Politics政治英孚英语资料
基础英语口语68｜Politics政治
基础英语口语68｜Politics政治句子：1. No one in the modern world escapes the effects of politics. 现代社会，没有人能回避政治的影响。
2. Most of us think of politics as having to do with government leaders. 我们大多数人会把政治与政府领导人联系在一起。
3. Those politics dictate the life of a country and the manner in which its people live. 政治决定了一个国家的命运和人民的生活方式。
4. Politics and politicians can create peace and wealth, or war and poverty. 政治和政治家既可以创造和平和财富，也可能制造战争和贫穷。
5. Intergovernmental diplomacy between different countries may rely on ambassadors who represent their countries abroad. 不同国家之间的政府外交可能依赖于在国外代表他们国家的大使。
6. Domestic and international policies are decided by politicians. 国内和国际间的政策由政治家们决定。
7. However politics comes into our lives every day without the big world of government politics. 然而，没有政府政治这个世界，政治在我们日常生活中也随处可见。
8. Inside our work place, politics may determine who our bosses are. 在我们的工作场所，政治可能决定谁是我们的老板。
Politics政治英孚英语资料
Civil rights民权词汇这里是一些谈论civil rights（民权）问题的有用搭配。
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to attain his goals peacefully. 马丁路德金博士为了和平实现目标努力奋斗。
He championed the cause of poor people everywhere. 他到处维护穷人的利益。
He wanted to eradicate poverty. 他想消除疾病和贫穷。
用定冠词the + 一个形容词来表示一类人，比如，the sick、the poor 和the rich。
poor 的名词形式是poverty，wealth 是wealthy 的名词形式。
There's a big gap between the rich and the poor. 富人和穷人之间的差距很大。
So many people live in poverty, while so few hold the wealth. 生活在贫困中的人是那么多，而富裕的人却又那么少。
美国人有时通过种族来表明身份。
African Americans或black people的祖先来自非洲。
其他族群包括Asian Americans；American Indians或Native Americans；以及Latinos或Hispanics。
政府和其他机构用自己的语言来定义美国居民，有时候这个族群的定义很广（比如，Caucasian 表示拥有不同祖先的white people），有时又比较窄（for example, 'Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander'）。
我们需要知道的是族群的叫法有可能是个敏感话题，这方面的争论超越了地域、时代、甚至社会和政治界限。
Dr. King fought for civil rights for African Americans. 金博士为了非裔美国人的民权而战。
News vocabulary politics
News vocabularymonarchy 君主制；君主政治emirate 酋长国confederation 联邦；联合commonwealth 共和国；民主国sovereignty 主权；统治权regime 统治方式；政体democracy 民主（国家）dictatorship 独裁国家、政府caretaker government 临时政府conservatism 保守主义neutrality 中立（地位）autonomy 自治（权）territory 领土power struggle 权力斗争anarchy 无政府（状态）executive branch 行政机构legislative branch 立法机构judicial branch 司法机构municipal government 市政当局；自治市the House of Representatives 众议院the House of Councilors 参议院Congress 议会；美国国会Capitol Hill 美国国会The Senate （美国）上议院The House （美国）下议院Parliament （英国）议会the House of Lords （英国）上议院the House of Commons （英国）下议院legislation 立法；法制assembly 与会者；集会councilor 议会议员committee 委员会ruling party 执政党opposition party 反对党ally 同盟国alliance 联盟；同盟predecessor 前任successor 后继者；继任者head of state 国家元首cabinet 内阁；全体阁员prime minister(PM) 首相bureaucracy 官僚作风red tape 繁文缛节；费时的繁琐手续cease-fire 停火poll 投票选举；民意测验rebel 造反；反叛hegemony 霸权body bomb 人体炸弹suicide attacks 自杀性袭击hostage 人质assassination 暗杀terrorism 恐怖主义Security Council 联合国安理会United Nation Children’s Fund 联合国儿童基金组织International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能组织ITU: International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟IOC: International Olympic Committee 国际奥委会IMF: International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织GA TT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定。
British and American Government
The U. S. is a Federal Government
more democratic tyrannical
Democracy
⑵
direct democracy ancient Greece/ New England Initiative/ Recall/ Referendum
“government” “kubernete” (the steering oar used on early Greek ships) to steer or to direct the public affairs
The Authoritative Allocation of Valuesrchies
Britain, Japan, Thailand, Spain, Malaysia…
Continuum
gender
The surviving monarchies succeeded because ⑴ they shifted from absolute to constitutional rule.
The U. S. Government
a federal republic with weak political parties and many constitutional restraints on the powers of the central government.
British and American Government
Politics 政治
Greek 希腊语
“politics” “polis” (towns, the first organized governmental entities in ancient Greece) the public affairs of towns
dfs-service-国际政治英语(1)讲义全
English for International Politics MajorDr. Yan Ting2014 Fall题型：(考试占40%)1 multiple choice 15*3’=45’2 terminology 三选二10’3 short answer 三选二15’4 reading comprehension 5*3’=15’5 essay 300 words 15’整理内容包括：讲义中只有一两个词的地方进行了扩充，部分问题增加了答案，以及一些较生僻的词汇进行了解释。
祝大家考试顺利，取的好成绩~Introduction●What is politics?1.the exercise of influence by competing individuals and groups to affect theallocation of values and distribution of resources2.According to Lasswell, politics determines “who gets what, when , how and why” .●What is international politics?1.“the decisions of governments concerning their actions toward othergovernments” (Goldstein, 2005, p4)2.International politics as a field--Is a subfield of political science--Issue areas; subfield (including international security; IPE; Diplomacy etc.)3.origin of states: ancient Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)●Trends in international politics1.integrative; disintegrative2.continuity--certain patterns from the past have reappeared: internationalism vsisolationism 3.changes of--types of units (actors): from the single state actors to multiple actors.(International institutions, non-governmental organizations, multinationalcorporations, individuals and other sub-state or trans-state actors are acting as important international actors. )--goals: anti-terrorism; cold war ideology --capabilities: deterrence (# of nukes核武器)● A Framework for International Politics1. Level of analysis --individual level --domestic level --interstate level --global level-- what else? (International system level，including：global level, regional level and interstate level)2. Time sequence--e.g. trade and conflict relationship--remote causes vs. proximatecauses3. Contingent（可能发生的，偶然的）behavior (strategic)●Example: the role of images in world politics1.Schematic（纲要的；示意的；严谨的；有章法的）reasoning: matching what they seewith images in their memories of prototypical（原型的） events and people.--the world in American’s eyes vs. in Chinese eyes2. Attribution bias: the tendency to emphasize situational factors when explaining one’s own behavior while stressing dispositional（意向的，素质上的）factors when explaining the same behavior in others3. Cognitive（认知的，认识的）dissonance（不一致）: The tendency to deny or rationalize away discrepancies（差异）between one’s preexisting beliefs and new information4. The phenomenon of mirror imageTheories of International Politics●Four characteristics of scientific research (KKV,1994)1.the goal is inference（推理，推断）--descriptive （描述的）--causal（因果关系的）2.the procedures are public (replicable)3.the conclusions are uncertain4.the content is the method●Major components of research design(KKV,1994)1. the research question – how to choose?2. the theory (assumptions, model, hypothesis假说，前提)3.the data and the use of data●Major theories of international politics1. realism--key terms: power; sovereignty; anarchy; hegemon; multi-polar--earlier theorists: Sun Tzu; Thucydides; Machiavelli; Thomas Hobbes; Morgenthau;(Realism “is a spectrum of ideas” which revolve around the four centralpropositions of Political Groupism, Egoism, International anarchy and Powerpolitics. Realism is a tradition of international theory centered upon fourpropositions: The international system is anarchic; States are the most important actors; all states within the system are unitary, rational actors; the primary concernof all states is survival.)In summary, realists think that humankind is not inherently benevolent but rather self-centered and competitive. The state is the most important actor under realism.The state emphasizes an interest in accumulating power to ensure security in an anarchic world. A key concept under realism is the international distribution ofpower referred to as system polarity, although all states seek hegemony under realism as the only way to ensure their own security, other states in the system are incentivized to prevent the emergence of a hegemon through balancing.2. Liberalism--key terms: concert of powers; collective goods; reciprocity;interdependence; international regimes--earlier theorists: Locke; Kant; Smith; Cobdon; Wilson(Liberalism is one of the main schools of international relations theory.The central issues that it seeks to address are the problems of achieving lasting peace and cooperation in international relations, and the various methods that couldcontribute to their achievement.Broad areas of study within liberal international relations theory include:1)Institutional peace theory, which attempts todemonstrate how cooperation can be sustained in anarchy, how can theinternational regimes take effect ;2)The democratic peace theory, and, morebroadly, the effect of domestic political regime types and domestic politics oninternational relations;3) The commercial peace theory, arguing that free trade has pacifying effects on the interdependence in international relations. )4) the effect of international organizations on international politics, both in their roleas forums for states to pursue their interests, and in their role as actors in their own right; 5)The role of international law in moderating or constraining state behavior;6)The role of various types of unions in international politics (relations), such ashighly institutionalized alliances (e.g. NATO), confederations, leagues, federations, and evolving entities like the European Union.3. feminism--argument: we can better understand IR by including the roles and effects ofwomen.