国外工程现场管理规范性文件-焊接检验Welding Inspection
CWI考试1PARTA 练习题及答案
Welding Inspection TechnologyWorkbook焊接检验技术练习题（练习题按教材10章的顺序排列，后附：美国惯用单位制和公制转换表，答案附于最后）第1章焊接检验和取证Q1-1Why is there an increasing need for weld quality?为什么焊接质量的要求越来越高?a．safety安全b．economics经济c．1ess conservative design较少保守的设计d．government regulations政府规定e．all ofthe above以上皆是Q1-2What AWS document describes the rules for the CWI certification program?哪份AWS文件阐述了CWI 证书程序规定?a．AWS 5．5b．AWS D1．1c．AWS QCld．AWS 5．1e．AWS 14．1Q1-3Weld quality control should begin after welding has been initiated．焊接质量控制应在焊接已经开始后进行。
a．true正确b．false错误Q1-4What are the three welding inspector certifications covered in AWS QC l?AWS QC1中包括的三种焊接检验证书是哪三种?a．CAWI, CWI, BWIb．CWI, CAWI, SCWIc．SCWI, CWI, ACWId．Levels I，II，and IIIe．None of the above以上都不是Q1-5What is generally considered to be the most important quality of a welding inspector?焊接检验员最重要的素质是什么?a．graduation from a welding vocational program 毕业于焊接专业b．an engineering degree 工程师职称c．an associates’degree 助理职称d．professional attitude 职业态度e．hold a certified welder certificate 拥有注册的焊工证书Q1-6The vision requirements for a CWI are near vision acuity on：CWI 视力要求与哪一项最接近：a．Jaeger J1 at not less than 24 in Jaeger J1不少于24英寸b．Jaeger J2 at not less than 12 in Jaeger J2不少于12英寸c．Jaeger J2 at not less than 12 in, with or without corrective lensesJaeger J2不少于12英寸,矫正与否都可d．the inspector cannot wear glasses 检验员不能佩戴眼镜e．20/20 vision 20/20 视力Q1-7The acronym KASH stands for：缩略语KASH表示：a．knowledge，attitude，skills，and habits 知识,职业态度,技能和习惯b．knowledge，application，skills，and habits 知识,应用,技能和习惯c．knowledge，attitude，skills，and honesty 知识, 职业态度,技能和诚实d．knowledge，application，skills，and honesty 知识,应用,技能和诚实e．knowledge，attitude，sincerity，and honesty 知识, 职业态度,真诚和诚实Q1-8The welding inspector should have a basic understanding of：焊接检验员应掌握的基本知识为：a．welding processes焊接方法b．nondestructive testing methods无损检测方法c．a and b above以上a和bd．codes and standards规范和标准e．all of the above以上皆是Q1-9The term used to describe a delay in the production schedule to permit inspection is：用以描述推迟生产计划以允许检验的术语是：a．NDE 无损检查b．hold point 停止点c．preinspection 预检测d．reference point相关点e．arc strike电弧触发Q1-10Inspection report corrections should be made by：检验报告的修改应这样进行：a．rewriting the entire report 重写整份报告b．reporting the correction to the welding foreman 将修改部分给焊工领班c．telling the welder what was done 将修改的内容告知焊工d．ignoring the original error忽略原先的错误e．single-line out the error，correct the error，date，and initial用单线标出错误,修正错误,注明日期并签名Q1-11 A definition of ethics is：道德的定义是：a．using common sense and honesty 常规的诚实观b．1iving by the rules 按规定办事c．being fair and impartial 公平并公正d．basing decisions on facts 依据事实作出结论e ．all of the above 以上皆是Q1-12 For communications to be effective，it should form a “continuous loop ．”为使沟通有效, 应使之形成”连续循环网络”a ．true 正确b ．false 错误Q1-13 The welding inspector must often communicate with ：焊接检验员应经常与之沟通的是：a ．welders 焊工b ．supervisors 监督人员c ．welding engineers 焊接工程师d ．members of management 管理人员e ．all of the above 以上皆是Q1-14 NDE personnel (other than CWIs) are typically certified to what document?NDE 人员(而非CWI) 依据哪份文件颁发证书?a ．AWS QC lb ．AWS D1．1c ．API 1104d ．ASNT SNT-TC-1Ae ．certification is not needed 无需证书Q1-15 You must have a high school diploma to become a CWI ．你要想成为CWI, 必须有高中的学历证书。
焊接验收规范-
1.总则1.1适用范围1.1.1本标准使用于手工电弧焊(SMAW)、埋弧焊(SAW)、氩弧焊(GTAW)和气体保护焊(GMAW)方法完成的碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢焊接结构件的验收。
1.1.2有特殊要求的焊接结构件应在图纸和订货技术要求中注明。
1.1.3焊接结构件的验收按照图纸、工艺文件的规定。
2.焊接检验2.1焊接前检验：2.1.1审查焊接工艺规程(WPS)和焊工资格焊工资格评定是验证焊工在特定条件范围内、使用指定的材料、焊接某个焊接接头的技能。
这些条件通常包括焊接方法，母材形状及类型、接头位置，焊接技术和焊接方向和位置。
所以检验员需验证焊工、焊接操作工的资格能满足焊接生产中的焊接工艺的要求。
2.1.2检查焊接设备状态验证焊接设备上的仪表是否校核过且是否在有效期内。
2.1.3核对焊材和母材的匹配性母材和焊材在焊接前验证确认符合WPS的要求。
材料试验报告和材质证明书都是有效的证据，所以需做好材料的标记跟踪，确保焊接中使用到的材料能追溯的原始材质证明书。
2.1.42.2焊接过程中的检验2.2.1检查焊接接头的准备和装配检查焊接接头边缘的准备和装配（检查坡口尺寸深度、角度、钝边是否符合图纸要求）是焊接检验程序中的最重要步骤，若在这里不正确的话，也基本上注定焊缝将会不符合要求。
接头焊接区域的清洁要求，在焊接接头两边距离焊缝中心范围内的焊渣、锈、油脂、切割渣、油漆和其他表面污染必须清理干净。
对于黑色金属其清洁范围离焊接坡口边缘至少13mm，对于有色金属清洁范围离焊接坡口边缘至少51mm。
检查坡口表面粗糙度及表面缺陷，若焊接区域有锈就要求将该区域磨出金属光泽。
若表面有松动的蓝色氧化皮的话，就需要打磨去除了。
装配T型接头时需特别注意，大多数T型接头两边用焊缝连接，T型接头会减少焊缝的有效的尺寸。
若是两面焊T型接头，在焊后就看不到接头间隙了。
总之，实际的焊缝尺寸需增加接头间隙来保证。
见图1.1图1.1焊接过程中会产生相当大的力作用在焊接接头上，意味着采取定位措施保证焊接接头在整个焊接过程中的对中。
AWS QC1-2007 简体中文标题焊接检验师资质认可
Standard forAWS Certification of Welding Inspectorssecond printing,September2007550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS QC1:2007 Standard forAWS Certification ofWelding InspectorsSupersedes AWS QC1:2006Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) Subcommittee on Certified Welding InspectorsUnder the Direction of theAWS Certification CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis standard defines the requirements and program for the American Welding Society to certify welding inspectors. The certification of visual welding inspectors requires documentation of experience, satisfactory completion of an examination, and proof of visual acuity. The examination tests the inspector’s knowledge of welding processes, welding procedures, destructive tests, terms, definitions, symbols, reports, safety, and responsibilities.标准分享网 免费下载AWS QC1:2007ii International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-037-4American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126© 2007 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America2nd Printing, September 2007Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: <>.iii AWS QC1:2007Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that are developed through a consensus standards develop-ment process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the American Welding Society administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards. Further, given the rapid changes in the field, AWS cannot warrant that the certifi-cation standard will at all times reflect the most current knowledge.Certification is achieved by satisfying a combination of defined education, experience, and/or examination require-ments. Certification is not an assurance of future competence or ability.An endorsement to a certification adds to a certification by indicating demonstration of ability in a particular skill area that may not be sufficiently broad or unique to support a separate and distinct certification designation. An endorsement is not an indication of approval by AWS or an assurance of future performance.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including special, indirect, consequential or compensatory damages, directly or indirectly resulting from the negligent conduct or other acts or omissions of any individual certified by AWS.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Employers and other persons utilizing the services individuals certified by AWS are responsible for determining the qualifications, competence, and ability of those individuals.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the American Welding Society does not monitor or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered are posted on the AWS web page ().Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Certification Department, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. With regard to certification inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS stan-dards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opin-ions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an offi-cial interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Certification Committee. Comments (recommendations, ad-ditions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be ad-dressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Certification Committee and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee's response to the comments. Guests are invited to at-tend all meetings of the AWS Certification Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Certification Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.标准分享网 免费下载AWS QC1:2007This page is intentionally blank.ivv AWS QC1:2007PersonnelAWS Certification CommitteeR. K. Wiswesser, Chair Welder Training & Testing InstituteS. L. Raymond, 1st Vice Chair International Training InstituteG. G. Hlifka, 2nd Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric CompanyN. A. Chapman, 3rd Vice Chair EntergyP. Howe, Secretary American Welding SocietyR. L. Arn WeldTech InternationalE. R. Bohnart Welding Education & ConsultingK. W. Coryell ConsultantB. Craft Trinity Industries, IncorporatedM. L. Deckard Parsons Brinckerhoff Transit and Rail Systems,IncorporatedE. K. Eden United Association, Local 430G. J. Frederick Electric Power Research InstituteJ. E. Greer Moraine Valley Community CollegeJ. D. Hollison Performance Mechanical, IncorporatedJ. H. Hope ConsultantJ. P. Kane Pennoni AssociatesP. F. Martin United AssociationA. J. Moore Marion Testing & InspectionR. N. Munroe Ironworkers Local 15T. Peshia Garbe Iron Works, IncorporatedAWS Subcommittee on Certified Welding Inspectors (CWI)J. E. Greer, Chair Moraine Valley Community College R. K. Wiswesser, Vice Chair Welder Training & Testing InstituteP. Howe, Secretary American Welding SocietyM. L. Deckard Parsons Brinckerhoff Transit and Rail Systems,IncorporatedP. R. Evans PCI Energy ServicesG. G. Hlifka The Lincoln Electric CompanyJ. P. Kane Pennoni AssociatesR. M. Nielsen ConsultantS. L. Raymond International Training Institute标准分享网 免费下载AWS QC1:2007This page is intentionally blank.vivii AWS QC1:2007ForewordThis foreword is not part of AWS QC1:2007, Standard for AWS Certification ofWelding Inspectors, but is included for informational purposes only.The purpose of welding inspection is to determine if a weldment meets the acceptance criteria of a specific code, standard, or other document. The welding inspector must be thoroughly familiar with welding processes, welding procedures, welder qualifications, materials, the limitation of weld testing, be able to read drawings, prepare and keep records, prepare and make reports, and make responsible judgments. For welding inspectors to be effective, the activities performed should be consistent with the requirements, and technical and ethical principles.AWS QC1, Standard for Certification of AWS Welding Inspectors, was first published in 1975. Subsequent editions were published in 1988, 1996, and 2006. This document, QC1:2007, Standard for Certification of AWS Welding Inspec-tors, replaces the 2006 edition. The first examinations for the certification of Welding Inspector were conducted in the spring and fall of 1976. Over 55,000 individuals have met the requirements of AWS QC1, worldwide, since the start of the program.This edition contains revisions approved by the AWS Certification Committee on January 15, 2007. All amended or added text is identified by underlines. The following is a summary of the amendments:•Statement on Use—a disclaimer paragraph was added to explain the use of endorsements.