population it) + α2(income it) + δ1(Year) +δ2(Country) + εitPay it is the net settlement payment from the US to country i in year t. The other independent variables are as defined above. Y it represents a different variable for each of the three versions of the equation. First, I run the regression defining Y it as telecom revenues. Second, I define the dependent variable as the number of mainlines in the country. Number of mainlines is probably the best indicator of true investment as it indicates national penetration of the telecom network. Finally, I define the variable as spending on imports of telecommunications equipment. While this may not be a good indicator of investment for industrialized countries, it is quite good fordeveloping countries, which import almost all such equipment and claim to need the hard currency from the settlement payments in order to pay for those imports.The first column of Table 3 shows the relationship between telecom revenue and settlement payments. With the exception of upper-middle income countries, we observe a statistically significant positive correlation between settlement payments and telecom revenues. In this light, it is clear why telecom firms in developing countries are upset by the FCC decision: reduced settlement payments will reduce their rev enues. The question is, what happens to this additional telecom revenue? Is it invested in the domestic telecom network? Will reduced settlement payments reduce investments in domestic networks?The second column of Table 3, which shows the results of estimating equation (2) when the dependent variable is the log of the number of mainlines, begins to suggest the answer. The estimation reveals no correlation between settlement payments and network growth (except in the wealthiest countries). Indeed, for the poorest countries the estimation reveals a t-statistic of only 0.17 on the payment coefficient. We cannot reject the hypothesis that settlement payments have no effect on network growth. In other words, the data do not support the contention that settlement payments have been invested in the domestic network.To investigate further, I explore the effects of settlement payments on imports of telecommunications equipment. The third column shows the result of estimating Equation (2) using imports of telecom equipment as the dependent variable. Again, there is no statistically significant correlation between payments and imports (moreover, the sign on the coefficient, though statistically insignificant, is negative). Similar to the estimation just described, the evidence suggests that settlement payments are not used for imports of telecommunications equipment.。
定语从句单句填空(高考真题)完整版.doc
定语从句语法填空专项演练（高考真题）【由全国高考历年选择题原题改编】2015年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2015·湖南】It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages..2.【2015·北京】Opposite is St.Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music.3.【2015·重庆】He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of________ were published in the 1990s.4.【2015·浙江】Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.5.【2015·四川】The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.6.【2015·天津】The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ hisemployees enjoy their work.7.【2015·陕西】As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.8.【2015·福建】China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and morepeople all over the world want to learn about China.9.【2015·江苏】The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.10.【2015·安徽】Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon______ school education depends.2014年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2014安徽】The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.2.【2014北京】I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ______ my classmates recommended to me.3.【2014福建】Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.4.【2014湖南】I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.5.【2014江西】Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog .6.【2014山东】A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.7.【2014陕西】Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for theposition.8. 【2014重庆】We'll reach the sales targets in a month ____we set at the beginning of the year.9.【2014四川】Until now, we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children，______ is quite unexpected.10.【2014天津】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _________ uses it differently.11. 【2014浙江】I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.12. 【2014江苏】The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ____ a good impression is a must.2013年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2013北京】Many countries are now setting up national parks______animals and plants can be protected.2.【2013福建】The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ______lives were affected.3.【2013湖南】Happiness and success often come to those ______are good at recognizing their own strengths.4.【2013江苏】The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ______he remembers starting as early as his childhood.5.【2013江西】He wrote a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident.6.【2013辽宁】He may win the competition, in _____ case he is likely to get into the national team.7.【2013山东】There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.8. 【2013山东】Finally he reached a lonely island ____was completely cut off from the outsideworld.9.【2013陕西】_____ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.10.【2013四川】Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _____ they live.11.【2013天津】We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in today’s newspaper.12.【2013新课标II】When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_ I would be staying.13.【2013新课标I】—You can’t judge a book by its cover.—the old saying goes.14.【2013浙江】The children, all of ______ had played the whole day long, were worn out.15.【2013浙江】The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ______visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.16.【2013重庆】John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of______are family members. 17【2013安徽】29. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ______made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.2012年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2012全国II】That evening, ___ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.2.【2012安徽】A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.3.【2012重庆】Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills.4.【2012北京】When deeply absorbed in work, ____ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.5.【2012福建】The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.6.【2012陕西】It is the third time that she has won the race, has surprised us all.7.【2012山东】Maria has written two novels, both of have been made into television series.8.【2012湖南】Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.9.【2012天津】I wish to thank Professor Smith, without help I would never have got this far.10.【2012江西】By 16:30, ____was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.11.【2012四川】In our class there are 46 students, of _____ half wear glasses.12.【2012浙江】We live in an age more information is available with greater ease than ever before.13.【2012浙江】Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, , for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.14.【2012江苏】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ___urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.2011年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2011·天津】The days are gone ____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.2.【2011·江西】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of ___ has taken more than three years.3.【2011·四川】The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.4.【2011·北京】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.5. 【2011·陕西】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake6.【2011·全国II】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt,___is a stupid thing to do in such weather.7.【2011·江苏】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval(中场休息), ____ the audience can buy ice-cream.8.【2011·新课标】The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.9.【2011·浙江】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of___ uses it somewhat differently .10.【2011·浙江】A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain .11.【2011·湖南】Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ____ she spoke fluently12.【2011·安徽】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator , it will keep fortwo or three weeks.13.【2011·山东】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.14.【2011·福建】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.2010年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.【2010福建】Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet______life has developed gradually.2.【2010湖南】I've become good friends with several of the students in my school_____I met in the English speech contest last year.3.【2010江西】The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister____ she would stay for an hour.4.【2010山东】That’s the new machine ______ parts are too smal l to be seen.5.【2010山东】Wind power is an ancient source of energy to ______we may return in the near future.6.【2010天津】—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?—You should try the barber’s_____I go. It’s only 15.7．【2010四川】After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling, ______turned out to be a wise decision8.【2010全国Ⅰ】As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather.9. 【2010江苏】The newly built café, the walls of_____ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.10. 【2010陕西】The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.11. 【2010全国Ⅱ】I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.12. 【2010湖北】My mother was so proud of all________I had done that she rewarded me witha trip to Beijing.13. 【2010湖北】_________we have stressed many times, “serve the people” is our first policy.14. 【2010北京】Children who are not active or_________diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.15.【2010重庆】In china, the number of cities is increasing ____development is recognized across the world.16．【2010浙江】The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of_____left their village homes for a better life in the city.定语从句语法填空专项演练（高考真题）参考答案2015年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.which2. where3.which4.where/in which5.whose6.where/in which7.when/at which8.which9.as 10.which2014年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1.which/that2. which3.where/in which4.when/on which5. which/that6.whose7.that8. which9.which 10.which 11.when/in which 12.where/in which2013年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1. where/in which2. whose3.who/that4.which5.where/in which6. which7. as8.which/that9.As 10.where/in which 11.which 12.where/at which 13.As 14. whom 15.where/in which 16.whom 17.which2012年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1. which2. as3. where/where4. which5.as6. which7.which8.where/in which9. whose 10.which 11.whom 12.when/at which 13. who 14.who2011年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1. when/in which2. which3.whose4.which5. where/on which6.which7.when8.whose9.which 10.where 11. which 12.where/in which 13. which/ that 14.which/that2010年高考定语从句全国各地真题【改编】1. where2.who3.where4.whose5.which6.where7.which8.which9.which 10.whose 11. that 12.that 13.As 14.whose 15.whose 16.whom高考一、考试中途应饮葡萄糖水大脑是记忆的场所，脑中有数亿个神经细胞在不停地进行着繁重的活动,大脑细胞活动需要大量能量。
威迪戈地区指南说明书
