2016年同等学力真题
2016年同等学力考试经济真题及解析
解析：贸易创造是指产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向较低成本的关税同盟中贸易对 象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象。它会带来本国福利的上升。 它是关税同盟经济效应中的其中一个， 另一个是贸易转移。 贸易转移是指产品从过去进 口自较低成本国转向从较高成本国进口的过程和现象。它会带来本国福利的下降。 8、属于一般货币政策工具的是（ ） A．再贴现 B．不动产信用控制 C. 消费信用控制证券 D.市场信用控制 参考答案：A 解析：一般性货币政策工具包括存款准备金政策、再贴现政策和公开市场政策。 选项 B、C、D 属于可选择性货币政策工具 二、名词解释（每小题 3 分，共 12 分） 1、基数效用论 参考答案：效用是指消费者消费商品或劳务时所感受到的满足程度。基数效用论指获得 的满足程度可以用基数加以衡量并可加总求和； 随着消费品数量的增加， 每单位商品或劳务 带来的满足程度并不相同，商品的边际效用是递减的。 2、新古典宏观经济学 参考答案：是理性预期学派经济理论的发展和引申，是对凯恩斯主义理论进行的尖锐批 判。该理论的基本假设是个体利益最大化、理性预期和市场出清，其发展在于经济周期理论 （货币经济周期和实际经济周期） 。该理论反对政府的货币政策，主张借鉴货币主义的单一 规则，主张自由放任的经济政策。 3、非税收入 参考答案：非税收入是指除税收以外，由各级政府、国家机关、事业单位、代行政府职
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
dQ dQ P Q e dP dP Q P 2）根据需求价格弹性系数的定义有：
需求曲线 P=100-Q 变形得 Q=100-P，则代入得：-（-1）*（75/25）=3 3）重复第一、二问的步骤，求得 Q=15；P=45，则价格需求弹性也是 3。 4）重复第一问的步骤，求得 Q=12.5；P=62.5， P=100-3Q 变形为 Q=100/3-P/3，代入得：-（-1/3）*（62.5/12.5）=5/3 此时的价格需求弹性为 5/3。 5）从上述答案推论：需求曲线斜率为负值，而弹性取绝对值为正值；需求的价格弹性 不仅取决于需求曲线的斜率，而且还取决于在该点处的价格 P 和需求量 Q。 从 2）与 3）问中得知：当斜率相同，P/Q 的比值又相同，则弹性系数相等； 从 2） 、3） 、4）问中得知：需求曲线的斜率的绝对值变化，弹性的值会随之变化，当需 求曲线的斜率的绝对值越大，会影响弹性的绝对值变小。是由于需求曲线的斜率（dP/dQ） 与 dQ/dP 是倒数关系。
2016同等学力心理学综合真题答案
2016同等学力心理学综合真题答案一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.思维的基本过程是（B ）A.比较与分类B.分析与综合C.抽象与概括D.系统化与具体化2.下列各项中不属于音高听觉理论的是（C ）A.电话说B.神经齐射说C.拮抗过程说D.行波理论3.鲁利亚认为脑干网状结构和边缘系统的机能属于（B ）A.行为调节系统B.动力系统C.信息接受系统D.信息存储系统4.镶嵌图形的特点可以用于测量的认知风格是（D ）A.自动化加工与意识控制加工B.冲动与沉思C.同时性与继时性加工D.场独立性与场依存性5.幼儿思维的主要特点是（C ）A.可逆性B.抽象性C.具体形象性D.去自我中心性6.在新生儿阶段通常不具备的是（D ）A.吸吮反射B.巴宾斯基反射C.抓握反射D.初级循环反应7.在被试内实验设计中，控制练习效应和疲劳效应的常用方法是（B ）A.恒定法B.平衡法C.双盲设计D.纳入处理8.一定属于多因素实验设计的是（A ）A.混合设计B.被试内设计C.随机区组设计D.被试间设计9.下列实验中不能用来论证社会学习理论的是（B ）A.抗拒诱惑实验B.水下击靶实验C.攻击反应的学习实验D.言行一致实验10.建立在“官能心理学”基础上的迁移理论是（A ）A.形式训练说B.概括原理说C.共同因素说D.关系转换说11.定量地揭示整个群体的人际关系状况以及各成员在该群体内人际关系状况的方法是（A ）A.社交测量法B.罗夏墨迹测验C.角色扮演法D.主题统觉测验12.为了保持认知的协调，外在理由越缺乏，越需要内在理由的补充，这种心理反应被称作（B ）A.催眠者效应B.不充分理由效应C.睡眠者效应D.过度理由效应13.一个研究者报告独立样本的t检验的结果t(24)=2.53，根据这个结果可以推知研究被试总人数为（D ）A.23B.24C.25D.2614.一项调查表明抽烟量较大的人群比抽烟较少或不抽烟的人群患肺癌的比率更高，据此我们可以说，抽烟量与患肺癌比率这两个变量间存在着（A ）A.相关关系B.因果关系C.函数关系D.包含关系15.一项研究涉及到职业，我们用1表示“农民”，2表示“教师”，3表示“公务员”，这里的数据123属于（ C ）A.等级数据B.比率数据C.称名数据D.等距数据16.已知某校男、女学生对某项教育措施各自持“同意”和“反对”态度的人数，若要了解性别与变量是否有关，则应该计算（C ）A.积差相关B.等级相关C.Ø 相关D.二列相关17.以下各项中属于投射测验的是（D ）A.韦氏量表B.个性偏好测验C.比纳量表D.主题统觉测验18.可以作为同质性信度指标的是（C ）A.肯德尔和谐系数B.差异系数C.克伦巴赫系数D.确定系数19.最早采用智力年龄概念的是（A ）A.比纳量表B.瑞雯推理测验C.韦氏量表D.斯坦福比纳量表20.一项研究假设为：经过知觉运动学习的左利手儿童比未经过这种学习的儿童在眼手协调的作业上做得更出色，然而这种差别不出现在右利手儿童中，这项实验中“是否经过学习”是（C ）A.中介变量B.因变量C.调节变量D.自变量二、名词解释（每小题3分，共24分）1.效果律2.鉴别指数3.晕轮效应4.成熟势力说5.社会惰化6.概念形成7.暗适应8.抽样分布三、简答题（每小题6分，共36分）1.简述兴趣及其类型.2.简述短时记忆的特点.3.简述心理测量的特质.4.简述实验法的显著特点.5.简述社会测量法及其具体形式.6.简述利用一组原始数据编制次数分布表的主要步骤.四、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1.结合文学著作人物形象，论述奥尔波特的人格特质理论.2.阐述不同理论对儿童性别角色发展的看法.。
2016年同等学力经济综合试题(含答案)
2.长期平均成本曲线呈 U 型递减原因 A
3.我国政府预算收入不包括 D
4.以下哪些是个人所得税范围 C
5.直接融资是指 A A.货币资金需求方与资金供给方直接发生的信用关系 B.资金需求方与资金供给方通过金融中介进行 C.金融中介之间 D.未知 6.根据费雪效应，一国通货膨胀率上升，该国名义利率及货币对外价值的变化为 A A.名义利率提高/货币对外价值降低 B.名义利率降低/货币对外价值提高 C.名义利率降低/货币对外价值不变 D.名义利率不变/货币对外价值降低 7.贸易创造定义 : 产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向较低成本的关税同盟中贸易对象国生 产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象 无答案 8. 属于一般货币政策工具的是 A A.再贴现 C.消费信用控制证券 B.不动产信用控制 D.市场信用控制
2
相矛盾的。要满足世界经济增长的需要，国际储备必须有相应的增长，这就需要美国的国际 收支赤字实现，但各国手中持有的美元越多，对美元越缺乏信心，越想兑换成黄金。 4、国际收支调节 j 效应曲线： (1)J 曲线效应的含义： 当一国货币贬值后， 最初会使贸易收支状况进一步恶化而不是改善， 只有经过一段时间后贸易收支恶化才会得到控制并好转，最终使贸易收支状况得到改善。 这个过程用曲线描述出来与 J 相似，所以贬值对贸易收支改善的时滞被称为 J 曲线效应。 如图所示。 (2)本币贬值对国际收支状况的影响存在时滞，其原因是出口增长需要投资增加生产，因 此有时滞；进口本身有惯性，在认识决策甚至找到进口货物的替代品和生产出替代品都需 要时间，因此贬值作用很难即刻体现。 (3)J 曲线效应产生原因，在于在短期内进出口需求弹性小于 1，本币贬值恶化贸易收支， 而在中长期大于 1，本币贬值能改善国际收支。随着现代经济不断发展，这一过程越来越 短，一般认为 3-6 月。这就要求贬值国要有一定的外汇储备预防 J 曲线效应的影响。 四、论述与计算题（每小题 20 分，共 40 分） 1. 论述：市场失灵概念，原因，政府干预经济的优势和手段
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析IntroductionIn 2016, the English examination for the Master's degree admission via equivalent qualification was held. This article aims to provide an analysis of the exam questions and answers, allowing candidates to better understand the content and improve their overall performance.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1: Title: "The Importance of Emotional Intelligence"The first passage in the reading comprehension section discusses the significance of emotional intelligence. It explores how emotional intelligence plays a pivotal role in one's personal and professional life. The passage emphasizes self-awareness, empathy, and effective communication skills as essential aspects of emotional intelligence. The questions related to this passage primarily focus on understanding the main ideas and supporting evidence.2. Passage 2: Title: "The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity"The second passage delves into the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It highlights how rising global temperatures and environmental shifts are affecting various ecosystems around the world. The passage explores potential solutions and calls for urgent action to mitigate the effects of climate change. The questions in this section assess the candidates' ability to comprehend the main arguments and infer information from the text.Section 2: Cloze TestThe cloze test evaluates the candidates' grasp of English vocabulary, grammar, and contextual understanding. This section consists of a passage with multiple gaps, which must be filled with appropriate words or phrases. The passage could be related to a variety of topics, such as education, technology, or environment.Section 3: Error CorrectionIn this section, candidates are presented with a text that contains grammatical errors. Their task is to identify and correct these errors based on their understanding of English grammar rules and sentence structure. The errors could range from verb tense agreement to word choice or punctuation mistakes.Section 4: TranslationThe translation section evaluates the candidates' ability to translate sentences from Chinese to English. The sentences provided could cover a wide range of topics, including social issues, economy, or culture. Accuracy, coherence, and appropriate word usage are crucial in this section.Section 5: WritingCandidates are required to write an essay on a given topic within a specific word limit. The essay assesses their writing skills, logical thinking, and ability to express ideas coherently. The topics could be related to current events, social challenges, or personal experiences. Clear structure, persuasive arguments, and correct grammar and vocabulary usage are essential for a high score.Answer and Analysis1. Reading Comprehension: The answers and explanations for the multiple-choice questions in the reading comprehension section are provided. Each question is analyzed, highlighting the correct answer choice and the reasons behind it. This allows candidates to understand the reasoning required to answer similar questions accurately.2. Cloze Test: The correct answers for the gaps in the cloze test section are provided, along with the explanations for each choice. This helps candidates comprehend the appropriate vocabulary and grammar required to complete the passage.3. Error Correction: The errors in the given text are identified and corrected, demonstrating the correct grammar rules and sentence structure. Detailed explanations accompany each correction to aid candidates in understanding common mistakes and improving their grammar skills.4. Translation: The correct translations for the provided sentences from Chinese to English are given, along with explanations for the word choices and syntax. This helps candidates enhance their translation skills and expand their vocabulary range.ConclusionThe 2016 same-level academic English examination for Master's degree admission covered various sections, including reading comprehension, cloze test, error correction, translation, and writing. The analysis and answers provided in this article aim to assist candidates in comprehending the exam format, understanding the correct answers, and improving their overall performance in future exams. By reviewing the questions, answers, andexplanations, candidates can identify their strengths and weaknesses and develop effective strategies for success in similar exams.。
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析(卷一卷二)(word文档良心出品)
2016同等学力申硕英语真题及答案解析(卷一) (卷一)Part I Oral Communication (10 points)Section A Directions: In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.Dialogue OneA. Will you take care of that for me?B. Does it have anything valuable inside?C. How do you want to send it?Clerk: May I help you? Customer: Ye s, I’d like to send this letter to my family in England. Clerk: Did you write your return address on the envelope? Customer: Yes, I did. Clerk: ____1____ Customer: I guess I’ll send it airmail. Clerk: ____2____ Customer: Yes. I enclosed a check and some photographs. Clerk: Then you’d better send it by registered mail. Customer: That’s a good idea.___3____ Clerk: I’m sorry, sir. You’ll have to take your letter to the next window.Dialogue TwoA. You can’t even stay in the sun for five minutes.B.I guess so.C. You want my advice?Winne: Oh, man! Nobody can stand this kind of scorching heat. Marc: Absolutely! _____4_____ Winne: Anyway, I guess this afternoon there’s nothing we can do but stay home. Marc: ____5_____ I don’t want to be taken to thehospital for heat exhaustion or something. Winne: ___6_____ Drink a lot of liquids and spare yourself the worst of the heat! Marc: Yean, you’re right. Got to drink a lot of fluids.Section B Directions:In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A, B ,C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.A.I literally can’t stop.B. But now I don’t need to worry any mo re.C. You’re known as the first billionaire author here.D. But that’s not just about money.Interviewer: You have published six popular books. 7Interviewee: Yeah. Interviewer: So how has being the first billionaire author affected your perception of yourself? Interviewee: I dress better. Well, you can definitely afford better clothes.8I think the single biggest thing that money gave me--and obviously I came from a place where I was a single mother and it really was hand to mouth at one point. It was literally as poor as you can get without being homeless at one point. 9 Never. Interviewer: Are you in a place now where you can accept that you will always be rich? Interviewee: No. Interviewer: And will you be writing more? Interviewee: Oh, definitely. I c an’t, yeah,10Well, I mean, you could tie my hands to my sides, I suppose, but I have to write. For my own mental health, I need to write.Part II Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D thatbest keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.11. Such experience helps promote one’s alertness to other cultures, as well as a better appreciation of one’s own culture.A. preferenceB. adjustmentC. sensitivityD. response12. If you always try to find fault with others, it means that you have gained another shortcoming.A. ignoreB. criticizeC. impressD. follow13. The election will be brought forward to June as so many people are on holiday in July.A. prolongedB. adaptedC. postponedD. Advanced14. As to the question of refreshments, I should think orange juice and potato chips will be sufficient.A. enoughB. abundantC. satisfyingD. proper15. Watching these kids grow brings me satisfaction that is difficult to surpass.A. obtainB. exceedC. describeD. forget16. The journal published a series of articles that reviewed the prospects for a new era of “genetic 16. medicine”.A. backgroundB. explorationC. surveyD. outlook17.If you don’t slow down and take a break, you’ll be burned out very quickly.A. distressedB. anxiousC. exhaustedD. upset18. Following our merging with Smith Brothers, the new company will, from now on be known as Smith and Murphy Inc.A. cooperationB. meetingC. agreementD. combination19. Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S. Presidency.A. requiredB. qualifiedC. selectedD. elected20. It was 38 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room.A. simplyB. quicklyC. hardlyD. stronglyPart III Reading Comprehension (25 points)Section A Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneWhat did you study at university? If it was something along the lines of law or business, you might want to look away now. That's because according to new research, which has found a link between our university subjects and our personalities, you have selfish, uncooperative tendencies and are not very in touch with your feelings. On the plus side, you're probably the life and soul of a party, the findings suggest. Researchers analyzed data from more than 13,000 university students who were involved in 12 separate studies. From this, they discovered a correlation between the “Big Five” major personality traits and the subjects they were enrolled on. For example, those studying law, economics, political science and medicine tended to be much more outgoing than those taking other subjects, the study found. But when it came to “agreeableness” -- the tendency towards being helpful, generous and considerate -- the lawyers scored particularly low, as did business and economics students. Arts andhumanities students, as well as those studying psychology and politics scored highly for openness, meaning they were curious, imaginative and in touch with their inner feelings, while economists, engineers, lawyers and scientists scored comparatively low. However, the arts and humanities students also tended to be less conscientious and more nervous, typically exhibiting signs of anxiety and moodiness. Psychology students were not far behind arts and humanities students for these traits. Study author Anna Vedel, from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, said she was surprised by the magnitude of the results. “The effect sizes show that the differences found are not trivial, far from,” she said. “On the more humorous side they do confirm our more or less prejudicial stereotypes of the disturbed psychologist, the withdrawn natural scientist, the cynical economist.” And she said that the findings could help those school pupils who currently have no idea what to study at university, as well as helping academics to plan their lectures. “I’m not arguing that these results should play a major role in either guidance or selection, but it might provide some inspiration for students that are in doubt about study choices and want to make a choice based on more than abilities, for example,” said Dr Vedel. “Or teachers might better understand their student population.”21.The first paragraph implies that law or business students may _______.A.be amused by the researchB.be interested in the researchC.dislike the researchD.enjoy the research22.According to the research, law students scored particularly low in the trait of_______. A. generosityB. opennessC. anxiety D. selfishness23. The word “conscientious” (Para. 4) probably means “________”.A. moodyB. sensitiveC. curiousD. careful24. Anna Vedel stated that the research _______.A. confirmed the link between personality and professionB. showed that the differences were far from significantC. was not reliable because of its prejudicial observationD. did not have enough samples to support its findings25. According to Anna Vedel, the research may help ______.A. students make wise choices in finding jobsB. teachers understand their students betterC. students make presentations more academicallyD. school pupils go to better universitiesPassage TwoAlphaGo’s victory over Go( 围棋)champion Lee Se-dol reportedly shocked artificial intelligence experts, who thought such an event was 10 to 15 years away. But if the timing was a surprise, the outcome was not. On the contrary, it was inevitable and entirely foreseeable. Playing complex games is precisely what computers do supremely well. Just as they beat the world champions at checkers(跳棋)and then chess, they were destined to beat the champion at Go. Yet I don’t believe, as some do, that human defeats like this one presage an era of mass unemployment in which awesomely able computers leave most ofus with nothing to do. Advancing technology will profoundly change the nature of high-value human skills and that is threatening, but we aren’t doomed. The skills of deep human interaction, the abilities to manage the exchanges that occur only between people, will only become more valuable. Three of these skills stand out: The first, the foundation of the rest, is empathy, which is more than just feeling someone else’s pain. It’s the ability to perceive what another person is thinking or feeling, and to respond in an appropriate way. The second is creative problem-solving in groups. Research on group effectiveness shows that the key isn’t team cohesion or motivation or even the smartest member’s IQ; rather, it’s the social sensitivity of the members, their ability to read one another and keep anyone from dominating. The third critical ability, somewhat surprisingly, is storytelling, which has not traditionally been valued by organizations. Charts, graphs and data analysis will continue to be important, but that’s exactly what technology does so well. To change people’s minds or inspire them to act, tell them a story. These skills, though basic to our humanity, are fundamentally different from the skills that have been the basis of economic progress for most of human history, logic, knowledge and analysis, which we learned from textbooks and in classrooms. By contrast, the skills of deep human interaction address the often irrational reality of how human beings behave, and we find them not in textbooks but inside ourselves. As computers master ever more co mplexity, that’s where we’ll find the source of our continued value.26. According to the author, AlphaGo’s victory_____.A. could have happened earlierB. came as a pleasant surpriseC. was an expected resultD. was more a matter of luck27. The word “presage”(Para. 2) is closest in meaning to“ _____”.A. surviveB. sufferC. inventD. predict28. What is the author’s attitude towards the human future in the face of technology?A. UnclearB. ConfusedC. WorriedD. Optimistic29. Which of the following is the most fundamental to human interaction?A. Social sensitivity of group members to understand each other.B. Strong ability to share people’s feelings and respond.C. Team spirit to make sure that everyone is involved.D. Inspirational storytelling to motivate people to act.30. According to the author, the skills of deep human interaction .A. are the source of true human values in the futureB. can work with knowledge to make the world betterC. are similar to the skills of human logic and analysisD. can be learned from textbooks and in classroomsPassage ThreeLast year, I went WWOOFing (Willing Workers on Organic Farms) at abeautiful organic farm in La Réunion. With WWOOFing, volunteers exchange their time and work for food and accommodation. I slept in a cabin in the woods with hedgehogs(刺猬) digging about in the bushes, all different coloured birds singing in the morning and endless rows of palm trees offering shade from the sun. For me, one of the best ways to get to know a new place is to work with the land, live with the locals and share meals together. This is why I absolutely love WWOOFing. It has got to be one of the best ways to travel. It is a mutually beneficial exchange where everyone involved prioritises people and environment above profit. You get the time and space to deepen a connection with local communities and nature. There is a lot to learn and each farm has its own unique way of doing things, depending on the environment, climate and soil. At the farm in La Réu nion we planted palm trees to harvest the core of the trunk which can be eaten in salads. Before staying with the farm I had only eaten heart of palm from cans which were nothing in comparison to the real thing, fresh from the ground. When potting up the very beginnings of the palm trees, I felt grateful to be a part of the start of the trees' cycle. I was filled with awe that something so small could grow into something so big and strong. We also did lots of weeding, which helped me to get to know all kinds of different plants, to be able to identify which ones we could use as herbs/medicine/in salads and which were seen as uneatable. I also got to harvest pineapples and guava fruit(番石榴) to make jams which will be sold at the local market. Of course, not everyone is able to travel far away into the field.The great thing about the skill-share philosophy behind WWOOFing is that it’s something we can all do from our own backyard. The focus shifts from money to how we can best support each other in our communities. A fair exchange can make a big difference in the world.31. WWOOFing enables volunteers to ________.A. get food and shelter for their workB.travel around La Réunion for freeC. tell the differences between various birdsD. have close contact with wild animals32. The author found his farm life in La Réunio n quite ______A. awfulB. rewardingC. comfortableD. difficult33. The author did all of the following on the organic farm EXCEPT _______.A. removing weedsB. planting palm treesC. harvesting fruitsD. collecting vegetables34. The philosophy of WWOOFing is to _______A. improve local environmentB. make locals live betterC. unite different communitiesD. advocate a fair exchange35. This passage is mainly about _____A. the development of WWOOFingB. a local WWOOFing communityC. a charming WWOOFing experienceD. the system of WWOOFingPassage FourExperts say distracted walking is a growing problem, as people of all ages become more dependent on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been rising in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US deaths involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014. The rise in deaths coincides with states introducing bills that target pedestrians. Some states, such as Hawaii, Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York, continue to introduce legislation every year. The measure recently introduced by New Jersey assembly woman Pamela Lampitt would ban walking while texting and prohibit pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are hands-free. Violators would face fines of up to $50, 15-day imprisonment or both, which is the same penalty as jaywalking(乱穿马路). Half of the fine would be allocated to safety education about the dangers of walking while texting, said Lampit. Some see the proposal as an unnecessary government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt's reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made aware of the issue. "Distracted pedestrians, like distracted drivers, present a potential danger to themselves and drivers on the road," Lampitt said. "An individual crossing the road distracted by their smartphone presents just as much danger to motorists as someone jaywalking and should be held, at minimum, to the same penalty." The main question raised about the measure, though, is whether it can be enforced consistently by police officers whousually have more pressing matters to deal with. Some feel that rather than imposing a new law, the state should focus on distracted-walking education. Lampitt said the measure is needed to stop and penalize "risky behavior." She cited a National Safety Council report that showed distracted-walking incidents involving cellphones accounted for an estimated 11,101 injuries from 2000 through 2011. The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted for 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.36.This passage is mainly concerned with _____A. the difficulty in enforcing road regulationsB. rising deaths caused by distracted walkingC. the dangers of jaywalking on busy streetsD. distracted walking involving smart phones37. The states introducing bills that target pedestrians ________.A. have benefited from the billsB. find it hard to carry them outC. have been promoting the legislationD. will have fewer deaths of pedestrians38. According to the measure proposed by Lampitt, walking while