•Definition of endorsement—the definition was revised to clarify the term.• 6.2.2—the table in 6.2.2 was revised to include the requirements for endorsements.• 6.2.5—amended to clarify the requirements for re-examinations.•16.3.1—amended to clarify that endorsements may be used for recertification.•16.7—amended to clarify the various options for recertification and the various scenarios that could result if one of the examination options is chosen.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS Certification Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.标准分享网 免费下载AWS QC1:2007This page is intentionally blank.viiiix AWS QC1:2007Table of ContentsPage No. Personnel (v)Foreword (vii)1.Scope (1)2.Levels of Certification and Endorsements (1)3.Definitions (1)4.Functions of Certified Personnel (2)cation and Experience Requirements (2)6.Examination Requirements for SCWI and CWI (3)7.Achieving Certified Associate Welding Inspector (CAWI) Certification (4)8.Visual Acuity Requirements (4)9.Reciprocity (4)10.Certification (4)11.Code of Ethics, Rules of Conduct, and Practice (5)12.Revocation (6)13.Reinstatement (6)14.Upgrading of Certification (6)15.Renewals (6)16.9-Year Recertification for SCWI and CWI (7)List of AWS Documents (11)标准分享网 免费下载This page is intentionally blank.1.Scope1.1 This standard establishes the requirements for AWS certification of welding inspection personnel. It describes how personnel are certified, and the principles of conduct and practice by which certification may be maintained. Any oral or written claim of certification under the guidelines established herein shall be made only by those individual SCWIs, CWIs, and CAWIs who are, at the time of the claim, current and in compliance with all sections of this standard.This standard meets or exceeds the requirements of AWS B5.1:2003, Specification for the Qualification of Weld-ing Inspectors. This standard supersedes AWS QC1:2006.1.2 The three levels of certification are Senior Certified Welding Inspector (SCWI), Certified Welding Inspector (CWI), and Certified Associate Welding Inspector (CAWI).1.3 In the certification process, AWS conducts an exami-nation to determine a person’s general knowledge of welding inspection and related technical areas. No deter-mination is made of an individual’s capabilities in apply-ing that knowledge within a specific work environment or under actual working conditions.1.4 It shall be the responsibility of the employer to deter-mine that the SCWI/CWI/CAWI is capable of perform-ing the duties involved in his/her particular welding inspection assignment.1.5 This standard is intended to supplement the require-ments of an employer, code, or other documents and shall not be construed as a preemption of the employer’s responsibility for the work or for the performance of the work.1.6 Safety Precautions. This standard is not intended to address safety and health matters regarding certified welding inspectors. Safety and health requirements are provided in ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, other safety and health standards, and federal, state, and local government regulations. This standard only covers the rules of certification.1.7 Verb Usage. As used in this standard, the word shall denotes a requirement; the word should denotes a guide-line, and the word may denotes an obligation to make a choice.2.Levels of Certification andEndorsementsThere are three levels of AWS certification of welding inspection personnel and specified endorsements. These levels are defined as follows:2.1 Senior Certified Welding Inspector (SCWI). A person certified by AWS as meeting the qualification requirements of 5.3, 6.1, and 6.2 of AWS B5.1, Specifi-cation for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors, and 5.2 of this standard.2.2 Certified Welding Inspector (CWI). A person cer-tified by AWS as meeting the qualification requirements of 5.2, 6.1, and 6.2 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors.2.3 Certified Associate Welding Inspector (CAWI). A person certified by AWS as meeting the qualification requirements of 5.1, 6.1, and 6.2 of AWS B5.1, Specifi-cation for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors.2.4 Endorsements. Endorsements may be added to the SCWI and CWI certifications as outlined in specific endorsement publications.3.DefinitionsThe welding terms used in this standard are defined in AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. Other terms used in this standard are defined as follows:Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors1applicant. A person who applies to the AWS for certification.AWS. The American Welding Society, 550 N.W.LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126.AWS National Registry. The AWS database in which all individuals certified through AWS or an AWS accredited testing facilities are nationally recognized and acknowledged.certificate. The document issued to the applicant on successful completion of the requirements for certification.certified. Having met the AWS certification requirements.certification. The act of determining, verifying and attesting in writing to the qualification of personnel in conformance to specified requirements.Certification Department. The department that admin-isters the certification activities of the American Welding Society.CEU. Continuing Education Unit.code. A standard consisting of a set of conditions and requirements relating to a particular subject and indi-cating appropriate procedures by which it can be determined that the requirements have been met. A standard suitable for adoption in whole or in part by a governmental authority as a part of a law or regulation or as specified by other mandatory documents. Committee. The Certification Committee of the Ameri-can Welding Society.endorsement. Indication of an additional skill docu-mented in writing and added to one’s certification credential(s).nondestructive examination. The act of determining the suitability of some material or component for its intended purpose using techniques that do not affect its serviceability.notarization. To authenticate or attest that specific information is valid.qualification. Demonstrated training, skill, knowledge and experience required for personnel to perform the duties of a specific job.qualified. Having complied with specific requirements.PDH. Professional Development Hour. A unit of approved professional or education activity involving class participation or performing as an instructor.PDHs are used to determine continuing education eli-gibility for recertification under this program.specification. A specification describes the essential technical requirements for material, fabrication, prod-uct, system, or service. It indicates the means to deter-mine that all requirements have been met. A standard suitable for adoption in procurement documents. standard. A generic term incorporating codes, specifica-tions, recommended practices, classifications, meth-ods, and guides that have been prepared by a sponsoring committee, and approved in accordance with established procedures.4.Functions of Certified Personnel 4.1 The SCWI shall be able to perform inspections, supervise one or more CWIs, CAWIs, and/or NDE per-sonnel, prepare inspection procedures, review and inter-pret joining procedures, conduct audits of vendors and/or organizations providing materials or services to the project, and ensure that the work performed and the records maintained conform to the requirements of the applicable standards and other contract documents and perform all SWI duties listed in AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors.4.2 The SCWI and CWI shall be able to perform inspec-tions or to verify that the work inspected and records maintained, conform to the requirements of the applica-ble standards and perform all WI duties listed in AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors.4.3 The SCWI and CWI shall be able to certify