毕业设计外文文献格式

本科毕业论文
外文文献及译文
Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China
文献来源：期刊
发表日期：2009.5.17
学院：资源与冶金学院
专业：冶金工程
班级：冶金121
姓名：孔博文
学号：1206300131
指导教师：梁铎强
翻译日期：2016.6.23
外文文献：
Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China abstract
A survey of the key issues associated with the development in the Chinese iron and steel industry and current situations of energy consumption are described in this paper. The apparent production of crude steel in China expanded to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which was about 34% share of the world steel production. The iron and steel industry in China is still one of the major high energy consumption and high pollution industries, which accounts for the consumption of about 15.2% of the national total energy, and generation of 14% of the national total waste water and waste gas and 6% of the total solid waste materials. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries due to its low energy utilization efficiency. However, the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years and significant energy savings will be achieved in the future by optimizing end-use energy utilization. Finally, some measures for the industry in terms of the economic policy of China’s 11th five-year plan are also presented.
1.Introduction
The steel industry has for long played an important role in the development of China’s economy. Over the past decades, China’s steel industry has grown rapidly, overtaken Japan, and become the world’s largest steel producer in 1996. In 2006, China’s production of crude steel amounted to 418.78 million tonnes (Mt) [1] and, continued to remain first in rank. The share of output of crude steel of about 335.17 Mt of the key producers accounted for 80% of the aggregate national production and 83.61 Mt of local producers for 20% [2]. In this paper, these key producers are the main subjects of our study.
Despite these achievements, China remains a steel producer whose energy efficiency is the lowest among the major steel-producing countries, although the overall technical level of its industry has been greatly improved in line with the developments in science and technology. One typical example is the rapid adop-tion of continuous casting technology. The share of continuous casting output has increased from about 30% of all steel produced in 1992 to 95.8% in 2004. In the meantime, many large firms replaced aging blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, and ingot casters with large-scale, modern blast furnaces, and casting and rolling facilities. Iron making may take place either through the blast furnace process or by direct reduction and the subsequent transformation of iron into steel may be carried out either in an oxygen-blown converter or in an electric arc furnace.
With improvement of the overall technical level in the steel industry, the production of iron and steel has greatly expanded in the past decade, as shown in Fig. 1 [1–4]. The apparent production of crude steel in China grew from 95 million tonnes in 1995 to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which is about 4.5 times that in 1995 and more than three times that in 2000 [3]. As a result, China’s share of world steel production leaped from 13% in 1995 to 34% in 2006. This growth is expected to be sustained over the next few years due to the continued growth in domestic demand.
As is well known, the iron and steel industry is the industry with the largest energy consumption in the world. Having become the world’s largest steel producer since 1996 China’s steel industry has grown rapidly following huge growth in domestic demand. This increase is consistent with the trend in the increase in its energy consumption.
Iron and steel production consumes large quantities of energy, especially in developing countries and countries with economies in transition where outdated and inefficient technologies are often still used. Steel production in developing countries has grown at an average annual rate of 6.6% in recent years [5] and is expected to continue to grow at similar levels due to the current low per capita steel consumption levels in these countries. In industrialized countries, steel consumption averages over 425 kg/capita, whereas even key steel-producing developing countries have extremely low average per capita consumption levels of 80 kg/capita (in 1995).
Fig. 1. Crude steel production of China and share of the world from 1995 to 2006.
Most of China’s steel industry developed through a system of state-owned ‘enterprises’, in which an entire community was devoted to the production of steel. As a result, the data collected relating to the energy consumed to produce steel in China also contain energy used at the enterprise level for a variety of other functional departments, both directly and indirectly related to the production of steel. In addition, part of China’s steel is produced by small steel mills that do not report energy consumption data to government statistical sources. It is important to differentiate these data so that the consumption values of China’s energy can be fairly evaluated, especially when we compare the energy consumption and energy intensity of the Chinese steel industry to those of other countries or to particular ‘best practice’examples. We note that even with these adjustments, it is possible that the data still include inaccuracies due to the issues of statistical reports.
The objective of this paper is to present a survey of some of the key issues associated with