--schools: difference feminism; liberal feminism; postmodern feminism; (discuss: Hua Mulan)4. constructivism (post-modernism) --key terms: social construct; ideas--influenced by critical theory: Habermas (1984); Frankfurt school (1920s, aim is to critique and change society not merely understand it)--power revolves around actors’ abilities through debate about values to persuade others to accept their ideas--leading political scientist: Alexander Wendt (1999)(In the discipline of international relations, constructivism is the claim thatsignificant aspects of international relations are historically and sociallyconstructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or otheressential characteristics of world politics. According to Wendt, the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature)5．Marxist theory--key terms: class conflict; bourgeoisie, proletarian; means of production;twin problem of overproduction and underconsumption--related theories: dependency theory, world-system theory (Wallerstein 1988)--Overemphasize economics and highlight the role of corporations,transnational movements and other non-state actors●Criteria to judge the quality of a theory1.Clarity清晰度: well-specified cause-and-effect relationship; logical hypothesis;2.Parsimony简洁: a good theory simplifies reality (contain all of the relevantfactors without becoming excessively complex)3.explanatory power: a good theory has empirical support4.Prescriptive规定的，惯例的 richness: provides policy recommendations.6. Falsifiability可证伪性: a good theory can be proven wrongrealism●Classical realism1.all realists rely heavily on the concepts of power, rationality and the balanceof power.2.the concept of national interest: statesman “think and act in terms of interestdefined as power” (Morgenthau 1948:5)3.International conflict results from human nature.4.the concept of balance of power: situation of equilibrium均势 as well as to anysituation in which power struggles take place.●neorealism1.anarchy (self-help) vs. hierarchy等级制度2.like units; worry about survival3.relative gains新现实主义vs. absolute gains新自由主义(dependence vs.interdependence)4.distribution of power●criticism on realism1.classical realism vs. neorealism （权利是目的还是手段；国家层次还是体系层次）2. the realm领域 of economics (low politics)3.the realm of domestic politics4.big powers, middle powers, and small powers5.fungibility可替代性 of powersliberalism and constructivism1.“realism and liberalism are consistent with the assumption that most state behavior can be interpreted as rational” (Keohane, p729). What else in common?2. what is unique and different for liberalism?-- the politics of interdependencea. definition: “situations characterized by reciprocal effects among countries oramong actors in different countries”b. complex interdependence: “a situation among a number of countries in whichmultiple channels of contact connect societies-- internat ional regimes: “governing arrangements that affect relationships ofinterdependence”1.origin: structurationist and symbolic interactionist sociology--first image (individual and human nature), second image (nation state), and third image (international system)2. path dependence3. argument:--fundamental principle of constructivism: people act toward objects, including other actors, on the basis of the meanings that objects have for them (Wendt, p396-7) --second principle: the meanings in terms of which action is organized arise out of interaction (p 403)4. problems:--(how to know) identity and ideas--(how to explain) changeSoft power●Joseph Nye1.Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University2.1977-1979, Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance,Science, and Technology3.Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs & chairman ofthe National Intelligence Council (Clinton Administration)4.Academic: complex interdependence, soft power, smart power5.Quotes: “China still has large areas of underdevelopments. And per capita income is a bettermeasure of the sophistication of the economy. And that the Chinese wo n’t catch up or pass the Americans until somewhere in the latter part, after 2050, of this century … We don’t have to fear the rise of China or the return of Asia.”●1. Rise and Fall of US? (Paul Kennedy)a. economic and military highly correlated in the rise/fall.b. expanding strategic commitments →increases in military expenditures→2. long-term decline3. Nye: US is “bound to lead”●Definition:1. Power: power is the ability to influence the behavior of others to get theoutcomes you want.2. Soft power: the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, use force orgive money as a means of persuasion.●Sources of soft power●China’s soft power1. The concept of “state soft power” by former president Hu Jintao onNov. 10, 20062. “State cultural soft power” in the report of 17th Congress of CPC3．Soft power in East AsiaBrief international history*Why study history1.history provides a record in which patterns are visible2.decision makers are generally familiar with history, and their decisions often reflect that familiarity3.assume history can teach us lessons for future--by understanding why particular choices were made--and by understanding why other choices, leading to alternative histories, were not made*Note: distinction between what is known when decision is made and what is known later is important element in judging the past and evaluatingarguments about the futureRecommended: Yuen Foong KHONG. Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965. Princeton New Herseyt Univ. Press. 1992,*1400s*Collapse of the Byzantine Empire (1453)*Holy Roman Empire (800)*Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)*Rise of Russia (1547)*1500s*Protestant Reformation (1517 Martin Luther-1648)*Rise of Ottoman Empire (1453- 1922)*Search for sea routes from Europe to Asia*1600s*The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)*treaty of Westphalia*English Civil War (1642-1648)*1700s*War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)*seven Years’ War and associated British-French War (1754-1763)*American Revolutionary War (1776-1783)*1800s*Napoleonic wars*Concert of Europe*British colonialism*Wars for German unificationa.Seven Weeks War (1866)b.Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)*1900s*World War I (1914-1918)*Interwar period*World War II (1939 -1945)*Cold War (1945-1990)*Turkey and Greece*Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947): the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Sovietsphere.*Cuban Missile Crisis*Korean War*Vietnam War (Dienbianphu 1954; Tonkin 1965; Tet offensive 1968)*Arab-Israeli Wars*1948 War of Independence*1956 Suez Canal War*1967 Six Day War*1973 Yom Kippur War*1982 War*Post-cold war*Soviet breakup and NATO expansion*Gulf War, 1990-1991*Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria*War against terror*Historical trends?*Facts about today’s ChinaForeign policy-making I: rational choice approach●Allison, Graham. 