the quali-fication of welders to various codes and specifications. The requirements of the AWS QC7 Certified Welder program and the National Registry of AWS Certified Welders are outside the scope of this standard.4.4 The CAWI shall be able to perform inspections, under the direct supervision of a SCWI or CWI within visible and audible range, and as defined for the AWI as in AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors. It is the SCWI or CWI, however, who has responsibility for certifying that welded assem-blies conform to workmanship and acceptance criteria.cation and ExperienceRequirements5.1 Applicants seeking AWS SCWI, CWI, or CAWI cer-tification shall meet the applicable education and experi-ence requirements as stated in 5.5 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors for the desired level of certification.5.1.1 In addition to the activities listed in 5.5 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors, duration of membership on a technical, certi-fication, qualification, or education committee active in the technical activities listed in AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors shall count towards the time requirements for experience.5.2 In addition to the requirements of AWS B5.1, Speci-fication for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors, applicants for SCWI shall have been certified as a CWI for a minimum of six (6) years.5.3 All applicants shall submit with the application, writ-ten verification of documented employment. This verifi-cation or affidavit should be completed and signed by the applicant’s most recent employment supervisor or the appropriate personnel department staff, if available, attesting to the applicant’s employment activities of which he/she has personal knowledge or documentation. If acquiring this information is not possible, then the applicant will submit a detailed affidavit attesting to pre-vious work experiences.5.4 Experience claimed by applicants for all levels of certification and/or recertification, shall be documented by one or more of the following:5.4.1 Completion of the employment verification sec-tion of the application for certification.5.4.2 A letter of employment on company letterhead from present and former employers indicating appli-cant’s name, social security number (optional) job title(s), start date, company name, company address and telephone number, immediate supervisor’s name, and the name and title of the person completing the letter.5.4.3 A letter on organizational letterhead from the applicant’s associated or affiliated organizational repre-sentative containing information relevant to the organi-zation in which they were employed, accompanied by official copies of work assignment sheets, books, or records.5.4.4 Two (2) letters of reference on company letter-head from separate clients attesting to the nature of work assignments during the period of performance required for certification for self-employed or contract applicants.5.4.4.1 If letters of reference cannot be practically obtained, applicants shall submit an affidavit describing what type of work activity they performed, and indicat-ing the time frame of that activity for a sufficient number of clients to establish the length of activity required in 15.4 of this standard. Additional supporting documenta-tion, such as lesson plans, letters, billing invoices, or check stubs also may be submitted.5.5 All applicants shall be responsible for using the mostcurrent applications as provided by the AWS Certifica-tion Department. Use of obsolete forms may delay the certification process.6.Examination Requirements forSCWI and CWI6.1 Senior Certified Welding Inspector6.1.1 Applicants seeking SCWI certification shallsuccessfully meet the SWI requirements as contained in6.2 and7.2 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualifi-cation of Welding Inspectors.6.1.2 Applicants shall pass the examination(s) as follows:6.1.3 Re-examinations shall be considered as any teststaken within one year (12 months) of the original test date. Candidates may take up to two (2) re-examinations within one year of the original test date.6.2 Certified Welding Inspector6.2.1 Applicants seeking CWI certification shall suc-cessfully meet the WI requirements as contained in 6.2 and 7.1 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors.6.2.2 Applicants shall pass the examination(s) as follows:6.2.3 Applicants who achieve a 72% overall compositescore (simple average of three parts of the examination) and fail to meet the requirements of 6.2.2 may retake those parts failed subject to the requirements of 6.2.5.6.2.4 An applicant shall select and indicate on his/hercertification application the Code to which they are to be tested. Applicants are responsible for verifying with the AWS Certification Department which Codes are available ExaminationMinimumNumber ofQuestionsMinimumPercentage ofCorrect Answers SCWI Part Aand Part B20072%(144 correct answers) ExaminationMinimumNumber ofQuestionsMinimumPercentage ofCorrect Answers Part A—FundamentalsPart B—PracticalPart C—Code BookCode Book EndorsementsOther Endorsements1504646N/AN/A72%72%72%72%As defined inthe endorsementspecifications3and which editions of those Codes are applicable to the examination.6.2.5 Re-examinations shall be considered as retaking the same exam. Candidates may take one (1) re-examination within one year of the original test date without further training. Any additional retests taken will require docu-mentation of 40 hours of further training received in welding inspection meeting the requirements of 16.5.1.The maximum number of retests taken in any three-year period is three (3).7.Achieving Certified Associate Welding Inspector (CAWI) Certification7.1 CAWI certification is obtained when an applicant achieves the following on the CWI examination:7.2 CAWIs shall adhere to the requirements of 15.1 of this standard.7.3 Existing CAWIs who achieve the minimum scores in 7.1 of this standard shall be awarded a CAWI certifica-tion and will be subject to the requirements of 15.1 of this standard.7.4 All CAWI certifications issued in accordance with this standard shall have new certification numbers assigned to them.7.5 CAWIs who meet the requirements of Section 14 of this standard are eligible for upgrading to CWI status. Cer-tification upgrade is not automatic. Applicants for upgrade must complete and submit all necessary documents to the AWS Certification Department for consideration.8.Visual Acuity Requirements8.1 Applicants for certification as SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall satisfy the visual acuity requirements of 6.1 of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Weld-ing Inspectors .8.1.1 Eye examinations shall be administered by an Ophthalmologist, Optometrist, Medical Doctor, Regis-ExaminationMinimum Number of Questions Minimum Correct Percentage Part A—Fundamentals Part B—Practical Part C—Code Book150464660%60%60%tered Nurse, Certified Physician’s Assistant, or by other ophthalmic medical personnel, and must include the state or province license number. Examinations shall be per-formed not more than 7 months prior to the date of the welding inspector examination or recertification.8.1.2 The completed eye examination results shall be received in the AWS Certification Department not later than 30 days after the applicant’s completed examination date. Applicants who have not fulfilled all requirements by that date shall have all records, scores, and applica-tions voided and may be in jeopardy of forfeiting appli-cation fees.9.Reciprocity9.1 The Committee periodically approves reciprocity arrangements between the program defined in this stan-dard and welding inspector certification programs in other countries. The terms and conditions of each reci-procity arrangement are unique and conditional upon the uniform administration of the reciprocal program.Changes to programs subsequent to granting reciprocity shall be cause for reevaluation by the Committee of issu-ance of certifications beyond the date of change. Contact the AWS Certification Department for a listing of current approved reciprocal agreements and their respective requirements.10.Certification10.1 Documentation. The American Welding Society shall issue to each SCWI, CWI, and CAWI applicant who complies with the applicable requirements of AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors , a serialized (unique number) certificate and a wallet card stating that the applicant has met the AWS certification requirements. Certification shall be valid for three years unless revoked for reasons defined in 11.6and the authority of Section 12. The certificate shall indi-cate the date of certification. The wallet card shall indi-cate the expiration date of certification and any need for corrective lenses for near vision acuity. It shall also state results of color vision tests.10.1.1 SCWIs shall be issued a new certification num-ber but may request that the original date of CWI certifi-cation be listed on the SCWI wallet card.10.2 Verification. The American Welding Society shall release certification test results only to the applicant SCWI/CWI/CAWI, or to a person or agency designated by the applicant SCWI/CWI/CAWI upon written re-quest, and with notarized and witnessed release. Theexception to this requirement are