Chapter 1 OWL-S AND AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS

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哈利波特与魔法石第1章中英文对照学习版

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone 哈利波特与魔法石CHAPTER ONEThe Boy Who Lived第一章大难不死的男孩Mr and Mrs Dursl ey, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last peopl e you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hol d with such nonsense.家住女贞路4号的德思礼夫妇总是得意地说他们是非常规矩的人家，拜托，拜托了。

他们从来跟神秘古怪的事不沾边，因为他们根本不相信那些邪门歪道。

Mr Dursl ey was the director of a firm call ed Grunnings, which mad e drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large moustache. Mrs Dursl ey was thin and bl ond e and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over gard en fences, spying on the neighbours. The Dursl eys had a small son called Dudl ey and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere.弗农·德思礼先生在一家名叫格朗宁的公司做主管，公司生产钻机。

信号与系统奥本海姆英文版课后答案chapter

Chapter 1 Answers1.1 Converting from polar to Cartesian coordinates: 1.2 converting from Cartesian to polar coordinates:55j=, 22j e π-=,233jj eπ--=212je π--=, 41j j π+=, ()2221jj eπ-=-4(1)j j eπ-=, 411j jeπ+=- 12e π-= 1.3. (a) E ∞=4014tdt e∞-=⎰, P ∞=0, because E ∞<∞ (b) (2)42()j t t x eπ+=, 2()1t x =.Therefore, E ∞=22()dt t x +∞-∞⎰=dt +∞-∞⎰=∞,P ∞=211limlim222()TTTTT T dt dt TTt x --→∞→∞==⎰⎰lim11T →∞=(c) 2()t x =cos(t). Therefore, E∞=23()dt t x +∞-∞⎰=2cos()dt t +∞-∞⎰=∞,P ∞=2111(2)1lim lim 2222cos()TTTT T T COS t dt dt T Tt --→∞→∞+==⎰⎰(d)1[][]12nn u n x =⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭,2[]11[]4nu n n x =⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. Therefore, E ∞=24131[]4nn n x +∞∞-∞===⎛⎫∑∑⎪⎝⎭P ∞=0，because E ∞<∞. (e) 2[]n x =()28n j e ππ-+, 22[]n x =1. therefore, E ∞=22[]n x +∞-∞∑=∞,P ∞=211limlim1122121[]NNN N n Nn NN N n x →∞→∞=-=-==++∑∑.(f) 3[]n x =cos 4nπ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭. Therefore, E ∞=23[]n x +∞-∞∑=2cos()4n π+∞-∞∑=2cos()4n π+∞-∞∑,P ∞=1limcos 214nNN n NN π→∞=-=+⎛⎫∑ ⎪⎝⎭1cos()112lim ()2122NN n Nn N π→∞=-+=+∑ 1.4. (a) The signal x[n] is shifted by 3 to the right. The shifted signal will be zero for n<1, And n>7. (b) The signal x[n] is shifted by 4 to the left. The shifted signal will be zero for n<-6. And n>0. (c) The signal x[n] is flipped signal will be zero for n<-1 and n>2.(d) The signal x[n] is flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the right. The new Signal will be zero for n<-2 and n>4.(e) The signal x[n] is flipped and the flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the left. This new signal will be zero for n<-6 and n>0.1.5. (a) x(1-t) is obtained by flipping x(t) and shifting the flipped signal by 1 to the right. Therefore, x (1-t) will be zero for t>-2. (b) From (a), we know that x(1-t) is zero for t>-2. Similarly, x(2-t) is zero for t>-1, Therefore, x (1-t) +x(2-t) will be zero for t>-2. (c) x(3t) is obtained by linearly compression x(t) by a factor of3. Therefore, x(3t) will be zero for t<1. (d) x(t/3) is obtained by linearly compression x(t) by a factor of 3. Therefore, x(3t) will be zero for t<9.1.6 (a) x 1(t ) is not periodic because it is zero for t<0. (b) x 2[n ]=1 for all n. Therefore, it is periodic with a fundamental period of 1. (c) x 3[n1.7. (a)v ε[4])n --Therefore,()1[]vn xεis zero for 1[]n x >3. (b) Since x 1(t ) is an odd signal, ()2[]vn x εis zero for all values of t.