1971. Essence of Decision. Boston: Little, Brown●purposes of foreign policy-making studies:description; explanation; prediction; evaluation; recommendation●Allison’s Foreign policy-making models:1.rational policy modelanizational process model3.bureaucratic politics model●rational policy modelanizing concepts:--national security and national interests are the principal categories in which strategic goals are conceived--various courses of action provide the spectrum范围 of options--the relevant consequences constitute benefits and costs in terms of strategic goals and objectives--rational choice is value-maximizing2.general proposition: an increase in the cost of an alternative reduces thelikelihood of that alternative being chosen.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Organizational process model4.definition: deliberate choices of leaders are outputs of large organizationsfunctioning according to standard patterns of behavior--standard operating procedures (SOP)-- organizational parochialism狭隘主义 (information, recruitment, tenure终身职位, rewards and pressures)2. proposition: if a nation performs an action today; its organizational componentsmust yesterday have been performing an action only marginally differentfrom this action.3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?●Bureaucratic politics model1.definition: government behavior can be understood as outcomes of bargaininggame--players position hierarchically within the government; they are not amonolithic整体的 group--competitive games2.proposition:” where you stand depends on where you sit”; chiefs (president)and Indians (staffers)3.how to explain Cuban missile crisis in this model?Critiques on Allison’s model (Bender and Hammond 1992)Foreign policy-making II: cognitive approach●Prospect theory1. Theory--framing phase: during this phase, information is received and processed in a way that places emphasis on whether the domain is of losses or gains.--evaluation phase: people tend to be risk-seeking in the domain of losses and risk-averse in the domain of gains2. Empirical evidence:-- How prospect theory is applied in Iran hostage crisis in 1979? (McDermott, 1992) --Proofs from laboratory experiments3. Critiques on prospect theory:--lack of a theory of framing--do not specify how risk-seeking and risk-averse--how to distinguish from expected utility theory-- how about other factors that affects risk propensities: personality, culture and politics●Other psychological factors on foreign decision-making: presidential style--cognitive style: way president wants information network organized, openness to information and advice--sense of efficacy功效: interests focus on foreign policy making, nature of agenda, involvement in foreign policy making--general operating goal of the leader--willingness to tolerate conflict--preferred strategies for resolving conflict--preferences for pro-active vs. reactive policy-making--etc.●Three styles (Johnson, 1974)--formalistic style: Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, and Reagan--collegial style: Kennedy, Carter, Bush senior--competitive style: Franklin RooseveltArmed conflict in 21st century● A distinction: crisis, dispute, conflict, and war1. A crisis: “a threat to one or more basic values, along with an awareness of finite timefor response to the value threat, and a heightened probability of involvement inmilitary hostilities” (Brecher and Wilkenfeld 2000, 3).--Non-violent act (verbal, political, economic, external change) --Non-violentmilitary act - show of force, war maneuvers策略, etc.--Indirect violent act – revolt背叛，造反，起义 in another country, violent act directed at ally, friendly state, or client state;--Violent act - border clash, military invasion, war, etc.2. A dispute:“a set of interactions between or among states involving threats to usemilitary force, displays of military force, or actual uses of military forces”(Gochman and Maoz 1984, 586).-threat to use force, display of force, use of force, and war.3.War: war should be overt公开的，明显的, organized use of military force betweensovereign states and involve more than 1,000 battle deaths (Jones, Bremer, and Singer 1996).●Theories about war1.individual level--U (war)>U(peace) vs. deviation from偏离 rationality--diversionary use of war--nationalism and ethnic hatred2. domestic level--characteristics of states or society (aggressive capitalism; shame culture)3. interstate level--hegemon and revisionist state--contiguity接近，关系密切--famine4.global level--cycles theories vs. obsolescence过时，废弃 of war--power distribution●Typology of international conflicts1.over tangible material interests--territorial--control of government--economic2.over less-tangible goods--ethnic--religious: fundamentalism--ideological●Other conflicts:1.civil war2.war against terror--definition: political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.--state-sponsored terrorismSome concepts: hegemonic war, total war, limited war●Determinants of war1.Contiguity and distance-Contiguous接触的，邻近的 if two states are either sharing a land boundary or separated by less than 150 miles of water-geographic distance between two states’ capitals,2.Regime type (democracy)-democratic peace theory3.Alliances-mutual defense pacts公约，条约, neutrality agreements, and ententes协约4. Distribution of power (relative power)-each state’s share of the interstate system’s total military, industrial anddemographic resources5.Trade6.International OrganizationsInternational institutions●Review of liberal institutionalism vs. realism1. agreements:--treat states as rational egoists (rationalistic, utilitarian)--agreements cannot be hierarchically enforced (anarchy)--cooperation will occur if states have significant common interests2. differences:--assumptions (when the theory works)--international institutions are powerhouse or independently influential?--the divide between security vs. political economy--relative gains and international cooperation--the future of NATO, EU etc.●World order1. states usually do follow orders.2. Hegemon and international law (Dutch, free passage on open sea, airline communication; internet)●international norms: expectations held by state leaders about normal internationalrelations (moral)●international organizations: institutions are concrete, tangible structures with specificfunctions and missions1.intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)--EU, ASEAN (regional); UN, OPEC (global)--Efficiency problem2.nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)--NGOs tend to be more specialized in function than IGOs--International Olympic Committee; Green peace; church●The United Nations1.UN charter: equal; sovereignty; independence and territorial integrity; internationalobligations2.UN benefits: symbol; forum; mechanism for conflict resolution; developmentassistance; information and data--collective security: the banding together of the world’s st ates to stop an aggressor (chapter 7)3. UN structure: Figure7.1 (Goldstein 2005, p.261)--security council: permanent members (5) /nonpermanent members (10); veto power; chairperson; military staff committee; contending for new permanent seats;peace-keeping--secretariat--general assembly: ECOSOC--autonomous agencies: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); WHO;FAO; UNESCO; IMF; WTO; World Bank●United Nations Reforms1. Evaluation and Attitudes--Role of UN: instrumental / monitory /coordinative / leading?--Issue of Priority: security / economy / human rights / environment / others?--Intervening Domestic Affairs: suitable/ not suitable / contingent /others?--Peacekeeping: necessary / being controlled by big powers / not effective2.Problems and Reform Proposals--Security council reform: expand / maintain / adjustment / ....--Preference for Non-permanent members: Japan, Germany, India, Brazil--FinanceSource: A Survey and Analysis of Attitudes of College Students toward Reform ofthe UN, World Economics and Politics, 2005.5: 26-30●European Union (EU)--The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe--The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries ( France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) in 1951 and 1958, respectively. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993--the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Parliament, etc.●North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)--NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949. During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between NATO and its rivalry Warsaw Pact. After Cold War, NATO has started its eastward expansions which are strongly opposed by Russia.--currently 28 members and headquartered in Brussels.●Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)--ASEAN was established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand in 1967 to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development and to promote peace and security in Southeast Asia.●Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countriesthat seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region.--Established in 1989; annual APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting●BRIC is a grouping acronym首字母缩略词that refers to the countries of Brazil,Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. A related acronym is BRICS which includes South Africa.●Group of Eight (G8) is a forum for the governments of eight of the world's largesteconomies (Russia was excluded from the forum in 2014 due to Crimea crisis so the group now comprises seven nations plus the EU). The forum originated with a 1975 summit among France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following year with the addition of Canada. In 1997, Russia was added to group which then became known as the G8.●The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation. The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism.●Realist view of international institutions:--Mearsheimer (1995, p.8)’s definition of institutions: a set of rules that stipulate规定 the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other.Views:--for realists, institutions are essentially “arenas for acting out power relationships.” (Evans and Wilson, 1992, p.330)--e.g. NATO was essentially an American tool for managing power in the face of the Soviet threat●Institutionalist theories1.why institutions?a.liberal institutionalism:--mainly applies to the political economy (Mearsheimer 1995, p.16)--institution’s role in prevent cheating; issue-linkage; information; reduce transaction costs. Vs. relative gainsb.collective security theory (Woodrow Wilson)--the theory recognizes that military power is a central fact of life in international and the key to enhancing stability is the proper management of military powerc.critical theory--critical theorists aim to transform the international system into a “world society,”where states are guided by “norms of trust and sharing.”d.historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism(Hall and Taylor 1999)2. Institutional Effects:--Monika Bauhr and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. 2012. How Do International Organizations Promote Quality of Government? Contestation, Integration, and the Limits of IOPower, International Studies Review,14. 4: 541-566--John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett. 1999. The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885-1992, worldPolitics 52: 1-37Globalization●Definition of globalization: “the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life” (Held et. al1999, p.2)●Three forms of globalization1.economic globalization →cause of inequality2.cultural globalization →Americanization vs. diversity3.political globalization●Realities against globalization1.rivalries among great powers have most certainly not disappeared.2.wars within states are on the rise3.realist geo-political factors both domestic and abroad shape foreign policies--xenophobia对外国人的憎恶，陌生恐怖; economic grievance不满，委屈;transnational ethnic solidarity--transnational terrorism●China's Xiaowan dam, the world's tallest, poses a huge challenge to the Mekong river basin countries.●Views against globalization1. globalization is neither inevitable nor irresistible (Hoffmann 2002)2. monopolies垄断 (MNC) exploit rather than benefit people abroad →race to the bottom3. globalization increases poverty, literacy, gender equality, cultural autonomy, and diversity4. offshore outsourcing – migration of jobs overseas.●Who are against globalization?1.left-wing students2.blue-collar unions3.environmentalists。
口译词汇模块Politics
Module 2 Politics一、Policy related to numbers"one china, one Taiwan" “一中一台”“one country, two systems”“一国两制”"two Chinas" “两个中国”“Three Represents”“三个代表”the three major historical tasks 三大历史任务three favorables 三个有利于“Agriculture, Countryside and F armer” issues 三农问题three direct links (mail, air and shipping services and trade) （两岸）直接三通the three Sino-Us joint communiqués 《中美三个联合公报》the fourth plenary session 四中全会Four Cardinal Principles 四项基本原则Four modernizations 四个现代化（农、工、国防、科技）the five principles of peaceful coexistence 和平共处五项原则"eight do's" and "eight don'ts" “八个坚持、八个反对”the eight-point proposal 八项主张the third plenary session of the eleventh central committee 十一届三中全会the tenth five-year plan (2001-2005) “十五”计划17th party congress 十七大"bringing in" and "going out" “引进来”和“走出去”政策23 million Taiwan compatriots 两千三百万台湾同胞"Taiwan independence" “台湾独立”“south -south cooperation”“南南合作”二、Words with Chinese characteristicsa well-off standard/ society 小康水平/社会advance the development of the western region 推进西部大开发advances with the times 与时代发展同步伐at the proper time and to an appropriate degree 适时适度attempts to split the country 各种分裂图谋blazing new trails in a pioneering spirit 开拓创新build a well-off society in an all-round way 全面建设小康社会build a clean and honest government 廉政建设build a conservation-minded society 建设(资源)节约型社会china's cross-century development 我国的跨世纪发展china's international standing 我国的国际地位china's overall national strength 我国综合国力citizens' participation in political affairs 公民政治参与civic duty /rights/civil liberties 公民职责/公民权利、自由civil servants 公务员creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity 创造力、凝聚力和战斗力cross-straits negotiations/ relations 两岸谈判/两岸关系crucial historical juncture 重大历史关头democratic decision-making/ elections/ management 民主决策/民主选举/民主管理Democratic Progressive Party 民进党democratic supervision 民主监督Deng Xiaoping theory 邓小平理论deputy to the National People's Congress 全国人大代表extensive and profound 博大精深extravagance and waste 铺张浪费falsification 弄虚作假family planning 计划生育federations of industry 工商联fetters of subjectivism and metaphysics 主观主义和形而上学的桎梏fight against "Taiwan Independence" 反对“台独”good-neighborly relationship 睦邻友好government functions/ institutions, o rgans/ intervention 政府职能/机构/干预(have) a good government and a united people 政通人和historic breakthrough 历史性突破hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping theory 高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜honesty 诚实守信honesty and high efficiency 廉洁高效Hong Kong And Macao special administrative regions 香港、澳门特别行政区ideological and moral education 思想道德建设intellectuals 知识分子intensify functions 强化功能international organizations/ situation 国际性组织/国际形势iron out differences 化解歧见keep pace with the times 与时俱进kingpin 支撑long-term peace and order 长治久安long-term social stability and solidarity 长期社会安定团结Marxism Leninism 马克思列宁主义mass organizations 人民团体masters of the country 当家作主material and cultural needs of the people 人民的物质文化需要material and spiritual civilization 物质文明和精神文明media and publicity work 宣传舆论工作moral kingpin 精神支撑morality, intelligence, physique and art 德智体美national rejuvenation through science and education 科教兴国national reunification 祖国统一national spirit 民族精神negotiations on peaceful reunification 和平统一谈判neighborhood committee 居委会NPC member 人大代表our compatriots in Taiwan 台湾同胞our compatriots in the Hong Kong SAR 香港特别行政区同胞our compatriots in the Macao SAR 澳门特别行政区同胞patriots from all walks of life 各界爱国人士patriotic democratic personages 爱国民主人士patriotic united front 爱国统一战线peace and development 和平与发展peace, justice and progress 和平，正义，进步problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers 农业、农村和农民问题grain distribution system粮食流通体制reduce agricultural tax rate 降低农业税税率reform of rural taxes and administrative charges 农村税费改革repeal taxes on special agricultural products 取消农业特产税rescind agricultural taxes in five years 五年内取消农业税to alleviate rural poverty through development 农村扶贫开发proceed from our national conditions 从我国国情出发promote all-round social progress 促进社会全面进步realm of ideology 意识形态领域reform and opening-up 改革开放reform, development and stability 改革发展稳定rule (run) the country by law 依法治国rule (run) the country by virtue 以德治国running the party, state and army 治党治国治军survival and development 生存和发展sustainable development 可持续发展system of regional ethnic autonomy 民族区域自治制度the Chinese people of all ethnic groups 全国各族人民the great cause of national reunification 祖国统一大业the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 中华民族的伟大复兴the people of all social strata 社会各阶层人们the provincial and municipal (prefectural) governments 省、市（地）两级地方政府the return of Hong Kong And Macao to the motherland 香港和澳门回归祖国the smooth transition of power 平稳过渡two conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 两会（人大，政协）unified, open, competitive and orderly 统一、开放、竞争、有序unprecedented difficulties and pressure 空前巨大的困难和压力vigilance against risks 抗风险能力vitality, creativity and cohesion of a nation 民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力win -win co-operation 强强联手with a long history behind it 源远流长world outlook 世界观三、Develop the western region1．中国是一个统一的多民族国家，汉族人口占总人口的90%以上，包括藏族在内的其他55个民族在习惯上被称为少时民族。