Windigo Area GuideA Portal to WildernessA warm breeze blows through the maples and birches, a splash echoes across the water as a cow moose wades into the protected harbor, an osprey circles overhead. This is the edge of Wilderness. Welcome…A Community Carved from the WildStep one hundred years into the past and imagine liv-ing in this isolated outpost year round. A community of 135 worked and played on the island. Although the forest has grown and hidden much of the evidence, a discerning eye may discover remnants of the people who once lived here.The Wendigo Mining Company operated from their headquarters, which was located just behind the Windigo Visitor Center, from 1890-1892. Workers and their families braved the isolation and long win-ter months in hopes that a workable deposit of cop-per would be found - it never was. After these fewbrief years this bustling mining company port and the small settlement of Wendigo fell silent, ending the last attempt to mine copper from Isle Royale. The network of old mining roadways stretching between Huginnin Cove and Lake Desor now serve as pathways into Isle Royale’s Wilderness. As you follow these trails, you walk in the footprints of those who came before. Look carefully, rusty nails, rotted timbers and broken clay pipes all have stories to tell: stories of those who called this place “home” in a time not so long ago.Members OnlyIf you wanted to visit Windigo in the early 1900s, you needed to carry a membership card! The Washing-ton Club, a group of Duluth businessmen, used this area as a private retreat. They relaxed in their club house, the former headquarters for the mining com-pany; and tried their luck hunting caribou and othergame. They even had white-tailed deer imported to the island! The deer and caribou are gone and so is the club. Only the building’s foundation, beside the present day Windigo Store, remains.A Guiding BeaconCaptains navigating the western passage around IsleRoyale must have breathed a sigh of relief after pass-ing the warning light of the Rock of Ages Lighthouse, a double flash every ten seconds that could be seen for almost twenty miles.Among the most remote life stations on the con-tinent, the light was “home” to keepers who lived there for months at a time, protecting vessels from the dangers of the surrounding shallow reef.The light’s second-order Fresnel lens was the largest sized lens used on the Great Lakes. View this mag-nificent lens at the Windigo Visitor Center. It was relocated to Windigo in 1985 when the Coast Guard installed a new battery-powered solar beacon.No Moose Allowed!Isle Royale supports a large population of moose. In 1995 an amazing 2400 moose were estimated to be on the Island! Near the Windigo Store, you can witness the effect that these large herbivores have on the Island’s vegetation. A fenced-in exclosure, installed in 1979, was designed to keep moose out.The difference between the “moose-free” exclosure and the surrounding forest landscape is dramatic. While their population has fluctuated over time moose continue to have enormous influence on the Island.offers a variety of activities designed to enhance your park experience. Drop by the Windigo Visitor Center to view displays, browse publications, receive your backcountry permit, check the interpretive program the trails, relax on the deck of the Windigo Store or take a dip in the often chilly, but refreshing waters of Washington Harbor.Short Trips Grace Creek Overlook3.6 mile roundtripThis scenic trail skirts the Washington Harbor shore-line through the boreal forest, thick with lichens,and then cuts inland. As the trail climbs higher,forests of mature hardwoods give way to an openridge top. Follow the ridge then turn on the spurtrail leading to a rocky outcrop for a view of theisland’s interior and Lake S uperior’s Grace Harbor.Follow the Feldtmann Lake Trail which begins nearthe dock. Return to Windigo by retracing your steps. Windigo Nature T rail1.2 mile loopExplore the varied forest environments of Windigo as you stroll along this gently rolling trail. Traverse fern-filled cedar lowlands, wander through hard-wood forests of maple and birch and watch for evidence of wildlife in the boreal forest. Pick upa trail guide at the Visitor Center to deepen your understanding of this diverse area. Trail begins up the hill past the Visitor Center.Other Adventures Minong Ridge Overlook6 mile roundtripFor those who seek adventure, the Minong Ridgeoffers a challenging trip. Although the entire trailstretches 26 miles to McCargoe Cove, the day-hikercan experience a portion of this rugged trail. Beyondthe Washington Creek and Huginnin Cove trail junc-tions, the route drops into marshes rich with signsof beaver and moose. The route becomes rocky asyou climb through a pine forest. Follow the ups anddowns of the ridge until the forest opens to a spec-tacular view of flat-topped Pie Island and the rest ofthe Canadian shoreline.Huginnin Cove Loop9.4 mile roundtripFollow this picturesque trail which weaves over ridges, through wetlands and along the Lake Su-perior shoreline. At the trail junction beyond the bridge over Washington Creek, choose either fork. Travel through planked cedar swamps, discover the remnants of a historic mine exploration site, watch for wildlife near beaver ponds and enjoy the views of Canada from the rocky cliffs and cobble beaches. Bring along a day pack including lunch, a day’s sup-ply of water, and rain gear on this all day adventure through Isle Royale’s Wilderness.Washington HarborCanoe or KayakThe calm protected waters of Washington Harbor are ideal for a leisurely paddle. Head out to Beaver Island, explore Washington Creek or just cruise along the shoreline. Opportunities for wildlife viewing abound as mergansers, otters and moose all reside in the harbor. Canoe and kayak rentals are available at the Windigo Store.E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A9/14。
Clearing, Settlement and Custody, David Loader部分阅读
Clearing, Settlement and Custody, David LoaderButterworth-Heinemann是Securities Institute的出版合作伙伴，后者开发了一系列投资领域专业书籍。
包括Professional Reference Series: (The Bond and Money Markets: Strategy, Trading, Analysis) Global Capital Markets Series:The REPO HandbookForeign Exchange and Money Markets: Theory, Practice and Risk managementChapter 1,the structure of clearing and settlementClearing: the preparation through matching, recording and processing instructions of a transaction for settlement.Settlement: the exchange of cash or assets in return for other assets or cash and transference of the ownership of those assets and cash.Oversee监督，监视 pertaining to属于，关于Underwriting 承销Market structure in the USAMarket structure in the UKMarket marking市场认证RIE= Recognized Investment ExchangeTrust service信托服务，与托管服务非常相像，差别在哪里？CCP中央清算对手方制度在各国证券市场应用越来越普遍，所以当用于金融衍生工具时，清算和交收向同样的过程演变。
高中英语牛津译林版必修第一册WelcometotheunitReading课后练习、课时练习
一、根据首字母填写单词(单词拼写)1. When facing a difficult question, most people can’t give an answer i________.(根据首字母拼写单词)2. It is known to all that our bodies need a lot of nutrition to f______ well. (根据首字母单词拼写)3. Each basket is designed to perform a specific f__________, from carrying corn to holding babies. (n. the purpose that something has) (根据英文提示单词拼写)二、根据汉语意思填写单词(单词拼写)4. Living well is the safest and most ________(有效的) way to get into shape. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)5. When facing a hard question, most people can’t give an answer________ (立即). （根据汉语提示单词拼写）6. The company’s market share is 48 ________ (百分比) in the marketplace. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)三、根据中英文提示填写单词(单词拼写)7. A healthy life is definitely based on a balanced d ______ (日常饮食). (根据中英文提示填空)8. His f_________ (害怕) face showed that he was not well prepared for the speech.(根据中英文提示填空)四、完成句子9. 我们需要一个温柔的声音。
2013-2002高考定语从句真题
2013--2002高考定语从句真题2013高考试题1.【2013陕西16】______ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.A. ItB. ThatC. WhatD. As2.【2013重庆24】John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of_______ are family members.A them B. that C. which D. whom3.【2013辽宁34】He may win the competition, _____ he is likely to get into the national team.A. in which caseB. in that caseC. in what caseD. in whose case4.【2013福建27】The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected.A. whoseB. thatC. whoD. which5.【2013湖南21】Happiness and success often come to those _______ are good at recognizing their own strengths.A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which6.【2013浙江13】The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform _______ visitorscan watch the big glasshouses being built.A. whatB. whereC. whenD. why7.【2013浙江5】The children, _______ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A. all of whatB. all of whichC. all of themD. all of whom8.【2013江西33】He wrote a letter _______ he explains what had happened in the accident.A. whatB. whichC. whereD. how9.【2013江苏32】The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, _______ he remembers startingas early as his childhood.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. when10.【2013新课标I卷33】“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” _______.A. as the saying goes oldB. goes as the old sayingC. as the old saying goesD. goes as old the saying11.【2013新课标II卷4】When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_______ I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which12.【2013安徽29】Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _______ made one of the Chinesepeople’s long-held dreams come true.A. itB. thatC. whatD. which13.【2013天津6】We have launched another man-made satellite, _______ is announced in today’s newspaper.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. what14.【2013山东31】There is no simple answer, _______ is often the case in science.A. asB. thatC. whenD. where15.【2013山东35】Finally he reached a lonely island _______ was completely cut off from the outside world.A. whenB. whereC. whichD. whom16.【2013四川9】Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _______ they live.17.【2013上海38】An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area _______ interact withone another.A. thatB. whereC. whoD. what18.【2013北京27】Many countries are now setting up national parks _______ animals and plants can be protected.A. whenB. whichC. whoseD. where2013 1-5 DDAAB 6-10 BDCBC 11-15 CDBAC 16-18 DAD1.【2012全国卷II8】That evening, ______ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. when2.【2012安徽29】Ａlot of language learning, ______has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A. asB. itC. whichD. this3.【2012重庆29】Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills.A. whichB. thatC. whenD. where4.【2012北京26】When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when5.【2012福建23】The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A. thatB. itC. asD. what6.【2012陕西14】It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. what7.【2012山东23】Maria has written two novels, both of ___ have been made into television series.A. themB. thatC. whichD. what8.【2012湖南34】Care of the soul is a gradual process ______even the small details of life should be considered.A. whatB. in whatC. whichD. in which9.【2012天津7】I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ____ help I would never have got this far.A. whoB. whoseC. whomD. which10.【2012江西28】By 16:30, ____ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.A. whichB. whenC. whatD. that11.【2012四川13】In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses.A. in whomB. in themC. of whomD. of them12.【2012浙江9】We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. whyB. whenC. to whomD. on which13.【2012浙江17】Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all humansociety. A. which B. who C. where D. whom14.【2012江苏22】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ____ urgently needed clean water, medicineand shelter to survive.A. whichB. whoC. whereD. what2012 1-5 BADBC 6-10 CCDBA 11-14CBBB1.【2011全国卷I31】The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. what2.【2011全国卷II7】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ____ is a stupid thing todo in such weather.A. thisB. thatC. whatD. which3.【2011北京卷26】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make allthe others upset.A. whoB. whichC. whatD. that4.【2011上海卷39】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as5.【2011山东卷32】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.A. theyB. whereC. whatD. that6.【2011江西卷34】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than threeyears.A. for whichB. with whichC. of whichD. to which7.【2011江苏卷24】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which8.【2011安徽卷28】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. while9.【2011浙江卷8】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhatdifferently.A. whichB. whatC. themD. those10.【2011浙江卷10】A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back whenit begins to rain.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. there11.【2011福建卷24】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicatefreely with each other.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. who12.【2011四川卷】17. The school shop, _____ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.A. whichB. whoseC. whenD. where13.【2011天津卷10】The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.A. whenB. thatC. whereD. which14.【2011陕西卷11】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _____ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A. whichB. whereC. whoD. that15.【2011湖南卷25】Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently.A. whoB. whomC. whichD. that2011 1---5CDBAD 6—10 CACAC 11-----15ABABC2010-20021.【10福建】Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet______ life has developedgradually.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. whose2.【10湖南】I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which3.【10江西】The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay foran hour. A where B who C which D what4.【10山东】That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. What5.【10上海】Wind power is an ancient source of energy______ we may return in the near future.A. on whichB. by whichC. to whichD. from which6.