(c) (){}11311[][][][3][3]221122v nnn n n u n u n x x x ε-⎡⎤⎢⎥=+-=----⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭Therefore, ()3[]vn x εis zero whenn <3 and when n →∞.(d)()1554411()(()())(2)(2)22vttt t t u t u t x x x ee ε-⎡⎤=+-=---+⎣⎦Therefore,()4()vt x εis zero only whent →∞.1.8. (a) ()01{()}22cos(0)tt t x eπℜ=-=+l (b) ()02{()}cos()cos(32)cos(3)cos(30)4t t t t t x e ππℜ+==+l(c) ()3{()}sin(3)sin(32t t t t t x e e ππ--ℜ=+=+l(d) ()224{()}sin(100)sin(100)cos(1002t t t t t t t x e e e ππ---ℜ=-=+=+l1.9. (a) 1()t xis a periodic complex exponential.(b) 2()t x is a complex exponential multiplied by a decaying exponential. Therefore,2()t x is not periodic.（c ）3[]n x is a periodic signal. 3[]n x =7j n e π=j n e π.3[]n x is a complex exponential with a fundamental period of22ππ=. (d) 4[]n x is a periodic signal. The fundamental period is given by N=m(23/5ππ)=10().3m By choosing m=3. We obtain the fundamental period to be 10.(e) 5[]n x is not periodic. 5[]n x is a complex exponential with 0w =3/5. We cannot find any integer msuch that m(02wπ ) is also an integer. Therefore, 5[]n xis not periodic.1.10. x (t )=2cos(10t ＋1)-sin(4t-1)Period of first term in the RHS =2105ππ=.Period of first term in the RHS =242ππ= .Therefore, the overall signal is periodic with a period which the least commonmultiple of the periods of the first and second terms. This is equal to π . 1.11.x[n] = 1+74j n e π?25j n e πPeriod of first term in the RHS =1. Period of second term in the RHS =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛7/42π=7 （when m=2）Period of second term in the RHS =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛5/22ππ=5 (when m=1)Therefore, the overall signal x[n] is periodic with a period which is the least common Multiple of the periods of the three terms inn x[n].This is equal to 35.1.12. The signal x[n] is as shown in figure S1.12. x[n] can be obtained by flipping u[n] and thenShifting the flipped signal by 3 to the right. Therefore, x[n]=u[-n+3]. This implies that 1.13y (t)= ⎰∞-tdt x )(τ =dt t))2()2((--+⎰∞-τδτδ=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤≤--<2,022,12,0,t t tTherefore ⎰-==∞224dt E=2x 1[n-2]+ 5x 1[n-3] + 2x 1[n-4] The input-output relationship for S isy[n]=2x[n-2]+ 5x [n-3] + 2x [n-4](b) The input-output relationship does not change if the order in which S 1and S 2 are connected series reversed. . We can easily prove this assuming that S 1 follows S 2. In this case , the signal x 1[n], which is the input to S 1 is the same as y 2[n].Therefore y 1[n] =2x 1[n]+ 4x 1[n-1]= 2y 2[n]+4 y 2[n-1]=2( x 2[n-2]+21 x 2[n-3] )+4(x 2[n-3]+21x 2[n-4]) =2 x 2[n-2]+5x 2[n-3]+ 2 x 2[n-4]The input-output relationship for S is once againy[n]=2x[n-2]+ 5x [n-3] + 2x [n-4]1.16 (a)The system is not memory less because y[n] depends on past values of x[n].(b)The output of the system will be y[n]= ]2[][-n n δδ=0(c)From the result of part (b), we may conclude that the system output is always zero for inputs of the form ][k n -δ, k ∈ ?. Therefore , the system is not invertible .1.17 (a) The system is not causal because the output y(t) at some time may depend on future values of x(t). For instance , y(-π)=x(0).(b) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1(t)and x 2(t).x 1(t) →y 1(t)= x 1(sin(t)) x 2(t) → y 2(t)= x 2(sin(t))Let x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is , x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)Where a and b are arbitrary scalars .If x 3(t) is the input to the given system ,then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= x 3( sin(t))=a x 1(sin(t))+ x 2(sin(t))=a y 1(t)+ by 2(t)Therefore , the system is linear.1.18.