the development in the Chinese steel industry, and describes the status of its energy consumption. The differences in steel consumption in major processes and China’s role in the scene of the international steel industry are analyzed, and the outlook and the measures to be instituted for China’s iron and steel industry are also presented in the paper. It is important for the world to better understand China’s energy consumption and the use of raw materials and for China to better understand the approaches that have been developed or are being developed in other countries for more efficient use of energy and raw materials. The authors hope this paper contributes to the improved under-standing of these aspects of the industry.
2.Energy consumption structure of the iron and steel industry in China
It is well known that electricity production in China mainly depends on coal, and coal is also the most important fuel used in China’s iron and steel industry. In 2004, the energy consumption mix of the Chinese steel industry consisted of 69.90% coal, 26.40% electricity, 3.2% fuel oil, and 0.5% natural gas, as shown in Fig. 2 [4]. Coal is not only the most widely used fuel but is also as necessary as raw material in the iron and steel industry as most of the rest is electricity. Such a fuel structure raises the energy consumption per unit of production and is unlikely to change greatly in the near future.
Fig. 2. Energy consumption mix of the steel industry of China in 2004.
3. Energy consumption situation in the steel industry
The key iron and steel producers in China play an important role in its manufacture of steel and in the consumption of energy. In 2003, China’s 10 largest steel firms produced more than a third of China’s steel output, with the top four firms producing more than 20% [6]. This implies that many advanced technologies have earlier existed in China’s steel industry, but the current industry’s concentration limits the application of these technologies lowering energy efficiency in general [7]. Therefore, the iron and steel industry remains one of the highest energy consumers
and pollu-tion producers accounting for about 15.2% of the national total energy consumption, 14% of the national total waste water and waste gas, and 6% of the total solid waste materials generated.
Fig. 3 shows the variations in energy consumption of the key enterprises in China from 1995 to 2006 [3,8–10]. The total energy consumption of the iron and steel industry rose rapidly along with rising steel production in the past decades. In the year 2004, the total steel production of China was 274.7 Mt, rising by 107.7% compared to 2000 and by 184.2% compared to 1995 [10]. The total energy consumption of the key enterprises in China soared from 96.30 Mtce in 2000 to 197.79 Mtce in 2006, which was over twice that for 2000. However, the rising trend in energy consumption weakened in 2006, when it was 8.8% lower than that of the year before.
With the application of many new technologies and equipment, the index of energy consumption per tonne of steel decreased remarkably in the past decades. The overall energy consumption for China’s large and medium producers in 2005 was 741 kgce per tonne of steel, which was 20.3% lower than that in 2000 of 930 kgce per tonne. In 2006, the overall energy consumption per tonne of steel continued to decrease to 645 kgce per tonne of steel. The comparable energy consumption also took on a decreasing trend.
Fig. 3. Variation of energy consumption of the key enterprises in China from 1995 to 2006.
Fig. 4. Fresh water consumption per tonne of steel from 2000 to 2005.
The variations in fresh water consumption per tonne of steel from 2000 to 2006 are shown in Fig. 4 [3,10]. The total quantity of fresh water used per tonne of steel in 2006 was 6.56 m3, which is 14.9% lower than that in 2005. Other data comparing energy saving, water saving, and environmental protection between 2000 and 2005 are presented in Table 1 [10]. It can be seen that the energy efficiency of China’s iron and steel industry has made significant improvement in the past few years.
4.Energy consumption situation of several main processes in the steel industry
Fig. 5 shows the variations in energy consumption of several major processes in the steel industry from 1995 to 2005 [3,10]. The energy consumption of the blast furnace, electric furnace and steel rolling processes has decreased remarkably since 1995, and the corresponding values for the coking, sintering, and converter furnaces have also shown minor decreases. In contrast to the years before 2001, the current energy consumption of the blast furnace process presents an increasing trend that is attributed to cost increases since 2001 in raw materials for iron making, such as coke and coal.
Fig. 5. Variation of energy consumption of several main processes in the steel industry in
1995–2005.
Among several major processes, the energy consumption of the iron making process is markedly higher than that of other processes. Taking the example of 2004 as shown in Fig. 6, the total energy consumption of the iron making system accounted for about 70% of the total process energy consumption, including 39% for the blast furnace, 11.9% for coking, 3.51% for balling and 5.55% for sin-tering. The remaining processes accounted for a small part of about 30%, which is comprised of 12.5% for power, 7.77% for rolling steel, 17.5% for the electric furnace, and 2.22% for the converter furnace. This means that the iron making system is a key part of any energy conservation effort in the steel industry.
parisons of energy consumption of the steel industry in China with international levels
Energy consumption per tonne of steel in China is higher than that of most advanced countries. One of the reasons for this is that the energy utilization efficiency in China is low. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries. Compared with Japan, for example, energy consumption for China’s large and medium firms in 2004 was 705 kgce per tonne of steel, 7.5% higher than that in Japan, which was 656 kgce per tonne. However, the energy consumption level of the small production units in China