texting would ______.A. become illegalB. involve safety educationC. be blamed publiclyD. incur a fine of over $5039. Lampitt reasons that distracted pedestrians are as dangerous as ________.A. motoristsB. speeding driversC. jaywalkersD. drunk drivers40. Which of the following would the author of the passage most probably agree with?A. Males are more vulnerable to distracted-walking injures.B. Police officers are unhappy with the proposed law.C. Safety education is more important than penalty.D. Rising distracted-walking incidents call for real attention.Section B Directions: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answer A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The saying “Clothes Make the Man” dates back some 400 years and it refers to the fact that when people see a well-dressed person, they assume that person is a professional, capable, and (especially in the old days) rich. Therefore, you had to dress like how you wanted to be perceived, what you wanted to eventually achieve. Fast forward 400 years, lots of folks still think the same way. But does it really make a difference? I happen to be one of those who do not put faith in the old saying. I suppose I might be in the minority but I am a member of an elite club with the likes of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates in my camp. Perception is not reality; perception is halfway to discovering reality.Perception is drawn from our own impressions, our own belief systems. Is it powerful and influential? Absolutely! Is it all that it seems? Less often than you think. How many times have you cast an initial judgment only to surprise yourself later and learn how you missed out on a great opportunity, person or idea? Comment 1 In the present era, many associate the well-dressed with being the most successful. It took folks in the business world a long time to overlook the way Steve Jobs wore jeans on the public stage. I did not know Mr. Jobs, though I wish I had. I have heard it said that he invented the concept of “business casual.” In my mind that is as much a matter of self-confidence as it is a matter of taste in clothing. Comment 2 You are wrong about Steve Jobs. He certainly did care about how he was perceived and his appearance was very much calculated to achieve his desired effect. From his early formal business clothing down to the aggressive casualness of his eventual black turtle neck and jeans uniform, his clothes and the impact they made were clearly foremost in his mind. Comment 3 It reminds me of the story about the philosopher who goes to a formal dinner party in jeans. When asked if he felt out of place because of his clothes, he looked around and said he hadn’t noticed.41.Which of the following might the writer of the passage agree with?A. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dress formally.B. We should not judge a person by his clothing.C. It is clothes that make the man.D. The well-dressed are most likely to succeed.42. According to the writer of the passage, perception ______.A. might prove wrongB. is powerful and reliableC. is half realityD. might be worthless to us43. The writer of Comment 1 seems to ______.A. dislike the way Steve Jobs dressed for business occasionsB. suggest that business people have no taste in clothingC. believe that the well-dressed are the most successfulD. think that Steve Jobs’ casualness reflected his self-confidence44. Speaking of Steve Jobs, the writer of Comment 2 ________.A. points out that Steve Jobs was a very aggressive personB. suggests that he and Steve Jobs used to be in the same clubC. holds the same view as the writer of the passageD. thinks Steve Jobs’ casualness was carefully thought out45.When he went to the dinner party in jeans (Comment 3), the philosopher _______A. thought that people liked his clothesB. was not aware of how his clothes lookedC. felt quite embarrassedD. considered himself out of placePart IV Cloze (10 points) Directions:In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The history of transportation is very long and full of changes and inventions. It starts ___46__ walking, which is not any invention; it just takes energy. People used to walk to get to other places. If you wanted to get somewhere quickly, the __47___way to do that was to run . Actually, the first invention for the transportation __48__ was the shoe. Centuries ago there were no shoes, and people walked barefoot. Then people invented ___49__ to transport themselves and materials from one place to another. In some cultures, people invented sledges(雪橇), ___50__ are a kind of board that you drag along the ground. You can tie things on the sledges to help carry them, but it’s a challenging invention ___51__ if you hit a rock with the sledges as you pull it, the contents can ___52___. In other cultures, people invented the wheels, which they used to make it easier to move things---and people. That was the beginning of many innovations in transportation. ___53___ people had wheels they could invent other ways to travel. They could put the wheels on a board and make it a wagon, and then they could ___54__ that wagon to an ox or a horse and ride as well as carry materials. That wheel led to __55___ we have today: trucks, automobiles, and even boats and planes. For example, there were steamboats that used giant wheels that turned with blades, pushing the water and pushing the boat forward.46. A. on B. at C. for D. with47. A. possible B. only C. one D. Just48. A. probably B. luckily C. really D. Formerly49. A. methods B. channels C. ways D. Measures50. A. what B. when C. where D. Which51. A. unless B. but C. even D. Since52. A. pull out B. slip off C. hold down D. put down53. A.Once B. Then C. However D.Yet54. A. stick B. make C. fasten D. change55. A. what B. that C. which D. howPart V Text Completion(20 points)Directions: In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions (Ranging from 56 to 75).Above each text there are three or four phrases to be completed .First, use the choices provided in the box to complete the phrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the blanks of the text. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Text One56. A.many B.choose C.think of D. ways of Phrases: A.56only one languageB.57any reason not toC.in58different waysD.the most boring59seeing the world I think every language has a certain way of seeing the world. Each is a whole different world – a whole different mindsets. I couldn’t possibly60because it would mean really giving up the possibility to be able to see the world. So the monolingual lifestyle, for me, is the saddest, the loneliest,62. There are so many advantages of learning a language; I reallycan’t63. Text Two A. known B. idea C. feelPhrases: A. but it may64like forever B. a person may have no65what is wrong C.what is66as panic disorder A panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, __67__. The cause can be something as normally uneventful at driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat. Sweaty hands. Difficulty breathing. A lightheaded feeling. At first __68___. But these can all be signs of ___69____. The first appearance usually is between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four. 1n some cases it develops after a tragedy. Like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation. Text Three A.lights B.protect C. in the dark Phrases: A.sit at home70 B.turn off all non-essential71 C.passed a law to I’m a big fan of trying to save the environment, and this month is the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) annual Earth Hour. Earth Hour is an event where you 73 and power between 8-9 pm, things like your TV and computer. However, you don’t just 74 for an hour. Instead, people gather in groups and have fun without using power. Things like dancing, fireworks and musical performances are popular and it’s very fun to take part. Earth Hour isn’t just about saving energy; people involved in Earth Hour have also planted a forest in Uganda, built2016年同等学力申硕英语真题参考答案及解析1.本题选 C 解析：根据第 1 题空格下面一行顾客说“我想我会用航空邮件寄”可以推断店员在问邮寄方式。
2016年同等学历人员申请硕士学位经济学真题及答案解析
求均衡条件下的需求价格弹性。
第20题
当需求函数变为P=60-Q，求利润最大化均衡条件下的需求价格弹性。
第21题
当需求函数变为P=100-3Q，求利润最大化均衡条件下的需求价格弹性。
第22题
根据上述结果说明价格需求弹性和价格需求曲线斜率的关系。
上一题交卷
交卷
答题卡
答案及解析
(1/8)单项选择题
(3/4)名词解释
第11题
非税收入
上一题下一题
(4/4)名词解释
第12题
产品的同质性与异质件
上一题下一题
(1/4)简答题
第13题
简述国家预算的原则。
上一题下一题
(2/4)简答题
第14题
简述存款保险制度含义、功能和问题。
上一题下一题
(3/4)简答题
第15题
简述特里芬难题的含义。
上一题下一题
(4/4)简答题
上一题下一题
(7/8)单项选择题
第7题
贸易创造的含义是指______。
A.产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向较低成本的国外的过程和现象
B.产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国转向从较高成本国进口的过程和现象
C.产品从生产成本较低的国内生产转向较高成本的国外的过程和现象
D.产品从过去进口自较高生产成本国转向从较低成本国进口的过程和现象
详细解答：
上一题下一题
(4/4)名词解释
第12题
产品的同质性与异质件
参考答案：产品同质性是指产品间可以完全相互替代，市场区位不同，市场时间不同；产品异质性是指产品间不能完全替代(尚可替代)，同类产品在实物形态上存在差异，如质量、性能、规格、商标、牌号等不同，甚至每一种产品在其中每一方面存在细微差别。产品的同质性与异质性，都会产生国际贸易。
2016同等学力心理学综合真题
2016同等学力心理学综合真题、答案解析及命中率一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.思维的基本过程是（ B ）A.比较与分类B.分析与综合C.抽象与概括D.系统化与具体化2.下列各项中不属于音高听觉理论的是（ C ）A.说B.神经齐射说C.拮抗过程说D.行波理论3.鲁利亚认为脑干网状结构和边缘系统的机能属于（ B ）A.行为调节系统B.动力系统C.信息接受系统D.信息存储系统4.镶嵌图形的特点可以用于测量的认知风格是（ D ）A.自动化加工与意识控制加工B.冲动与沉思C.同时性与继时性加工D.场独立性与场依存性5.幼儿思维的主要特点是（ C ）A.可逆性B.抽象性C.具体形象性D.去自我中心性6.在新生儿阶段通常不具备的是（ D ）A.吸吮反射B.巴宾斯基反射C.抓握反射D.初级循环反应7.在被试实验设计中，控制练习效应和疲劳效应的常用方法是（ B ）A.恒定法B.平衡法C.双盲设计D.纳入处理8.一定属于多因素实验设计的是（ A ）A.混合设计B.被试设计C.随机区组设计D.被试间设计9.下列实验中不能用来论证社会学习理论的是（ B ）A.抗拒诱惑实验B.水下击靶实验C.攻击反应的学习实验D.言行一致实验10.建立在“官能心理学”基础上的迁移理论是（ A ）A.形式训练说B.概括原理说C.共同因素说D.关系转换说11.定量地揭示整个群体的人际关系状况以及各成员在该群体人际关系状况的方法是（ A ）A.社交测量法B.罗夏墨迹测验C.角色扮演法D.主题统觉测验12.为了保持认知的协调，外在理由越缺乏，越需要在理由的补充，这种心理反应被称作（ B ）A.催眠者效应B.不充分理由效应C.睡眠者效应D.过度理由效应13.一个研究者报告独立样本的t检验的结果t(24)=2.53，根据这个结果可以推知研究被试总人数为（ D ）A.23B.24C.25D.2614.一项调查表明抽烟量较大的人群比抽烟较少或不抽烟的人群患肺癌的比率更高，据此我们可以说，抽烟量与患肺癌比率这两个变量间存在着（ A ）A.相关关系B.因果关系C.函数关系D.包含关系15.一项研究涉及到职业，我们用1表示“农民”，2表示“教师”，3表示“公务员”，这里的数据123属于（ C ）A.等级数据B.比率数据C.称名数据D.等距数据16.已知某校男、女学生对某项教育措施各自持“同意”和“反对”态度的人数，若要了解性别与变量是否有关，则应该计算（ C ）A.积差相关B.等级相关C.Ø相关D.二列相关17.以下各项中属于投射测验的是（ D ）A.韦氏量表B.个性偏好测验C.比纳量表D.主题统觉测验18.可以作为同质性信度指标的是（ C ）A.肯德尔和谐系数B.差异系数C.克伦巴赫系数D.确定系数19.最早采用智力年龄概念的是（ A ）A.比纳量表B.瑞雯推理测验C.韦氏量表D.斯坦福比纳量表20.一项研究假设为：经过知觉运动学习的左利手儿童比未经过这种学习的儿童在眼手协调的作业上做得更出色，然而这种差别不出现在右利手儿童中，这项实验中“是否经过学习”是（ C ）A.中介变量B.因变量C.调节变量D.自变量二、名词解释（每小题3分，共24分）1. 效果律（课后名词解释p.583）效果律是由桑代克提出的，是指如果一个动作跟随着情境中一个满意的变化，在类似的情境中这个动作重复的可能性将增加，但如果跟随的是一个不满意的变化，这个动作重复的可能性将减少。
(真题上传版)2016年同等学力申请硕士学位英语试卷
绝密*启用并使用完前2016年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试英语试卷一考生须知1.本考试分试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一满分为75分，考试时间为100分钟，9：00开始，10：40结束；试卷二满分为25分，考试时间为50分钟，10：40开始，11：30结束。
2.请考生务必将本人姓名和考号填写在本页方框内。
3.请将试卷一答案用2B铅笔填涂在试卷一答题卡上，答在试卷上无效。
4.在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为：在代表答案的字母上划线，如：[A] [B] [C][D]。
5.监考员宣布试卷一考试结束后，请停止答试卷一，将试卷一和试卷一答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，继续做试卷二。
监考员将到座位上收取试卷一和试卷一答题卡。
6.监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字(作为考生交卷的凭据)，否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