members of American Welding Society staff and members and officers of the Certification Committee, who may request and receive access to all information relating to program participants in the necessary pursuit of their duties on behalf of the program. Extra copies of test results, in addition to those provided at the time of certification, may require pay-ment of a nominal administrative fee. Requests for veri-fication of status and certification number of SCWIs, CWIs, and CAWIs shall be provided to requestors with-out charge. Only the certification number, date certified, expiration date, and current status (current, revoked, etc.) shall be provided by American Welding Society staff members without the express written approval of the ap-plicant, SCWI, CWI, or CAWI.11.Code of Ethics, Rules of Conduct,and PracticePreamble. In order to safeguard the health and well being of the public and to maintain integrity and high standards of skills, practice, and conduct in the occupa-tion of welding inspection, the American Welding Soci-ety SCWIs, CWIs, and CAWIs shall be cognizant of the following principles and the scope to which they apply, with the understanding that any unauthorized practice is subject to the Committee’s review and may result in sus-pension, reprimand, or revocation of certification.11.1 Integrity. The SCWI, CWI, and CAWI shall act with complete integrity in professional matters and be forthright and candid to their employer, the regulator or employer’s customer, and with the Committee or its rep-resentatives, on matters pertaining to this standard. 11.2 Responsibility to the Public. The SCWI, CWI, and CAWI shall act to preserve the health and well being of the public by performing duties required of welding inspection in a conscientious and impartial manner to the full extent of the inspector(s) moral and civic responsi-bility and qualification. Accordingly, the SCWI, CWI, and CAWI shall:11.2.1 Undertake and perform assignments only when qualified by training, experience, and capability.11.2.2 Present credentials upon request to persons authorized to examine them.11.2.3 Neither falsely represent current status nor seek to misrepresent the certification level (SCWI/CWI/ CAWI) by modification of certification documents or false verbal or written testimony of current level or status.11.2.4 Be completely objective, thorough, and factual in any written report, statement, or testimony of the workand include all relevant or pertinent testimony in such communiqués or testimonials.11.2.5 Sign only for work that the inspector hasinspected, or for work over which the inspector has per-sonal knowledge through direct supervision.11.2.6 Neither associate with nor knowingly partici-pate in a fraudulent or dishonest venture or activity.11.3 Public Statements11.3.1 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall issue no state-ments, criticisms or arguments on weld inspection mat-ters connected with public policy which were inspired or paid for by an interested party, or parties, without first identifying the party, the speaker, and disclosing any possible financial interest.11.3.2 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall publiclyexpress no opinion on welding inspection subjects unless it is founded upon knowledge of the facts in issue, upon a background of technical competence pertinent to the sub-ject, and upon honest conviction of the accuracy and pro-priety of the statement.11.4 Conflict of Interest11.4.1 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall avoid a con-flict of interest with the employer or client and shall dis-close any business association, or circumstance that might be so considered.11.4.2 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall not acceptcompensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed to all interested parties or their autho-rized agents.11.4.3 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall not solicit oraccept gratuities, directly or indirectly, from any party, or parties, dealing with the client or employer in connec-tion with the SCWI’s, CWI’s, and CAWI’s work.11.4.4 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall, while servingin the capacity of an elected, retained, or employed pub-lic official, neither inspect, review, nor approve work in the capacity of SCWI, CWI, or CAWI on projects also subject to the inspector’s administrative jurisdiction as a public official, unless this practice is expressly dictated by a job description and/or specification and all affected parties to the action are in agreement.11.5 Solicitation of Employment11.5.1 The SCWI, CWI, or CAWI shall neither pay,solicit, nor offer, directly or indirectly, any bribe or com-mission for professional employment with the exception5。
焊接质量检验规范
焊接质量检验规范编制/日期审核/日期会签/日期批准/日期1.目的确定本公司焊接产品品质的判定标准，以提供焊接零部件品质检验的依据。
2. 引用标准下列文件中的条款通过本规范的引用成为本规范的条款。
凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本规范。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本规范。
ISO9712 无损检测—无损检测人员资格鉴定和认证ISO17635 焊缝的无损检测—金属材料一般原则ISO5817 焊接－熔化焊－钢、镍、钛及其合金熔化焊接头（能束焊除外）－缺欠质量分级3.职责质保部负责此规范的维护及执行。
4.检验要求4.1焊前试验及检验在施焊之前，检验人员应对下列项目进行检验和验证。
4.1.1 焊工和焊接操作工证书的适用性、有效性；查看焊接工证书与焊接要求的一致性，证书在有效期内；4.1.2 焊接工艺规程的适用性；查看焊接工艺规程与产品的符合性；4.1.3 母材的标识；母材标识与图纸及工艺规程要求相符合；4.1.4 焊接材料的标识；焊接材料有CE标记与工艺规程一致，并在有效期内；4.1.5 下料零件的几何尺寸、平整度、切割面质量；符合图纸、工艺、检验规范要求；4.1.6 焊接坡口(形式及尺寸)；符合图纸、工艺、检验规范要求；4.1.7 组对、夹具及定位；符合工艺要求的工装夹具；4.1.8 焊接工艺规程中的任何特殊要求，如防止变形；无特殊要求；4.1.9 工作条件（包括环境）对焊接的适用性。
工作环境符合工艺规程要求；4.2焊接过程中的试验及检验在焊接过程中，检验人员及焊接监督人员应在现场进行巡回检查，对工艺执行的情况进行监督检验、监督的内容应包括：4.2.1 主要焊接参数(如焊接电流、电弧电压及焊接速度)；依据产品焊接工艺要求；4.2.2 预热/道间温度；依据产品焊接工艺要求；4.2.3 焊道的清理与形状，焊缝金属的层数；单道焊，无需清理；4.2.4 根部气泡；依据产品焊接工艺要求；4.2.5 焊接顺序；按单道顺序进行焊接4.2.6 焊接材料的正确使用及保管；焊接材料使用符合焊丝采购规范要求；4.2.7 变形的控制；符合焊接工艺规程内的现有工艺参数焊接，变形在要求范围内；4.2.8 所有的中间检查，如尺寸检验。
焊接检验规范 英文
1. Standard1.1 According to the National Standards of the People's Republic of China: GB/T19804-2005《Welding- General tolerances for welded constructions- Dimensions for lengths and angles-shape and position》.2. Specific requirements2.1 Requirements of sheet metal before welding2.1.1 All raw materials must meet the requirements of drawing, or shall not be used in material preparation and production.2.1.2 For the welding steel the flatness shall be no more than 2/1000; the bending is no bigger than 0.3% of the whole length.2.1.3 Before welding, the deformation of spare parts must be alignment and leveling.2.1.4 According to the requirements of parts size, material thickness, welded seam size specifications, workers shall choose different specifications welding wire.2.2 Welding process requirements2.2.1 Welding should in accordance with the drawings, technical and process requirements , if the work piece welded wrong ,treating it as defective products ,welding and cutting again.2.2.2 When welding，the place where require grooves must be grooved. If there are no grooves in the welding material, worker must chamfer and than report the problem to supervisor.2.2.3 When welding, work piece must meet the dimension, form and position tolerances. Form and position tolerances of non processing surface shall refer to level C grade of tolerance in GB/T19804-2005 .2.2.4When substitute material is needed for welding .If the thickness of the substitute material can’t meet the drawing requirements, it can’t be used without technical department’s written permission.2.2.5 Welded seam must meet the drawings demands. If the length of require intermittent welding size doesn’t be demanded in the drawing , welding 8-10mm in every 50mm interval, every welding spot shall be uniform.2.2.6 Continuous welded shall be straight and smooth, no obvious rugged, weld penetration, crater, welding pore and undercut. Weld corner shall meet the demands of drawings, if there is no demands, ensure the weld corner as big as the minimum thickness of the border upon parts.2.2.7 After welding, polishing every weld seam, clear away the welding slag and peripheral burr.2.2.8 Parts which required bending cannot be welded without technical department’s written consent.2.2.9 In welding process, parts which need to be struck can be lightly hammering with a small hand hammer to reach the required size. Do not hammering with a hammer in the sheet metal plane.3. Welding tolerance3.13.23.34.Demands and standards for welding post processing.4.1 Weld smoothness.4.2 After welding, the facade of the work piece shall be polished with emery cloth. Touched smooth, no welding slag, welding spot and burr. Make sure the work piece side flush and surfacing4.3 The weld of the box type work piece shall not be higher than the plane. After puttying the welding line shall be covered, it should be hardly to look out the welding line.4.4 For passing parts, especially the plane which will not be processed again, must be protected, avoided from the damage of electric arc and welding slag, and the welding line shall not be polished when it is homogeneous.4.5 The sheet metal parts, which will be blueing or electroplated, should have sand blasting. And should be heavily guarded, avoiding scratches, no polishing any more.。
NDT Standard AWS D14.4 accept standard english and chinese version
（a）最大圆形缺陷显示尺寸.(见表19) .单个缺陷显示是指缺陷与相邻缺陷之间的分离大于25mm或更远。
（b）在一条直线上的圆形缺陷显示。当在12倍壁厚长度范围内的同一条直线上的圆形缺陷的直径的总和小于壁厚（见图48.）将被接受。在同一条直线上的一组缺陷的长度必须符合图49.的要求。
（c）距离.单个缺陷或在一条直线上的一组圆形缺之间的距离不是决定合格或不合格的唯一因素。还要看圆形缺陷和在一条直线上的一组缺陷的要求。
备注：在12T范围内L1到Lx的总和小于T.