was as high as 1045 kgce per tonne of steel.
Fig. 6. Energy consumption structure of several main processes in the steel industry in 2004.
Z.C. Guo, Z.X. Fu / Energy 35 (2010) 4356–4360
The general energy efficiency of China’s steel industry is still relatively low. One of the important reasons is the existence of these small units. Table 2 shows that there is a vast difference in energy consumption between the advanced and small plants [8]. Only a few large-scale steel-makers have attained or have even exceeded the international levels. Since the output of these advanced plants cannot achieve market dominance, the average energy consumption level of China’s iron and steel industry is still embarrassing.
The second reason is the existence of small-scale and decen-tralized industry in China. There are 18 plants with production capacities exceeding 5 Mt of crude steel, which accounted for 46.36% of the total national crude steel production in 2005. In Japan, the crude steel production of four largest plants accounted for 73.22% of the total national crude steel production in 2004, three of which accounted for 61.09%. Except for a few of the large-scale steel plants, China’s steel industry lags behind in technology, equipment, energy saving, environmental protection, etc. The third reason is that the low recovery and recycling efficiency of the secondary energy resources results in higher energy consumption.
6.Measures and policy recommendations for the iron and steel industries of China
6.1. To expand coke dry quenching technology
Traditionally, the sensible heat of hot coke, pushed from the coking chamber at the temperature of 950–1050 C, is almost equal to 35%–40% of the total amount of heat consumed in the coking process. Adopting coke dry quenching technology can enable recovery of about 80% of the sensible heat from hot coke. Besides, during dry quenching 1 tonne of hot coke can generate 0.45–0.60 tonne of steam at a pressure of about 3.9 MPa. The coke dry quenching process belongs to a technology that is energy saving, environmentally protective, and pollution-free. By using coke dry quenching, it is estimated that the rotary drum strength (M40) of coke increases by 3%–8% and the coke strength after CO2 reaction by 3%–4%. In addition, the quantity of weak binding coal input can be increased by 10% saving about 0.38 tonne of water for every tonne of coke.
At the end of 2005, the proportion of coke dry quenching technology usage in China’s iron and steel industry was less than 30%. At the end of 2007, with the spread of this technology rein-forced by an independent innovation in the past two years, the proportion of usage rose to 45%. Now 34 sets of the coke dry quenching unit are under construction and the output share of coke of about 101.58 Mt produced by the coke dry quenching technology accounts for one-third of the total national production.
6.2. To expand top gas pressure recovery turbine (TRT) technology
Power can be generated with the energy of pressure from the top of a blast furnace using a turbine generator group. Theoretically,the power generated from TRT equipment is equal to the power energy consumed when the coal gas pressure at the top of the blast furnace is 80 kPa. Economic returns may be obtained when the pressure of the coal gas reaches 100 kPa and even higher economic returns can be achieved, especially, if the coal gas pressure is greater than 120 kPa. In steel production by the blast furnace route, increasing the pressure at the top of the blast furnace is advanta-geous as it leads to recovery of energy resources. The amount of power generated increases by 30% if dry dust is removed at the coal gas purification stage and the
turbine capacity by about 3% if the temperature of coal gas is raised by 10 C. If TRT equipment is adopted, it is estimated that 30% of energy can be recovered from the air blast for the furnace and the energy consumption in the steel making processes reduced by l l kgce/t.
At the end of 2007, the blast furnaces of capacity greater than 2000 m3 in China that were equipped with TRT technology numbered 49. In future, the use of TRT technology large-scale blast furnaces in China will be widespread and vigorous.
6.3. To expand the technology of pulverized coal injection for the blast furnace
Use of pulverized coal injection for blast furnaces is an impor-tant innovation for optimizing steel making systems using the blast furnace route. In addition, it is a powerful incentive to prompt the iron–steel industry to progress in many aspects such as optimizing energy structure, energy saving, reducing consumption of mate-rials, cost reduction, etc. Replacing coke by coal can ease the problem of coking coal shortage caused by energy saving measures. Besides, it can reduce environmental pollution from the coking process while also producing considerable economic returns resulting from the price difference between coal and coke.
In 2007, the average quantity of pulverized coal injection employed for the blast furnace route by China’s large and medium producers was 137 kg per tonne of iron, which in 2000 was 118 kg per tonne of iron. The average quantity of injection has exceeded 200 kg per tonne of iron in some large-scale blast furnaces of China. The 4350 m3 capacity blast furnace in Bao-steel is an example. It is estimated that in 2010 the average pulverized coal injection quantity realized in China’s blast furnaces iron will be 160 kg per tonne.
6.4. To eliminate low-level equipment and introduce and develop new technology