【10天津】-----Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?-----You should try the barber’s______ I go. It’s only 15.A. asB. whichC. whereD. that7.【10四川】After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling,_____ turned out to be a wisedecision.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where8.【10全国Ⅰ】As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. that9.【10江苏】The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us,specially after hard work.A. thatB. itC. whatD. which10.【10陕西】The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.A. whereB. whichC. itsD. whose11.【10全国Ⅱ】I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.A. whoB. thatC. asD. what12.【10湖北】My mother was so proud of all ________（我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do)【答案】that I had done13.【10湖北】________(正如我们强调的那样)many times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)【答案】As we have stressed14.【10北京】Children who are not active or _______diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A. whatB. whoseC. whichD. that15.【10重庆】In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world.A. whereB. whichC. whoseD. that16.【10浙江】The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _______ left their village homes for a betterlife in the city.17.【09山东】Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.A. whoB. whichC. whenD. that18.【09全国I】She brought with her three friends, none of _______I had ever met before.A. themB. whoC. whomD. these19.【09江苏】Because of the financial crisis, days are gone ______ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for onenight.A. ifB. whenC. whichD. since20.【09天津】A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. whoever21.【09陕西】Gun control is a subject______Americans have argued for a long time.A. of whichB. with whichC. about whichD. into which22.【09上海】Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed‘The Magic Flute’are both museums nowA. whereB. whenC. thereD. which23.【09江西】The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.A. in itB. inC. in thatD. in which24.【09安徽】Many children, ________ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village．A．their B．whose C．of them D．with whom25.【09四川】She’ll never forget her stay there _______ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when26.【09辽宁】They’ve won their last three matches ，________I find a bit surprisingA. thatB. whenC. whatD. which27.【09福建】It’s helpful to put children in a situation ______they can see themselves differently.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. where28.【09浙江】I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A. whichB. whereC. howD. why29.【09重庆】Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A. whyB. whatC. thatD. where30.【09湖南】I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _____name will create a picture of beautiful trees andgreen grass in our mind. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose31.【09全国Ⅱ】My friend showed me round the town, ______was very kind of him.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it32.【09北京】—What do you think of teacher, Bob？—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. that33.【08全国Ⅱ】The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ______was more than we could expect.A. itB. whatC. whichD. that34.【08北京】I’ll give you my friend’s home address, ______I can be reached most evenings .35.【08安徽】All the neighbors admire this family,______the parents are treating their child like a friend.A. whyB. whereC. whichD. that36.【08江西】Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers______consumer complaints have resultedin changes in the law. A. where B. when C. who D. which37.【08湖南】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ______are beyond our control.A. most of themB. most of whichC. most of whatD. most of that38.【08陕西】The man pulled out a gold watch,______were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whomB. whom the hands ofC. which the hands ofD. the hands of which39.【08四川】For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further,______ New York is an example.A. for whichB. in whichC. of whichD. from which40.【08重庆】They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.A .where B. there C. which D. when41.【08浙江】Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which42.【08福建】By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,______appeared a rare rainbow soon.A. of whichB. on whichC. from whichD. above which43.【08江苏】The Science Museum, ______we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s touristattractions. A. which B. what C. that D. where44.【08山东】Occasions are quite rare______I have the time to spend a day with my kids.A. whoB. whichC. whyD. when45.【07全国Ⅰ】Some pre-school children go to a day care center,______they learn simple games and songs.A. thenB. thereC. whileD. where46.【07北京】We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of______are healthy.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whom47.【07上海】His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______was beyond his wildest dream.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it48.【07天津】Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity______sight matters more than hearing.A. whenB. whoseC. whichD. where49.【07安徽】Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ______wanted to buy it.A. none of themB. both of themC. none of whomD. neither of whom50.【07江西】After graduation she reached a point in her career______she needed to decide what to do.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. where51.【07湖南】By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ______can be veryeye-opening and rewarding.A. whoB. whichC. whatD. that52.【07陕西】Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases ______beginners of English fail to use the language properly.53.【07四川】It is reported that two schools, ______are being built in my hometown, will open next year.A. they bothB. which both C both of them D.both of which54.【07北京】Women ______drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart diseasethan those ______don’t.A. who;/B./;whoC. who; whoD./;/55.【07重庆】Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______they can be controlled onpurpose. A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which56.【07浙江】Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. where57.【07福建】The village has developed a lot ______we learned farming two years ago.A. whenB. whichC. thatD. where58.【07辽宁】Eric received training in computer for one year, ______he found a job in a big company.A. after thatB. after whichC. after itD. after this59.【07江苏】He was educated at the local high school, ______he went on to Beijing University.A. after whichB. after thatC. in whichD. in that60.【07山东】—Where did you get to know her?—It was on the farm ______we worked.A. thatB. thereC. whichD. where61.【07山东】The book was written in 1946, ______the education system has witnessed great changes.A. whenB. during whichC. since thenD. since when62.【06天津】The Beatles,______many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. whatB. thatC. howD. as63.【06天津】There is much chance______Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if64.【06辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students______Chinese in the school, most______were fromGermany.A. study; of whomB. study; of themC. studying; of themD. studying ;of whom65.【06浙江】I was given three books on cooking, the first______I really enjoyed.A. of thatB. of whichC. thatD. which66.【06福建】Look out! Don’t get too close to the house______roof is under repair.A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. that67.【05湖北】Her sister has become a lawyer, ______she wanted to be.A. whoB. thatC. whatD. which68.【05重庆】Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ______he studied very hard and was madechairman of the Students’Union.A. during which timeB. for which time C during whose time D. by that time69.【05山东】He was educated at a local grammar school,______he went on to Cambridge.70.【05江西】The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs______ they arebeing trained.A. in thatB. for thatC. in whichD. for which71.【05江苏】The place______the bridge is supposed to be built should be______the cross river traffic is the heaviest.A. which; whereB. at which ; whichC. at which; whereD. which ;in which72.【05广东】Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes______people were eaten by the tiger.A. thatB. by whichC. whichD. in which73.【05辽宁】I walked in our garden, ______Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.A. whichB. whenC. whereD. that74.【05上海】If a shop has chairs______women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where75.【05天津】Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ______effects the people are stillsuffering.A. thatB. whoseC. thoseD. what76.【05浙江】Jim passed the driving test, ______surprised everybody in the office.A. whichB. thatC. thisD. it77.【05福建】—Is that the small town you often refer to?—Right, just the one______you know I used to work for years.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what78.【05湖南】Frank’s dream was to have his own shop______to produce the workings of his own hands.A. thatB. in whichC. by whichD. how79.【04全国I】The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ____the sailing time was 226 days.A. of whichB. during whichC. from whichD. for which80.【04全国I】The English play ______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.A. for whichB. at whichC. in whichD. on which81.【04全国III】There were dirty marks on her trousers ____ she had wiped her hands.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. that82.【04全国IV】There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _____ five are mine.A. on whichB. in whichC. of whichD. from which83.【04北京】George Orwell, ___ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.A. the real nameB. what his real nameC. his real nameD. whose real name84.【04北京】____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What85.【04天津】Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ______, of course, made the others envyhim. A. who B. that C. what D. which86.【04辽宁】The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad.87.【04上海】American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.A. whoB. asC. about whichD. with whom88.【04江苏】____ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A. WhichB. WhenC. WhatD. As89.【04湖北】There was _____ time _____ I hated to go to school.A. a; thatB. a; whenC. the; thatD. the; when90.【04湖北】There are two buildings, _____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the largerB. the larger of themC. the larger one thatD. the larger of which91 .【04湖北】What surprised me was not what he said but _____ he said it.A. the wayB. in the way thatC. in the wayD. the way which92.【04湖南】I work in a business _____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. howB. whichC. whereD. that93.【04北京春】Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way.A. itB. thatC. thisD. which94.【03上海】____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.A. ThatB. AsC. ItD. What95.【03北京】We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computer.A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. when96.【03北京】York, _____ last year, is a nice old city.A. that I visitedB. which I visitedC. where I visitedD. in which I visited97.【03上海】I can think of many cases _____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressionsbut couldn’t write a good essay.A. whyB. whichC. asD. where98.【02 NMET】Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______ I will always treasure.A. thatB. oneC. itD. what99.【02上海】Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained100.【02上海】Alec asked the policeman ______ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with himB. whoC. with whomD. whom101.【02北京】We will be shown around the city :schools ,museums ,and some other places, ________ other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which C. where D. when102.【02北京春】The famous basketball star, _____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who1-5 BAACC 6-10 CBADD 11-15B**BC 16-20 ABCBC 21-25 CABBC 26-30 DDBDD31-35 AACDB 36-40 ABDCA 41-45 DDADD 46-50 DADDD 51-55 BDDCB 56-60 BDBAD61-65 DDADB 66-70 AAACD 71-75 CDCDB 76-80 ACBBC 81-85 ACDBD 86-90 ADDBD。
建筑学专业英文词汇