Part I Oral Communication (10 points)Section ADirections：In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has three blanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fillin each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogueand mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Dialogue OneA. Will you take care of that for me?B. Does it have anything valuable inside?C. How do you want to send it?Clerk: May I help you?Customer:Yes. I’d like to send this letter to my family in England.Clerk:Did you write your return address on the envelope?Customer:Yes. I didClerk: ____1____Customer:I guess I’ll send it airmail.Clerk: ____2____.Customer: Yes, I enclosed a check and some photograph.Clerk:Then you’d better send it by registered mail.Customer : That’s a good idea. ____3____ .C lerk: I’m sorry, sir. You’ll have to take your letter to the next window.Dialogue TwoA. You can’t even stay in the sun for five minutes.B. I guess so.C. You want my advice?Winnie:Oh, man! Nobody can stand this kind of scorching heat.Marc:Absolutely! ____4____.Winnie:Anyway. I guess this afternoon there’s nothing we can do but stay home. Marc:____5____I don’t want to be taken to the hospital for heat exhaustion or something.Winnie:____6____Drink a lot of liquids and spare yourself the worst of the heat!Marc:Yeah, you’re right. Got to drink a lot of fluids.Section BDirections: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A, B, C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each ofthe blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and markyour answer on the Answer Sheet.A. I literally can’t stop.B. But now I don’t need to worry any more.C. You’re known as the first billionaire author here.D. But that’s not just about money.Interviewer:You have published six popular books.____7____Interviewee: Yeah.Interviewer:So how has being the first billionaire author affected your perception of yourself?Interviewee:I dress better. Well, you can definitely afford better clothes. ____8_____ I think the single biggest thing that money gave me-and obviously I came from a place where I was a single mother and it really was hand to mouth at one point. It was literally as poor as you can get without being homeless at one point ____9_____ Never.Interviewer:.Are you in a place now where you accept that you will always rich? Interviewee:No.Interviewer: And will you be writing more?Interviewee:Oh, definitely. I can’t yeah. ___10____ Well, I mean, you could tie my hands to my sides, I suppose, but I have to write. For my own mental health, I need to write.Part II Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and Dthat best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on theAnswer Sheet.11. Such experience helps promote one’s alertness to other cultures as well as a betterappreciation of one’s own culture.A. preferenceB. adjustmentC. sensitivityD. response12. If you always try to find fault with others, it means that you have gained anothershortcoming.A. ignoreB. criticizeC. impressD. follow13. The election will be brought forward to June as so many people are on holiday inJuly.A. prolongedB. adaptedC. postponedD. advanced14. As to the question of refreshment, I should think orange juice and potato chipswill sufficient.A. enoughB. abundantC. satisfyingD. proper15. Watching these kids grow brings me satisfaction that is difficult to surpass.A. obtainB. exceedC. describeD. forget16. The journal published a series of articles that reviewed the prospects for a new eraof “genetic medicine”.A. backgroundB. explorationC. surveyD. outlook17. If you don’t slow down and take a break, you’ll be burned out very quickly.A. distressedB. anxiousC. exhaustedD. upset18. Following our merging with Smith brothers, the new company will, from now on,be known as Smith and Murphy Inc.A. cooperationB. meetingC. agreementD. combination19. Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S. presidency.A. requiredB. qualifiedC. selectedD. elected20. It was 38 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room.A. simplyB. quicklyC. hardlyD. stronglyPart III Reading Comprehension (25 points)Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat did you study at university? If it was something along the lines of law or business, you might want to look away now. That’s because according to new research, which has found a link between our university subjects and our personalities, you have selfish, uncooperative tendencies and are not very in touch with your feelings. On the plus side, you’re probably the life and soul of a party, the findings suggest.Researchers analyzed data from more than 13,000 university students who were involved in 12 separate studies. From this, they discovered a correlation between the “Big Five” major personality traits and the subjects they were enrolled on.For example, those studying law, economics, political science and medicine tended to be much more outgoing than those taking other subjects, the study found. But when it came to “agreeableness”—the tendency towards being helpful, generous and considerate—the lawyers scored particularly low, as did business and economics students.Arts and humanities students, as well as those studying psychology and politics scored highly for openness, meaning they were curious, imaginative and in touch with their inner feelings, while economists, engineers, lawyers and scientists scored comparatively low. However, the arts and humanities students also tended to be less conscientious and more nervous, typically exhibiting signs of anxiety and moodiness. Psychology students were not far behind arts and humanities students for these traits.Study author Anna Vedel, from the university of Aarhus in Denmark, said she was surprised by the magnitude of the results. “The effect sizes show that the differences found are not trivial, far from,” she said. “On the more humorous side they do confirm our more or less prejudicial stereotypes of the disturbed psychologist, the withdrawn natural scientist, the cynical economist.And she said that the findings could help those school pupils who currently have no idea what to study at university, as well as helping academics to plan their lectures. “I’m not arguing that these results should play a major role in either guidance or selection, but it might provide some inspiration for students that are in doubt study choices and want to make a choice based on more than abilities, for example.” said Dr. Vedel. “Or teachers might better understand their student population.”21. The first paragraph implies that law or business students may _____.A. be amused by the researchB. be interested by the researchC. dislike the researchD. enjoy the research22. According to the research, law students scored particularly low in the trait of___.A. generosityB. opennessC. anxietyD. selfishness23. The word “conscientious” (Para. 4) probably means“_____”.A. moodyB.sensitiveC. curiousD. careful24. Anna Vedel stated that the research _____.A. confirmed the link between personality and professionB. showed that the differences were far from significantC. was not reliable because of its prejudicial observationD. did not have enough samples to support its observation25. According to Anna Vedel, the research may help _____.A. students make wise choice in finding jobsB. teachers understand their students betterC. students make presentation more academicallyD. school pupils go to better universitiesPassage TwoAlphaGo’s victory over Go (围棋) champion Lee Se-dol reportedly shocked artificial intelligence experts, who thought such an event was 10 to 15 years away. But if the timing was a surprise, the outcome was not. On the contrary, it was inevitable and entirely foreseeable.Playing complex games is precisely what computers do supremely well. Just as they beat the world champions at checkers (跳棋) and then chess, they were destined to beat the champion at Go. Yet I don’t believe, as some do, that human defeats like this one presage an era of mass unemployment in which awesomely able computers leave most of us with nothing to do. Advancing technology will profoundly change the nature of high-value human skills and that is threatening, but we aren’t doomed.The skills of deep human interaction, the abilities to manage the exchanges that occur only between people, will only become more valuable. Three of these skills stand out. The first, the foundation of the rest, is empathy, which is more than just feeling someone else’s pain. It’s the ability to perceive what another person is thinking or feeling, and to respond in an appropriate way.The second is creative problem-solving in groups. Research on group effectiveness shows that the key isn’t team cohesion or motivation or even the smartest member’s IQ; rather, it’s the social sensitivity of the members, their ability to read one another and keep anyone from dominating.The third critical ability, somewhat surprisingly, is storytelling, which has not traditionally been valued by organizations. Charts, graphs and data analysis willcontinue to be important, but that’s exactly what technology does so well. To change people’s minds or inspire them to act, tell them a story.These skills, though basic to our humanity, are fundamentally different from the skills that have been the basis of economic progress for most of human history, such as logic, knowledge and analysis, which we learned from textbooks and in classrooms. By contrast, the skills of deep human interaction address the often irrational reality of how human beings behave, and we find them not in textbooks but inside ourselves. As computers master ever more complexity, that’s where we’ll find the source of our continued value.26. According to the author, AlphaGo’svitory _____.A. could have happened earlierB. came as a pleasant surpriseC. was an expected resultD. was more a matter of luck27. The word “presage” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to “_____ ”A. surviveB. sufferC. inventD. predict28. What is the author’s attitude towards the human future in face of technology?A. UnclearB. ConfusedC. WorriedD. Optimistic29. Which of the following is the most fundamental to human interaction?A. Social sensitivity of group members to understand each other.B. Strong ability to share people’s feelings and respond.C. Team spirit to make sure that everyone is involved.D. Inspirational storytelling to motivate people to act.30. According to the author, the skills of deep human interaction _____.A. are the source of true human values in the futureB. can work with knowledge to make the world betterC. are similar to the skills of human logic and analysisD. can be learned from textbooks and in classroomsPassage ThreeLast year, I went WWOOFing (Willing Workers on Organic Farms) at a beautiful organic farm in La Reunion. With WWOOFing, volunteers exchange their time and work for food and accommodation. I slept in a cabin in the woods with hedgehogs (刺猬)digging about in the bushes, all different coloured birds singing in the morning and endless row of palm trees offering shade from the sun.For me, one of the best ways to get to know a new place is to work with the land, live with the locals and share meals together. This is why I absolutely love WWOOFing. It has got to be one of the best ways to travel. It is a mutually beneficial exchange where everyone involved prioritises people and environment above profit. You get the time and space to deepen a connection with local communities and nature.There is a lot to learn and each farm has its own unique way of doing things, depending on the environment, climate and soil. At the farm in La Reunion we planted palm trees to harvest the core of the trunk which can be eaten in salads. Before staying with the farm I had only eaten heart of palm from cans which were nothing in comparison to the real thing, fresh from the ground. When plotting up the very beginnings of the palm trees, I felt grateful to be a part of the start of the tree’s cycle. I was filled with awe that something so small could grow into something so big and strong.We also did lots of weeding, which helped me to get to know all kinds of different plants, to be able to identify which ones we could use as herbs medicine in salads and which were seen as uneatable. I also got to harvest pineapples and guava fruit (番石榴)to make jams which will be sold at the local market.Of course, not everyone is able to travel far away into the field. The great thing about the skill-share philosophy behind WWOOFing is that it’s something we can all do from our own backyard. The focus shifts from money to how we can best support each other in our communities.A fair exchange can make a big difference in the world.31. WWOOFing enables volunteers to _____.A. get food and shelter for their workB. travel around La Reunion for freeC. tell the differences between various birdsD. have close contact with wild animals32. The author found his farm life in La Reunion quite ______.A. awfulB. rewardingC. comfortableD. difficult33. The author did all of the following on the organic farm EXCEPT ______.A. removingweedsB. planting palm treesC. harvesting fruitsD. collecting