Over the past few years, the government of China made a strong effort to eliminate low-level equipment. The energy consumption of China’s small iron and steel units was 1.5 times higher than that of the large and medium producers. When China implemented its 11th five-year plan’s policy of energy saving and reducing discharge of pollutants the steel industry was restructured, its equipment capacities enhanced, and pace of modernization accelerated all of
which produced an enormous effect.
In 2007, the number of blast furnaces with a capacity of 2000 m3 in China was 63, 17 more than that in 2005, and production capacity increased by 35%. The number of converters with a capacity of 100 tonnes was 98 in 2007, eight more than that in 2005, and production capacity increased by 8%. In 2007, the overall energy consumption, the fresh water consumption, the total emission of SO2, the total soot emission, and the total mill dust emission per tonne of steel declined by about 8%, 24%, 4.5%, 3% and 4.5%, respectively, when compared with that in 2005.
In addition, China’s iron and steel industries introduced and developed actively new technologies, such as COREX and C300 melted-deoxidize technology.
6.5. To create the recycling economy chain within the iron–steel industry
It is believed that three recycling economy chains could be developed in the iron–steel production process aiming at zero emission. First is recycling flue gas, which means that not only coal or coke but also flue gas will be recycled from blast furnaces, converters, or coke ovens to realize zero flue gas emission. The second is recycling industrial waste water, which means that the consumption of fresh water will be minimized and industrial waste water will be recycled using some treating equipment. The third is recycling solid waste materials. It is a comprehensive reuse process for some raw materials such as iron ores left over from the production process.
China’s traditional development pattern such as large invest-ment, regardless of serious pollution and lower value-added products resulted in China’s location at the low end of the value chain of the worldwide industrial structure. It is the most impor-tant reason for China’s high consumption of energy. Compared with developed countries, China’s use of poorer quality equipment and ineffective use of process energy led to lower energy utilization efficiency.
7.Prospects
With the improvement of the overall technical level in the steel industry, the production of iron and steel has greatly expanded in the past decade. However, the iron and steel industry is still one of the major high energy consumption and high polluting industries in China. Although the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years, the average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries owing to low energy utilization efficiency, the existence of some
small-scale and decentralized industries and low recovery and recycling efficiency of the secondary energy resources. During 2006–2010, the period of China’s 11th five-year plan, based on existing policies, measures and standards, China will promulgate and implement some new policies with more ambitious objectives of sustainable develop-ment and restructuring in the steel industry. One objective of this plan is to build a society committed to energy conservation and a pollution-free environment and to develop the recycling economy chain in the iron and steel industry. Successful implementation of current sustainable development policies and measures will result in considerable energy saving.
According to this plan, China’s energy consumption per GDP in ‘China’s 11th five-year plan’will decrease by 20%, the water consumption per unit of industrial added value will decrease by 30% and the total emission of main pollutants will decrease by 10%. Some major tasks will be undertaken for some high energy consumption industries such as the iron and steel industry, nonferrous metal industry, coal industry, power sector, and chemical industry. Therefore, a new industrial path leading to the use of technology-intensive products, optimal economic efficien-cies, lower resource consumption, and less environmental pollu-tion should be forged. There will be significant energy savings by optimizing end-use energy utilization.
References
[1]Xie QH. The operational aspects of iron and steel industry of China in 2006 and the prospects in 2007. China Steel 2007;2:6–11 (in Chinese).
[2]/cyfz/hxfx/t20070126_113627.htm
[3]/economic/txt/2007-02/22/content_7852832.htm
[4]Wang K, Wang C, Lu XD, Chen JN. Scenario analysis on CO2 emissions reduction potential in China’s iron and steel industry. Energy Policy 2007;35: 2320–35.
[5]The Editorial Board of China steel yearbook China steel yearbook. Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House; 2004.
[6]Heane A, Heste S, Gurney A, Fairhead L, Beare S, Me´lanie S, et al. New energy technologies: measuring potential impacts in APEC. APEC Energy Working Group, Report no. APEC#205–RE–01.1. Published by ABARE as Research Report 05.1, Canberra. /apec/publications/free_downloads/2005.Medialib Download.v1.html?url=/et c/medialib/apec_media_library/ downloads/workinggroups/ewg/pubs/2005.Par.0001.File.v1.1. [7]Weng YQ. Current status and prospect of energy saving and environment protection of Chinese steel industry. China Metallurgy 2003;11:1–6 (in Chinese).
[8]/Info_Show.aspx?Mess_Id¼1659
[9]Wang WX. Iron and steel enterprises’process energy consumption and energy saving potential. Metallurgy Management 2005;6:32–4 (in Chinese).
[10]Cai JJ, He JH, Lu ZW, Li GT, Wang WX, Kong LH. Analysis of energy saving and energy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 years and next 5 years. Iron and Steel 2002;37:68–73 (in Chinese).
中文译文：
我国钢铁工业能源消耗现状及节能对策
摘要
本文介绍了我国钢铁工业发展中的关键问题和能源消耗现状。