高中英语单词天天记politics素材
· politics
· n. ['pɒlətɪks]
·
· 双解释义
· U 政治活动political affairs
· U 政治学the art or science of government
· P 政论,政见; 党派倾向political opinions
· U 争权活动,权术; 派别之争activity within a particular group or organization
· 基本要点
•
politics作“政治活动”“政治事务”“政治生活”解时是不可数名词,作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数; 作“政治观点”“政见”解时谓语动词用复数;
作“政治学”解时谓语动词用单数; 作“权术”“派别之争”解时含贬义,谓语动
词用单数。
•
· 词汇搭配
•动词+～
•discuss politics 讨论政治
•study politics 学习政治学
•
•名词+～
•party politics 党派政治
•power politics 强权政治
•student politics 学生政治活动
· 句型例句
•
Politics has〔have〕 never interested me.我从未对政治活动感兴趣。
I am studying politics at university.我在大学里学习政治学。
What are your politics?你的政见如何?
•。
Politics
adj. 按年代顺序排列的；依时间前后排列而记载的
• lobbyist ['lɔbiist] n. 说客；活动议案通过者 ancillary adj. 副的；从属的 n. 助 手；附件 incumbent •deliberation •amendment testimony adj. 现任的；依靠的； n. 在职者；现任者； n. 审议；从容；熟思；考虑 n. 修正案；改正；改善 n. 证据；证词，证言
• On the floor 在参议院的会议上 • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)美国联邦紧急事务管理局 • The Pentagon 美国国防部；五角大楼 • American Supremacy 美国霸权 • Neo-conservatism 新保守主义 • Neo-conservative faction 美国的新保守派 • Bush Administration 美国的布什政府 • Supreme Court 美国最高法院 • National Security Strategy 美国《国家安全 战略》
Proper noun
• Congress 美国国会 • House Appropriations Committee (HAC)美 国国会众议院拨款委员会 • Budget proposal 预算案 • Government relations office 政府关系局 • Homeland security 国土安全 • Constitution Avenue 宪法大道 • Capitol Hill 美国国会山
• Center for Responsive Politics (CRP) 美国 超党派机构“政治反馈中心” • House Education and Workplace subcommittee 美国众议院教育和劳工委员 会 • National Science Foundation (NSF)美国国 家科学基金会 • National Institutes of Health (NIH)美国国家 健康研究院 • Political action committee 政治行动委员会
Unit 4 Politics_ Class and Race (英国的政治_阶级和种族)
Unit 4 Politics, Class and Race (英国的政治,阶级和种族)一、本单元重点内容1. Importance of general elections (大选的重要性)2. Formation of the government (政府的形成)3. Vote of no confidence (不信任投票)4. Political parties: The Conservative party（保守党）,The Labour party (劳工党),Liberal Democrats (自由民主党)5. Recent political trends in the UK (英国最近的政治动向)6. Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特·撒切尔)7. class system in the British society (英国社会中的等级制度)8. the hereditary aristocracy (世袭贵族)9. ethnic relations in Britain (英国的民族关系)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. the importance of general elections (held every 5 years)General elections are very important in the western democracy. According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.2. the formation of the government651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament for ms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. A government can be in power for 5 years.651名国会议员在大选中被选出来代表英国的651个选区。
政治学专业英语
political science 政治学parative politics 比较政治学low politics 低级政治high politics 高级政治politics of scale 规模政治Realpolitik 现实政治bureaucratic politics 官僚政治political geography 政治地理politicization 政治化political psychophysiology 政治精神心理学ecopolitics 生态政治学political elite 政治精英zero-sum game 零和游戏nonzero-sum game 非零和游戏game theory 博弈论two-level game or two-tier game 双层博弈paradigm 范式localization 本土化irreversibility 不可逆转性convention 常规deconstruction 解构absolute gain 绝对收益balance of power 均势association agreement 联系协定exclusivity 排他性critique theories 批判理论equilibrium 平衡globalization 全球化identity 认同或特性spill-over 外溢relative gain 相对收益interdependence 相互依赖loyalty-transferring 效忠转移marginal cost 边际成本public domain 公共领域public choice theory 公共选择理论interstate transaction cost 国家间交易成本transaction benefit 交易收益interests group 利益集团prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境transferring rights 权利让渡anarchy 无政府状态constitutionalism 宪政asymmetric information 信息不对称quantitative analysis 定量分析qualitative analysis 定性分析transactionism 交流理论plex interdependence 复合相互依赖case study 个案研究theoretical framework 理论体系dialectical method 辩证法world system theory 世界体系理论alienation 异化natural selection 物竞天择pagan 异教徒falsification 证伪appeasement 绥靖asymmetrical strategy 不对称战略representative forms of government 代议制政府dependency theory 依附理论telemunications revolution 电讯革命containment policy 遏制政策counterculture 反主流文化dewesternization 非西方化nonlinearity 非线性utilitarian philosophy 功利主义哲学supply-side economics 供应学派经济学rational actor model 理性行为体模型classical liberal school 古典自由主义学派decentralization 分散化utopian theory 乌托邦理论normative theory 规范理论value judgment 价值判断class struggle 阶级斗争mirror image 镜像parative study 比较研究cybernetic theory; cybernetics 控制论predictability 可预测性cross-cultural parative analysis 跨文化比较分析marginalization 边缘化assured destruction 确保摧毁intellectual property 知识产权homogeneous civilization 同质文明homogenization 同质化futurology 未来学clash of civilizations 文明的冲突theoretical foundation 理论基础grand theory 大理论information revolution 信息革命ideological conflict 意识形态冲突barbarism 野蛮状态lobbying 游说nonwhite people 有色人种metaphysics 形而上学long-circle theory长周期理论resource theory 资源理论autonomous 自治case study 案例研究cyclical theory 周期理论shared ideas 共同观念global governance 全球治理the nature of man 人性cognitive psychology 认知心理学civil society 市民社会ideology 意识形态brain trust 智囊团bandwagon 搭便车autarky 自给自足, 闭关自守atrocity 暴行democratization 民主化constitutional democracy 宪政民主current history approach 当代史方法end of history 历史终结socialization 社会化self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现的预言structural violence 结构性暴力survival of the fittest 适者生存xenophobia 仇外, 排外ontology 本体论Copenhagen School 哥本哈根学派duality of structure 结构二重性internalization 内化institutionalization 制度化secularization 世俗化think tank 思想库public goods 公共物品non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒informal agreement 非正式协议tariffs reduction 关税减让Tariffs Union 关税同盟reciprocity 互惠Great Depression 大萧条Industrial Revolution 工业革命Industrial Age 工业时代antitrust law 反托拉斯法industrialization 工业化stock market clash 股票市场崩溃floating exchange rate 浮动汇率fixed exchange rate 固定汇率currency exchange rate 外汇汇率gold standard 金本位financial institution 金融机构economic determinism 经济决定论economic globalization 经济全球化economic sanction 经济制裁economic circle 经济周期transnational corporation, multinational corporation 跨国公司money laundering 洗钱energy crisis 能源危机Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合surplus value 剩余价值interest rate 利率balance of trade 贸易平衡trade deficit 贸易赤字treasury bond 公债central bank 中央银行free market system 自由市场体系urbanization 城市化economic growth 经济增长sustainable development 可持续发展customs union 关税同盟emerging market 新兴市场stagflation 滞胀nondiscrimination 非歧视原则nontariff barriers (NTBs) 非关税壁垒package deal 一揽子交易market failure 市场失灵bourgeoisie 资产阶级national self-determination 民族自决national liberation 民族解放racial issue 种族问题ethnic identity 民族身份ethnic conflict 种族冲突buffer state 缓冲国statecraft 治国术prehensive power 综合国力dual nationality 双重国籍host country 东道国vassal state 附庸国protectorate 保护国geopolitics地缘政治sea power 海权land power 陆权air power 空权Balkan 巴尔干Age of Exploration 地理大发现时代Geoeconomics 地缘经济学Indochina 印度支那Formosa 福摩萨Pacific Rim 环太平洋地区heartland 大陆心脏Latin American 拉丁美洲Strait ofMalacca 马六甲海峡continental country 大陆国家Kashmir 克什米尔geographic location 地理位置Serbia 塞尔维亚shatterbelt 破碎地带Netherlands 尼德兰Eurasia 欧亚大陆satellite state 卫星国lebensraum 生存空间core-periphery model 中心-边缘模式Global North 北方世界Global South 南方世界Karl W. Deutsch 卡尔·多伊奇Francis Fukuyama 弗朗西斯·福山Hans J. Morgenthau 汉斯·摩根索Jean Monnet 让·莫内Joseph S. Nye 约瑟夫·奈Kenneth N. Waltz 肯尼思·沃尔兹Hugo Grotius 雨果·格劳秀斯Jean Bodin 让·博丹William Olson 威廉·奥尔森John Ikenberry 约翰·伊肯伯里Harold Nicolson 哈罗德·尼科尔森《外交学》Francesco Guicciardini 弗朗切斯科·圭恰迪尼《意大利史》Thomas Hobbes 托马斯·霍布斯Henry Kissinger 亨利·基辛格Robert Gilpin 罗伯特·吉尔平Arnord Wolfers 阿诺德·沃尔弗斯Edward Karl 爱德华·卡尔Peter Katzenstein 彼得·卡赞斯坦George Kennan 乔治·凯南Stephen Krasner 史蒂芬·克拉斯纳Paul Kennedy 保罗·肯尼迪John Ruggie 约翰·鲁杰Niccol Machiavelli 马基雅维利John Mearsheirmer 约翰·米尔斯海默Adam Smith 亚当·斯密David A. Baldwin 大卫·鲍德温Thucydides 修昔底德Raymond Aron 雷蒙·阿隆Stephen Walt 斯蒂芬·沃尔特Martin Wight 马丁·怀特Max Weber 马克斯·韦伯(德国社会学家)Alexander Wendt 亚历山大·温特Brace Russett 布鲁斯·拉西特Immanuel Wallerstein 伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦Jean-Jaques Rousseau 让·雅克·卢梭Sir Ernest Satow 欧内斯特·萨道义爵士《外交实践指南》John Locke 约翰·洛克Jeremy Bentham 杰里米·边沁France Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根Hedley Bull 赫德利·布尔Herbert Butterfield 赫伯特·巴特菲尔德George Canning 乔治·坎宁Socrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Benedict de Spinoza 本尼迪克特·德·斯宾诺莎Dante 但丁Lassa Oppenheim 拉萨·奥本海Joseph A. Schumpeter 约瑟夫·A·熊彼特Hans Kelsen 汉斯·凯尔森Voltaire 伏尔泰Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠John Courtney Murray 约翰·考特尼·默里Reinhold Niebuhr 莱因霍尔德·尼布尔John Dowey 约翰·杜威Denis Diderot 丹尼斯·狄德罗Erasmus 伊拉斯谟Ludwig Feuerbach 路德维希·费尔巴哈Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林Homer 荷马Graham T. Allison 格雷汉姆·艾利森Tommaso Campanella 托马索·康帕内拉David Hume 大卫·休谟Jack S. Levy 杰克·列维Walter Lippmann 沃尔特·李普曼Quincy Wright 昆西·赖特Susan Strange 苏珊·斯特兰奇Richard Ashley 理查德·阿什利David Mitrany 戴维·米特兰尼Charles de Visscher 查理·德维舍Michael W. Doyle 迈克尔·多伊尔John Hertz 约翰·赫茨Fredric Latzel 弗里德里希·拉采尔Rudolf Kjellen 鲁道夫·契伦Karl Haushofer卡尔·豪斯霍夫Nicolas Spykman 尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼Sir Halford Mackinder 麦金德Douhet 杜黑Alfred Thayer Mahan 艾尔弗雷德·马汉David Mitrany 戴维·米特兰尼Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大·汉密尔顿Stanley Hoffmann 斯坦利·霍夫曼Kenneth W. Thompson 肯尼思·汤普逊Robert O. Keohane 罗伯特·基欧汉Robert Cox 罗伯特·考克斯Friedrich von Hayek 弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克John W. Burton 约翰·伯顿Morton Kaplan 莫顿·卡普兰John Ikenberry 约翰·埃肯伯里Arnold Toynbee 阿诺德·汤因比Francois de Callieres 弗朗索瓦·德·卡利埃《外交的艺术》Abraham de Wicquefort 亚伯拉罕·德·威克福 ,《大使及其职能》Robbery Jervis 罗伯特·杰维斯Barry Buzan 巴里·布赞Joseph Grieco 约瑟夫·格里科Sigmund Freud 西蒙·弗洛伊德Jurgen Habermas 尤尔根·哈贝马斯George W. F. Hegal 黑格尔Immanuel Kant 伊曼纽尔·康德Walter Lippmann 沃尔特·李普曼Thomas Aquinas 托马斯·阿奎那Fernand Braudel 费尔南·布罗代尔Karl von Clausewitz 凯尔·冯·克劳塞维茨Christopher Columbus 克里斯托弗·哥伦布Auguste te 奥古斯特·孔德Herodotus 希罗多德Martin Luther 马丁·路德Richelieu 黎塞留John L. Gaddis 约翰·加迪斯Herbert Spencer 赫伯特·斯宾塞(英国社会学家)Oswald Spengler 奥斯瓦尔德·施宾格勒(德国历史哲学家)Talleyrand 塔列朗Caliphate 哈里发Joseph Stalin 斯大林Dwight D. Eisenhower 德怀特·艾森豪威尔Eisenhower Doctrine 艾森豪威尔主义Harry Truman 哈里·杜鲁门Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Jimmy Carter 吉米·卡特Ronald Reagan 罗纳德·里根Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰斐逊Coolidge 柯立芝Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义Richard Nixon 理查德·尼克松Nixon Doctrine 尼克松主义Winston Churchill 温斯顿·丘吉尔Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗·威尔逊Wilsonianism 威尔逊主义Neville Chamberlain 内维尔·张伯伦Adolf Hitler 阿道夫·希特勒Otto von Bismarch 奥托·冯·俾斯麦Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑·波拿巴Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝Aristotle 亚里士多德Augustine 奥古斯丁Frederick the Great 腓特烈大帝Prince Metternich 梅特涅亲王Charles de Gaulle 戴高乐Yassir Arafat 阿拉法特Julius Caesar 凯撒Brezhnev Doctrine 勃列日涅夫主义Abbas I 阿拔斯一世Constantine (Byzantine emperor) 君士坦丁(拜占庭皇帝)Hideyoshi 丰臣秀吉Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗·克伦威尔Ivan the Terrible (Tsar) 伊凡雷帝Justinian 查士丁尼Genghis Khan 成吉思汗Mahomet 穆罕默德Peter the Great 彼得大帝William I (Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror, King of England) 威廉一世Yoshida Doctrine 吉田主义Robespierre 罗伯斯庇尔Catherine the Great 叶卡捷琳娜大帝Charlemagne 查理曼大帝Sun Yat-sen 孙中山Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫military base 军事基地military coup 军事政变military expenditures 军费开支military assistance 军事援助military integration 军事一体化military intervention 军事干预military provocation 军事挑衅military-technical revolution 军事技术革命mutual deterrence 相互威慑demilitarization of outer space 外层空间的非军事化armed force 军队, 武装力量massive retaliation 大规模报复WMD, Weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器preemption 先发制人cruise missile 巡航导弹ballistic missile defense 弹道导弹防御intercontinental ballistic missile 洲际弹道导弹intermediate-range ballistic missile 中程弹道导弹theater missile defense (TMD) (战区)导弹防御系统low-intensity conflict 低烈度冲突first-strike strategy 第一次打击战略second-strike capacity 第二次打击能力atomic bomb 原*子DANstrategic weapon 战略武器tactical weapon 战术武器naval blockade 海上封锁naval force 海军air force 空军land force 陆军arms race 军备竞赛arms control 军备控制naval capability 海军实力Pentagon 五角大楼peace keeping operation 维和行动defense policy 防务政策guerilla war 游击战information warfare (IW), infowar 信息战mercenary 雇佣军open sea 公海outer space 外层空间territorial integrity 领土完整territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权territorial water 领水territorial air 领空territorial sea 领海limits of territorial sea 领海范围limits-to-growth proposition 增长极限论neutrality stated, neutral country 中立国neutralized stated 永久中立国Persian Gulf War 海湾战争Indo-Pakistani War 印巴战争Vietnam War 越南战争conventional war 常规战争war by proxy 代理人战争Indo-Chinese War 中印战争just war 正义战争limited nuclear war 有限核战争preventive war 预防性战争postmodern war 后现代战争total war 总体战争Korean War 朝鲜战争preemptive war 先发制人的战争Crimean War 克里米亚战争Falklands War 马岛战争Franco-Prussian 普法战争Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争Opium War 鸦片战争Great Northern War 北方战争War of Pacific 太平洋战争Thirty Years War 三十年战争the Peloponnesian War 伯罗奔尼撒战争Boer War 布尔战争nuclear weapons 核武器nuclear free zone 无核区non-first use 不首先使用(核武器)nonlethal weapon 非致使武器Chernobyl nuclear accident 切尔诺贝利核事故verification 核查antinuclear movements 反核运动nuclear deterrence 核威慑nuclear winter 核冬天nuclear technology 核技术nuclear age 核时代CTB, prehensive test ban 全面禁止核试验prehensive Test Ban Treaty 全面禁止核试验条约peaceful settlement of disputes 和平解决争端peace dividend 和平红利peaceful coexistence 和平共处democratic peace 民主和平论institutional peace theory 制度和平论partnership of peace 和平伙伴关系genocide 种族屠杀apartheid 种族隔离racial discrimination 种族歧视ethnic cleansing 种族清洗ethnocentrism 种族优越感The Andean Pact安第斯条约集团NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定the Council of Ministers 部长理事会the COREPER, mittee of Permanent Representatives 常驻代表委员会the Dayton Peace Accords 代顿协议ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations 东南亚国家联盟munity sense 共同体意识economic integration 经济一体化EMU, Economic and Monetary Union 经济与货币联盟ECJ, the European Court of Justice 欧洲法院EC, European munity 欧洲共同体the European Council 欧洲理事会EMS, European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EU, European Union 欧洲联盟the European mission 欧洲委员会the European ParliamentNATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织Warsaw Treaty Organization 华沙条约组织Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协定Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森林体系Brussels Treaty 布鲁塞尔条约Atlantic Alliance 大西洋联盟IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定Transparency International 透明国际OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织WTO, World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织WHO, World Health Organization 世界卫生组织World Bank 世界银行Congress of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚会议Treaty of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚和约London International Institute for Strategic Studies 伦敦国际战略研究所Concert of Europe 欧洲协调Congress of Vienna 维也纳会议Paris Peace Conference 巴黎和会European mon Market 欧洲共同市场Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所Concert of Powers 大国协调General Assembly 联合国大会Eastern bloc 东方阵营monwealth of Independent States 独联体International Telemunications Union 国际电讯联盟Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 核不扩散条约Bandung conference 万隆会议organizational behavior 组织行为interest group 利益集团CN* 美国有线新闻网OSA, Organization of American States 美洲国家组织OSC, Organization for Security and Cooperation 欧洲安全与合作组织 (欧安组织) Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局Coordinating mittee for Multilateral Export Control 巴黎统筹委员会Amnesty International 大赦国际The Nuclear Supplier Group 核供应国集团nonaligned movement (NAM) 不结盟运动nonaligned state 不结盟国家signatory state of the treaty (convention) 缔约国Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 生物武器公约 (1972)Chemical Weapons Convention 化学武器公约Inter-Parliament Union 各国议会联盟Axis Powers 轴心国nongovernmental organization 非政府组织autocratic rule 独*统治authoritarian regime 威权主义政权authoritarianism 独*主义totalitarian regime 极权主义政权sovereignty 主权sovereignty costs主权成本negative sovereignty 消极主权positive sovereignty 积极主权state sovereignty 国家主权sovereignty doctrine 主权原则internal sovereignty 对内主权external sovereignty 对外主权sovereign actor 主权行为体sovereign equality 主权平等suzerainty 宗主权checks and balances 三权分立, 权力制衡soft power 软权力hard power 硬权力distribution of power 权力分配power-cycle theory 权力周期理论power-transition theory 权力转移理论power politics 权力政治potential power 潜在权力unipolarity 单极multipolarity 多极(格局)bipolarity 两极bipolar hegemony 两极霸权结构bipolar distribution of power 两极权力分布bipolarization 