vegetables34. The philosophy of WWOOFing is to ______.A. improve local environmentB. make local lives betterC. unite different communitiesD. advocate a fair exchange35. This passage is mainly about _____.A. The development of WWOOFingB. a local WWOOFing communityC. a charming WWOOFing experienceD. the system of WWOOFingPassage FourExperts say distracted walking is a growing problem, as people of all ages become more dependent on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been rising in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US deaths involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.The rise in deaths coincides with states introducing bills that target pedestrians. Some states, such as Hawaii, Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York, continue to introduce legislation every year.The measure recently introduced by New Jersey assembly woman Pamela Lampitt would ban walking while texting and prohibit pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are hands-free. Violators would face fines up to $50, 15-day imprisonment or both which is the same penalty as jaywalking (乱穿马路). Half of the fine would be allocated to safety education about the dangers of walking while texting, said Lampitt.Some see the proposal as an unnecessary government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt’s reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made aware of the issue. “Distracted pedestrians, like distracted drivers, present a potential danger to themselves and drivers on the road.”Lampitt said. “An individual crossing the road distracted by their smartphone presents just as much danger to motorists as someone jaywalking and should be held, at minimum, to the same penalty.”The main question raised about the measure, though, is whether it can be enforced consistently by police officers who usually have more pressing matters to deal with. Some feel that rather than imposing a new law, the state should focus on distracted-walking education. Lampitt said the measure was needed to stop and penalize “risky behavior”. She cited a National Safety Council report that showed distracted-walking incidents involving cellphones accounted for an estimated 11,101 injuries from 2000 to 2011.The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted fro 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.36. This passage is mainly concerned with _____.A. the difficulty in enforcing road regulationsB. rising deaths caused by distracted walkingC. the danger of jaywalking on busy streetsD. distracted walking involving smartphones37. The states introducing bills that target smartphones _____.A. have benefitted from the billsB. find it hard to carry them outC. have been promoting the legislationD. will have fewer deaths of pedestrians38. According to the measure proposed by Lampitt, walking while texting would_____.A. become illegalB. involve safety educationC. be blamed publiclyD. incur a fine of over $5039. Lampitt reasons that distracted pedestrians are as dangerous as _____.A. motoristsB.speeding driversC. jaywalkersD.drunk drivers40. Which of the following would the author of the passage most probably agree with?A. Males are more vulnerable to distracted-walking injuriesB. Police officers are unhappy with the proposed law.C. Safety education is more important than penaltyD. Rising distracted-walking incidents call for real attentionSection BDirections: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions orunfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The saying “Clothes Make the Man” dates back some 400 years and it refers to the fact that when people see a well-dressed person, they assume that person is a professional, capable, and (especially in the old days) rich. Therefore, you had to dress like how you wanted to be perceived, what you wanted to eventually achieve. Fast forward 400 years, lots of folks still think the same way. But does it really make a difference?I happen to be one of those who do not put faith in the old saying. I suppose I might be in the minority but I am a member of an elite club with the likes of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates in my camp.Perception is not reality; perception is halfway to discovering reality. Perception is drawn from our own impressions, our own belief systems. Is it powerful and influential? Absolutely! Is it all that it seems? Less often than you think. How many times have you cast an initial judgment only to surprise yourself later and learn how you missed out on a great opportunity, person or idea?Comment 1:In the present era, many associate the well-dressed with being the most successful. It took folks in the business world a long time to overlook the way Steve Jobs wore jeans on the public stage. I did not know Mr. Jobs, though I wish I had. I have heard it said that he invented the concept of “business casual.” In my mind that is as much a matter of self-confidence as it is a matter of taste in clothing.Comment 2:You are wrong about Steve Jobs. He certainly did care how he was perceived and his appearance was very much calculated to achieve his desired effect. From his early formal business clothing down to the aggressive casualness of his eventual black turtle neck and jeans uniform, his clothes and the impact they made were clearly foremost in his mind.Comment 3:It reminds me of the story about the philosopher who goes to a formal dinner party in jeans. When asked if he felt out of place because of his clothes, he looked around and said he hadn’t noticed.41. Which of the following might the writer of the passage agree with?A. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dress formally.B. We should not judge a person by his clothing.C. It is clothes that make the man.D. The well-dressed are more likely to succeed.42. According to the writer of the passage, perception _____.A. might prove wrongB.is powerful and reliableC. is half realityD.might be worthless to us43. The writer of comment 1 seems to _____.A.dislike the way Steve Jobs dressed for business occasionsB.suggest that business people have no taste in clothingC.believe that the well-dressed are the most successfulD.think that Steve Jobs casualness reflected his self-confidence44. Speaking of Steve Jobs, the writer of Comment 2 _____.A. points out that Steve Jobs was a very aggressive personB. suggests that he and Steve Jobs used to be in the same clubC. holds the same view as the writer of the passageD. thinks Steve Jobs’ casualness was carefully thought out45. When he went to the dinner party in jeans (Comment 3), the philosopher _____.A. thought that people liked his clothesB. was not aware of how his clothes lookedC. felt quite embarrassedD. considered himself out of placePart IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for eachblank and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The history of transportation is very long and full of changes and inventions. It starts __46__ walking, which is not any invention; it just takes energy. People used to walk to get to other places. If you wanted to get somewhere quickly, the __47__ way to do that was to run. Actually, the first invention for transportation __48__ was the shoe. Centuries ago there were no shoes, and people walked barefoot.Then people invented __49__ to transport themselves and materials from one place to another. In some cultures, people invented sledges (雪橇), __50__ are a kind of board that you drag along the ground. You can tie things on the sledges to help carry them，but it is a challenging invention __51__ if you hit a rock with the sledgeas you pull it, the contents can __52__. In other cultures, people invented the wheel, which they used to make it easier to move things —and people. That was the beginning of many innovations in transportation.__53__ people had wheels they could invent other ways to travel. They could put the wheel on a board and make it a wagon and then they could __54__that wagon to an ox or a horse and ride as well as carry materials. That wheel led to __55__ we have today: trucks, automobiles, and even boats and planes. For example, there were steamboats that used giant wheels that turned with blades, pushing the water and pushing the boat forward.46. A. on B. atC. forD. with 47. A. possible B. only C. one D. just 48. A. probably B. luckilyC. really D . formerly 49. A. methods B. channels C. waysD. measures 50. A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which 51. A. unlessB. butC. evenD. since 52. A. pull out B. slip off C. hold down D. put down 53. A. OnceB. ThenC. HoweverD. Yet 54. A. stickB. makeC. fastenD. change 55. A. what B. that C. whichD. how Part V Text Completion (20 points)Directions : In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions (rangingfrom 56 to 75). Above each text there are three or four phrases to becompleted. First, use the choices provided in the box to complete thephrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the blanks of the text.Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet .Text OnePhrases: A. __56__ only one languageB. __57__ any reason not toC.in __58__ different waysD.the most boring __59__I think every language has a certain way of seeing the world. Each is a wholedifferent world—a whole different mindsets. I couldn’t possibly __60__ because it would mean really giving up the possibility to be able to see the world __61__.So the monolingual lifestyle, for me, is the saddest, the loneliest, __62__. There are so many advantages of learning a language; I really can’t __63__.Text TwoPhrases:A. but it may __64__ like foreverB. a person may have no __65__ what is wrongC. what is __66__ as panic disorderA panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, __67__. The cause can be something as normally uneventfulas driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat. Sweaty hands. Difficulty breathing. A lightheaded feeling. At first __68__. But there can all be signs of __69__. The first appearance usually is between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four. In some cases it develops after a tragedy, like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation.Text ThreePhrases:A. sit at home __70__B. turn off all non-essential __71__C. passed a law to __72__ the seaI’m a big fan of trying to save the environment, and this month is the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) annual Earth Hour. Earth Hour is an event where you __73__ and power between 8-9 pm, things like your TV and computer. However, you don’t just__74__ for an hour. Instead, people gather in groups and have fun without using power. Things like dancing, fireworks and musical performances are popular and it’s very fun to take part. Earth Hour isn’t just about saving energy; people involved in Earth Hour have also planted a forest in Uganda, built solar panels in India and __75__ in Argentina.Paper Two(50minutes)Part VI Translation (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Books are steadily increasing in size: the average number of pages has grown by 25% over the last 15 years. A study of more than 2,500 books appearing on New York Times bestseller reveals that the average length has increased from 320 pages in 1999 to 400 pages in 2014.According to James Finlayson, who carried out the survey, there’s a “relatively consistent pattern of growth year on year”. For Finlayson, much of this shift can be explained by the industry’s shift towards digital. He says “When you pick up a large book in a shop, you can sometimes be intimidated, but if you have a big book on a Kindle (eBook), that’s not a consideration.”Part VII Writing (15 points)Directions: Write a composition in no less than 150 words on the topic: What do you think of advanced artificial intelligence? You should write according tothe outline given below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.1. Google’s DeepMindAlphaGo program beat the world champion of the game Go (围棋)in a landmark battle between man and artificial intelligence.2. Some people fear advanced artificial intelligence.3. Your attitude towards advanced artificial intelligence.。