(a) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1[n]and x 2[n].x 1[n] → y 1[n] =][001k x n n n n k ∑+-=x 2[n ] → y 2[n] =][02k x n n n n k ∑+-=Let x 3[n] be a linear combination of x 1[n] and x 2[n]. That is :x 3[n]= ax 1[n]+b x 2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding outputy 3[n] is y 3[n]=][03k x n n n n k ∑+-==])[][(2100k bx k ax n n n n k +∑+-==a ][001k x n n n n k ∑+-=+b ][02k x n n n n k ∑+-== ay 1[n]+b y 2[n]Therefore the system is linear.(b) Consider an arbitrary input x 1[n].Lety 1[n] =][01k x n n n n k ∑+-=be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2[n] obtained by shifting x 1[n] in time:x 2[n]= x 1[n-n 1]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n]=][02k x n n n n k ∑+-== ]n [1100-∑+-=k x n n n n k = ][01011k x n n n n n n k ∑+---=Also note that y 1[n- n 1]=][01011k x n n n n n n k ∑+---=.Therefore , y 2[n]= y 1[n- n 1] This implies that the system is time-invariant.(c) If ][n x <B, then y[n]≤(2 n 0+1)B. Therefore ,C ≤(2 n 0+1)B.1.19 (a) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x 1(t) and x 2(t). x 1(t) → y 1(t)= t 2x 1(t-1)x 2(t) → y 2(t)= t 2x 2(t-1)Let x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= t 2x 3 (t-1)= t 2(ax 1(t-1)+b x 2(t-1))= ay 1(t)+b y 2(t)Therefore , the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary inputs x 1(t).Let y 1(t)= t 2x 1(t-1)be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2(t) obtained by shifting x 1(t) in time:x 2(t)= x 1(t-t 0)The output corresponding to this input is y2(t)= t2x2(t-1)= t2x1(t- 1- t)Also note that y1(t-t)= (t-t)2x1(t- 1- t)≠y2(t)Therefore the system is not time-invariant.(b) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x1[n]and x2[n]. x1[n] →y1[n] = x12[n-2]x2[n ] →y2[n] = x22[n-2].Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1[n]and x2[n].That is x3[n]= ax1[n]+b x2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding outputy3[n] is y3[n] = x32[n-2]=(a x1[n-2] +b x2[n-2])2=a2x12[n-2]+b2x22[n-2]+2ab x1[n-2] x2[n-2] ≠ay1[n]+b y2[n]Therefore the system is not linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary input x1[n]. Let y1[n] = x12[n-2]be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x2[n] obtained by shifting x1[n] in time:x 2[n]= x1[n- n]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n] = x22[n-2].= x12[n-2- n]Also note that y1[n- n]= x12[n-2- n]Therefore , y2[n]= y1[n- n]This implies that the system is time-invariant.(c) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x1[n]and x2[n].x 1[n] →y1[n] = x1[n+1]- x1[n-1]x2[n ]→y2[n] = x2[n+1 ]- x2[n -1]Let x3[n] be a linear combination of x1[n] and x2[n]. That is :x3[n]= ax1[n]+b x2[n]where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3[n] is the input to the given system, then thecorresponding output y3[n] is y3[n]= x3[n+1]- x3[n-1]=a x1[n+1]+b x2[n +1]-a x1[n-1]-b x2[n -1]=a(x1[n+1]- x1[n-1])+b(x2[n +1]- x2[n -1])= ay1[n]+b y2[n]Therefore the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary input x1[n].Let y1[n]= x1[n+1]- x1[n-1]be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x2[n] obtained by shifting x1[n] in time: x2[n]=x 1[n-n]The output corresponding to this input isy 2[n]= x2[n +1]- x2[n -1]= x1[n+1- n]- x1[n-1- n]Also note that y1[n-n]= x1[n+1- n]- x1[n-1- n]Therefore , y2[n]= y1[n-n]This implies that the system is time-invariant.