建筑专业英文词汇1建筑面积Construction2建筑用地Building land3容积率Volume ratio4绿地率Green rate5室外透视效果图Outdoor perspective renderings 6室内透视效果图Interior perspective renderings 7一层平面Layer plan8二层平面Second floor flat9剖面 Section10正北面Is north11正南面Is south12正东面Is east13总平面图General Plan14构图分析Composition analysis15设计理念Design：16设计说明Design Notes:17图纸Drawing18.主入口大门/岗亭(车行&人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) 19.次入口/岗亭(车行&人行) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )20.商业中心入口 ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.21.水景WATER FEATURE22.小型露天剧场 MINI AMPHI-THEATRE23.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-124.观景木台 TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)25.竹园 BAMBOO GARDEN26.漫步广场 WALKWAY PLAZA27.露天咖啡廊 OUT DOOR CAFE28.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-229.木桥 TIMBER BRIDGE30.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台 ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE31.吊桥 HANGING BRIDGE32.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )33.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )34.特色踏步 FEATURE STEPPING STONE35.野趣小溪 RIVER WILD36.儿童乐园 CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND37旱冰道 SLIDE38.羽毛球场 BADMINTON COURT39.旱景 DRY LANDSCAPE40wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏41aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑42climate zones 气候带43collected rainwater 收集起来的雨水44cold 寒带45ecological impact 生态影响46exotic plant species 外来植物物种47garden pool 花园游泳池48landscape planning 景观规划49natural resources 自然资源50monolithic pavement 整体路面，整体铺装51package plants 丛生植物52plants, herbaceous草本的植物53private garden 私家花园54regional commercial 地区性商业55recycled water 循环水56区域规划分析图；district planning analyse drawing57总平面图；overall plangeneral layout ;site plan ;siteplan58交通组织分析图；traffic organization analyse drawing59建筑平面图；architechtural plan60建筑立面图；architechtural elevation drawing61建筑剖面图：architechtural section drawing62建筑内部流线分析图；architechrural interior flown line analyse drawing63鸟瞰图aerial view65流线图circulation drawing ；streamline chart66透视图: rendering67外观及主要功能区的透视图outlooking and key functional districts scenograph68正立面透视图the scenograph of vertical plane目录a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书 planning proposals设计任务书 design order标准规范standards and codes条件图 information drawing设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图 process flowchart工程地质资料 engineering geological data 原始资料 original data设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案 scheme, draft草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究 feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design询价图 enquiry drawing施工图 working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照 sunshine风玫瑰 wind rose主导风向 prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速 maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载 wind load最大(平均)降雨量 maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量 annual rainfall湿球温度 wet bulb temperature干球温度 dry bulb temperature冰冻期 frost period冰冻线 frost line冰冻区 frost zone室外计算温度 calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区 region with heating provision不采暖地区 region without heating provision 绝对大气压 absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度 relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房 service room换班室 shift room休息室 rest room (break room)起居室 living room浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室 locker room厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间 cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room 会议室 meeting room衣柜间 ward robe暖风间 H.V.A.C room饭店 restaurant餐厅 canteen, dining room厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处 reception area会计室 accountant room秘书室 secretary room电气室 electrical room控制室 control room工长室 foreman office开关柜室 switch gear前室 antecabinet (Ante.)生产区 production area马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房 utility room化验室 laboratory room经理室 manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室 guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊 roof ridge坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐 overhanging eave檐沟 eave gutter平屋面 flat roof坡屋面 pitched roof雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P) 汇水面积 catchment area泛水 flashing内排水 interior drainage外排水 exterior drainage滴水 drip屋面排水 roof drainage找平层 leveling course卷材屋面 built-up roofing天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板 roofing board天花板 ceiling board防水层 water-proof course检查孔 inspection hole人孔 manhole吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙 brick wall砌块墙 block wall清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering 抹灰墙 rendered wall石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board 空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙 bearing wall非承重墙 non-bearing wall纵墙 longitudinal wall横墙 transverse wall外墙 external (exterior) wall内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙 filler wall防火墙 fire wall窗间墙 wall between window空心墙 cavity wall压顶 coping圈梁 gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断 glazed wall防潮层 damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony伸缩缝 expansion joint沉降缝 settlement joint抗震缝 seismic joint复合夹心板 sandwich board压型单板 corrugated single steel plate 外墙板 cladding panel复合板 composite panel轻质隔断 light-weight partition牛腿 bracket砖烟囱 brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实 rammed earth炉渣夯实 tamped cinder填土 filled earth回填土夯实 tamped backfill垫层 bedding course, blinding面层 covering, finish结合层 bonding (binding) course找平层 leveling course素水泥浆结合层 neat cement binding course混凝土地面 concrete floor水泥地面 cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面 machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面 terrazzo flooring马赛克地面 mosaic flooring瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面 hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面 hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab) 乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门 galvanized steel wire mesh door 防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁 reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁 reinforced brick lintel窗扇 casement sash窗台 window sill窗台板 window board窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条 cover mould窗帘盒 curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链 parliament hinge闭门器 door closer地弹簧 floor closer插销 bolt门锁 door lock拉手 pull链条 chain门钩 door hanger碰球 ball latch窗钩 window catch暗插销 insert bolt电动开关器 electric opener平板玻璃 plate glass夹丝玻璃 wire glass透明玻璃 clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass) 防弹玻璃 bullet-proof glass石英玻璃 quartz glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃 polished glass着色玻璃 pigmented glass玻璃瓦 glass tile玻璃砖 glass block有机玻璃 organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯 emergency stair旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯 crane ladder直爬梯 vertical ladder踏步 step扇形踏步 winder (wheel step)踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度 tread width防滑条 non-slip insert (strips)栏杆 railing (balustrade)平台栏杆 platform railing吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole扶手 handrail梯段高度 height of flight防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台 landing (platform)操作平台 operating platform装卸平台 platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台 stair landing客梯 passenger lift货梯 goods lift客/货两用梯 goods/passenger lift液压电梯 hydraulic lift自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯 observation elevator电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑 lift pit电梯井道 lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖 red brick粘土砖 clay brick瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖 fire brick空心砖 hollow brick面砖 facing brick地板砖 flooring tile缸砖 clinkery brick马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土 ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦 glazed tile脊瓦 ridge tile石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦 corrugated asbestos cement sheet Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉 white marble花岗岩 granite碎石 crushed stone毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂 course sand中砂 medium sand细砂 fine sandCement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥 silicate cement火山灰水泥 pozzolana cement白水泥 white cement水泥砂浆 cement mortar石灰砂浆 lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆 thermal mortar防水砂浆 water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆 acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆 alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆 bituminous mortar纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝 mortar joint素混凝土 plain concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete轻质混凝土 lightweight concrete细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete炉渣混凝土 cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石 granitic plaster斩假石 artificial stone刷浆 lime wash可赛银 casein大白浆 white wash麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道 sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆 cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰 lath and plasterAsphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材 asphalt felt沥青填料 asphalt filler沥青胶泥 asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic 沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum 石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiber Timber 木材裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材 preservative-treated lumber 胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材 glue-laminated lumber纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bambooMetallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steelbBar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel strap,flat steel型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢 light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 leadAnti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resinBuilding Hardware 建筑五金钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉 annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washerPaint 油漆底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水 water supply and drainage总图 plot plan采暖通风 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应 electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 pipingConventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings 附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor 现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof 防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume货流量 freight traffic volume 人流量 pedestrian volume透视图 perspective drawing建筑模型 building model Architectural Physics 建筑物理照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technicianDrafting 制图总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录 list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图 schematic plan of...．．．平剖面图 sectional plan of...留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面 cross (transverse) section立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明 list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing．．．布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋 arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标 technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表 list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线 dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram 三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension 内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension 开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation设计标高 designed elevation 室外地面标高 ground elevation室内地面标高 floor elevation柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器 carbon dioxide extinguisher卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher跟我们日常设计比较相关的景观英语词汇：1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行 & 人行) MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FORVEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )2.次入口/岗亭(车行 & 人行 ) 2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口 ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR.4.水景 WATER FEATURE5.小型露天剧场 MINI AMPHI-THEATRE6.迎宾景观-1 WELCOMING FEATURE-17.观景木台 TIMBER DECK (VIEWING)8.竹园 BAMBOO GARDEN9.漫步广场 WALKWAY PLAZA10.露天咖啡廊 OUT DOOR CAFE11.巨大迎宾水景-2 GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-212.木桥 TIMBER BRIDGE13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台 ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE14.吊桥 HANGING BRIDGE15.休憩台地(低处) LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER )16.休憩台地(高处) LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER )17.特色踏步 FEATURE STEPPING STONE18.野趣小溪 RIVER WILD19.儿童乐园 CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND20.旱冰道 SLIDE22.旱景 DRY LANDSCAPE23.日艺园 JAPANESE GARDEN24.旱喷泉 DRY FOUNTAIN25.观景台 VIEWING DECK26.游泳池 SWIMMING POOL27.极可意 JACUZZI28.嬉水池 WADING POOL29.儿童泳池 CHILDREN'S POOL30.蜿蜒水墙 WINDING WALL31.石景雕塑 ROCK SCULPTURE32.中心广场 CENTRAL PLAZA33.健身广场 EXERCISE PLAZA34.桥 BRIDGE35.交流广场 MEDITATING PLAZA36.趣味树阵 TREE BATTLE FORMATION37.停车场 PARING AREA38.特色花架 TRELLIS39.雕塑小道 SCULPTURE TRAIL40.(高尔夫)轻击区 PUTTING GREEN41.高尔夫球会所 GOLF CLUBHOUSE42.每栋建筑入口 ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT44.网球场 TENNIS COURT45.阶梯坐台/种植槽 TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER46.广场 MAIN PLAZA47.森林、瀑布 FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL48.石景园 ROCKERY GARDEN49.旱溪 DRY STREAM50.凉亭 PAVILION51.户外淋浴 OUTDOOR SHOWER52.拉膜结构 TENSILE STRUCTURE53.台阶 STAIR54.高尔夫球车停车场 PARKING ( GOLF CAR )55.健身站 EXERCISE STATION56.晨跑小路 JOGGING FOOTPATH57.车道/人行道 DRIVEWAY /SIDEWALK58.人行漫步道 PROMENADE59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) WATER FALL AND DANCING FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA )60.特色入口 ENTRY FEATURE 61.石景广场 ROCKERY PLAZA。