2016同等学力心理学综合真题
2016同等学力心理学综合真题、答案解析及命中率一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.思维的基本过程是（B ）A.比较与分类B.分析与综合C.抽象与概括D.系统化与具体化2.下列各项中不属于音高听觉理论的是（C ）A.电话说B.神经齐射说C.拮抗过程说D.行波理论3.鲁利亚认为脑干网状结构和边缘系统的机能属于（B ）A.行为调节系统B.动力系统C.信息接受系统D.信息存储系统4.镶嵌图形的特点可以用于测量的认知风格是（D ）A.自动化加工与意识控制加工B.冲动与沉思C.同时性与继时性加工D.场独立性与场依存性5.幼儿思维的主要特点是（C ）A.可逆性B.抽象性C.具体形象性D.去自我中心性6.在新生儿阶段通常不具备的是（D ）A.吸吮反射B.巴宾斯基反射C.抓握反射D.初级循环反应7.在被试内实验设计中，控制练习效应和疲劳效应的常用方法是（B ）A.恒定法B.平衡法C.双盲设计D.纳入处理8.一定属于多因素实验设计的是（A ）A.混合设计B.被试内设计C.随机区组设计D.被试间设计9.下列实验中不能用来论证社会学习理论的是（B ）A.抗拒诱惑实验B.水下击靶实验C.攻击反应的学习实验D.言行一致实验10.建立在“官能心理学”基础上的迁移理论是（A ）A.形式训练说B.概括原理说C.共同因素说D.关系转换说11.定量地揭示整个群体的人际关系状况以及各成员在该群体内人际关系状况的方法是（A ）A.社交测量法B.罗夏墨迹测验C.角色扮演法D.主题统觉测验12.为了保持认知的协调，外在理由越缺乏，越需要内在理由的补充，这种心理反应被称作（B ）A.催眠者效应B.不充分理由效应C.睡眠者效应D.过度理由效应13.一个研究者报告独立样本的t检验的结果t(24)=2.53，根据这个结果可以推知研究被试总人数为（D ）A.23B.24C.25D.2614.一项调查表明抽烟量较大的人群比抽烟较少或不抽烟的人群患肺癌的比率更高，据此我们可以说，抽烟量与患肺癌比率这两个变量间存在着（A ）A.相关关系B.因果关系C.函数关系D.包含关系15.一项研究涉及到职业，我们用1表示“农民”，2表示“教师”，3表示“公务员”，这里的数据123属于（C ）A.等级数据B.比率数据C.称名数据D.等距数据16.已知某校男、女学生对某项教育措施各自持“同意”和“反对”态度的人数，若要了解性别与变量是否有关，则应该计算（C ）A.积差相关B.等级相关C.Ø相关D.二列相关17.以下各项中属于投射测验的是（D ）A.韦氏量表B.个性偏好测验C.比纳量表D.主题统觉测验18.可以作为同质性信度指标的是（C ）A.肯德尔和谐系数B.差异系数C.克伦巴赫系数D.确定系数19.最早采用智力年龄概念的是（A ）A.比纳量表B.瑞雯推理测验C.韦氏量表D.斯坦福比纳量表20.一项研究假设为：经过知觉运动学习的左利手儿童比未经过这种学习的儿童在眼手协调的作业上做得更出色，然而这种差别不出现在右利手儿童中，这项实验中“是否经过学习”是（C ）A.中介变量B.因变量C.调节变量D.自变量二、名词解释（每小题3分，共24分）1. 效果律（课后名词解释p.583）效果律是由桑代克提出的，是指如果一个动作跟随着情境中一个满意的变化，在类似的情境中这个动作重复的可能性将增加，但如果跟随的是一个不满意的变化，这个动作重复的可能性将减少。
2016同等学力英语真题及答案
2016同等学力英语真题及答案2016同等学力英语真题及答案是考生备考的重要参考资料，可以帮助考生了解考试内容和题型，掌握答题技巧，提升考试成绩。
下面将介绍2016同等学力英语真题及答案的相关信息。
一、2016同等学力英语真题概述2016同等学力英语真题是中国教育部组织的全国硕士研究生招生考试的一部分，主要考察考生的英语听力、阅读、写作和翻译能力。
真题包括听力、阅读理解、词汇与结构和写作四个部分，分为两个阶段进行考试。
二、2016同等学力英语真题样题及解析下面列举几道2016同等学力英语真题样题，并提供答案解析。
题目一：听力部分听下面一段对话，回答以下问题。
W: Excuse me, how do I get to the nearest post office?M: Go straight and then turn left at the second intersection. It will be on your right.Q: Where is the post office?A: On the right.解析：根据对话内容可以得知，前方有交叉口，然后在第二个交叉口左转即可到达邮局。
题目二：阅读理解部分阅读下文，回答以下问题。
Shopping OnlineNowadays, shopping online has become increasingly popular among people. It is convenient and saves time. You can buy clothes, electronics, food and almost everything you need online. With a few clicks, the products will be delivered to your doorstep.Q: Why is shopping online popular?A: It is convenient and saves time.解析：根据文章内容，可以得出结论，网上购物受欢迎的原因是便捷快捷。
2016同等学力真题答案
2016同等学力真题答案【篇一：2016年同等学力申硕工商管理真题以及答案】class=txt>名词解释1、组织结构:是指组织内部分工的协作的基本框架，具体包括直线制、直线职能制、事业部制、矩阵制、子公司和分公司。
(分析：得分点是上述答案中加粗部分，两者全得3分，前者不完整不全扣2分，后者没有写出扣1分。
)2、平衡计分卡：是指一种绩效体系评价模式，不适用于战略制定，也不是流程改造的工具，反映的一种平衡，这种平衡可从四个角度去审视自身的业绩：学习与成长、内部经营流程、客户、财务。
(分析：得分点是上述答案中加粗部分，两者全得3分，前者不完整不全扣2分，后者没有写出扣1分。
)告、销售促进、宣传与人员推销等各种促销方式进行的适当选择和综合编配。
从促销的历史发展过程看，企业最先划分出人员推销职能，其次是广告，再次是销售促进，最后是宣传。
(分析：得分点是上述答案中加粗部分，全得4分，少一项扣1分，后者没有写不扣分。
)3.资本成本：也叫资金成本，是公司筹集和使用资金所付出的代价。
一般包括筹资费用和用资费用两部分。
(分析：得分点是上述答案中加粗部分，两者全得3分，前者不完整不全扣2分，后者没有写出扣1分。
)简答题1、利润最大化的缺点。
答案提示：1)、没有考虑利润发生的时间和资金的时间价值。
2)、没有考虑风险问题。
3)、会使企业决策带有短视行为。
(答出以上三点，适当展开得7分，每一点2分，综合得1分)2、生产者借助哪些力量赢得中间商的合作。
答案提示：生产者赢得中间商的合作的势力主要是强制力、奖赏力、法定力、专长力、感召力。
(1分)1)、强制力是指生产者对不合作的中间商威胁撤回某种资源或中止关系而形成的势力。
(1分)2)、奖赏力是指生产者给执行了某种职能的中间商额外付酬而形成的势力。
(1分)3)、法定力是指生产者要求中间商履行双方达成的合同而执行某些职能的势力。
(1分)4)、专长力是指生产者因拥有某种专业知识而对中间商构成的控制力。
2016年同等学力申硕《教育学学科综合水平考试》真题(精选)及详解【圣才出品】
2016年同等学力申硕《教育学学科综合水平考试》真题（精选）及详解考生须知：1．本试卷满分100分。
2．请考生务必将本人考号后两位数字填在本页右上角方框内。
3．第一题的答案一律用2B铅笔填涂在指定的答题卡上，写在试卷上或答题卡上的答案一律无效。
4．在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为在答案所代表的字母上划线，如。
5．第二至第四题一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定的位置上按照要求作答，未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。
6．监考员收卷时，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
一、单项选择题（每小题1.5分，共30分）说明：选项缺失，当填空题处理，括号中为正确选项。
1．制约教育事业发展规模和速度的主要社会因素是（）。
【答案】生产力【解析】办教育必须有一定的人力和物力作支撑和保障，倘若连温饱都未解决，也就无力从事教育了。
教育事业发展的规模与速度归根到底是被生产力发展的水平和状况决定的，一定的教育必须与一定的生产力发展相适应，这是教育在社会发展上必须遵循的规律。
2．对人的发展起着主导作用的是（）。
【答案】教育【解析】人的身心发展受多种因素制约，概括起来主要有遗传、环境和教育。
与遗传、环境相比，教育在人的发展中起主导作用。
3．我国正式颁布并实施的第一个现代学制是（）。
【答案】《奏定学堂章程》或“癸卯学制”【解析】1901年，清政府被迫实行“新政”，其中包括颁布学制。
题目的重点在于颁布且实施。
当时的清政府颁布了两个学制，但是实施的只有“癸卯学制”，又称《奏定学堂章程》。
4．教学工作中心环节是（）。
【答案】上课【解析】上课是全部教学工作的中心环节，教学质量的高低，直接取决于上课的水平。
教师上课一定要有经过详细准备的教案，但是上课又不仅仅是有好的教案，相反，过分拘泥于教案可能会影响教学的效果。
教师要善于根据实际情况，灵活地运用教案，才能把课上好。
5．班主任要教育好学生，首先要（）。
传播学2016年同等学力申请硕士全国统考试卷及答案
知乎@恭喜同学）祝你考试顺利2016年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试新闻传播学试卷Ⅱ.传播学考生须知1.本试卷满分为100分，包括新闻学和传播学两部分，考生根据所学专业任选一作答，多选者只按首选计分。
2.请考生务必将本人准考证号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3.考生一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定位置上按规定要求作答，未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。
4.监考员收卷时，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
新闻传播学试卷第1页共6页Ⅱ.传播学一、名词解释(每小题3分,共 30分)1.新闻信2.《火星报》3.《生活》周刊4.集合行为5.循环模式6.拟态环境7.临聚型公众8.CIS9.消费主义10.基本需求刺激(式)广告二、简答题(每小题5分,共 20分）1.“媒介进化”与“社会发展”的关系2.“文化帝国主义”的内涵是什么?3. 公共关系的基本特征是什么?4. 广告的定位主题有哪几种?三、分析论述题(每小题 10分, 共 20分)1. 分析《新青年》对新文化运动的贡献。
2. 阐述“意见领袖”理论在新媒体环境下的变化和发展。
四、实务操作题(30分)1. 请根据下述百事可乐案例, 分析在新媒体环境下,品牌如何进行整合营销传播。
(15分)从 2011 年开始,每年百事可乐都在中国市场推出主题为“把乐带回家”的贺岁广告活动。
为了迎接猴年新春,2015 年底百事可乐公司力邀美猴王的著名扮演者六小龄童出演贺岁微电影,微电影长6 分钟,表现了章家四代对猴戏的坚持,演绎了他们给大家带来欢乐的故事。
2015年 12月 21日,六小龄童在新浪微博发帖“专注演绎美猴王三十年,很是欣喜能把快乐带给大家,在猴年来临之际,与@百事中国携手#把乐带回家#!"2015年12月29日,百事可乐在微信朋友圈发布猴年微电影广告《把乐带回家之猴王世家篇》; 同时,主题商品乐猴王纪念罐在京东平台亮相; 此后,百事持续在新浪微博以及大型视频网站投放微电影广告,引起更多消费者的注意。
2016年同等学力教育综合真题与答案及解析(部分)
2016 年同等学力教育综合真题与答案及解析（部分）
一、选择题
1. 制约教育事业发展规模和速度的是（
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ）。
A．政治经济制度
B．生产力水平
C．科学技术
D．人力资本
答案：B
解析：教育学原理—教育、社会与人（P30）。社会生 产力的发展水平制约着教育事业发
展的速度、规模和学校的结构。
2.对人的发展起决定性作用的是（ ）。 A.遗传 B.环境 C.教育 D.家庭 答案：C 解析：人的身心发展受多种因素制约，概括起来主要有遗传、环境和教育。与遗传、环境相 比，教育在人的发展中起主导作用。 ①遗传不能完全决定人的发展，它只是为人的发展提供了物质前提和发展可能性。 ②环境对人的发展的影响有其局限性。 ③教育在人的发展中起主导作用有其必然性。
15.贾德提出的学习迁移理论是（ 概括说 ）；
16.坎贝尔和斯坦尼总结的影响实验内在效度的因素有偶然事件等（ 8 ）个；
17.质的研究特征（是自然的研究、是描述性的、具有归纳的研究取向、具有连续性和整体 性的观点）；
18.有目的抽样的类型（ 方便抽样、判断抽样、雪球抽样、定额抽样称为非随机抽样 ）；
19.测试中用到的加涅的分类（智慧技能）；
20.应用研究的目的在于（ 解决当下的、实际的问题 ）；
二、名词解释 1.德育过程 答：德育过程即在德育目标的指导下，将经过选择的德育内容内化为学生个体的品德素质结 构，并使之发生所期望的整体性变化的过程。
2016同等学力工商管理真题
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
2016同等学力工商管理真题回忆版
一、单选
1.巴纳德被誉为近代管理理论的奠基人（不是百分百肯定，反正是第一章的）
2.“集中决策，分散经营”是事业部制的总原则。
99页
3.根据参与程序不同将战略联盟的形态划分为：股权式战略联盟和契约式战略联盟。
4.补缺基点的主要战略是专业化市场营销。
5.银行等属于间断性，会员性……
6某一个筹资方式的优点。
（忘记题目了）
二、多选
4.优先股的优点
三、名词解释
1.组织结构 86页
2.平衡积分卡 227页
3.促销组合 457页
4.资本成本 611页
四、简答题
1.矩阵制的优点 100页
2.新兴产业的战略选择 236页
3.生产者可借助哪些势力来赢得中间商的合作 453页
4.利润最大化 530页
五、论述题
1.管理人员的素质要求 118页
2.比较战略管理的产业组织模型和资源基础模型的区别 207页
六、案例分析
1.定价策略
2.计算题
①销售净利率
②所有者权益比率
③速动比率
④净资产收益率。
英语考试同等学力2016真题
Part I Oral Communication (10 points)Section ADirections:In this section there are two incomplete dialogues and each dialogue has threeblanks and three choices A, B and C, taken from the dialogue. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.Dialogue OneA.Will you take care of that for me?B.Does it have anything valuable inside?C.How do you want to send it?Clerk: May I help you?Customer: Yes, I‘d like to se nd this letter to my family in England.Clerk: Did you write your return address on the envelope?Customer: Yes, I did.Clerk: ____1____Customer: I guess I‘ll send it airmail.Clerk: ____2____Customer: Yes. I enclosed a check and some photographs.Clerk: Then you‘d better send it by registered mail.Customer: That‘s a good idea.___3____Clerk: I‘m sorry, sir. You‘ll have to take your letter to the next window.Dialogue TwoA.You can‘t even stay in the sun for five minutes.B.I guess so.C.You want my advice?Winne: Oh, man! Nobody can stand this kind of scorching heat.Marc: Absolutely! _____4_____Winne: Anyway, I guess this afternoon there‘s nothing we can do but stay home.Marc: ____5_____ I don‘t want to be taken to th e hospital for heat exhaustion or something.Winne: ___6_____ Drink a lot of liquids and spare yourself the worst of the heat!Marc: Yean, you‘re right. Got to drink a lot of fluids.Section BDirections:In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and fourchoices A, B ,C and D, taken from the interview. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the Answer sheet.A.I literally can‘t stop.B.But now I don‘t n eed to worry any more.C.You‘re known as the first billionaire author here.D.But that‘s not just about money.Interviewer: You have published six popular books. 7 Interviewee: Yeah.Interviewer: So how has being the first billionaire author affected your perception of yourself?Interviewee: I dress better. Well, you can definitely afford better clothes.8I think the single biggest thing that money gave me--and obviously I came from a place where I was a single mother and it really was hand to mouth at one point. It was literally as poor as you can get without being homeless at one point. 9 Never.Interviewer: Are you in a place now where you can accept that you will always be rich?Interviewee: No.Interviewer: And will you be writing more?Interviewee: Oh, definitely. I can‘t, yeah,10Well, I mean, you could tie my hands to my sides, I suppose, but I have to write. For my own mental health, I need to write.Part II Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choosethe one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.11.Such experience helps promote one‘s alertness to other cultures, as well as a better appreciation of one‘s own culture.A. preferenceB. adjustmentC. sensitivityD. response12.If you always try to find fault with others, it means that you have gained another shortcoming.A.ignoreB. criticizeC. impressD. follow13.The election will be brought forward to June as so many people are on holiday in July.A. prolongedB. adaptedC. postponedD. advanced14.As to the question of refreshments, I should think orange juice and potato chips will be sufficient.A. enoughB. abundantC. satisfyingD. proper15.Watching these kids grow brings me satisfaction that is difficult to surpass.A.obtainB. exceedC. describeD. forget16.The journal published a series of articles that reviewed the prospects for a new era of ―genetic 16.medicine‖.A. backgroundB. explorationC. surveyD. outlook17.If you don‘t slow down and take a break, you‘ll be burned out very quickly.A.distressedB. anxiousC. exhaustedD. upset18.Following our merging with Smith Brothers, the new company will, from now on be known as Smith and Murphy Inc.A. cooperationB. meetingC. agreementD. combination19.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S. Presidency.A.requiredB. qualifiedC. selectedD. elected20.It was 38 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room.A.simplyB. quicklyC. hardlyD. stronglyPart III Reading Comprehension (25 points)Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat did you study at university? If it was something along the lines of law or business, you might want to look away now. That's because according to new research, which has found a link between our university subjects and our personalities, you have selfish, uncooperative tendencies and are not very in touch with your feelings. On the plus side, you're probably the life and soul of a party, the findings suggest.Researchers analyzed data from more than 13,000 university students who were involved in 12 separate studies. From this, they discovered a correlation between the ―Big Five‖ major personality traits and the subjects they were enrolled on.For example, those studying law, economics, political science and medicine tended to be much more outgoing than those taking other subjects, the study found. But when it came to ―agreeableness‖ -- the tendency towards being helpful, generous and considerate -- the lawyers scored particularly low, as did business and economics students.Arts and humanities students, as well as those studying psychology and politics scored highly for openness, meaning they were curious, imaginative and in touch with their inner feelings, while economists, engineers, lawyers and scientists scored comparatively low. However, the arts and humanities students also tended to be less conscientious and more nervous, typically exhibiting signs of anxiety and moodiness. Psychology students were not far behind arts and humanities students for these traits.Study author Anna Vedel, from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, said she was surprised by the magnitude of the results. ―The effect sizes show that the differences found are not trivial, far from,‖ she said. ―On the more humorous side they do confirm our more or less prejudicial stereotypes of the disturbed psychologist, the withdrawn natural scientist, the cynical economist.