(d) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t).x 1(t) →y1(t)= dO{}(t)x1x 2(t) →y2(t)= {}(t)x2dOLet x 3(t) be a linear combination of x 1(t) and x 2(t).That is x 3(t)=a x 1(t)+b x 2(t)where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y 3(t) is y 3(t)= d O {}(t) x 3={}(t) x b +(t) ax 21d O=a d O {}(t) x 1+b {}(t) x 2d O = ay 1(t)+b y 2(t)Therefore the system is linear.(ii) Consider an arbitrary inputs x 1(t).Lety 1(t)= d O {}(t) x 1=2)(x -(t) x 11t -be the corresponding output .Consider a second input x 2(t) obtained by shifting x 1(t) in time:x 2(t)= x 1(t-t 0)The output corresponding to this input isy 2(t)= {}(t) x 2d O =2)(x -(t) x 22t -=2)(x -)t -(t x 0101t t --Also note that y 1(t-t 0)= 2)(x -)t -(t x 0101t t --≠ y 2(t)Therefore the system is not time-invariant. 1.20 (a) Givenx )(t =jt e 2 y(t)=tj e 3x )(t =jte2- y(t)=tj e3-Since the system liner+=tj et x 21(2/1)(jt e 2-) )(1t y =1/2(tj e3+tj e3-)Thereforex 1(t)=cos(2t))(1t y =cos(3t)(b) we know thatx 2(t)=cos(2(t-1/2))= (j e -jte 2+jejt e 2-)/2Using the linearity property, we may once again write x 1(t)=21( j e -jt e 2+j e jt e 2-))(1t y =(je-jt e 3+je jt e 3-)= cos(3t-1)Therefore,x 1(t)=cos(2(t-1/2)))(1t y =cos(3t-1)1.21.The signals are sketched in figure S1.21.(f) Not period.1.26 (a) periodic, period=7.(b) Not period.(c) periodic, period=8.(d) x[n]=(1/2)[cos(3πn/4+cos(πn/4)). periodic, period=8. (e) periodic, period=16. 1.27 (a) Linear, stable(b) Not period. (c) Linear(d) Linear, causal, stable(e) Time invariant, linear, causal, stable (f) Linear, stable(g) Time invariant, linear, causal 1.28 (a) Linear, stable(b) Time invariant, linear, causal, stable (c)Memoryless, linear, causal (d) Linear, stable (e) Linear, stable(f) Memoryless, linear, causal, stable (g) Linear, stable1.29 (a) Consider two inputs to the system such that[][][]{}111.S e x n y n x n −−→=ℜand [][][]{}221.Se x n y n x n −−→=ℜNow consider a third inputx 3[n]= x2[n]+x 1[n]. The corresponding system outputWill be [][]{}[][]{}[]{}[]{}[][]33121212e e e e y n x n x n x n x n x n y n y n ==+=+=+ℜℜℜℜtherefore, we may conclude that the system is additive Let us now assume that inputs to the system such that andNow consider a third input x 3 [n]= x 2 [n]+ x 1 [n]. The corresponding system output Will betherefore, we may conclude that the system is additive (b) (i) Consider two inputs to the system such that()()()()211111Sdx t x t y t x t dt ⎡⎤−−→=⎢⎥⎣⎦and ()()()()222211S dx t x t y t x t dt ⎡⎤−−→=⎢⎥⎣⎦Now consider a third inputx 3[t]= x2[t]+x 1[t]. The corresponding system outputWill betherefore, we may conclude that the system is not additiveNow consider a third input x 4 [t]= a x 1 [t]. The corresponding system output Will beTherefore, the system is homogeneous.(ii) This system is not additive. Consider the fowling example .Let δ[n]=2δ[n+2]+ 2δ[n+1]+2δ[n] andx2[n]=δ[n+1]+ 2δ[n+1]+ 3δ[n]. The corresponding outputs evaluated at n=0 areNow consider a third input x 3 [n]= x 2 [n]+ x 1 [n].