两极化polarity theory 极理论polarization 极化tripolar system 三极体系Hegemonic stability theory 霸权稳定论hegemonic state 霸权国hegemonic status 霸权国地位hegemonic structure 霸权结构theory of hegemony 霸权理论hegemonic governance 霸权统治hegemonic war 霸权战争American hegemony 美利坚霸权international hegemony 国际霸权Pax Americana 美国治下的和平Pax Roman 罗马治下的和平Pax Britannic 英国治下的和平Pax Democratica 民主治下的和平Pax atomica 原子治下的和平dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量intervening variable 干预变量interference 干预nonintervention 不干涉interventionism 干涉主义neo-interventionism 新干涉主义humanitarian intervention 人道主义干涉unilateralism 单边主义bilateralism 双边主义bilateral conflict 双边冲突bilateral agreement 双边协议bilateral aid 双边援助multilateralism 多边主义multilateral agreement 多边协定multilateral aid 多边援助regional security plex 区域安全复合体regionalization 区域化regional identity 区域认同regional awareness 区域意识regional integration 区域一体化regionalism 区域主义status quo 现状status-quo state 维持现状国家national interests 国家利益homogeneity of states 国家同质性domestic society 国内社会nationalization 国有化nation-state 民族国家supranational governance超国家治理sub-national unit 次国家单位SNA, sub-national authority 次国家权威Low Countries 低地国家national attribute 国家(民族)特性stateness 国家特性country in transition 转型国家middle-range power 中等国家jackal state 走狗国家failed state 失败国家nonstate actor 非国家行为体national goal 国家目标national strategy 国家战略coherent state 单一民族国家multinational stated 多民族国家newly industrializing country 新兴工业化国家modern state system 现代国家体系rogue state 无赖国家less developed country 欠发达国家state morality 国家道德interstate relations 国家间关系national identity 民族国家认同national power 国家权力system of states 国家体系confederation 邦联Federalist 联邦党人domestic disturbance 国内动乱welfare state 福利国家nonstate entity 非国家实体advanced industrial nations 发达工业国家external relations system 对外关系体系multi-centric system 多中心体系Eurocentric system 欧洲中心体系self-help system 自助体系system analysis 系统分析subsystem 子系统regional subsystem 地区子系统personality system 个人系统state-centric system国家中心体系levels of analysis 层次分析法system level 系统层次individual level 个人层次state level 国家层次systems at the international level 国际层次的系统functionalism 功能主义supranationalism 超国家主义constructivism 建构主义constructivist approach 建构主义方法internationalism 国际主义state-centrism 国家中心主义nationalism 国家主义Samuel P. Huntington 塞缪尔·亨廷顿post-modernism 后现代主义romanticism 浪漫主义structural realism 结构现实主义structuralist paradigm 结构主义范式transnationalism 跨国主义historical institutionalism 历史制度主义idealism 理想主义rational choice institutionalism 理性选择制度主义federalism 联邦主义nationalism 民族主义globalism 全球主义cognitivism 认知主义realism 现实主义neo-functionalism 新功能主义isolationism 孤立主义opportunism 机会主义rationalism 理性主义colonialism 殖民主义anarchism 无政府主义Fascism 法西斯主义terrorism 恐怖主义pragmatism 实用主义pluralism 多元主义anti-semitism 反犹太主义separatism 分离主义cosmopolitanism 世界主义nationalism 民族主义mercantilism 重商主义statism 国家主义pacifism 和平主义anarchist 无政府主义者radicalism 激进主义totalitarianism 极权主义empiricism 经验主义militarism 军国主义altruism 利他主义egoism 利己主义feminist theory 女性主义理论humanitarianism 人道主义Islamic radicalism 伊斯兰激进主义Islamicfundamentalism 伊斯兰原教旨主义Chauvinism 沙文主义social constructivism 社会建构主义positivism 实证主义post-positivism 后实证主义materialism 唯物主义mentalism 唯心主义pluralism 多元主义antecedents of realist theory 现实主义理论渊源scientific behaviouralism 科学行为主义behavioralism 行为主义behavioral revolution 行为主义革命revisionism 修正主义liberalism 自由主义classical realism 古典现实主义neoclassical realism 新古典现实主义post-classical realist 后古典现实主义neo-liberalism 新自由主义neo-realism 新现实主义neo-liberal institutionalism 新自由制度主义reflectivism 反思主义defensive realism 防御现实主义offensive realism 进攻性现实主义scientism 科学主义world federalism 世界联邦主义cultural imperialism 文化帝国主义dualism 二元主义fascism 法西斯主义protectionism (贸易)保护主义state-sponsored terrorism 国家支持的恐怖主义state terrorism 国家恐怖主义Satyagraha 非暴力不合作主义Darwinism 达尔文主义traditionalism 传统主义neorealist-neoliberal debate 新现实主义和新自由主义的论战CFSP, mon foreign and Security Policy 共同外交与安全政策spheres of security 安全范围concept of security 安全概念security relationship 安全关系perspectives of security 安全观security interest 安全利益security regime 安全体制security study 安全研究security strategy 安全战略cooperative security 合作安全economic security 经济安全ecological security 生态安全new views of security; new security idea 新安全观prehensive security 综合安全safety valve 安全阀national military security 国家军事安全security dilemma 安全困境collective security 集体安全national security 国家安全national security policy 国家安全政策national security in its broad sense 广义国家安全national security in its narrow sense 狭义国家安全pluralistic security munity 多元安全共同体security munity 安全共同体nontraditional security 非传统安全diplomatic immunity 外交豁免diplomatic precedence 外交位次diplomatic relations 外交关系diplomatic theory 外交理论。
英语报刊选读unit1Politics资料
Inauguration ceremony, 2013
The Inauguration
1月20日，在华盛顿，大批观众观看奥巴马就职典礼。
Text study
The Higher Education of Washington
Universities step up lobbying to protect funding interests.
Key Words:
Liberal, Left-wing, Progressive, social
Recent Democratic Presidents:
Barack Obama William J. Clinton
Electing President
1. Primary election (Feb.-June)
The US political system is often referred to as a “two-party system”
While in reality there are many different parties, there are only two which hold the vast majority of power and influence, as well as most of the elected offices in the country.
NOT POPULAR VOTE BUT ELECTORAL VOTES
2. The major parties hold conventions
to choose candidates for President to determine the parties platforms
英语国家概况英国Politics资料
9 April 1992 1 May 1997 7 June 2001 5 May 2005
Edward Heath
Harold Wilson
Harold Wilson James Callaghan Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher John Major
7. class system in the British society (英国社会中的等级制度) 8. the hereditary aristocracy (世袭贵族) 9. ethnic relations in Britain (英国的民族关系)
Part III Words & Expressions
At the end of the session you should know:
British elections and electoral system The political parties
1. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK? Five years 2. Who can stand for election as an MP? Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. 3. What are the three major parties? The Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrats 4. Which party is the party that spent most time in power? The Conservative Party 5. Which party does Tony Blair belong to? The Labour Party
Unit 2 单元词汇 集中识记
单元词汇集中识记1．equator n．赤道2．barbecue n．(abbr.BBQ)户外烧烤；烤架3．bakery n．面包(糕饼)店；面包厂4．butcher n．肉贩；屠夫；刽子手5．premier adj.最著名的；第一的；首要的n．总理；首相6．herb n．药草；香草；草本7．straightforward adj.坦率的；简单的8．minister n．部长；大臣；外交使节9．frog n．蛙；青蛙10．arrow n．箭；箭头11．entitle v t.给……命名(或题名)；使享有权利12．dive v i.& n．潜水；跳水；俯冲13．domain n．领域；领土；范围14．sponsor v t.倡议；赞助；主办n．(法案等的)倡议者；赞助者15．liberty n．自由16．golf n．高尔夫球运动17．strait n．海峡18．sample n．样本；样品19．temporary adj.暂时的；短暂的20．phase n．阶段；时期21．trunk n．树干22．session n．一场；一段时间；会议23．nest n．巢穴；鸟窝；秘密窝点24．hatch v i.孵出；破壳v t.使孵出；策划；(尤指)密谋25．fence n．栅栏；围栏26．prison n．监狱；监禁27．grand adj.大；宏大的语境助记——精品原创欣赏背诵Using straightforward languages，the Prime Minister has dived into creating a premier book entitled Iconic Attractions in Australia.He introduces various domains，such as herbs，grand joints，bakeries and barbecue.Some wild animals like frogs were temporarily put in cages as if they were in prison.So he sponsors setting them free，including frogs.The butchers are banned from killing endangered animals.1．foundation n．创建；基础；地基→found v t.创办；创建；建立→founder n．创建者；创始人2．political adj.政治的→politics n．政治；政治学→politician n．政治家；政客3．located adj.位于→locate v t.找出……的位置；把……设置(在)；使……坐落(于)→location n．地点；位置4．joint n．关节；公共场所adj.联合的；共同的→join v．连接；加入(组织等) 5．freedom n．自由；不受……影响的状态→free adj.自由的；空闲的；免费的v t.释放；使摆脱；解除6．distribution n．分布；分配；分发→distribute v t.分发；分配；分布7．licensed adj.得到正式许可的→license v t.批准；许可n．(＝licence)许可证；执照8．frequency n．发生率；重复率；(声波或电磁波振动的)频率→frequent adj.频繁的→frequently ad v.频繁地9．violent adj.暴力的；猛烈的→violence n．暴力；暴行→violently ad v.粗暴地；强烈地10．biology n．生理；生物学→biological adj.生物(学)的→biologist n．生物学家11．capacity n．能力；容量→capable adj.有能力的；能干的语境助记——精美靓句赏读感悟1．Because I am interested in politics and political ideas，I dream of being a politician. 2．Qingdao is located on the eastern coast of China.Its advantaged location makes it an attractive city.3．Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the earthquake victims and many volunteers helped the distribution of aid supplies.4．Traffic accidents have increased in frequency over recent years and the frequent accidents have caused many deaths.5．Not only am I capable of speaking English fluently but also I have the capacity to get on well with others.1．major in主修2．share sth.with sb.和某人分享某物3．in contact with和……联系4．agree with同意；赞同5．be located in/on/at坐落于，位于6．at birth出生时7．come across偶遇；无意中发现8．in the wild在自然环境下，在野外9．a handful of少数人(或物)；一把(的量) 10．refer to...as...把……称作……11．can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待地做某事12．consist of由……组成13．lead to导致；通向14．be native to原产于……；源于……的15．play a part in参与；起作用；扮演角色16．find one’s way to找到去……的路17．on the other hand另一方面18．pick up捡起，拿起；(开车)接；学会19．in a good state处于良好的状态20．have a capacity to do sth.有做某事的能力短语块记——联想归纳分组积累第一组(a＋n.＋of短语)a series of 一系列a number of 许多；大量a bunch of 一串a quantity of 许多第二组(in＋n.＋of短语)in spite of 尽管；不顾in place of 代替in case of 万一in favor of 赞成；有利于in charge of 负责；管理in defence of 保卫；为……辩护in honor of 为纪念。