中国粗钢的表观生产量扩大到2006吨，占世界钢铁产量的4亿1878万，占世界钢铁产量的34%。

我国钢铁工业仍然是主要的高耗能和高污染行业之一，占全国总能源的15.2%左右，占全国总废水和废气的14%，固体废弃物占总排放量的6%。

由于能源利用效率低，每单位钢材的平均能耗比其他先进国家高出20%左右。

然而，在过去几年中，中国钢铁工业的能源效率取得了显着的改善，未来将实现显着的能源节约，通过优化最终用途的能源利用。

最后，提出了我国第十一个五年计划的经济政策方面的一些措施。

尽管取得了这些成就，中国仍然是一个钢铁生产国，其能源效率是世界主要钢铁生产国的最低水平，虽然其行业的整体技术水平已大大提高，在科学和技术的发展。

一个典型的例子是连铸技术的快速推广。

连续铸造产量的份额增加了约30%的全钢产量在1992至2004在95.8%。

在此期间，许多大公司更换老化的高炉、平炉钢锭脚轮，大规模、现代化的高炉，和铸轧设备。

炼铁可以发生在高炉冶炼过程中，也可以通过直接还原和随后的铁转化为钢，无论是在氧气吹转炉或电弧炉中进行。

随着钢铁工业整体技术水平的提高，钢铁的生产在过去的十年里有了很大的发展，如图1所示[ 1，4 ]。

中国粗钢的表观生产量从1995吨的9500万吨增长到2006的4亿1878万吨，约为1995吨的4.5倍，是2000的三倍，因此，中国在世界钢铁产量中的份额从1995的13%跃升至2006的34%。