ASME第Ⅷ卷.第1章.附录4.图4.1是允许的。
图48.在一条直线上的一组圆形缺陷显示举例
备注：在12T范围内，一组缺陷的长度的总和小于T
密集缺陷的最大长度
密集缺陷之间的最小距离
3L：L是被评定为最长密集缺陷的长度。
备注：在12T范围内L1到Lx的总和小于T.ASME第Ⅷ卷.第1章.附录4.图4.2是允许的。
图49.在一条直线上的一组圆形缺陷显示样本
（A）任意圆型缺陷显示
在150mm范围内允许存在的缺陷尺寸。
表19中显示的最大尺寸其他备注。
©在焊缝300mm长度范围内缺陷的累积总长度超过1个壁厚将被认为不合格。当焊接检测长度小于300mm时，缺陷长度超过1个壁厚认为不合格。
（2）Ⅱ级检测.任何不连续的反射信号超过满屏的80%和长度超过6mm将被认为不合格。相邻缺陷的反射波高高于满屏的80%距离小于2L（L最长缺陷的长度）将被认为是一个缺陷。缺陷的反射在满屏的40%~80%之间将按下列方式评定。
（b）对于Ⅱ级检测，使用仪器增益和衰减控制由Ф1.2mm孔反射的所有信号顶点调刻度信号。屏幕上会分为两条水平线，40%（忽视级别或缺陷记录线）和80%（波幅拒绝级别或波幅记录线）或者满屏高度。
海外地区美标与国标钢结构施工管理差异对比分析
海外地区美标与国标钢结构施工管理差异对比分析摘要：随着国家大力推进和发展“一带一路”建设政策，中国企业开始在海外地区承揽了越来越多的工程建设项目。
但是海外地区项目所采用的建造、施工、验收等标准均为国外标准，与中国国家标准存在着明显的差异。
本文以马来西亚标志塔项目钢结构施工为例，从钢结构图纸深化设计、钢结构安装、钢结构焊接作业、防火涂装施工等多方面综合对比分析美标与国标在施工管理流程中存在的差异，为后续的海外地区工程建设施工指明方向。
关键词：海外地区；钢结构；国标；美标；对比分析10 前言海外地区建设工程项目因为项目地址处于中国之外地区，项目施工建设过程中采用设计、施工、验收等标准均为其他国家标准，因此导致相应的施工管理等流程均与国内的建设项目存在着差异。
海外地区工程建设人员应对不同国家施工标准有深入的了解及掌握，这样才能在海外项目建设施工过程中针对因标准不同产生的问题及时、有效的做出解决方法及对策。
因此，本文将以马来西亚标志塔项目钢结构施工为例，从钢结构图纸深化设计、钢结构安装、钢结构焊接作业、防火涂装施工及现场质量验收等多方面综合对比分析国标与美标在施工管理流程中存在的差异，为海外项目的钢结构施工提供指导作用。
1 项目概况吉隆坡标志塔项目位于吉隆坡敦拉萨国际金融中心，地下4层，地上98层，高452.065m，建筑面积约40万平米，为框架-核心筒结构体系，用钢量2.6万吨。
外框钢柱以1.35°向内倾斜,倾斜的建筑外形给施工后塔吊的拆除带来一定的难度。
2 深化设计标准差异2.1 深化设计流程差异由于采用的标准不同，国内外项目钢结构深化设计流程存在明显差异。
其主要差异表现在钢结构深化图纸审批流程。
海外美标环境下深化图纸报审及审批流程如下：1.钢结构专业分包单位根据设计图纸及相关规范要求完成某部分深化图纸编制。
2.深化图纸报送总承包单位技术部。
3.总承包技术部审核签字完成后报送总承包深化设计部。
焊接件检验流程与标准规范
焊接件检验流程与标准规范English Answer:Welded component inspection process and standard specifications are crucial to ensure the quality and integrity of welded joints. The inspection process typically involves several steps, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing (NDT), and destructive testing.Visual inspection is the first step in the inspection process, where the welder or inspector visually examines the welded joint to detect any visible defects such as cracks, porosity, or incomplete penetration. This inspection is done using various tools such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, and borescopes.Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are then employed to detect defects that may not be visible to the naked eye. Common NDT methods used in weld inspectioninclude ultrasonic testing (UT), radiographic testing (RT), magnetic particle testing (MT), and liquid penetranttesting (PT). These techniques can detect internal defects such as inclusions, lack of fusion, or weld discontinuities.Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect defects by analyzing the echo patterns produced when the sound waves encounter boundaries between different materials or internal defects. Radiographic testinginvolves passing X-rays or gamma rays through the weld and capturing the resulting image on a film or digital detector. Magnetic particle testing uses magnetic fields and iron particles to detect surface and near-surface defects.Liquid penetrant testing involves applying a liquid dye to the surface of the weld and observing if it seeps into any defects.In addition to NDT, destructive testing is also conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the welded joint. This includes tests such as tensile testing, bend testing, and impact testing. These tests help determine the strength, ductility, and toughness of the weld.The inspection process is guided by various standards and specifications. The most commonly used standard for welding inspection is the American Welding Society (AWS)D1.1 Structural Welding Code – Steel. This standard provides guidelines for weld inspection criteria, acceptance criteria, and inspection methods. Other standards such as ISO 3834, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and EN 1090 also provide specific requirements for weld inspection.In conclusion, the inspection process for welded components involves visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and destructive testing. Various NDT techniques such as ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, magnetic particle testing, and liquid penetrant testing are used to detect defects. The inspection process is guided by standards and specifications such as AWS D1.1, ISO 3834, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and EN 1090.中文回答：焊接件检验流程与标准规范对于确保焊接接头的质量和完整性至关重要。
AWS焊接检验规范
不连续的种类 2. 冶金的 1) 机械性能: 强度; 延伸率; 硬度 2) 化学性能: 化学成份; 抗腐蚀
3. 母材
1) 分层 2) 层状撕裂 3) 划伤和结疤
各种不连续----焊接变形
焊接接头的变形
各种不连续
焊瘤
咬边
各种不连续---焊缝尺寸
各种不连续---焊缝轮廓
各种不连续---焊缝轮廓
各种不连续---裂纹
焊趾裂纹是指焊趾处开裂而扩展到母材,焊缝的几何形状,如焊缝加强高或内凹可 能会在焊趾处形成应力集中,再加上热影响区金相组织韧性较差,从而易产生焊趾 裂纹,焊趾裂纹通常是冷裂纹,是由焊接横向收缩应力或在役应力造成的或者兼而 有之.
各种不连续---裂纹
各种不连续---裂纹
各种不连续---裂纹
各种不连续---未熔合
各种不连续---未熔合
各种不连续---未焊透
各种不连续---未焊透
各种不连续---未焊满各种不连续-ຫໍສະໝຸດ -气孔各种不连续---气孔
各种不连续---裂纹
根部裂纹通常是纵向的,但它可能在焊缝或母材内扩展,与焊喉裂纹一样,通常是热 裂纹,接头装配或准备不当会导致根部裂纹,如根部间隙过大会导致应力集中而产 生根部裂纹
各种不连续---夹渣; 夹钨
各种不连续---夹渣; 夹钨
各种不连续---分层
分层是一种母材的缺陷,是由于在钢的制造过程中有非金属 杂质的存在而造成的,这些杂质通常是由当钢在熔化的过程 中产生的氧化物造成的,在轧制的过程中,杂质伸长为长条,如 果这些长条特别大并形成平面形状,就形成分层.