学术英语(社科)_Unit 7
→ The most dominant assumption describes an ideal world in which convergence is a good thing and will happen at any rate.
Do the tasks on pages 142-143.
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Writing
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
• Lead-in
– Lead-in task
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Supporting details: (Paras. 3-4) 1) The growth of a global economic system has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. 2) deregulation 3) The end of Cold War has unleashed a variety of cultural and political forces
Lead-in
Task Watch the video clip and complete the sentences according to what you have heard.
文玩字画拍卖手续流程
文玩字画拍卖手续流程英文回答：The auction process for the sale of collectible calligraphy and painting items involves several steps to ensure a fair and transparent transaction. Here is a general outline of the procedures involved:1. Consignment: The first step is for the seller to consign their collectible calligraphy or painting to an auction house or a reputable auction platform. This can be done by submitting detailed information about the item, including its provenance, condition, and any relevant documentation or certificates.2. Evaluation and Appraisal: Once the consignment is received, the auction house will conduct a thorough evaluation and appraisal of the item. This involves assessing its authenticity, condition, artistic value, and market demand. A professional appraiser or expert in thefield will carefully examine the item and determine its estimated value.3. Cataloging and Promotion: After the evaluation, the auction house will catalog the item and create a detailed description for the auction catalog. High-quality photographs or digital images will be taken to showcase the item's beauty and unique features. The auction house will then promote the upcoming auction through various channels, such as online platforms, social media, and targeted marketing campaigns.4. Pre-auction Viewing: Prior to the auction, potential buyers will have the opportunity to view the items in person during scheduled pre-auction viewing days. This allows interested parties to closely examine thecollectible calligraphy or painting, ask questions, and make informed decisions about bidding.5. Bidding and Auction: The auction itself is conducted either in person or online, depending on the platform. Bidders can participate by attending the auction in person,submitting absentee bids, or bidding online in real-time. The auctioneer will start the bidding at a predetermined starting price, and interested buyers will compete by placing higher bids until the highest bid is reached and the item is sold.6. Payment and Settlement: Once the auction is concluded and the item is sold, the buyer is required to make payment according to the auction house's terms and conditions. This usually involves a deposit or payment within a specified timeframe. The auction house will then facilitate the settlement process, ensuring that both the seller and buyer are satisfied with the transaction.7. Post-auction Services: After the sale, the auction house will assist in arranging the delivery or shipping of the purchased item to the buyer. They may also provide additional services, such as framing or conservation, if requested by the buyer. The auction house will handle any necessary paperwork, including certificates of authenticity or provenance, to ensure the buyer's confidence in their purchase.中文回答：文玩字画拍卖的手续流程包括以下几个步骤，以确保交易的公平和透明。
(江苏)2020高考复习：专题8 定语从句常考点
专题八定语从句常考点定语从句是英语语法学习中的一大难关，也是高考中的常考点。
主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；非限制性定语从句(特别是当先行词是整个句子时)，由“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句等。
做有关定语从句题目时，一定要将先行词还原到从句里，看其在从句部分充当什么成分。
1关系代词和关系副词的基本用法定语和表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：①I still remember the day ________ we studied together.I still remember the day ________ we spent together.②This is the factory ________ he used to work.This is the factory ________ we visited yesterday.This is the factory ________ makes this kind of car.③This is the reason ________ he explained.This is the reason ________ he failed in the exam.④I don't know the way ________ he used last time.I don't know the way ________ he solved the problem last time.【答案】①when；that/which/不填②where；that/which/不填；that/which ③that/which/不填；why ④that/which/不填；that/in which/不填2介词＋关系代词介词后只能用which指物，whom 指人，不可用that。
介词的选用可根据从句中相关词组确定，也可结合句意根据先行词确定。
FEDWIRE 接口版本 11.1 9NT1438 产品说明书
FEDWIRE InterfaceVersion-11.1 9NT1438–ORACLE FCUBS V.UM .1.0.0.0[March] [2011] Oracle Part Number E51715-01Document ControlAuthor: Documentation Team Group: UBPG Created on: September 19,2010 Revision No: FinalUpdated by: Documentation Team Reviewed by:Development/Testing teamsApproved by: SoftwareQuality Assurance TeamUpdated on: March 18, 2011 Reviewed on: March 18, 2011 Approved on: March 18,2011FEDWIRE InterfaceTable of Contents1.ABOUT THIS MANUAL.................................................................................................................1-1 1.1I NTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1-11.1.1Note on FEDWIRE..............................................................................................................1-11.1.2Audience..............................................................................................................................1-11.1.3Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................1-12.INCOMING FEDWIRE FILE PROCESSING..............................................................................2-1 2.1I NTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................2-12.1.1Interface Attributes..............................................................................................................2-1 2.2I NCOMING FEDWIRE F ILE P ROCESSING.....................................................................................2-62.2.1Uploading FEDWIRE Instructions......................................................................................2-62.2.2Running Intraday Batch.......................................................................................................2-72.2.3Viewing Uploaded FEDWIRE Details.................................................................................2-72.2.4Viewing the History of the Fedwire Upload......................................................................2-112.2.5FEDWIRE Incoming File Processing Flow Chart............................................................2-123.OUTGOING FEDWIRE MESSAGE PROCESSING.................................................................3-13 3.1I NTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3-13 3.2I NTERFACE A TTRIBUTES............................................................................................................3-133.2.1Running the intra day batch..............................................................................................3-133.2.2Confirming the FEDWIRE Message Details.....................................................................3-133.2.3Viewing the Outgoing FEDWIRE Message Details..........................................................3-153.2.4Outgoing FEDWIRE Message flow Chart.........................................................................3-161. About this Manual 1.1 IntroductionOracle FLEXCUBE interfaces with the external system FEDWIRE in order to process the FEDWIRE payment transactions. These details can be uploaded into the system. Thismanual explains the following interfaces between FEDWIRE and Oracle FLEXCUBE: •Incoming FEDWIRE File Processing•Outgoing FEDWIRE Message Processing1.1.1 Note on FEDWIREFedwire is a RTGS (Real Time Gross settlement) system owned and operated by theReserve Banks that enables participants to make final payments in central bank money.An institution that maintains an account with a Reserve Bank generally can become aFedwire participant.Participants use Fedwire to instruct a Reserve Bank to debit funds from the participant’sown Reserve Bank account and credit the Reserve Bank account of another participant.Fedwire processes and settles payment orders individually throughout the operating day.Payment to the receiving participant over Fedwire is final and irrevocable when theamount of the payment order is credited to the receiving participant’s account or whenthe payment order is sent to the receiving participant, whichever is earlier.Fedwire participants send payment orders to a Reserve Bank online, by initiating anelectronic message, or off line, via telephone. Payment orders must be in the propersyntax and meet the relevant security controls.1.1.2 AudienceThis manual is intended for the following User/User Roles:Role FunctionEnd of day operators Processing during end of day/beginning of dayGeneration of reportsFinancial Controller/ProductManagers1.1.3 AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations have been used in this manual.Abbreviation Expanded FormEOD End Of Day2. Incoming FEDWIRE File Processing 2.1 IntroductionOracle FLEXCUBE enables you to upload payment transaction details from FEDWIREthrough an interface to FEDWIRE System. Oracle FELXCUBE generates the outgoingFedwire messages in ASCII format besides editing them as well.2.1.1 Interface AttributesThe attributes of an incoming FEDWIRE file are listed below:Attribute Name Attribute Value RemarksDirection IncomingRequiredResponse NotFolderTransportProtocolMessage Format ASCII text file Contains thenumeric field tagsMode OnlineFrequency Ad hoc Manually triggeredVolumesIncoming fed wire file contains the numeric tags with corresponding values. If the tagscontain multiple values, each value is separated with “*”.For e.g. tag {4200} has identifierand address information{4200}DXXXXXXX*XXXX ENTERPRISES*777 MARYLAND AVE*XXXXX NJ 07503USA*Refer the chapter ‘Generic Interface’ in Generic Interface User Manual for details aboutmaintaining interface definition including component details.2.1.1.1 Incoming File FormatEach outgoing message sent from a depository institution to the Fedwire Funds Servicewill have the following mandatory tags:Interface Data•{1500} Sender Supplied Information•{1510} Type Code, Subtype Code•{1520} IMAD•{2000} Amount•{3100} Sender Depository institution•{3400} Receiver Depository institution•{3600} Business Function Code (first element)The Fedwire Funds Service TagsThe Fedwire Funds Service will append each message it processes and delivers to a depository institution with few tags. The tags appended by the fedwire funds service are listed below:•{1100} Message Disposition•{1110} Receipt Timestamp•{1120} OMAD•{1130} Error Tag (only applicable for outgoing messages sent from a depository institution that are rejected by the Fedwire Funds Service)The format of the incoming file is given below:Field Tag Elements LengthMandatoryFormat{1510} TypeCode 2 Y CSubType code 2 C {1520} IMAD 22 Y,Commonlyappended by theoriginator software- InputCycleDate 8 D- InputSource 8 C- InputSequence Number 6 C{2000} Amount( Up to$9,999,999,999.99)12 Y M {3000} Adjustment Y, if {1510} is XX20- As-of Effective Date(YYYYMMDD)8 D- Reason Code C {3100} Sender FI- ABA (9 characters) 9 Y C- Short Name (appendedby Fedwire if left blank)CField Tag Elements LengthMandatoryFormat{3320} SenderReferenceNumberC{3400} Receiver FI- ABA 9 Y- Short Name (appendedby Fedwire if left blank)C{3500} Previous message IMAD 22 Y , if {1510} isXX02 or XX08C {3600} Business Function code 3 Y C{3700} Charges Y {3600} must beCTRDetails of Charges (B, S) 1Currency Code 3 CSender’s Charges 12 C{3710} Instructed Amount Mandatory if {3720}is present.Currency Code 3 {3600} must beCTRC Instructed Amount 15 C{3600} must beCTR{3720} Exchange Rate 12 C {1100} Message Disposition- Format Version- Test-Production Code 1 T for Test , P forProductionC- MSG duplication code 1 (‘ ‘ original, ‘R’retrieval, ‘C’ copy,‘P’ possibleduplicate)CField Tag Elements LengthMandatoryFormat- MSG Status Indicator—outgoing1 (‘0’ intercepted, ‘2’successful withaccounting, ‘3’rejected,‘7’successful withoutaccounting)C- MSG Status Indicator—incoming1 (‘N’normalaccounting, ‘S’service message,no accounting)C{1110} Acceptance Time stamp 12- Date 4 DM- Time 4 HM- Appl ID 4 C{1120} OMAD- Output Cycle Date 8 C- Output Destination ID 8 C- Output SequenceNumber6 C- Output Date 4 DM- Output Time 4 DM- Output FRB Appl ID 4 C {1130} Error Field- Error Category 1 (‘E’ edit failed, ‘F’insufficient balance,‘X’ duplicate IMAD,‘H’ IMAD error,‘W’ cutoff error, ‘I’intercepted)CField Tag Elements Length Mandatory Format - Error Code 3 C- Error DescriptionCFollowing are some of the format details:• C Character • D Date in the format (YYYYMMDD) • DM Date in the format (DDMM) • HM Time in the format (HHMM) •MMoneyBusiness Function Code (TAG: 3600):Business Function Code is a standard three letter code that reveals the type of transfer.The list of valid business function codes are listed below:Function Code Description BTR Bank Transfer(Beneficiary is bank) CKS Check same day settlement CTPCustomer Transfer plusCTR Customer transfer ( Beneficiary is not bank) DEP Deposit to sender account DRB Bank to Bank drawdown requestDRCCustomer or Corporate drawdown request DRW Drawdown paymentFFR Fed funds returned FFSFed funds soldSVC Service ChargesIncoming File SampleThe incoming file sample is shown below:{1100}02PN{1110}04221123FT01{1120}20100422QMGFNP3101763704221123FT01{15 10}1000{1520}20100422B1QGC08C003297{2000}000000050000{3100}021000021JPM ORGAN CHASE*{3320}0507300112ES*{3400}026012713VAKIBANK NYC*{3600}CTR *{4200}D3********OZERA ENTERPRISES*102 MARYLAND AVE*PATERSON NJ07503 USA*{4320}BMG OF 10/04/22*{5000}D892059841*OZERA ENTERPRISESLLC*102 MARYLAND AVE*PATERSON, NJ 075032113*{6000}PAYMENT*2.2 Incoming FEDWIRE File ProcessingThe incoming messages from the Fedwire system is processed by the interface andstored in an ASCII file in a server directory.The processing of the FEDWIRE interface is done in the stages explained below:2.2.1 Uploading FEDWIRE InstructionsYou can use the Fedwire Incoming Message File Upload screen to upload the incomingfile containing the FEDWIRE messages. You can invoke this screen by typing‘MSDFEDUP’ in the field at the top right corner of the Application tool bar and clicking the adjoining arrow button.In this screen you can specify the name of the incoming FEDWIRE message file and click upload to initiate the upload activity. The format of the incoming FEDWIRE file should be as shown below:Fed_in-1-<Sequence Number>.