‖And she said that the findings could help those school pupils who currently have no idea what to study at university, as well as helping academics to plan their lectures. ―I‘m not arguing that these results should play a major role in either guidance or selection, but it might provide some inspiration for students that are in doubt about study choices and want to make a choice based on more than abilities, for example,‖ said Dr Vedel. ―Or teachers might better understand their student population.‖21.The first paragraph implies that law or business students may _______.A.be amused by the researchB.be interested in the researchC.dislike the researchD.enjoy the research22.According to the research, law students scored particularly low in the trait of_______.A. generosityB. opennessC. anxietyD. selfishness23. The word ―conscientious‖ (Para. 4) probably means ―________‖.A. moodyB. sensitiveC. curiousD. careful24.Anna Vedel stated that the research _______.A. confirmed the link between personality and professionB.showed that the differences were far from significantC.was not reliable because of its prejudicial observationD.did not have enough samples to support its findings25.According to Anna Vedel, the research may help ______.A.students make wise choices in finding jobsB.teachers understand their students betterC.students make presentations more academicallyD.school pupils go to better universitiesPassage TwoAlphaGo‘s victory over Go( 围棋)champion Lee Se-dol reportedly shocked artificial intelligence experts, who thought such an event was 10 to 15 years away. But if the timing was a surprise, the outcome was not. On the contrary, it was inevitable and entirely foreseeable.Playing complex games is precisely what computers do supremely well. Just as they beat the world champions at checkers(跳棋)and then chess, they were destined to beat the champion at Go. Yet I don‘t believe, as some do, that human defeats like this one presage an era of mass unemployment in which awesomely able computers leave most of us with nothing to do. Advancing technology will profoundly change the nature ofhigh-value human skills and that is threatening, but we aren‘t doomed.The skills of deep human interaction, the abilities to manage the exchanges that occur only between people, will only become more valuable. Three of these skills stand out: The first, the foundation of the rest, is empathy, which is more than just feeling someone else‘s pain. It‘s the ability to percei ve what another person is thinking or feeling, and to respond in an appropriate way.The second is creative problem-solving in groups. Research on group effectiveness shows that the key isn‘t team cohesion or motivation or even the smartest member‘s IQ; rather, it‘s the social sensitivity of the members, their ability to read one another and keep anyone from dominating.The third critical ability, somewhat surprisingly, is storytelling, which has not traditionally been valued by organizations. Charts, graphs and data analysis will continue to be important, but that‘s exactly what technology does so well. To change people‘s minds or inspire them to act, tell them a story.These skills, though basic to our humanity, are fundamentally different from the skills that have been the basis of economic progress for most of human history, logic, knowledge and analysis, which we learned from textbooks and in classrooms. By contrast, the skills of deep human interaction address the often irrational reality of how human beings behave, and we find them not in textbooks but inside ourselves. As computers master ever more complexity, that‘s where we‘ll find the source of our continued value.26. According to the author, AlphaGo‘s victory_____.A.could have happened earlierB.came as a pleasant surpriseC.was an expected resultD.was more a matter of luck27.The word ―presage‖(Para. 2) is closest in meaning to― _____‖.A. surviveB. sufferC. inventD. predict28.What is the author‘s attitude towards the human future in the face of technology?A.UnclearB. ConfusedC. WorriedD. Optimistic29.Which of the following is the most fundamental to human interaction?A. Social sensitivity of group members to understand each other.B.Strong ability to share people‘s feelings and respond.C.Team spirit to make sure that everyone is involved.D.Inspirational storytelling to motivate people to act.30.According to the author, the skills of deep human interaction .A.are the source of true human values in the futureB.can work with knowledge to make the world betterC.are similar to the skills of human logic and analysisD.can be learned from textbooks and in classroomsPassage ThreeLast year, I went WWOOFing (Willing Workers on Organic Farms) at a beautiful organic farm in La Réunion. With WWOOFing, volunteers exchange their time and work for food and accommodation. I slept in a cabin in the woods with hedgehogs(刺猬) digging about in the bushes, all different coloured birds singing in the morning and endless rows of palm trees offering shade from the sun.For me, one of the best ways to get to know a new place is to work with the land, live with the locals and share meals together. This is why I absolutely love WWOOFing. It has got to be one of the best ways to travel. It is a mutually beneficial exchange where everyone involved prioritises people and environment above profit. You get the time and space to deepen a connection with local communities and nature.There is a lot to learn and each farm has its own unique way of doing things, depending on the environment, climate and soil. At the farm in La Réunion we planted palm trees to harvest the core of the trunk which can be eaten in salads. Before staying with the farm I had only eaten heart of palm from cans which were nothing in comparison to the real thing, fresh from the ground. When potting up the very beginnings of the palm trees, I felt grateful to be a part of the start of the trees' cycle. I was filled with awe that something so small could grow into something so big and strong.We also did lots of weeding, which helped me to get to know all kinds of different plants, to be able to identify which ones we could use as herbs/medicine/in salads and which were seen as uneatable. I also got to harvest pineapples and guava fruit(番石榴) to make jams which will be sold at the local market.Of course, not everyone is able to travel far away into the field. The great thing about the skill-share philosophy behind WWOOFing is that it‘s something we can all do from our own backyard. The focus shifts from money to how we can best support each other in our communities.A fair exchange can make a big difference in the world.31.WWOOFing enables volunteers to ________.A.get food and shelter for their workB.travel around La Réunion for freeC.tell the differences between various birdsD.have close contact with wild animals32.The author found his farm life in La Réunion quite ______A. awfulB. rewardingC. comfortableD. difficult33.The author did all of the following on the organic farm EXCEPT _______.A.removing weedsB.planting palm treesC.harvesting fruitsD.collecting vegetables34.The philosophy of WWOOFing is to _______A.improve local environmentB.make locals live betterC.unite different communitiesD.advocate a fair exchange35.This passage is mainly about _____A. the development of WWOOFingB.a local WWOOFing communityC.a charming WWOOFing experienceD.the system of WWOOFingPassage FourExperts say distracted walking is a growing problem, as people of all ages become more dependent on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been rising in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US deaths involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014.The rise in deaths coincides with states introducing bills that target pedestrians. Some states, such as Hawaii, Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York, continue to introduce legislation every year.The measure recently introduced by New Jersey assembly woman Pamela Lampitt would ban walking while texting and prohibit pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are hands-free. Violators would face fines of up to $50, 15-day imprisonment or both, which is the same penalty as jaywalking(乱穿马路). Half of the fine would be allocated to safety education about the dangers of walking while texting, said Lampit.Some see the proposal as an unnecessary government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt's reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made aware of the issue. "Distracted pedestrians, like distracted drivers, present a potential danger to themselves and drivers on the road," Lampitt said. "An individual crossing the road distracted by their smartphone presents just as much danger to motorists as someone jaywalking and should be held, at minimum, to the same penalty."The main question raised about the measure, though, is whether it can be enforced consistently by police officers who usually have more pressing matters to deal with. Some feel that rather than imposing a new law, the state should focus on distracted-walking education. Lampitt said the measure is needed to stop and penalize "risky behavior." She cited a National Safety Council report that showed distracted-walking incidents involving cellphones accounted for an estimated 11,101 injuries from 2000 through 2011.The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted for 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.36.This passage is mainly concerned with _____A.the difficulty in enforcing road regulationsB.rising deaths caused by distracted walkingC.the dangers of jaywalking on busy streetsD.distracted walking involving smartphones37.The states introducing bills that target pedestrians ________.A.have benefited from the billsB.find it hard to carry them outC.have been promoting the legislationD.will have fewer deaths of pedestrians38.According to the measure proposed by Lampitt, walking while texting would______.A.become illegalB.involve safety educationC.be blamed publiclyD.incur a fine of over $50mpitt reasons that distracted pedestrians are as dangerous as ________.A.motoristsB.speeding driversC.jaywalkersD.drunk drivers40.Which of the following would the author of the passage most probably agree with?A. Males are more vulnerable to distracted-walking injures.B.Police officers are unhappy with the proposed law.C.Safety education is more important than penalty.D.Rising distracted-walking incidents call for real attention.Section BDirections: In this section, you are required to read one quoted blog and the comments on it. The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answer A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The saying ―Clothes Make the Man‖ dates back some 400 years a nd it refers to the fact that when people see a well-dressed person, they assume that person is a professional, capable, and (especially in the old days) rich. Therefore, you had to dress like how you wanted to be perceived, what you wanted to eventually achieve. Fast forward 400 years, lots of folks still think the same way. But does it really make a difference?I happen to be one of those who do not put faith in the old saying. I suppose I might be in the minority but I am a member of an elite club with the likes of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates in my camp.Perception is not reality; perception is halfway to discovering reality. Perception is drawn from our own impressions, our own belief systems. Is it powerful and influential? Absolutely! Is it all that it seems? Less often than you think. How many times have you cast an initial judgment only to surprise yourself later and learn how you missed out on a great opportunity, person or idea?Comment 1In the present era, many associate the well-dressed with being the most successful. It took folks in the business world a long time to overlook the way Steve Jobs wore jeans on the public stage. I did not know Mr. Jobs, though I wish I had. I have heard it said that heinvented the concept of ―business casual.