各种不连续---层状撕裂
各种不连续---总结
AWSD1.1 目视检验验收标准
AWSD1.1 目视检验验收标准
焊接无损检测 最新国际标准 分类汇总
Tungston electrodes DIN V 1739 (ISO/TR 16060) DIN EN ISO 17641-1, -2, -3 DIN EN ISO 17642-1, -2, -3 DIN EN ISO 8249, 17655 High strengh steels DIN EN 757
Welder qualification nickel Welder qualification titan Welder qual. iron cast
Destructiv examination Transverse tensile test Longitude tensile test WM Crosstrain testing DIN EN ISO 4136 DIN EN ISO 5178 DIN EN ISO 9018 DIN EN ISO 5173 DIN EN 1320 (ISO 9017) DIN EN ISO 148-1,
Further standards Welder qualification copper DIN EN ISO 9606-3 DIN EN ISO 9606-4 DIN EN ISO 9606-5 DIN EN 287-6 E DIN EN ISO 12932 DIN EN ISO 15614-6 DIN EN ISO 15614-1 DIN EN ISO 15614-5 DIN EN ISO 15614-3 DIN EN ISO 15614-7 DIN EN ISO 15614-8 DIN EN ISO 11970 DIN EN 1011-8 DIN EN 1011-5 DIN FB CEN/TR 15235
DIN EN ISO 9013 DIN EN ISO 9692-3
换热器管子与管板的焊接与检验的国外工程标准简介(一)
求 、设计和实施总则 、管与管板的设计与焊接 、管与 管板的工艺评定 、焊缝的外观检验 、渗漏检验 、无损 检验的方法 、工艺及验收标准等 。本文基于参与南 京扬巴项目 ,上海漕泾巴斯夫两项目近数百台换热 器的设计 、制造与检验的经验与体会 ,对上述标准进 行详叙 ,以期对国内的换热器制造 、管子与管板焊接 与检验提供借鉴 。
·7 ·
CPVT 换热器管子与管板的焊接与检验的国外工程标准简介 (一) Vol221No10 2005
当管头伸出高度为 - 1 mm 时 , 管与管板的手工焊 接 、机械焊接的操作性最佳 ,焊缝中的缺陷出现率降 为最低 ,因而此坡口和焊接接头得到广泛的应用 。
管与管板焊缝外观检验合格判定标准序号缺陷名称dineniso52参考号码缺陷外形缺陷判定合格标准裂纹100所有裂纹的表现不合格表面气孔焊缝内固体夹延伸至焊缝表面2017600管壁熔透600仅适用于当管壁厚216mm管深出长度mm不合格焊缝余高与内瘤启弧缺陷60025mm015mm25mmmm不合格管端熔化角焊缝600仅适用于当管壁厚216mm管深出长度mm不合格深度应小于011mm管壁厚飞溅602打磨痕迹604铲除痕迹605低于管壁表面606不合格10焊道布置不合理600第二层焊道未完全覆盖第一层焊道不合格下转第43第22卷第1023liuzqetalstructurenoisereductionultrasonicsig2nalsusingartificialneuralnetworkadaptivefilteringj328
1 前言
管子与管板的焊接在换热器的设计 、制造与检 验中至关重要 ,而现行的标准 、规范中对管子与管板 的焊接工艺评定 、焊接 、检验等没有行之有效的措施 或规定 。管与管板的焊缝为未焊透结构 , 其特殊性 与检验手段的限制 , 致使出现对设备运行有潜在危 害的焊接缺陷及假焊 。待设备运行一段时间后 , 不
焊接检验标准
焊接检验标准焊接检验标准⽬录⼀、⽬的2⼆、适⽤范围本公司2三、定义2四、引⽤标准2五、焊缝质量分级3六、检验标准（单位为mm）3本规范由编制，由负责解释。
13⼀、⽬的：指导焊⼯及焊接检验⼈员⼯作，明确检验⽅法，建⽴判定标准，确保产品质量。
适⽤范围：本公司定义：焊接质量（weldingquality）是指焊接产品符合设计技术要求的程度。
焊接质量不仅影响焊接产品的使⽤性能和寿命，更重要的是影响⼈⾝和财产安全；引⽤标准：本标准的尺⼨未注单位皆为mm，未注公差按以下国标IT13级执⾏GB/T1800.3-1998极限与配合标准公差和基本偏差数值表GB/T1800.4-1998极限与配合标准公差等级和孔、轴的极限偏差表GB/1804-2000⼀般公差未注公差的线性和⾓度尺⼨的公差未注形位公差按GB/T1184–1996形状和位置公差未注公差值执⾏。
焊缝质量分级根据缺陷性质和数量将焊缝质量分为4级：Ⅰ级：应⽆裂纹、未熔合、未焊透和条状夹渣；Ⅱ级：应⽆裂纹、未熔合和未焊透；Ⅲ级：应⽆裂纹、未熔合及双⾯焊或加垫板的单⾯焊缝中的未焊透，不加垫板的单⾯焊中的未焊透允许长度按条状夹渣长度Ⅲ级评定（此等级为修理后降级使⽤）；Ⅳ级：焊缝缺陷超过Ⅲ级者（直接判废）。
检验标准（单位为mm）1、?焊脚尺⼨：⽬测、焊缝检验尺a、?图纸标有焊脚尺⼨的焊脚公差SPEC+25.0%0.0%(焊脚为10mm时，允许值为10～12.5mm,焊脚尺⼨不允许有负公差)b、?图纸未注焊脚尺⼨：检验⽅法：⽬测、焊缝检验规项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级焊脚尺⼨t1=t2母材厚度6以下s≥t-1s≥t-1s≥t-26～9s≥t-2s≥t-2s≥t-312s≥9s≥9s≥619s≥14s≥14s≥1020s≥15s≥15s≥1022s≥16s≥16s≥1125s≥18s≥18s≥1226t以上?以薄钢板厚度为厚度基准，焊缝尺⼨为母材厚度的75%以上，公差取0~+25%?2、?咬边：检验⽅式：⽬测、深度尺项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级咬边上下部咬边t≤3.6不允许不允许孤⽴的短的允许a≤0.2＋0.05t末端切⼝部分的平滑过渡不视为咬边t≥3.6不允许孤⽴的短的允许a≤0.5孤⽴的短的允许a≤1.0t＞3.6单独孤⽴短的允许a≤0.2单独孤⽴短的允许a≤0.5孤⽴的短的a≤1.0?3、?焊缝表⾯⽓孔：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级⽓孔针状⽓孔焊缝上⼩的孤⽴的允许Φ1mm⽓孔1个以下焊缝上⼩的孤⽴的允许Φ1mm⽓孔2个以下焊缝上⼩的孤⽴的允许Φ1mm⽓孔3个或Φ2mm⽓孔1个以下对于焊接末端部位除外夹渣⾓焊缝对接焊缝夹渣不允许焊缝上孤⽴的⼩的允许Φ1mm2个以下焊缝上孤⽴的⼩的允许Φ1mm2个以下Φ2mm1个以下对于2个以上的密集⽓孔不允许a、焊缝的概念指的是焊缝从起弧到收弧的距离b、焊缝表⾯连续出现的线状或群集状⽓孔，均判定为不合格4、?焊瘤：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级焊瘤ΦΦ≤90°时判定为焊瘤不允许不允许⼩的局部的允许??5、?未焊透：检验⽅式：⽬测适⽤部位：适⽤外观上可进⾏检查的⾓焊缝及对接焊缝末端部位项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级未焊透双⾯焊发⽣的未焊透现象不允许不允许孤⽴的⼩的缺陷，缺陷厚度≤0.5?6、背⾯余⾼(烧穿、焊漏)：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级背⾯余⾼对接接头背⾯余⾼aa≤1+0.1b最⼤不允超过2局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.15b最⼤不允许超过3局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.15b最⼤不允许超过43级以上判定为烧穿余⾼对接接头余⾼hh≤1＋0.05c最⼤余⾼h≤2，c＝10则h≤1.5c＝20则h≤2.0h≤1＋0.1ch≤3，c＝10则h≤2c＝20则h≤3h≤1＋0.2ch≤3焊缝与母材不能有尖锐夹⾓，修磨或重焊7、?未融合：检验⽅式：⽬测适⽤于从外观上可以检查的部位项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级未熔合坡⼝⾯和焊道及焊道之间未融合不允许不允许不允许内部缺陷8、?焊缝裂纹：检验⽅式：⽬测由于母材分层引起的也适⽤于本标准项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级裂纹焊接接头内、外部裂纹不允许不允许不允许9、?弧坑：检验⽅式：⽬测弧坑裂纹不允许，需要返修项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级弧坑不允许弧坑部的凹陷深度在1mm以下a≤1mm弧坑部的凹陷深度在2mm以下a≤2mm对于对接焊端部，不允许?10、焊缝连接（余⾼）：检验⽅式：⽬测、焊缝检验规项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级接头缺陷焊缝最⼤厚度差a≤1mma≤2mma≤3mm包括焊缝宽度不均匀11、焊缝形状：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级形状缺陷根部凹陷不允许局部浅的允许a≤1mm局部浅的允许a≤1mm余⾼过⼤t≤3.6a≤1+0.1b局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.15b局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.2bt＞3.6a≤1+0.05b局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.1b最⼤允许到5mm局部稍⾼允许a≤1+0.2b最⼤允许到5mm未填满t≤3.6不允许局部允许a≤0.1+0.01?t局部允许a≤0.1+0.07?tt＞3.6不允许a≤0.2+0.02?t局部允许a≤0 .2+0.04t?12、焊脚不对称：检验⽅式：⽬测适合图纸中标注的等⾓焊缝项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级焊脚不对称过⼤的不对称焊脚Z2-Z1≤0.5+0.15aZ2-Z1≤1+0.15a允许局部稍⾼Z2-Z1≤2+0.2允许局部稍⾼A为设计尺⼨?13、飞溅：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级飞溅焊接飞溅不允许1、长度≤1000内，⼤⼩≤0.5允许3～5个2、长度≥1000，⼤⼩≤0.5允许6～10个1、长度≤1000内，⼤⼩≤1允许3～5个2、长度≥1000，⼤⼩≤1允许6～10个??14、?错边：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级错边双⾯焊接e＜0.1te≤2e＜0.15te≤3不允许两项均符合单⾯焊接e＜0.1te≤2e＜0.15te≤2不允许两项均符合T型焊接圆周焊e＜0.1te≤1e＜0.15te≤2不允许两项均符合15、漏焊：检验⽅式：⽬测与形成部位⽆关，均判为不合格焊接长度不⾜也视为漏焊，判定为不合格16、重复缺陷：检验⽅式：⽬测项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级多重缺陷2种缺陷的重复分别确定缺陷等级，并以最差的级别作为缺陷等级3种以上缺陷的重复不允许17、焊缝打磨：检验⽅式：⽬测、⼿摸a、图纸中标注的焊缝打磨?应满⾜图纸要求，由于打磨引起的切⼝打磨过度，母材损伤等，不允许使⽤b、图纸未注焊缝打磨的对于焊缝打磨，原则上不允许，仅允许为了焊缝返修的焊缝母材的打磨项⽬图⽰?内容质量等级备注1级2级3级?弧坑及焊接起始点处的打磨不允许局部打磨痕迹及凹陷允许a≤0.5局部打磨痕迹及凹陷允许a≤1.0?焊缝打磨t≤3.6不允许不允许局部打磨痕迹及凹陷允许a≤0.5?t≥3.6不允许不允许不允许为去除缺陷对母材打磨有不良影响的不允许局部打磨痕允许a≤0.5局部打磨痕迹及凹陷允许a≤1.0⼀般尺⼨公差和形位公差检测⽅法：游标卡尺、⽶尺、⾼度尺、深度尺、直⾓尺、⾓度尺a、线性尺⼨公差b、⾓度尺⼨公差测量时应采⽤⾓度的短边作为基准，其长度可以延长⾄某特定的基准点，在这种情况下，基准点应标注在图纸上。
焊接质量检查清单
四、焊接材料Welding Materials 1、焊材是否具有质量证明文件且符合国家标准的规定Check whether welding materials have quality certificates and meet national standard regulations or not. 2、焊接使用的各种气体是否符合规范要求Check whether various gases used for welding meet specification requirement or not. 3、焊材的存放是否符合相关规范要求Check whether welding material deposit meets the involved specification requirements or not. 4、焊材的烘干、发放、回收是否有专人负责并有符合要求的可追溯记录Check whether a special person is assigned or not for responsibility of welding material dryout, distribution and recovery and meet required traceable records. 5、焊材的烘干设备是否工作正常，烘干、保温温度是否符合要求Check whether welding material dryout equipment is working normally and dryout and preservation tempreture meet requirement or not. 6、焊条桶的使用是否符合要求 Check whether welding rod warmers used meet requirements or not.