<yyyymmddhhmm>Each message in the file is read and is uploaded into MSTB_FED_MSG_DETAIL table.For each message a contract will be created in Flexcube.Click reset button to re-enter the incoming file name and use the cancel button to cancel the upload activity of the chosen file.Note the following:•The file upload will fail if the mandatory fields are missing.•During the upload, for failed messages, the system will log the error details. System allows the user to re-upload the failed FEDWIRE uploads onchanging the sequence no and by re-executing the intraday batch.2.2.2 Running Intraday BatchAfter uploading the incoming FEDWIRE Message file, you need to run the intraday batch for incoming upload.Once you run the intraday batch, incoming payments are initiated & transaction status is uploaded. The system generates the FEDWIRE payments as per the payment detailsgiven in the file upload.2.2.3 Viewing Uploaded FEDWIRE DetailsYou can use the FEDWIRE Message Browser screen to verify the incoming FEDWIREdetails.You can invoke this screen by typing ‘MSDFWBRS’ in the field at the top rightcorner of the Application tool bar and clicking the adjoining arrow button.The system displays the following details: •FCC Ref No•Insert Time Date•DCN•Running Number•Type Subtype (1510)•Sender Ref (3320)•Business Function (3600)•Transaction Type•Error Category (1130)•Message Indicator•IMAD Tag•Sender DI no (3100)•Receiver DI no (3400)•Beneficiary Ref(4320)•OMAD Tag(1120)•Error Code•Senders info(1500)•Generated Status•Sender Name•Receiver Name•Pre IMAD (3500)•Action•MSG Disposition (1100)•Acceptance Time (1110)•Error DescriptionMain Tab detailsThe system displays the following details in the Main tab of the FEDWIRE Message Browser screen:•Amount•Charges•Instructed amount (3710)•Exchange rate tag (3720)•Account Cr in (5400)•Free format text (9000)•Originator (5000)•Beneficiary FI (6000)•Account DR in (4400)•Originator FI (5100)•Beneficiary FI (4100)•Beneficiary FI (4100)•Instructing FI (5200)•Beneficiary (4200)Other DetailsThe system displays the following details in the Other tab of the FEDWIRE Message Browser screen:•Adjustment•Beneficiary method (6420)•Payment•Draw debit acc advice (6110)•Beneficiary advice info (6410)•Intermediary FI advice (6210)•Intermediary FI (4000)•Beneficiary FI advice (6310)•Intermediary FI advice (6210)You can only view the information of all the above listed fields for an incoming message but not allowed to modify them.2.2.4 Viewing the History of the Fedwire UploadYou can use the FEDWIRE File Upload History screen to view the uploaded incomingmessage file details.You can invoke this screen by typing ‘MSDFEDHS’ in the field at the top right corner ofthe Application tool bar and clicking the adjoining arrow button.FILE_NAMESpecify the name of the incoming FEDWIRE file. The adjoining option list displays a list of the valid files and their processing dates maintained in the system. You can choosethe appropriate one.After selecting the file name, click on the query button to view the details of the uploaded file.The system displays the details of the uploaded incoming file:LINE_NOThe system displays the line number of the file.STATUSThe system displays the status of the message process.PROCESSING_DATEThe system displays the processing date of the file.ERR_CODEThe system displays the error code of the file.ERR_MESSAGEThe system displays the error message for the failed upload.In this screen you can view the processing history of a file to check which messages for a file were processed successfully or were not processed successfully along with failurecause.Once the processing of all the messages in the file is completed, the file will be moved toa processed directory in the server.You can only view the incoming message details in this screen and you are not allowedto modify the details. The modify option is disabled for the incoming FEDWIRE files inthis screen.2.2.5 FEDWIRE Incoming File Processing Flow ChartThe following flow chart illustates the processing of the incoming FEDIRE file in OracleFlexcube:3. Outgoing FEDWIRE Message Processing3.1 IntroductionWhile authorizing the funds transfer contract, system generates the correspondingSWIFT messages MT103, MT202, MT199 according to the configuration.3.2 Interface AttributesThe attributes of an outgoing FEDWIRE message file are listed below:Attribute Name Attribute Value RemarksDirection OutgoingResponse NotRequiredFolderTransportProtocolMessage Format ASCII file Contains thenumeric field tagssingletheMode Online ContainsinstructionFrequency Ad hoc Auto triggered fromFCUBS systemVolumes3.2.1 Running the intra day batchWhen you run the MSDFWBRS intraday batch, it will parse the SWIFT message andpopulate the FEDWIRE details table MSTB_FED_MSG_DETAIL. All the SWIFTmessages where RTGS flag is ‘FW’ will be picked up for Fedwire Processing and itsmessage status will be changed to ‘HOLD’ for suppressing EMS handoff3.2.2 Confirming the FEDWIRE Message DetailsThe user confirmation flag in the FEDWIRE message table (MSTB_FED_MSG_DETAIL) indicates whether the FED message has been confirmed by the user or not.The confirmation flag namely ACTION in the FEDWIRE message table will be updatedbased on the FED_MSG_CONFIRM parameter, which is maintained in theCSTB_PARAM.For details of the FEDWIRE Message Browser screen please refer the chapter ‘Incoming FEDWIRE File processing’ in this user manual.You can either view or modify the outgoing Fedwire instruction details based on theconfiguration set up before triggering the outgoing message generation.For confirmation flag as 'Y' & Authorisation as 'A', the following occur:1. Outgoing fedwire details are generated on running the intraday batchMSDFWBRS.2. System should not allow to modify the Fedwire details3. System generates the Outgoing fedwire instruction in ASCII file format onrunning MSFILEGN intraday batch as per the format provided.For the confirmation flag as 'M' & Authorisation as 'N', the following occur:1. Outgoing fedwire instruction will be generated on running the intraday batchMSDFWBRS.2. System should allow modifying and authorising the message details3. System will generate the Outgoing fedwire message in ASCII file format onrunning MSFILEGN intraday batch as per the format provided.For the confirmation flag as 'N' & Authorisation as 'A', the following occur :1. Outgoing fedwire details are generated in Fedwire message browser screenon running the intraday batch MSDFWBRS.2. System should allow modifying and confirming the message details. Onceconfirmed, the system will automatically authorise the Fedwire message.3. System will generate the Outgoing fedwire message in ASCII file format onrunning MSFILEGN intraday batch as per the format provided.3.2.2.1 Generating the FEDWIRE payment detailsThe outgoing message for the modified details will be generated only after the intradaybatch (MSDFWBRS) is run. You will be allowed to view the outgoing Fedwire paymentdetails in the FDEWIRE Message Browser screen.For details of the FEDWIRE Message Browser screen please refer the chapter ‘Incoming FEDWIRE File processing’ in this user manual.The system generates the outgoing ASCII file through inbuilt Intraday Batch Start screen (MSFILEGN). A separate folder for FED message will be created on the database server side to store all outgoing messagesNote: if FEDWIRE generation is configured, SWIFT message (MT103, 202,199) will besuppressed in Outgoing Browser3.2.3 Viewing the Outgoing FEDWIRE Message DetailsYou can view all the outgoing messages generated, through the FEDWIRE MessageBrowser Summary screen.You can invoke this screen by typing ‘MSSFWBRS’ in the field at the top right corner of the Application tool bar and clicking the adjoining arrow button.You can query the generated outgoing FEDWIRE messages based on any one or all of the following details:•Authorisation status•DCN•FCC Ref #•IMAD tag(1520)•Sender DI#(3100)•Business function (3600)•Action•Record Status•Running Number•Type Subtype(1510)•Amount•Receiver DI no (3400)•Transaction Type3.2.4 Outgoing FEDWIRE Message flow ChartThe following flow chart illustrates the generation of the outgoing FEDWIRE messages:FEDWIRE Interface[March] [2011]Version 11.1Oracle CorporationWorld Headquarters500 Oracle ParkwayRedwood Shores, CA 94065U.S.A.Worldwide Inquiries:Phone: +1.650.506.7000Fax: +1.650.506.7200/ financial_services/Copyright © [2011] Oracle Financial Services Software Limited. All rights reserved.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, adopted or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, graphic, optic recording or otherwise, translated in any language or computer language, without the prior written permission of Oracle Financial Services Software Limited.Due care has been taken to make this document and accompanying software package as accurate as possible. However, Oracle Financial Services Software Limited makes no representation or warranties with respect to the contents hereof and shall not be responsible for any loss or damage caused to the user by the direct or indirect use of this document and the accompanying Software System. Furthermore, Oracle Financial Services Software Limited reserves the right to alter, modify or otherwise change in any manner the content hereof, without obligation of Oracle Financial Services Software Limited to notify any person of such revision or changes.All company and product names are trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.。
加州格拉菲尔德国家公园指南说明书
2BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK3The WORLD’SLARGEST COLLECTIONof SCENIC ATTRACTIONS IN ONE COUNTYU TAH ’S B RYC E CAN YO N C OU N TRYFiery colors and endless vistas give way to a spectacular, breathtaking display of dreamy landscape. Fairy tale castle-like rock formations known as Hoodoos capture your imagination as standing stones rise from fiery red earth. Infinite variations of color and shape erode into a mysterious amphitheater of what many describe as sacred ground. Discover the chess-like formations in Queen’s Garden as you gaze from the park’s nucleus, Sunrise or Sunset Point. Views from The Rim Trail, which skirts the canyon edge, are stunning in all seasons. A round trip distance of 11 miles, this trail brings you to Inspiration Point and the mystical army of stone people called The Silent City. 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Enjoy playful, easy day hikes to extended backpacking treks of exploration. When you are in the heart of this great land, gentlyclose your eyes and listen.18BIKINGFly like the wind. Bryce Canyon Country is loaded with some of the best single and double track trails you will find anywhere! And there’s just no way you can beat our scenery. Come and experience the rush of the wind while enjoying a bird’s eye view from the top of our diverse canyons. You will discover that all the trails lead to excitement. Stop in and say hello at a local Visitor Centerfor detailed trail information and maps.1920For detailed information and trail maps,call 1-800-OHV-Rideand learn about Utah OHV Regulations.FISHINGSome of Utah’s best trout fishing can befound in Bryce Canyon Country’s mountainlakes, reservoirs and streams. Our blue ribbonfisheries provide quality angling experiencessurrounded by spectacular scenery.21photo courtesy of Gaell Lindstromyou about it all!Visit /events/major-eventsand let the excitement begin.BRYCE CANYON HALF MARATHON2223 STAR GAZING AT CAPITOL REEF NATIONAL PARKgreat western experiences, please visit our website.24MORE THINGSTO DOTake a scenic tour through Bryce Canyon Country. Let the good times roll while cruising our Scenic Byways and Backways. Stop at the Visitor Centers, interpretive signsand points of interest. Take on the sky on a scenic flight tour. Photograph the amazing scenery of Bryce Canyon Country from a birds-eye view on an exciting helicopter flight. Ride snowmobiles through designated areas that provide breathtaking views. There is so much to see and do in Garfield County; you will want to stay an extra day. Visit our website for more ideas and suggestions ofinteresting and exciting things to do.2526WINTERBryce Canyon Country in the winter is a magical time of year. Fresh fallen snow glistens like diamonds under a warming sun. Make fresh tracks through this winter wonderland while cross country skiing or snowshoeing along the Rim Trail of Bryce Canyon National Park. The high country offers endless miles of pristine wilderness for snowmobiling, and frozen lakes provide incredible ice fishing. In winter, the lower elevations are warmer. You can hike, mountain bike,fish, ride ATVs and ride horseback year-round. Experience the magic—Take Your Time.27QUILT WALK MONUMENT, PANGUITCHd29HISTORIC PANGUITCH MAIN STREET30WELCOME to Utah’s Bryce Canyon Country Accommodations Guide.Here you will find a complete list of places to stay and eat while you explore one of the most scenic and diverse places in the world. 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YoungstownSheetTubeCompanyv.Sawyer
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. SawyerMR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.We are asked to decide whether the President was acting within his constitutional power when he issued an order directing the Secretary of Commerce to take possession of and operate most of the Nation's steel mills. The mill owners argue that the President's order amounts to lawmaking, a legislative function which the Constitution has expressly confided to the Congress and not to the President. The Government's position is that the order was made on findings of the President that his action was necessary to avert a national catastrophe which would inevitably result from a stoppage of steel production, and that in meeting this grave emergency the President was acting within the aggregate of his constitutional powers as the Nation's Chief Executive and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States. The issue emerges here from the following series of events:In the latter part of 1951, a dispute arose between the steel companies and their employees over terms and conditions that should be included in new collective bargaining agreements. Long-continued conferences failed to resolve the dispute. On December 18, 1951, the employees' representative, United Steelworkers of America, C. I. O., gave notice of an intention to strike when the existing bargaining agreements expired on December 31. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service then intervened in an effort to get labor and management to agree. This failing, the President on December 22, 1951, referred the dispute to the Federal Wage Stabilization [343 U.S. 579, 583] Board 1 to investigate and make recommendations for fair and equitable terms of settlement. This Board's report resulted in no settlement. On April 4, 1952, the Union gave notice of a nation-wide strike called to begin at 12:01 a. m. April 9. The indispensability of steel as a component of substantially all weapons and other war materials led the President to believe that the proposed work stoppage would immediately jeopardize our national defense and that governmental seizure of the steel mills was necessary in order to assure the continued availability of steel. Reciting these considerations for his action, the President, a few hours before the strike was to begin, issued Executive Order 10340, a copy of which is attached as an appendix, post, p. 589. The order directed the Secretary of Commerce to take possession of most of the steel mills and keep them running. The Secretary immediately issued his own possessory orders, calling upon the presidents of the various seized companies to serve as operating managers for the United States. They were directed to carry on their activities in accordance with regulations and directions of the Secretary. The next morning the President sent a message to Congress reporting his action. Cong. Rec., April 9, 1952, p. 3962. Twelve days later he sent a second message. Cong. Rec., April 21, 1952, p. 4192. Congress has taken no action.Obeying the Secretary's orders under protest, the companies brought proceedings against him in the District Court. Their complaints charged that the seizure was not authorized by an act of Congress or by any constitutional provisions. The District Court was asked to declare the orders of the President and the Secretary invalid and to issue preliminary and permanent injunctions restraining their enforcement. Opposing the motion for preliminary [343 U.S. 579,584] injunction, the United States asserted that a strike disrupting steel production for even a brief period would so endanger the well-being and safety of the Nation that the President had "inherent power" to do what he had done - power "supported by the Constitution, by historical precedent, and by court decisions." The Government also contended that in any event no preliminary injunction should be issued because the companies had made no showing that their available legal remedies were inadequate or that their injuries from seizure would be irreparable. Holding against the Government on all points, the District Court on April 30 issued a preliminary injunction restraining the Secretary from "continuing the seizure and possession of the plants . . . and from acting under the purported authority of Executive Order No. 10340." 103 F. Supp. 569. On the same day the Court of Appeals stayed the District Court's injunction. 90 U.S. App. D.C. ___, 197 F.2d 582. Deeming it best that the issues raised be promptly decided by this Court, we granted certiorari on May 3 and set the cause for argument on May 12. 343 U.S. 937 .Two crucial issues have developed: First. Should final determination of the constitutional validity of the President's order be made in this case which has proceeded no further than the preliminary injunction stage? Second. If so, is the seizure order within the constitutional power of the President?I.It is urged that there were non-constitutional grounds upon which the District Court could have denied the preliminary injunction and thus have followed the customary judicial practice of declining to reach and decide constitutional questions until compelled to do so. On this basis it is argued that equity's extraordinary injunctive relief should have been denied because (a) seizure of the companies' properties did not inflict irreparable damages, [343 U.S. 579, 585] and (b) there were available legal remedies adequate to afford compensation for any possible damages which they might suffer. While separately argued by the Government, these two contentions are here closely related, if not identical. Arguments as to both rest in large part on the Government's claim that should the seizure ultimately be held unlawful, the companies could recover full compensation in the Court of Claims for the unlawful taking. Prior cases in this Court have cast doubt on the right to recover in the Court of Claims on account of properties unlawfully taken by government officials for public use as these properties were alleged to have been. See e. g., Hooe v. United States, 218 U.S. 322, 335 -336; United States v. North American Co., 253 U.S. 330, 333 . But see Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Corp., 337 U.S. 682, 701 -702. Moreover, seizure and governmental operation of these going businesses were bound to result in many present and future damages of such nature as to be difficult, if not incapable, of measurement. Viewing the case this way, and in the light of the facts presented, the District Court saw no reason for delaying decision of the constitutional validity of the orders. We agree with the District Court and can see no reason why that question was not ripe for determination on the record presented. We shall therefore consider and determine that question now.II.The President's power, if any, to issue the order must stem either from an act of Congress or from the Constitution itself. There is no statute that expressly authorizes the President to take possession of property as he did here. Nor is there any act of Congress to which our attention has been directed from which such a power can fairly be implied. Indeed, we do not understand theGovernment to rely on statutory authorization for this seizure. There are two statutes which do authorize the President [343 U.S. 579, 586] to take both personal and real property under certain conditions. 2However, the Government admits that these conditions were not met and that the President's order was not rooted in either of the statutes. The Government refers to the seizure provisions of one of these statutes ( 201 (b) of the Defense Production Act) as "much too cumbersome, involved, and time-consuming for the crisis which was at hand."Moreover, the use of the seizure technique to solve labor disputes in order to prevent work stoppages was not only unauthorized by any congressional enactment; prior to this controversy, Congress had refused to adopt that method of settling labor disputes. When the Taft-Hartley Act was under consideration in 1947, Congress rejected an amendment which would have authorized such governmental seizures in cases of emergency. 3 Apparently it was thought that the technique of seizure, like that of compulsory arbitration, would interfere with the process of collective bargaining. 4Consequently, the plan Congress adopted in that Act did not provide for seizure under any circumstances. Instead, the plan sought to bring about settlements by use of the customary devices of mediation, conciliation, investigation by boards of inquiry, and public reports. In some instances temporary injunctions were authorized to provide cooling-off periods. All this failing, unions were left free to strike after a secret vote by employees as to whether they wished to accept their employers' final settlement offer. 5 [343 U.S. 579, 587]It is clear that if the President had authority to issue the order he did, it must be found in some provision of the Constitution. And it is not claimed that express constitutional language grants this power to the President. The contention is that presidential power should be implied from the aggregate of his powers under the Constitution. Particular reliance is placed on provisions in Article II which say that "The executive Power shall be vested in a President . . ."; that "he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"; and that he "shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States."The order cannot properly be sustained as an exercise of the President's military power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. The Government attempts to do so by citing a number of cases upholding broad powers in military commanders engaged in day-to-day fighting in a theater of war. Such cases need not concern us here. Even though "theater of war" be an expanding concept, we cannot with faithfulness to our constitutional system hold that the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces has the ultimate power as such to take possession of private property in order to keep labor disputes from stopping production. This is a job for the Nation's lawmakers, not for its military authorities.Nor can the seizure order be sustained because of the several constitutional provisions that grant executive power to the President. In the framework of our Constitution, the President's power to see that the laws are faithfully executed refutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker. The Constitution limits his functions in the lawmaking process to the recommending of laws he thinks wise and the vetoing of laws he thinks bad. And the Constitution is neither silent nor equivocal about who shall make laws which the President is to execute. The [343 U.S. 579, 588] first section of the first article says that "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States . . . ." After granting many powers to the Congress, Article I goes on to provide that Congress may "make all Laws which shall be necessary andproper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." The President's order does not direct that a congressional policy be executed in a manner prescribed by Congress - it directs that a presidential policy be executed in a manner prescribed by the President. The preamble of the order itself, like that of many statutes, sets out reasons why the President believes certain policies should be adopted, proclaims these policies as rules of conduct to be followed, and again, like a statute, authorizes a government official to promulgate additional rules and regulations consistent with the policy proclaimed and needed to carry that policy into execution. The power of Congress to adopt such public policies as those proclaimed by the order is beyond question. It can authorize the taking of private property for public use. It can make laws regulating the relationships between employers and employees, prescribing rules designed to settle labor disputes, and fixing wages and working conditions in certain fields of our economy. The Constitution does not subject this lawmaking power of Congress to presidential or military supervision or control.It is said that other Presidents without congressional authority have taken possession of private business enterprises in order to settle labor disputes. But even if this be true, Congress has not thereby lost its exclusive constitutional authority to make laws necessary and proper to carry out the powers vested by the Constitution [343 U.S. 579, 589] "in the Government of the United States, or any Department or Officer thereof."The Founders of this Nation entrusted the lawmaking power to the Congress alone in both good and bad times. It would do no good to recall the historical events, the fears of power and the hopes for freedom that lay behind their choice. Such a review would but confirm our holding that this seizure order cannot stand.The judgment of the District Court isAffirmed.。
山的英语作文
山的英语作文英文回答：Mountains, towering giants that pierce the heavens,have captivated the human imagination for centuries. Their sheer size and majesty evoke a sense of awe and wonder, inspiring countless works of art, literature, and music.Geographical Formation:Mountains are formed by the movement of tectonic plates. When two plates collide, one plate may be pushed beneaththe other, creating an uplift that forms a mountain. Over time, erosion and weathering shape the mountain's contours, carving out valleys and exposing rock formations.Types of Mountains:There are various types of mountains based on their geological characteristics and formation processes.Fold Mountains: Formed when layers of rock are compressed and folded, creating alternating ridges and valleys.Fault-Block Mountains: Formed when a block of the Earth's crust is uplifted along a fault line.Dome Mountains: Formed when magma rises beneath the Earth's surface, uplifting the overlying rock without breaking through.Volcanic Mountains: Formed when magma erupts from the Earth's interior, building up layers of lava and ash.Ecological Importance:Mountains play a crucial ecological role, providing habitats for diverse flora and fauna. They regulate water cycles, support forest ecosystems, and influence regional climates. Mountain ranges also serve as natural barriers, shaping patterns of human settlement and interaction.Recreational Value:Mountains offer a wealth of recreational opportunities. Hiking, climbing, skiing, and snowboarding are popular activities that allow people to experience the beauty and challenge of these natural wonders. Mountain regions also provide scenic landscapes for camping, kayaking, andwildlife viewing.Cultural Significance:Mountains have immense cultural significance, holding spiritual and religious importance for many societies. They are often revered as sacred spaces and feature in myths, legends, and religious scriptures. Mountains have also inspired art and architecture, from the Taj Mahal to the Swiss Alps.Impacts on Human Societies:Mountains have a profound impact on human societies.They provide resources such as minerals, timber, and water. However, human activities can also have detrimental effects on mountain ecosystems, including deforestation, pollution, and overgrazing. It is essential to balance the benefits of mountain resources with their conservation to ensure the long-term sustainability of these majestic landscapes.保护:Preserving mountain ecosystems is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, regulating water resources, and mitigating the effects of climate change. Conservation efforts include establishing protected areas, implementing sustainable land management practices, and raising awareness about the importance of these natural treasures.中文回答：山脉，大地的脊柱。
建史名词中英文对照
建史名词中英文对照中国古代建筑宫 palace,temple殿 hall厅 hall 又称“堂”室 room房 house亭 pavilion台 platform坛 altar楼 storied building阁 pavilion廊 colonnade榭 pavilion on terrace水榭 waterside pavilion轩 windowed veranda民居 folk house四合院 courtyard house寨 stockaded village舫 boat house阙 que, watchtower牌楼 pailou, decorated gateway华表 huabiao, ornamental pillar塔 pagoda硬山 flush gable roof悬山 overhanging gable roof歇山 gable and hip roof庑殿 hip roof四阿 hip roof卷棚 round ridge roof重檐 double eave roof攒尖 pyramidal roof园攒尖 round pavilion roof 大木 wooden structure大式 wooden frame with dougong小式 wooden frame without dougong大木作 carpentry work小木作 joinery work抬梁式构架 post and lintel construction穿斗式构架 column and tie construction井干式构架 log cabin construction檐柱 eave column金柱 hypostyle column内槽柱 hypostyle column 唐代术语内柱 hypostyle column 宋代术语山柱 center column角柱 corner column 唐、宋术语瓜柱 short column脊瓜柱 king post蜀柱 king post 宋代术语雷公柱 suspended column帐杆 suspended column 宋代术语侧脚 cejiao 宋代术语卷杀 entasis梭柱 shuttle-shaped column 宋代术语角背 bracket由戗 inverted V-shaped brace叉手 chashou, inverted V-shaped brace 宋代术语柁墩 wooden pier驼峰 tuofeng, camel-hump shaped suport 宋代术语梁 beam袱 beam 宋代术语月梁 crescent beam三架梁 3-purlin beam平梁 3-purlin beam 宋代术语四架梁 4-purlin beam五架梁 5-purlin beam四椽袱 5-purlin beam 宋代术语六架梁 6-purlin beam七架梁 7-purlin beam六椽袱 7-purlin beam 宋代术语九架梁 9-purlin beam八椽袱 9-purlin beam 宋代术语单步梁 one-step cross beam双步梁 two-step cross beam挑尖梁 main aisle exposed tiebeam乳袱 rufu, beam tie 宋代术语抱头梁 baotou beam穿插枋 penetrating tie角梁 hip rafer（木行） purlin (used with dougong) 大式檩 purlin (used without dougong) 小式抟 purlin 宋代术语脊（木行） ridged purlin 大式脊檩 ridged purlin 小式脊抟 ridged purlin 宋代术语金（木行） intermediate purlin 大式金檩 intermediate purlin 小式上中平抟 intermediate purlin 宋代术语老檐（木行） purlin on hypostyle 大、小式，宋代术语正心（木行） eave purlin 大式檐檩 eave purlin 小式下平抟 eave purlin 宋代术语额枋 architrave(used with dougong) 大式檐枋 architrave(used with dougong) 小式阑额 architrave 宋代术语由额垫板 cushion board 大式檐垫板 cushion board 小式枋 tiebeam脊枋 ridge tiebeam上金枋 upper purlin tiebeam 下金枋 lower purlin tiebeam老檐枋 eave tiebeam 大式，指檐口构造檐枋 eave tiebeam 小式，指檐口构造顶椽 top rafter脑椽 upper rafter花架椽 intermediate rafter檐椽 eave rafter飞檐椽 flying rafter飞子 flying rafter 宋代术语连檐 eave edging瓦口 tile edging颔版 tile edging 宋代术语举架 raising the purlin举析 raising the purlin 宋代术语步架 horizontal spacing between purlins 材 cai栔 qi分 fen斗口 doukou,mortise of cap block斗拱 dougong,bracket set斗 dou, bracket set升 block with cross mortise大斗 cap block栌斗 cap block 宋代术语拱 gong,bracketarm翘 flower arm, petal华拱 flower arm 宋代术语昂 ang,lever槽升子 center block齐心斗 center block 宋代术语三才升 small block十八斗 connection block交互斗 connection block 宋代术语正心拱 axial bracket arm泥道拱 axial bracket arm 宋代术语瓜拱 oval arm瓜子拱 oval arm 宋代术语万拱 long arm慢拱 long arm 宋代术语厢拱 regular arm令拱 regular arm 宋代术语单材拱 outer-side bracket arm撑头 small tie-beam枋 small tie-beam 宋代术语耍头 nose攒 set of bracket柱头科 bracket set on columns柱头铺作 bracket set on columns 宋代术语平身科 bracket sets between columns补间铺作 bracket sets between columns 宋代术语角科 bracket set on corner转角铺作 bracket set on corner 宋代术语出 extension of bracket出跳 extension of bracket 宋代术语cai跳 tiao 宋代术语雀替 sparrow brace搏缝板 gable eave board搏缝版 gable eave board 宋代术语木装修 joiner's work外檐装修 exterior finish work内檐装修 interior finish work框槛 door frame槛 stud抱框 jamb on door or window格栅 partition door抹头 window stool棂子 grill 裙板 panel槛窗 sill wall window榻板 window sill支摘窗 removable window门枕 door bearing门簪 decorative cylinder门跋 door knocker门钉 decorative nails on door leaf 门枕石 bearing stone抱鼓石 drum-shaped bearing stone天花 ceiling帽儿梁 lattice framing支条 lattice framing井口天花 compartment ceiling海墁天花 flat ceiling藻井 caisson ceiling罩 shelf龛 niche博古架 antique shelf瓦石作 masonry檐墙 eave wall廊墙 partition wall扇面墙 horizontal partition wall隔断墙 vertical partition wall槛墙 sill wall樨头 gable wall head挑檐石 cantilever stone on eave五花山墙 stepped gable wall拔磉 corbel, hanging over叠涩 corbel, hanging over 宋代术语角柱石 corner pier阶条石 rectangular stone slab压阑石 rectangular stone slab 宋代术语台阶 steps踏道 steps 宋代术语踏垛 step踏 step 宋代术语斗板石 intermediate pier垂带 drooping belt stone副子 drooping belt stone 宋代术语象眼 triangular space御路 yulu, imperial path羌差 ramp须弥座 xumizuo圭角 guijiao上枋 upper fillet and fascia下枋 lower fillet and fascia上袅 upper cyma, recta下袅 lower cyma, reversa束腰 suyao钩栏 balustrade 宋代术语单钩栏 single frieze balustrade 宋代术语垂台钩栏 double frieze balustrade望柱 baluster望柱头 baluster capital栏版 frieze panel华版 frieze panel地伏 plinth stone寻杖 handrail 宋代术语柱顶石 capital stone柱础 column base踬 zhi碑碣 stone tablet赑屃 bixi, stone turtle 宋及宋前术语趺 fu, stone turtle 清代术语石像生 stone animal石人 stone human statue筒瓦 round tile 板瓦 flat tile青瓦 black tile脊瓦 ridge tile琉璃瓦 glazed roof tile勾头 eave tile滴水 drip tile瓦当 tile end, eave tile with pattern正吻 zhengwen鸱尾 chiwei 宋及宋前术语正脊 main ridge垂脊 diagonal ridge for hip roof, vertical ridge for gable roof 戗脊 diagonal ridge for gable and hip roof博脊 horizontal ridge for gable and hip roof仙人 celestial being走兽 animal砖雕 brick carving彩画 colored pattern, colored drawing苏式彩画 Suzhou style pattern旋子彩画 tangent circle pattern和玺彩画 dragons pattern天花彩画 ceiling pattern箍头 end portion of painted beam藻头 intermediate portion of painted beam枋心 central portion of painted beam点金 gold pointing退晕 color change沥粉 embossed painting贴金 gold foil painting外国古代建筑及构造金字塔 pyramid方尖碑 obelisk牌门楼 pylon莲花式柱 lotus column纸草花式柱 papyrus column棕榈叶式柱 palm column塔庙 ziggurat列柱围廊式 peristyle山花 pediment多立克柱式 Doric order伊奥尼亚柱式 Ionic order 曾用名“爱奥尼亚柱式”。
杭帮菜博物馆_杭州_浙江_中国_崔恺_吴朝辉_周旭梁_张广源
杭帮菜博物馆的用地位于江洋畈生态公园内，场地北、东、西三面环山，中间地势平坦，为西湖疏浚淤泥库区。
经过将近10年的表层自然干化，形成以垂柳和湿生植物为主的次生湿地。
博物馆建筑群由西向东分为贵宾楼、餐饮区、博物馆经营区和固定展区这4个功能组群，各功能组群之间以木栈道和休息木平台等连接成整体。
这些景观的构成元素是整个公园木栈道系统的有机组成部分，可供游客休息、观景之用，在长长的屋顶挑檐下，也将室内活动的空间延伸到室外水边和公园之中。
基于尊重自然的立场，建筑以折板屋顶形式削弱体量，以虚实体量穿插形成聚落感，以绿色遮阳立面格栅和植草屋顶使建筑真正融入湿地环境之中。
杭州建筑的地域性特点是“秀、雅”，我们希望用现代的建筑材料和技术手段也能传递建筑的这种神韵，使之成为现代的杭州建筑。
□杭帮菜博物馆，杭州，浙江，中国Hangzhou Cuisine Museum, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 201211 外景/Exterior view2 首层平面/Floor 0 plan评论王竹：基地坐落在山－水－湿地之中，呈现出破碎地形。
建筑的多个组团随山势和水脉蜿蜒辗转，在转折处自然断开。
断开的意义不仅是将较大的建筑体量进行拆分与切碎，更在于使北面的山体脉络穿过建筑群落导向南面的水塘围堰。
层次丰富的屋顶，嵌入的灰砖粉墙体块，以及斑驳稀落的草顶，项目信息/Credits and Data方案设计/Schematic Design：中国建筑设计研究院（崔愷，吴朝辉，周旭梁）/ China Architecture Design & Research Group (CUI Kai, WU Chaohui, ZHOU Xuliang)工程设计/Constr uction Drawings：中国建筑设计研究院，浙江大学建筑设计研究院/ China Architecture Design & Research Group, Architectural Design & Research Institute of Zhejiang University钢结构（地上层）/ Reinforced concrete frame structure forunderground floors, steel structure for aboveground floors外立面材料/Materials for Facade：玻璃幕墙，面砖，涂料/Glass curtain wall, facing tile, paint设计时间/Design Period：2010.05建成时间/Completion：2012.03摄影/Photos：张广源/ZHANG Guangyuan更彰显了空间的有机与时间的沧桑，让建筑自身成为了一个聚落。
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Searching and Viewing Settlement Batch Information
Trigger:
Concept
You can view complete details of a settlement batch you have created in the Settlement Batch Details page. You can search for a settlement batch and then access the settlement batch details. In this topic, you will search and view settlement batch information using the Funds Capture Process Home page.
Additional Information
Procedure
Action
Begin by navigating to the Funds Capture Process Home page.
Click the Funds Capture Process Manager link.
Click the Home link.
Use the Funds Capture Process Home page to:
• Monitor funds capture oper ations, such as individual transactions and settlement
batches.
• Respond to transactions or settlement batches that fail with temporary
circumstantial system errors.
• Initiate settlement batch creation and retrieve settlement batch clearing or
acknowledgement.
• Navigate to subsidiary pages to research operations using the tab structure.
You can also use this page to search and view settlement batch information.
Action
Click the Create and Submit Settlement Batches list.
Click the Card Transactions list item.
Click the Submit button.
Click the Monitor Requests link to view the results in the Requests page. Click the Monitor Requests link.
Use the Requests page to view the settlement batches.
Click the Details button corresponding to the settlement batch that you want to view.。