2020年中考政治重点知识整理英文版
2020年中考政治重点知识整理英文版2020 Junior High School Political Key Knowledge SummaryIn the 2020 Junior High School Political exam, the key knowledge points cover a wide range of topics. It is essential to understand the basic principles of Marxism, the history of the Chinese Communist Party, the political system of China, and the main policies of the Chinese government. Additionally, students should be familiar with the concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the development of China's economy and society, as well as the country's foreign policy.One crucial topic is the history of the Chinese Communist Party, including its founding, major leaders, and significant events in its development. Understanding the Party's role in leading the Chinese people to victory in the revolution and in modernizing the country is essential.Another key area is the political system of China, which includes the structure of the Chinese government, the functions of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Students should also be familiar with the roles of the Communist Party of China in the Chinese political system.In addition to domestic politics, students should also have a good understanding of China's foreign policy. This includes China's stance on issues such as sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful development. Knowledge of China's diplomatic relations with other countries and its participation in international organizations is also important.Furthermore, students should be aware of the main policies of the Chinese government, such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the reform and opening-up policy, and poverty alleviation efforts. Understanding these policies and their impact on China's development is crucial for the exam.Overall, the 2020 Junior High School Political exam will test students' knowledge of various aspects of Chinese politics and society. By focusing on the key knowledge points outlined above, students can prepare effectively and improve their chances of success in the exam.。
中西文明选读(英文版)第1章 Politics
【1.1 Politics of the United States of America】 【美国的政治】
1.1.1 Politics of the United States
The executive branch is headed by the President and is independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch (or judiciary), composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, exercises judiche judiciary’s function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches. The federal government’s layout is explained in the Constitution. Two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although other parties have also existed.
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Civil rights民权词汇这里是一些谈论civil rights（民权）问题的有用搭配。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.struggled to attain his goals peacefully.马丁路德金博士为了和平实现目标努力奋斗。
He championed the cause of poor people everywhere.他到处维护穷人的利益。
He wanted to eradicate poverty.他想消除疾病和贫穷。
用定冠词the+一个形容词来表示一类人，比如，the sick、the poor和the rich。
poor的名词形式是poverty，wealth是wealthy的名词形式。
There's a big gap between the rich and the poor.富人和穷人之间的差距很大。
So many people live in poverty,while so few hold the wealth.生活在贫困中的人是那么多，而富裕的人却又那么少。
美国人有时通过种族来表明身份。
African Americans或black people的祖先来自非洲。
其他族群包括Asian Americans；American Indians或Native Americans；以及Latinos或Hispanics。
政府和其他机构用自己的语言来定义美国居民，有时候这个族群的定义很广（比如，Caucasian表示拥有不同祖先的white people），有时又比较窄（for example,'Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander'）。
我们需要知道的是族群的叫法有可能是个敏感话题，这方面的争论超越了地域、时代、甚至社会和政治界限。
Dr.King fought for civil rights for African Americans.金博士为了非裔美国人的民权而战。
The first Asian Americans came to the US from the Philippines in the1750s.首批亚裔美国人是在18世纪50年代从菲律宾来到美国的。
'Hispanic'generally refers to people of Spanish or Spanish-speaking culture,but definitions vary.西班牙裔一般指在西班牙或西班牙语国家的人，但也不一定。
文化点：美国被认为是一个“大熔炉”，因其民众大部分是移民，而有些人对美国的认同超过了对自己的祖先。
最好了解一下他们更喜欢别人怎么称呼自己，避免贴上个人标签。
前缀non-加在词首，意思是no或者not。
用nonviolence和nonpartisan一类的词来谈论民权和政治。
King achieved his goals peacefully,through nonviolent action.金通过非暴力行为和平实现了自己的目标。
The organization is nonprofit and nonpartisan.该组织为非盈利、无党派。
语言提示：这里的例子没有hyphen(连字符)。
你会看到这类词和其他诸如non-的带了连字符的前缀。
标点符号有可能会随着时间的推移而改变，很多带连字符的词现在已经没有连字符了。
guaranteed wage或guaranteed annual income是金博士强烈支持的一项运动。
A guaranteed annual income would help poor people afford housing.最低年收入保障可以帮助穷人买房。
按顺序阅读当你读一段文字时，注意帮助你紧跟事件发生顺序的词汇和短语。
比如，找出关键日期和年份：King began his political career in college in the early1950s.金在20世纪50年代早期的大学时代开了政治生涯。
King led a civil rights march in Chicago in the summer of1966.1966年夏，金在芝加哥领导了一个民权游行。
He was assassinated on April4,1968.他在1968年4月4日遇刺。
找出显示时间的词汇和短语：Once he proved his leadership abilities,he became well-known across the nation.他的领导能力一经证实立即全国皆知。
Prior to the civil rights movement,laws separated white people from black people.在民权运动之前，法律隔离了白人与黑人。
While in Washington,King delivered his famous'I Have a Dream'speech.金在华盛顿发表了著名的“我有一个梦想”演说。
找出提示一系列事件的副词：Afterward,he became a celebrated person in US civil rights history.后来，他成为了美国民权史上的一位名人。
Subsequently,he was assassinated.随后，他被暗杀了。
Previously,activist W.E.B.Du Bois had made an enormous impact.之前，激进分子W.E.B.杜波依斯已经造成了巨大影响。
Later,Barbara Jordan became the first African American congresswoman from the South.之后，芭芭拉·乔丹成为了南部首位非裔美国国会女议员。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.,the US civil rights leader,began his political career as president of his senior college class in1951.Four years after college,he earned his doctorate from Boston University.His talent for leadership developed and,following university study,Dr.King went on to become a member of the executive board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),an organization still at the forefront of civil rights today.King's early leadership roles helped prepare him to take charge of one of the most dramatic events in US civil rights history:the1955bus boycott in Montgomery,Alabama–a protest inspired by Rosa Parks.Because Parks,a black woman,refused to give her seat to a white passenger,she was arrested by the police.King and other black leaders championed Parks'cause, asking African Americans in Montgomery to stop riding public buses.The boycott lasted381days and caused significant financial damage to the bus company.Prior to the boycott,the law saidthat black people could not sit with white people on public buses,and they had to give up their seats when the white section was full.Just one year later,King had achieved what many people wanted:The US Supreme Court declared segregation on buses unconstitutional,ensuring that black people could ride on buses as equals.Once people heard about the success of the bus boycott,they began to think of King as the nation's most powerful black leader.Subsequently,King helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC),a religious organization that provided leadership and guidance during the civil rights movement.He was with the SCLC until his assassination in1968.King traveled the country speaking and writing about the concept of civil rights and the need for new laws that ensured equality.In1963,he led a historic,nonviolent event in Washington,DC–the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom –in which about250,000people collectively demanded of President John F.Kennedy and the government equal opportunities for all people.It was during that event that King delivered his most famous speech,'I Have a Dream.'The march was credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of1964and the Voting Rights Act of1965.And King's celebrated speech not only cemented his position as the nation's most important civil rights leader but also won admiration from people around the world. Political communicationHe's a convincing liar.他是个很容易让人相信的骗子。