国际焊接标准解析(中英文版)
Perform visual inspection Weld and welder identification ( check against
inspection request) Post weld heat treatment ( if required) Non-destructive Testing ( witness) Additional hardness test ( 2% of total CJP weld
• Inspector : Person acting on behalf of the Company （这里指的是业主代表、检验员） • May / Can : One acceptable course of action （可能被接受或认可的操作，处理） • Shall / Must : Mandatory requirement （强制性的要求） • Will : The Preferred requirement （首选或最佳方案要求） • Should : Recommended course of action （推荐或建议，可行的操作，处理）
• Company : Woodside Energy Ltd (WEL) or any agency, consultant or contractor acting on behalf of WEL (代表WEL的代理，咨询及分包公司)
• Contract :The agreement between Company and Contractor to perform the work （业主与分 包商所定的建造协议书）
• Approved : Means accepted by Company but such acceptance shall not relieve the Contractor of its obligations under the Contract （已被业主所接受，不过这认可并不能免 除分包商在合同里所应承担的一切责任）。
国外工程现场管理规范性文件-施工与制造过程的质量保证
Quality Assurance Manual Process Control/Construction and FabricationTable of Contents1.General2.Planning3.Safety, Health, Welfare and Environment (SHWE)4.Special Processes1. GeneralCompany involvement in process control of suppliers is limited to:∙the necessary assessment of capabilities, facilities and methods prior to placing a purchase order∙the stipulation of specific requirements in the purchase order documents∙the monitoring and verification by Company's Inspectors and/or Assessors of the activities exercised by the supplier during the contract∙the acceptance of correctly completed work.Company’s involvement in process control during site fabrication and construction includes:∙the necessary assessment of capabilities and methods prior to placing a subcontract∙general site management∙the provision of local training facilities if required∙the stipulation of specific requirements in the subcontract documents∙the monitoring and verification by Company's Construction Engineers and/or Assessors of the activities exercised by the subcontractors∙the acceptance of correctly completed work.2. PlanningSuppliers and subcontractors shall be required to produce quality plans/inspection and test plans as necessary (see section 11.3).Prior to fabrication and/or installation these plans shall be evaluated by Company if witness and hold points shall be agreed to, including the necessary allowances for third party and authority requirements.These plans shall cover all stages of the processes from material receipt and handling through to final inspection test and, if appropriate, commissioning.Intermittent maintenance and handling activities during long term storage of materials and equipment shall also be planned. 3. Safety, Health, Welfare and Environment (SHWE)During all stages of the work due regard shall be paid to the maintenance of SHWE and security.These measures are required to be taken by suppliers, subcontractors and construction personnel to:∙prevent loss, damage or deterioration to materials∙prevent hazardous situations∙cater for injuries and/or emergencies∙protect the environment.4. Special ProcessesSpecial processes are activities that cannot be fully verified by subsequent inspection and testing. These may include, but not be limited to:∙weld preparation∙treatment of welding consumables∙heat treatment∙forging∙forming∙surface preparationAll special processes shall be carried out and monitored by qualified/experienced personnel using controlled equipment in suitable environments and according to procedures. The activities and results shall be recorded.Company's inspection and construction personnel shall assure by surveillance, monitoring and verification that the special processes are suitably, controlled and that the responsible personnel are qualified/experienced.。
【精品】EN719-焊接监督-任务和责任
E N719-焊接监督-任务和责任英国标准 BS EN 719：1994焊接监督——任务和责任本欧洲标准EN719：1994，已获得英国标准的资格UDC621791-05717658.562除非版权法允许，无英国标准协会的许可不得复制BSiBS EN719:1994标准的购买所有欲购买BSI的、国际的和他国的标准出版物的订单，应写明寄往设在奇思维克（Chiswick）的客户服务中心、销售部的地址。
电话；0181 996 7000；传真：0181 996 7001 对于定购国际标准的订单，除非另有要求，BSI的政策是提供已由BSI执行的且已颁布为英国标准的部分。
标准信息英国标准协会（BIS）通过它的图书馆、标准化数据库、英国标准协会信息技术部（BITS）和对出口服务处技术援助方式，提供大量的关于国家的、欧洲的和国际的标准的信息。
请与奇思维克信息部联系。
电话：0181 996 7111；传真：0181 996 7048BSI的订购会员能及时跟上标准的发展且能享受到标准购买价格的实惠折扣。
欲知此详情和其他利益可联络设于奇思维克的客户服务机构和会员机构电话：0181 996 7002 传真：0181 996 7001版权版权存在于所有的BSI刊物中，没有英国标准协会事先的书面许可，不得以任何形式复制任何部分。
在必要的细节的标准的执行过程中，不排除免费使用的情况，如符号、尺寸、类型或等级标识（包括在计算机程序中使用）。
但是这些细节如需不受限制地以印刷形式，计算机程序或其它其它任何形式进行复制，必须获得英国标准协会的书面许可。
一旦获得授权，将在产品出售、许可或其它可获得商业利益使用之前均可享有版税。
可向版权经理进行版权查询。
BSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 4AL9410-5-0.6k-PF ISBN 0 580 23100 3 WEE/36合作组织该欧洲标准的编制工作在欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）监督下完成，它由下列国家的标准组织组成：奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、英国。
EN-970焊接外观检验标准
EN-970焊接外观检验标准英国标准EN970:1997 1范围本欧洲标准涉及对金属材料熔融焊缝的目测检查。
检查通常在同一焊接条件下的焊缝上进行，除非由比如应用标准所要求或经协议双方所同意，也可以在焊接过程的其它阶段进行。
2 参考标准本欧洲标准结合了其它有日期的或无日期的出版物的规定。
在本文中以及出版物中在适当场合引用的这些参考标准将在后面列出。
对于有日期的参考标准，其后续修订或这些出版物的任何修订经结合后，也能适用于本欧洲标准。
对于无日期的参考规定，可以引用其出版的最新版本。
EN 288-2 金属材料焊接程序的技术规范和批准—第2部分：电弧焊接的焊接程序技术规范EN 473 无损检测人员的资格和证书—一般原则prEN 12062 焊缝的无损检测—一般规则EN 25817 钢材的弧焊焊缝—缺陷质量等级准则EN 30042 铝和可焊合金的弧焊焊缝—缺陷质量等级准则（ISO 10042:1992）ISO 3058:1974 无损试验—目视检测的辅助—低倍放大镜的选择ISO 3058:1976 游标卡尺读数至0.1和0.05 mm3 检查条件和设备表面照度最小为350 lx；建议为500 lx。
进行直接检查时，眼睛最好位于距离检查表面600 mm处，观察角度不小于约30°（见图1）。
使用光纤检查镜作远距离检查时，光纤或摄像机属于附加要求，须由应用标准所指定或经协议双方所同意。
如果要求在全县和背景之间获得好的对比度和立体效果，则须使用附加光源。
在有疑问时，可以使用目测检查作为其它无损检测方法的补充对表面缺陷进行检查。
检查设备的举例在附录A 中给出。
4人员按照欧洲标准，进行检查的人员必须：a)熟悉相关标准、规则和技术规范；b)被告知所使用的有关焊接程序；c)按照EN 473的要求必须具有好的视力，并且须在每过12个月后检查一次。
5目测检查—总则检查范围必须由应用标准事先规定，或经协议双方同意。
检查员必须接近焊缝作必要的检查，并取得生产文件。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Welding InspectionTable of Contents1.Scope2.Applicable Codes3.Welding Procedures and Welders Qualifications4.Inspection Requirements5.Weld Joint Preparation6.Heat Treatment7.Radiographic Requirements8.ReferencesFORMS (Typical Example Attached)26C30 Inspection Record for Site Welding26C31 Weld Repair Report26C32 Inspection Record for Field Welds26C33 Radiograph Inspection Report26C34 Radiography Record Sheet26C35 Record of Welder Performance Qualification Test on Groove Welds1. ScopeThe purpose of this section is to provide guidelines to Company personnel, in particular to the Welding Engineer, concerning the welding, heat treatment and weld inspection of:∙Prefabricated piping.∙Field welding of prefabricated piping.∙Field welding of random length piping.∙Field welding of pipe to vessel stub-ends (e.g. furnaces or in some cases vessel to vessel stub-ends due to transport limitations). (Whilst this section is written in terms of welding associated with piping, the same general principles apply to welding of structural steelwork and of storage tanks).Primary responsibility for quality is that of the subcontractor who shall satisfy himself through his own quality system that specified requirements are met.It is the responsibility of the Welding Engineer to ensure that the subcontractor is in fact effectively applying his quality system and obtaining acceptable results.The following specialist organizations are also implicated:∙Non destructive and destructive testing firms.∙Possibly third party inspector to meet Authorities requirements.Depending on the particular project, their services may be included in the piping subcontractor's scope or alternatively they may be directly controlled by Company.Piping generally involves onsite or offsite prefabrication of spools. This activity may in some circumstances be part of a construction subcontract and controlled from site.It is important that the quality systems put into place for welding and heat treatment of piping adequately cover the activities of these specialistorganizations and of the prefabrication shops. Responsibility for their day-to-day supervision is that of the Welding Engineer.Subsequent sections 17.3 to 17.7 are in effect checklists of points requiring surveillance, inspection or testing. They are intended as a reminder and a help to the Welding Engineer. However, they are no substitute for reading and familiarizing oneself with the subcontract, requisitions, specifications, standards and drawings. In case of conflict it is these project specific documents which prevail.The subcontractor creates his own quality system, which includes proposing the inspection and testing record forms to be used. Their suitability shall be judged by the Quality Assurance Manager in consultation with the Welding Engineer (see Reference 17.8.1).The set of inspection and test record forms attached to this section:∙May be used as a basis to review the subcontractor's forms.