‖ In my mind that is as much a matter ofself-confidence as it is a matter of taste in clothing.Comment 2You are wrong about Steve Jobs. He certainly did care about how he was perceived and his appearance was very much calculated to achieve his desired effect. From his early formal business clothing down to the aggressive casualness of his eventual black turtle neck and jeans uniform, his clothes and the impact they made were clearly foremost in his mind.Comment 3It reminds me of the story about the philosopher who goes to a formal dinner party in jeans. When asked if he felt out of place because of his clothes, he looked around and said he hadn‘t noticed.41.Which of the following might the writer of the passage agree with?A. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dress formally.B.We should not judge a person by his clothing.C.It is clothes that make the man.D.The well-dressed are most likely to succeed.42.According to the writer of the passage, perception ______.A.might prove wrongB.is powerful and reliableC.is half realityD.might be worthless to us43.The writer of Comment 1 seems to ______.A.dislike the way Steve Jobs dressed for business occasionsB.suggest that business people have no taste in clothingC.believe that the well-dressed are the most successfulD. think that Steve Jobs‘ casualness reflected his self-confidence44.Speaking of Steve Jobs, the writer of Comment 2 ________.A.points out that Steve Jobs was a very aggressive personB.suggests that he and Steve Jobs used to be in the same clubC.holds the same view as the writer of the passageD.thinks Steve Jobs‘ casualness was carefully thought out45.When he went to the dinner party in jeans (Comment 3), the philosopher _______A.thought that people liked his clothesB.was not aware of how his clothes lookedC.felt quite embarrassedD.considered himself out of placePart IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there is a passage with ten blanks. For each blank there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.The history of transportation is very long and full of changes and inventions. It starts ___46__ walking, which is not any invention; it just takes energy. People used to walk to get to other places. If you wanted to get somewhere quickly, the __47___way to do that was to run . Actually, the first invention for the transportation __48__ was the shoe. Centuries ago there were no shoes, and people walked barefoot.Then people invented ___49__ to transport themselves and materials from one place to another. In some cultures, people invented sledges(雪橇), ___50__ are a kind of board that you drag along the ground. You can tie things on the sledges to help carry them, but it‘s a challenging invention ___51__ if you hit a rock with the sledges as you pull it, the contents can ___52___. In other cultures, people invented the wheels, which they used to make it easier to move things---and people. That was the beginning of many innovations in transportation.___53___ people had wheels they could invent other ways to travel. They could put the wheels on a board and make it a wagon, and then they could ___54__ that wagon to an ox or a horse and ride as well as carry materials. That wheel led to __55___ we have today: trucks, automobiles, and even boats and planes. For example, there were steamboats that used giant wheels that turned with blades, pushing the water and pushing the boat forward.A. onB. atC. forD. withA. possibleB. onlyC. oneD. justA. probablyB. luckilyC. reallyD. formerly49.A. methodsB. channelsC. waysD. measures50.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which51.A. unlessB. butC. evenD. since52.A. pull outB. slip offC. hold downD. put down53.A. OnceB. ThenC. HoweverD. Yet54.A. stickB. makeC. fastenD. change55.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. howPart V Text Completion(20 points)Directions: In this part, there are three incomplete texts with 20 questions (Ranging from 56 to 75).Above each text there are three or four phrases to be completed .First, usethe choices provided in the box to complete the phrases. Second, use the completed phrases to fill in the blanks of the text. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Text OneA.manyB.chooseC.think ofD. ways ofPhrases:A.56only one languageB.57any reason not toC.in58different waysD.the most boring59seeing the worldI think every language has a certain way of seeing the world. Each is a whole different world –a whole different mindsets. I couldn‘t possibly60because it would mean really giving up the possibility to be able to see the world. So the monolingual lifestyle, for me, is the saddest, the loneliest,62. There are so many advantages of learning a language; I really can‘t63.Text TwoA.knownB.ideaC.feelPhrases:A.but it may64like foreverB.a person may have no65what is wrongC.what is66as panic disorderA panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror. Usually it does not last long, __67__. The cause can be something as normally uneventful at driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane. And it can happen even if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before. A fast heartbeat. Sweaty hands. Difficulty breathing. A lightheaded feeling. At first __68___. But these can all be signs of ___69____. The first appearance usually is between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four. 1n some cases it develops after a tragedy. Like the death of a loved one, or some other difficult situation.Text ThreeA.lightsB.protectC. in the darkPhrases:A.sit at home70B.turn off all non-essential71C.passed a law toI‘m a big fan of trying to save the environment, and this month is the W WF (World Wide Fund for Nature) annual Earth Hour. Earth Hour is an event where you 73 and power between 8-9 pm, things like your TV and computer. However, you don‘t just 74 for an hour. Instead, people gather in groups and have fun without using power. Things like dancing, fireworks and musical performances are popular and it‘s very fun to take part. Earth Hour isn‘t just about saving energy; people involved in Earth Hour have also planted a forest in Uganda, built752016年同等学力申硕英语答案解析1.本题选C解析：根据第 1 题空格下面一行顾客说―我想我会用航空邮件寄‖可以推断店员在问邮寄方式。
2016年在职申硕(同等学力)英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2016年在职申硕（同等学力）英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted for 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.36．This passage is mainly concerned with________.A．the difficulty in enforcing road regulationsB．rising deaths caused by distracted walkingC．the dangers of jaywalking on busy streetsD．distracted walking involving smartphones正确答案：B解析：归纳题。
题目问的是本文主要是关于________。
A项“加强道路法规的困难”，文中没有提到；B项“由于走路时分神造成日益增加的死亡人数”，与第一段“他们还注意到行人死亡的数量近年来日益增长。
”相符；C项“在繁忙的大街上乱穿马路的危险”，文中虽有提及，但是是拿来和走路分神做类比的，不是本文重点；D项“与智能手机相关的走路分神现象”，本文有提到智能手机在分神中的角色，但只是走路分神的一个原因，不是本文重点。
综上所述，故选B。
37．The states introducing bills that target pedestrians________.A．have benefited from the billsB．find it hard to carry them outC．have been promoting the legislationD．will have fewer deaths of pedestrians正确答案：C解析：归纳题。
2016年同等学力申硕公共管理真题
2016年同等学力申硕公共管理真题考生须知：1.本试卷满分100分，包括公共基础部分和专业知识部分。
公共基础部分满分30分，每位考生必答;专业知识部分含行政管理学、社会保障学、教育管理学、卫生事业管理学、土地资源管理学五部分，各部分满分均为70分，考生可根据自己拟申请硕士学位的专业选择其中一部分作答，多选者只按前选部分计分。
2.请考生务必将本人姓名和考号填写在本页方框内。
3.必答题部分的单项选择题的答案一律用2B铅笔填涂在指定的答题卡上，凡做在试卷或答题纸上的答案一律无效;其它题一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定位置上按要求作答，未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。
4.在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为：在代表答案的字母上划线，如[A][B][C] [D]。
5.监考员收卷时，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字(作为考生交卷的凭据)，否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
第一部分公共基础部分(共30分，每位考生必答)一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共10分)1.公共管理的公共性主要包含了以下两层含义________。
A.管理主体的公共性和管理能力的公共性B.管理事务的公共性和管理对象的公共性C.价值取向的公共性和社会伦理的公共性 D.利益取向的公共性和管理参与的公共性2.新公共管理学派的主要代表人物是__________。
A.伍德罗·威尔逊 B.罗伯特·登哈特 C.戴维·奥斯本 D.赫伯特·西蒙3.与集权制相比，分权制容易产生以下缺点_________。
A.官僚主义B.本位主义C.专制主义D.事务主义4.中华人民共和国行使国家最高行政权力的机关是________。
A.中共中央B.全国人大C.国务院D.全国人大和国务院5.按照我国法律规定，在以下资源中有可能属于非公共资源的是_______。
A.土地资源B.矿产资源C.水资源D.信息资源6.北京市政府规定，没有北京市户籍且在北京市交纳社会保障金不满一定年限的外来人口，不得在北京市购买居住性质的商品房，这项政策属于_________。
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选择题：
1.马克思主义经济学的分析方法：整体主义分析方法。
从唯物辩证法和历史唯物主义出发，认为经济学的研究对象是特定方式之下的社会生产关系，而不是物的关系。
根据生产力决定生产关系、经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯义原理，社会存在决定社会意识，个人行为的结果是由社会力量所决定的，形成社会力量的各种社会整体及它们的相互关系不但决定个体利益的内容，还决定它的客观形成机制。
因此，经济学分析的逻辑起点不应该是经济人，而应该是社会人。
在社会人假设的基础上，马克思主义经形成了整体主义分析方法。
2.
3.财政预算收入类型不包括：
名词解释：每题3分，共12分。
1西经二：基数效用论。
效用是可以计量并可以加总求和的。
表示效用大小的计量单位被称为效用单位。
因此，效用的大小可以用基数（1、2、3……）来表示，正如长度单位可以用米来表示一样。
基数效用论采用的是边际效用分析法。
基数效用论认为商品的边际效用是递减的。
2西经十五：新古典宏观经济学：新古典宏观经济学最初被称为理性预期学派，因其主要遵循新古典的分析而演变为现在的名称。
该学派出现于20世纪60年代初，在70年代以后逐渐形成为一个有影响的经济派别。
主要代表人物有卢卡斯、萨金特、华莱士、巴罗和普雷斯柯特等。
新古典宏观经济学派承袭新古典经济理论的思想，以个体利益最大化、理性预期和市场出清为基本假设；主要从经验检验和理论一致性两个方面展开对凯恩斯主义理论的批判；主要理论观点体现于对经济周期问题的分析。
由于看法不同，又分为货币经济周期学派和实际经济周期学派。
4.国经3：产品同质性与异质性。
产品同质性是指产品间可以完全相互替代，市场区位不同；产品的异质性是指产品间不能完全替代(尚可替代)，要素投入具有相似性。
两种情况即产品的同质与异质，都会产生国际贸易。
简答题：
1.财政七简述国家预算的基本原则
是指国家选择预算形式和体系应遵循的指导思想，是制定政府财政收支计划的方针。
原
则如下：
公开性。
国家预算及其执行情况必须采取一定的形式公诸于众，让民众了解财政收支情况并置于民众的监督之下。
可靠性。
每一收支项目的数字指标必须运用科学的方法，依据充分资料确实，不得假定、估算，更不能任意编造。
完整性。
该列入国家预算的一切财政收支都要反映在预算中，不得造假帐、预算外另列预算。
国家允许的预算外收支，也应在预算中有所反映。
统一性。
尽管各级政府都设有各该级财政部门，也有相应的预算，但这些预算都是国家预算的组成部分，所有地方政府预算连同中央预算一起共同组成统一的国家预算。
这就要求设立统一的预算科目，每个科目都要严格按统一的口径、程序计算和填列。
年度性。
任何一个国家预算的编制和实现，都要有时间上的界定，即所谓预算年度。
它是指预算收支的起讫的有效期限，通常为一年。
2.货银四：存款保险制度（课后题只有名词解释）：是一种对存款人利益提供保护、稳定金融体系的制度安排。
在这一制度安排下，吸收存款的金融机构根据吸收存款的数额，按规定的保费率向存款保险机构投保，当存款机构破产而无法满足存款人的提款要求时，由存款保险机构支付法定保险金的责任。
功能：存款保险制度可提高金融体系稳定性，保护存款人的利益，促进银行业适度竞争；
问题：但其本身也有成本，可能诱发道德风险，使银行承受更多风险，还产生了逆向选择的问题。
3.货银九＠名词2、*特里芬难题P622(2007、2012简答、2016年简答)：美
国经济学家特里芬早在1960年就指出，布雷顿森林体系下，美元承担的两个责任，即①保证美元按官价兑换黄金、维持各国对美元的信心和②提供足够的国际清偿力(即美元)之间是相互矛盾的。
要满足世界经济增长之需要，国际储备必须有相应的增长，而这必须有储备货币供应国--美国的国际收支赤字才能完成。
但各国手中持有的美元数量越多，则对美元与黄金之间的兑换关系越缺乏信心，并且越要将美元兑换成
黄金。
这个被称为“特里芬难题”的矛盾最终促使布雷顿森林体系无法维持。
4.国经5＠简答2、*试分析J曲线效应及其应对措施。
P373(图)
1、J曲线效应的含义：当一国货币贬值后，最初会使贸易收支状况进一步
恶化而不是改善，只有经过一段时间后贸易收支恶化才会得到控制并好转，
最终使贸易收支状况得到改善。
这个过程用曲线描述出来与J相似，所以
贬值对贸易收支改善的时滞被称为J曲线效应。
2、J曲线效应产生原因：在于出口增长有时滞，而进口本身有惯性，贬值的作用一时难以到位。
具体来看，短期内进出口需求弹性小于1，本币贬值会恶化贸易收支；而在中长期，进口需求弹性比较大，并且大于1，所以本币贬值能改善国际收支。
随着现代经济的不断发展，这一过程越来越短，一般认为3-6个月。
这就要求贬值国有一定的外汇储备预
防J曲线效应的影响。
如图所示。
3、本币贬值对贸易收支状况产生影响
的时滞可划分成三阶段：货币合同阶段、传
导阶段、数量调整阶段。
(1)在货币合同阶段，进出口商品价格和
数量不会因贬值而发生改变，以外币表示的
贸易差额就取决与进出口合同所使用的计
价货币。
如果进口合同以外币计价，出口合同以本币计价，那么本币贬值会恶化贸易收支。
(2)在传导阶段，由于存在种种原因，进出口商品的价格开始发生变化，但数量没有大变化，国际收支继续恶化。
(3)在数量调整阶段，价格和数量同时变化，且数量变化远大于价格变化，国际收支开始改善，最终形成顺差。
论述题（每题20分，共40分）
论述1、市场为什么会出现失灵？政府应该采取哪些措施？（西经第七章）政府在弥补市场失灵方面有哪些优势？（社经第十章）
答：依照微观经济学的论证，市场机制可以实现资源的最优配置。
然而，在现实经济中，由于完全竞争所需要的前提条件不存在，帕累托最优状态通常不能得到实现，即市场机制配置资源的能力不足，出现资源配置失当。
这种情况被称为“市场失灵”。
导致市场失灵的主要原因是垄断、外部影响、公共物品和不完全信息等。
(1)垄断。
垄断的存在造成资源配置的低效率，社会福利受到损害。
政府对垄断进行干预，主要手段是反垄断法、价格与产量管制。
此外，政府也采取税收和补贴，甚至是政府直接经营的手段。
(2)外在性。
由于外在性的存在，使整个经济的资源配置不可能达到帕累托最优状态。
这是因为外部影响导致社会与私人在最优边际收益和边际成本的判断上出现不一致。
政府干预的基本思想是将外部经济影响内部化，可以采取以下政策：税收和津贴、企业合并和明确产权的方法。
(3)公共物品。
是消费者需要而私人厂商不愿供给或供给不足的物品。
原因是这类产品具有非排他性。
公共物品有时也具有非竞争性。
非排他性的存在使得经济当事人试图成为一个“免费搭车者”，而非竞争性则意味着增加一单位物品的消费需要支付的边际成本等于零。
政府干预可以借鉴对外在性问题的解决措施。
此外，公共物品的政府供给、投票也被认为是解决方案。
(4)不完全信息。
在不完全信息的条件下，由于经济当事人只以平均水平判断交易对象的质量，因而交易的结果将使得那些高质量的产品被排除在市场之外。
对此，政府可以采取的策略是促进信息的传递，如公布产品的质量、提高经济当事人的能力等。
(5)尽管大致说来市场机制是有效率的，但由于条件严格，现实中很难达到。
即使能够达到，经济波动和分配问题仍然是严重的。
因此，政府仍有发挥作用的余地。
政府干预可以增进资源配置效率。
政府的干预优势主要表现在：
一是征税权，比如政府可以通过对污染企业课税和对消除污染引起的给予补贴来解决污染问题；
二是禁止权，政府可以通过行政或司法程序禁止某些活动，这对于维护正常的市场秩序是至关重要的；
三是处罚权，政府可以借助法律制度对违法合同或破坏产权的行为给予处罚，以维护市场秩序；
四是政府来纠正市场失灵可以节约交易费用。
计算题：
垄断厂商成本函数C=Q²，需求曲线是P=100-Q。
问：（1）垄断厂商利润最大化的产品价格和产品数量？（4分）
（2）垄断厂商在这种情况下价格需求弹性是多少？（4分）
（3）其他条件不变，如果垄断厂商的需求曲线变为P=60-Q，价格需求弹性是多少？
（4）其他条件不变，如果垄断厂商的需求曲线变为P=100-3Q，价格需求弹性是多少？
（5）从上述答案推论，价格需求弹性和需求曲线斜率之间的关系。
（4分）。