= 3δ[n+2]+4δ[n+1]+5δ[n]The corresponding outputs evaluated at n=0 is y 3[0]=15/4. Gnarly, y 3[0]≠]0[][21y y n +.ThisTherefore, the system is homogenous.1.30 (a) Invertible. Inverse system y(t)=x(t+4)(b)Non invertible. The signals x(t) and x 1(t)=x(t)+2πgive the same output (c) δ[n] and 2δ[n] give the same output d) Invertible. Inverse system; y(t)=dx(t)/dt(e) Invertible. Inverse system y(n)=x(n+1) for n ≥0 and y[n]=x[n] for n<0 (f) Non invertible. x (n) and –x(n) give the same result (g)Invertible. Inverse system y(n)=x(1-n) (h) Invertible. Inverse system y(t)=dx(t)/dt(i) Invertible. Inverse system y(n) = x(n)-(1/2)x[n-1] (j) Non invertible. If x(t) is any constant, then y(t)=0 (k) δ[n] and 2δ[n] result in y[n]=0 (l) Invertible. Inverse system: y(t)=x(t/2)(m) Non invertible x 1 [n]= δ[n]+ δ[n-1]and x 2 [n]= δ[n] give y[n]= δ[n] (n) Invertible. Inverse system: y[n]=x[2n]1.31 (a) Note that x 2[t]= x 1 [t]- x 1 [t-2]. Therefore, using linearity we get y 2 (t)= y 1 (t)- y 1 (t-2).this is shown in Figure S1.31(b)Note that x3 (t)= x1 [t]+ x1 [t+1]. .Therefore, using linearity we get Y3 (t)= y1 (t)+ y1 (t+2). this is2220201.34. (a) ConsiderIf x[n] is odd, x[n] +x [-n] =0. Therefore, the given summation evaluates to zero. (b) Let y[n] =x 1[n]x 2[n] .Theny [-n] =x 1[-n] x 2[-n] =-x 1[n]x 2[n] =-y[n]. This implies that y[n] is odd.(c)ConsiderUsing the result of part (b), we know that x e [n]x o [n] is an odd signal .Therefore, using {}1[][0][][]n n x n x x n x n ∞∞=-∞==++-∑∑22[][]e o n n n n x x ∞∞=-∞=-∞=+∑∑222[][][]e on n n n n n x x x ∞∞∞=-∞=-∞=-∞==+∑∑∑the result of part (a) we may conclude thatTherefore,(d)ConsiderAgain, since x e (t) x o (t) is odd,Therefore,1.35. We want to find the smallest N 0 such that m(2π /N) N 0 =2πk or N 0 =kN/m,where k is an integer, then N must be a multiple of m/k and m/k must be an integer .this implies that m/k is a divisor of both m and N .Also, if we want the smallest possible N 0, then m/k should be the GCD of m and N. Therefore, N 0=N/gcd(m,N).1.36．(a)If x[n] is periodic 0(),0..2/j n N T o ewhere T ωωπ+= This implies that 022o T kNT k T T Nππ=⇒==a rational number . (b)T/T 0 =p/q then x[n] =2(/)j n p q e π,The fundamental period is q/gcd(p,q) and the fundmental frequencyis(c) p/gcd(p,q) periods of x(t) are needed .1.37.(a) From the definition of ().xy t φWe have (b) Note from part(a) that()().xx xx t t φφ=-This implies that ()xy t φis even .Therefore,the odd part of ().xx t φis zero.(c) Here, ()().xy xx t t T φφ=-and ()().yy xx t t φφ= 1.38.(a) We know that /22(2)().t t δδ=V V Therefore This implies that(b)The plot are as shown in Figure s3.18.1.39 We have Also,2[][]0eon n n x x ∞=-∞=∑222[][][].e on n n n n n xx x ∞∞∞=-∞=-∞=-∞==+∑∑∑2220()()()2()().eoet dt t dt t dt t t dt x x x x x ∞∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞-∞=++⎰⎰⎰⎰0()()0.et t dt x x ∞-∞=⎰222()()().e ot dt t dt t dt xx x ∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞=+⎰⎰⎰0022gcd(,)gcd(,)gcd(,)gcd(,).T pp q p q p q p q q p q p pωωππ===/21lim (2)lim ().2t t δδ→∞→∞=V V V V(b) y(t)=x 2(t) is such a systerm . (c) No.For example,consider y(t) ()()ty t x d ττ-∞=⎰with ()()(1).x t u t u t =--Then x(t)=0for t>1,but y(t)=1 for t>1.1.41. (a) y[n]=2x[n].Therefore, the system is time invariant.(b) y[n]=(2n-1)x[n].This is not time-invariant because y[n- N 0]≠(2n-1)2x [n- N 0]. (c) y[n]=x[n]{1+(-1)n +1+(-1)n-1}=2x[n].Therefore, the system is time invariant .1.42.(a) Consider two system S 1 and S 2 connected in series .Assume that if x 1(t) and x 2(t) arethe inputs to S 1..then y 1(t) and y 2(t) are the outputs.respectively .Also,assume thatif y 1(t) and y 2(t) are the input to S 2 ,then z 1(t) and z 2(t) are the outputs, respectively . Since S 1 is linear ,we may writewhere a and b are constants. Since S 2 is also linear ,we may write We may therefore conclude thatTherefore ,the series combination of S 1 and S 2 is linear. Since S 1 is time invariant, we may write andTherefore,Therefore, the series combination of S 1 and S 2 is time invariant.