∙May be imposed on the subcontractor should the latter's forms be considered to be unsuitable.2. Applicable Codes∙ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, latest issue, or specified equivalent.∙American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B 31.3, or specified equivalent.∙ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, latest issue, or specified equivalent.∙Specifications applicable to the job in question.∙Clients specifications and additional requirements.∙Authority requirements (e.g. T.U.V., Stoomwezen, etc.)3. Welding Procedures and Welders QualificationsAll welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records shall be submitted by the subcontractor(s) to Company for review and approval.Welders performance qualifications shall be in accordance with applicable procedures, codes, etc. as laid down in 17.2 of this procedure. A copy of the performance qualification test record showing the name of the employer by whom the welder or welding operator was qualified, the date(s) of such qualification and the date the welder last welded pressure piping components under such qualification must be obtained from the previous employer.Renewal of qualification of a performance specification is required:1.When a welder or welding operator has not used the specific process, i.e., metal-arc, gas submerged arc, etc. for a period of three(3) months or more.2.When there is specific reason to question his ability to produce welds that meet the specification.When welder qualifications are not available or on request of client, it is allowable to have the welder perform a testweld. It is necessary in this case to perform a guided bend test as described in ASTM E 190-64. The performance of every welder who is newly qualified shall be checked initially more than other welders by means of NDE (see Reference 17.8.2).The Company Welding Engineer can authorize changes in non-essential variables in accordance with section IX of the ASME code and/or other governing codes after approval by client's inspection representative. Such changes do not require the qualification of the procedure in question. However, changes in essential variables not only require requalification but also prior approval by home office Engineering Department and client.4. Inspection RequirementsDefinition of welding inspection: A phase of quality control which by means of examination, observation, or measurement determines the conformance of materials, supplies (gases, electrodes and/or other consumables) parts, components, systems, processes to predetermined quality requirements.The Welding Engineer shall ensure that welding inspection personnel, whether of the piping subcontractor, of the latter‘s own subcontractor or of a third party shall be adequately qualified and experienced to a recognized standard.The following is a list of items to be checked or verified to assure correct field welding. The Welding Engineer shall check the following:a. Qualification of welders∙Validity of welders' certificates.∙Names of welders whilst at work and if identification marks along completed welds check with qualification.b. Weld numbering∙Welds are numbered according to approved numbering system and that ISO's and drawings are marked-up with this number.c. Requirements to be met before welding starts∙Proper storage and handling of welding materials.∙Use of correct welding rods or wires.∙Use of hot-boxes for low-hydrogen welding rods.∙Assignment of qualified welders as per above.∙Application of adequate WPS (welding procedure specification).∙Protection against weather conditions.∙Back purging for alloy steel.∙Pre-heating.∙Check that proper equipment will be used. (e.g. welding machines, purge gases and their associated equipment, heat pre- and after treatment including temperature recording apparatus).∙Material check i.e. materials on both sides of weld comply with that in WPS (for further details see Reference 17.8.2).∙Proper transfer of heat numbers (if required by specification and/or authorities).d. Examination of welding work and weld preparations1. Root opening- rootface and shape of groove- cleanliness- misalignment- removal of tack weld2. Rootpass- check for cracks, porosity- remove slag- remove sharp ridges (grinding to avoid lack of fusion- repairs if necessary- dye penetrant test and/or other NDE if required by WPS (e.g. for heavy wall pipe)3. Subsequent weld layers4. Visual final checks- undercut- configuration of cover passes- crater defects- surface porosity- slag removal- stamp of welder and field weld no. is in place near weld- repairs if required5. NDE as prescribed in specification6. Post weld heat treatment (alloy and heavy wall piping)7. NDE as prescribed in specification (alloy and heavy wall piping)- hardness testsThe work as described under d.1 through d.7 above will be done in the sequence given and between the points d.1 through d.5 there will normally be a holdpoint of the subcontractor between each point till inspection has taken place before proceeding with the next item. The Welding Engineer will determine which items constitute Company holdpoints.Butt-welds shall, when feasible, also be visually inspected inside, paying particular attention to:∙cracks∙undercutting∙overcrown and∙lack of penetrationBranch-welds shall be visually inspected as specified for butt-welds.All welds of dummy pipe supports shall be inspected for proper beveling and fit-up after full penetration tack welding, prior to start of root and filler passes.5. Weld Joint PreparationWeld bevels shall be made by machining, grinding or thermal cutting and grinding.The surfaces shall be reasonably smooth and true for good fit-up.Spacers shall be used while tackwelding pipe and fittings in position to ensure proper gap and full penetration in welding.Small tack welds shall be used with full root penetration. Make sure that if pre-heating is required that its requirements are met during tackwelding.6. Heat TreatmentThe Welding Engineer shall ensure with the subcontractor that all necessary precautions are taken to prevent distortion during heat treatment. Heat treatment operations shall be checked for compliance with approved procedures.The proposed stress relieving method and location of thermocouples shall be defined in a written procedure submitted by the subcontractor to the Welding Engineer for approval.Thermocouples and a temperature chart recorder shall be used to provide a permanent record of all post weld heat treatments. Observe the gradient of temperature increase as laid down in the specifications.Thermocouples shall not be in direct contact with electrical heating elements or subjected to flame impingement by gas burners. Thermocouples shall, if applicable, be placed on the inside of objects being heated from the outside and vice versa, if internally heated.At least two thermocouples shall be used for circumferential welds on pipe diameters of 24 in. and smaller. These should be placed at the top and bottom of the pipe. Pipes of diameter larger than 24 in. shall have at least four thermocouples.Threads and gasket surfaces shall be protected from oxidation during heat treatment.After heat treatment, welding or heating is not permitted, if no re-heat treatment is performed. (Re-heat treatments shall be limited to two times).Hardness testing, shall not be done until the pipe has reached ambient temperature.Hardness tests shall be carried out as near to the weld heat affected zone as possible.7. Radiographic RequirementsRadiographic requirements shall be in accordance with the relevant pipe classes and specifications.The first weld of each welder shall have 100% radiography regardless of pipe diameter and thickness.Where random X-ray is required, the Welding Engineer shall select locations.The Welding Engineer shall ensure that the extent of radiography on weld and per welder meets the requirements of the applicable specifications, ANSI B 31.3 or equivalent specified code.NDE examination will be executed after stress relieving.For further details on X-raying see Non Destructive Examination (see Reference 17.8.2).8. References。