这一增长预计将持续在未来几年，由于国内需求的持续增长。

众所周知，钢铁工业是世界上最大的能源消耗的行业。

已成为世界上最大的钢铁生产国，自1996以来，中国的钢铁工业迅速增长，在国内需求的巨大增长。

这种增加是一致的，在其能源消耗的增加的趋势。

钢铁生产消耗了大量的能源，特别是在发展中国家和经济转型中的国家，过时的和低效的技术往往仍然使用。

在发展中国家的钢铁生产增长了近几年的平均年增长率为 6.6% [ 5 ]，预计将继续在类似的水平，由于目前的低人均钢铁消费水平在这些国家。

在工业化国家，钢铁消费平均超过425公斤/人均，而即使是关键的钢铁生产的发展中国家有极低的人均消费水平的80公斤/人均（1995）。

图1、中国粗钢产量与世界份额从1995到2006
中国的钢铁工业大多数是通过一个国有的“企业”系统而发展的，整个社会都致力于钢铁的生产。

其结果是，有关的数据收集有关的能源消耗，以生产钢在中国也包含能源使用在企业级的各种其他职能部门，无论是直接和间接相关的生产钢。

此外，中国的钢铁的一部分是由小钢米尔斯，不报告能源消耗数据，政府统计来源。

重要的是要区分这些数据，使中国的能源的消费价值可以相当评估，特别是当我们比较中国钢铁工业的能源消耗和能源强度的其他国家或特定的“最佳实践”的例子。

我们注意到，即使与这些调整，它是可能的数据仍然包括由于统计报告的问题的不准确。

本文的目的是提出了一项调查，与中国钢铁工业的发展相关的一些关键问题，并介绍了其能源消耗的状态。

分析了我国钢铁工业在钢铁消费过程中的主要作用和中国在国际钢铁工业中的作用，并提出了我国钢铁工业应采取的前景和对策。

它是重要的世界，以更好地了解中国的能源消耗和原材料的使用，并为中国更好地了解已开发或正在开发的方法，在其他国家更有效地利用能源和原材料。

作者希望本文有助于提高在这些方面的行业地位。

2、中国钢铁工业的能源消费结构
众所周知，中国的电力生产主要依靠煤炭，煤炭也是我国钢铁工业中最重要的燃料。

在2004，中国钢铁工业的能源消费结构包括69.90%个煤，26.40%个电力，3.2%个燃料油和0.5%个天然气，如图2 [ 4 ]。

煤炭不仅是最广泛使用的燃料，也是必要的，因为在钢铁工业的原材料，因为大多数的其余部分是电力。

这样的燃料结构提高了每单位的生产的能源消耗，是不太可能在不久的将来发生很大变化。

图2、2004中国钢铁工业的能源消费结构
3、钢铁工业能源消费现状
中国的主要钢铁生产商在钢铁的生产和能源的消耗中发挥着重要作用。

在2003，中国的10大钢铁企业生产了超过三分之一的中国的钢铁产量，与前四家公司生产超过20% [ 6 ]。

这意味着，许多先进的技术早在中国的钢铁行业存在，但目前的行业的浓度限制了这些技术的应用，降低能源效率一般[ 7 ]。

因此，钢铁工业仍然是最高的能源消费和污染的生产商对全国能源消费总量占15.2%，占全国废水、废气14%，和6%的总固体废物产生。

图3显示了我国重点企业能耗的变化从1995到2006[ 10 ]。

在过去的几十年里，钢铁工业的总能耗迅速上升。

在2004年度，中国钢铁总产量为274.7吨，比2000和184.2%上升了107.7%，比1995 [ 10 ]。

中国重点企业能源消费总量从96.30亿吨标准煤上升在2000到197.79亿吨标准煤的2006，这是超过两倍，2000。