(b) False, Let y(t)=x(t)+1 and z(t)=y(t)-1.These corresponds to two nonlinear systems. If these systems are connected in series ,then z(t)=x(t) which is a linear system.(c) Let us name the output of system 1 as w[n] and the output of system 2 as z[n] .Then The overall system is linear and time-invariant. 1.43. (a) We haveSince S is time-invariant.Now if x (t) is periodic with period T. x{t}=x(t-T). Therefore, we may conclude that y(t)=y(t-T).This implies that y(t) is also periodic with T .A similar argument may be made in discrete time . (b)1.44 (a) Assumption : If x(t)=0 for t<t 0 ,then y(t)=0 for t< t 0.To prove That : The system is causal.Let us consider an arbitrary signal x 1(t) .Let us consider another signal x 2(t) which is the same as x 1(t)fort< t 0. But for t> t 0 , x 2(t) ≠x 1(t),Since the system is linear, Since ()()120x t x t -=for t< t 0 ,by our assumption =()()120y t y t -=for t< t 0 .This implies that()()12y t y t =for t< t 0 . In other words, t he output is not affected by input values for 0t t ≥. Therefore, thesystem is causal .Assumption: the system is causal . To prove that :If x(t)=0 for t< t 0 .then y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Let us assume that the signal x(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Then we may express x(t) as ()()12()x t x t x t =-, Where()()12x t x t = for t< t 0 . the system is linear .the output to x(t) will be()()12()y t y t y t =-.Now ,since the system is causal . ()()12y t y t = for t< t 0 .implies that ()()12y t y t = for t< t 0 .Therefore y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .(b) Consider y(t)=x(t)x(t+1) .Now , x(t)=0 for t< t 0 implies that y(t)=0 for t< t 0 .Note that the system is nonlinear and non-causal .(c) Consider y(t)=x(t)+1. the system is nonlinear and causal .This does not satisfy the condition of part(a). (d) Assumption: the system is invertible. To prove that :y[n]=0 for all n only if x[n]=0 for all n . Consider[]0[]x n y n =→. Since the system is linear :2[]02[]x n y n =→.Since the input has not changed in the two above equations ,we require that y[n]= 2y[n].This implies that y[n]=0. Since we have assumed that the system is invertible , only one input could have led to this particular output .That input must be x[n]=0 .Assumption: y[n]=0 for all n if x[n]=0 for all n . To prove that : The system is invertible . Suppose that andSince the system is linear ,By the original assumption ,we must conclude that 12[][]x n x n =.That is ,any particular y 1[n] can be produced that by only one distinct input x 1[n] .Therefore , the system isinvertible.(e) y[n]=x 2[n].1.45. (a) Consider ,and()222()()s hx x t y t t φ→=.Now, consider ()()()312x t ax t bx t =+. The corresponding system output will be Therefore, S is linear .Now ,consider x 4(t)=x 1(t-T).The corresponding system output will beClearly, y 4(t)≠ y 1(t-T).Therefore ,the system is not time-invariant.The system is definitely not causal because the output at any time depends on future values of the input signal x(t).(b) The system will then be linear ,time invariant and non-causal.1.46. The plots are in Figure S1.46.1.47.(a) The overall response of the system of Figure P1.47.(a)=(the response of the system to x[n]+x 1[n])-the response of the system to x 1[n]=(Response of a linear system L to x[n]+x 1[n]+ zero input response of S)- (Response of a linear system L to x 1[n]+zero input response of S)=( (Response of a linear system L to x[n]).。