然而，能源消费的上升趋势在2006减弱，当它比前一年低8.8%。

随着许多新技术和新设备的应用，近几十年来，每公吨钢的能耗指标明显下降。

2005我国大中型生产综合能耗741千克标准煤/吨钢，这是20.3%，低于2000的930千克标准煤/吨。

2006，每吨钢综合能耗继续下降到645千克标准煤每吨钢。

可比的能源消耗也呈下降趋势。

图3、我国重点企业能源消耗从1995到2006的变化
图4、每吨钢的淡水消耗量从2000到2005
在吨钢耗新水的变化从2000到2006在图4所示的[3,10]。

2006吨钢每吨淡水总水量为6.56立方米，比14.9%低2005。

其他数据比较节能，节水，和2000和2005之间的环境保护，提出在表1 [ 10 ]。

可以看出，我国钢铁工业的能源效率在过去几年取得了显着的改善。

4、钢铁行业几个主要工序的能耗情况
图5显示了在钢铁行业中的几个主要工序能耗的变化从1995到2005 [3,10]。

自1995以来，高炉、电炉和轧钢过程的能耗明显下降，焦化、烧结、转炉炉的相应值也出现了轻微的下降。

与2001年前相比，高炉目前的能源消耗的过程提出了一个增加的趋势，是由于成
本增加，因为2001的原材料的炼铁，如焦炭和煤。

图5、1995年钢铁工业中几个主要工序能耗变化的2005 在几个主要的过程中，铁的制造过程的能量消耗显着高于其他过程。

以2004如图6所示的例子，对炼铁系统的总能耗约占总能耗的70%中，包括39%的高炉、11.9%焦化、成球和5.55%烧结3.51%。

其余的过程占了约30%，这是由12.5%的功率，7.77%的轧制钢，17.5%的电炉，和 2.22%的转换器炉的一小部分。

这意味着，炼铁系统是钢铁行业的任何节能工作的一个重要组成部分。

5、中国钢铁行业能源消费与国际水平的比较
我国钢的能源消耗量高于大多数发达国家。

这其中的原因之一是，中国的能源利用效率低。

每单位钢材的平均能耗比其他发达国家高出20%左右。

与日本相比，例如，中国的大中型企业2004能源消费量为705千克标准煤/吨钢，比日本高7.5%，656千克标准煤/吨。

然而，中国的小生产单位能源消费水平为1045千克标准煤每吨钢高。

Z.C. Guo, Z.X. Fu / Energy 35 (2010) 4356–4360
图6、2004钢铁工业几种主要工艺的能耗结构
我国钢铁工业的总体能源效率还比较低。

其中一个重要的原因是这些小单位的存在。

表2显示，先进的和小的植物之间的能源消耗有一个巨大的差异[ 8 ]。

只有少数几家大型钢铁企业已达到或已超过国际水平。

由于这些先进工厂的产量无法实现市场的主导地位，中国钢铁工业的平均能耗水平仍然令人尴尬。

二是小规模和分散存在的集中产业在中国。

有18个工厂，生产能力超过5吨粗钢，占全国粗钢产量的2005，占全国粗钢产量的46.36%。

在日本，粗钢产量占全国粗钢产量的四，占全国粗钢产量的2004，占全国粗钢产量的三，其中73.22%占61.09%。

除了少数大型钢铁厂，中国的钢铁工业落后于技术、设备、节能、环保等第三个原因是，二次能源的回收率低，回收利用效率高，能源消耗高。

6、中国钢铁工业的措施和政策建议
6.1、膨胀熄焦技术
传统上，热焦的显热，从焦化室的温度在950 - 1050 C，几乎等于35% - 40%，在焦化过程中消耗的热量。

采用干法熄焦技术可使热焦中约80%的显热回收。

此外，在干熄1吨热焦时，可在约3.9兆帕的压力下产生0.45到0.60吨的蒸汽。

熄焦法是一种节能、环保、无污染的技术。

采用干法熄焦，据估计，转鼓强度（M40）3%–4% CO2反应后焦炭增加3%–8%和焦炭强度。

此外，弱结合煤的数量增加了10%，节省约0.38吨的水每吨焦炭。

2005年底，我国钢铁工业中熄焦技术的使用比例不到30%。

2007年底，随着这项技术的普及，由一个自主创新的控制，在过去的两年中，使用比例上升到45%。

现在，34套焦炭干熄装置正在建设中，焦炭干法熄焦技术生产的焦炭的产量占全国产量的三分之一，占全国生产总量的三分之一。

6.2、扩大炉顶煤气余压回收透平（TRT）技术
可以用一个涡轮发电机组从高炉顶部的压力的能量产生。

从理论上讲，从TRT装置产生的功率等于消耗当煤气压力在高炉炉顶的能量为80 kPa。

可能获得经济收益当煤气压力达到100 kPa，甚至可以实现更高的经济收益，特别是如果煤气压力大于120 kPa。

在钢铁生产高炉路线，提高炉顶压力优势因为它导致能源资源回收。

发电量增加了30%，如果干燥的尘土在煤气净化阶段去除，发电机组的容量约3%如果煤气温度提高10 C.如果采用TRT 设备，据估计，30%的能量可以从炉和炼钢的能耗l千克标准煤/吨过程降低鼓风恢复2007年底，高炉容积大于2000立方米的中国配备TRT技术编号49。

在未来，大型高炉TRT技术在中国的应用将是广泛和有力的。

6.3、扩大高炉煤粉喷吹技术
高炉喷煤是炼钢系统采用高炉路线优化的一个重要创新。

此外，它是一个强大的激励，促使铁–钢铁行业等多方面的进步，优化能源结构，节约能源，降低材料消耗，降低成本，等以煤代焦可以缓解由于节能措施导致炼焦煤短缺问题。

此外，它可以减少从焦化过程中的环境污染，同时也产生相当大的经济效益，从煤和焦炭之间的价格差异造成的。

2007，我国大中型钢铁生产商对高炉炼铁生产线采用的平均煤粉量为137公斤/吨，其中2000为每吨铁118公斤。

在我国部分大型高炉中，平均每公吨的铁超过200公斤。

宝钢4350立方米容量高炉是一个例子。

据估计，在2010，中国高炉炼铁的平均煤粉喷射量将为每吨160公斤。

6.4、消除低水平设备，引进和开发新技术
在过去的几年里，中国政府作出了强有力的努力，以消除低水平的设备。

我国小钢铁单位的能耗比大中型钢铁企业的能耗高出1.5倍。

当中国实施第十一个五年计划的节能减排政策的实施，钢铁行业进行了重组，其设备能力增强，现代化的步伐加快，所有这些产生了巨大的影响。

2007，中国2000立方米的高炉数量为63，比17，2005，生产能力提高了35%。

100吨的转换器的数量为2007吨，为98，比八增加了2005，生产能力提高了8%。

在2007，整体能源消耗，淡水消耗，总排放量的二氧化硫，总烟尘排放量，和每吨钢的总厂粉尘排放量下降了约8%，24%，4.5%，3%和4.5%，分别时，相比，在2005。

此外，中国的钢铁产业，积极引进和开发新技术，如COREX工艺和C300熔化还原技术。