Owl数据诊断网络安全产品说明说明书

KEY FEATURES• Physically secured for replication of GE OSM data to outside business networks and remote locations • Fastest throughput - Owl solutions range from 5 Mbps up to industry leading 10 Gbps• Unhackable hardware eliminates cyber threats and attackers from tampering • Supports high availability architecture and high bandwidth connectivity • Compliant with NERC-CIP and NIST • Common Criteria EAL certified • Full functionality embodied in a single device• Low SWaP (Size, Weight, and Power)Simple and Hardware EnforcedOwl’s hardware-enforced data diode cybersecurity products are built from the ground up for seamless data availability and unhackable security. They are designed to provide deterministic data transfer in only one direction to segment and protect networks, devices, and other digital assets (databases, historians, SCADA, PLCs, DCS, etc.) from external threats. Owl offers the industry’s most flexible line of data diode cybersecurity products. Customers can choose from the appropriate hardware platform and form factor, which includes a base software package, and then select optional add-on software modules to meet their solution needs.GE On-Site Monitoring (OSM) provides businesses with access to important turbine performance data by collecting and monitoring diagnostic information, then transferring that data to a Remote Monitoring Center. Because these data transfers require bi-directional communication between the business and external networks, they are inherently insecure. Owl data diodes enable the secure one-way transfer of GE OSM data to a Remote Monitoring Center, ensuring that critical turbine assets are safe from external cyber attack.OverviewFocused Functionalities for GE On-Site MonitorOwl data diodes for GE OSM use hardware-enforced one-way transfer to securelyreplicate GE OSM servers. When integrated with GE OSM, Owl’s data diode technology ensures that turbine performance data is available remotely for the centralized system and secures the process control network and turbines from external cyber threats.Call 203-894-9342 or email *************************Our team is always available to meet your cybersecurity needsD A T A S HE E Tfor GE On-Site Monitoring (OSM)Owl Data DiodesHardware-Enforced Cybersecurity for OSM Server ReplicationFILE AND PROTOCOL SUPPORT+UDP+TCP/IP+SNMP+SMTP+FTPSOFTWARE MODULE COMPATIBILITY+OSIsoft PI System Transfer+OPC Transfer+Modbus+Screen Replication+SQL Database Transfer+Remote File Transfer (RFTS)+Log File Transfer+Owl Performance Management (OPMS)Over the last 20 years, Owl has been developing and refining data diode technologies, consistently well ahead of any other competing solution. Owl solutions feature transfer rates at up to an industry-leading 10 gigabits per second. In addition, the reliability, high bandwidth, and low latency of Owl solutions means packets never require retransmission, creating highly tuned and optimized solutions with zero data loss when operating within the specified bandwidth rate.。

第一部：哈利波特与魔法石英语单词笔记

The sorcerer’s stoneChapter one the boy who livedParagraph onesorcerer['sɔːsərə(r) ]n. a wizard; One who practices sorcery;魔法师：搞巫术活动的人；巫士wizard['wɪzə(r)d](One who practices magic; a sorcerer or magician巫师：从事妖术的人；男巫或魔术师magician[mə'dʒɪʃn]A sorcerer; a wizard.巫师；术士paragraph['pærəgrɑːf]n.段, 节1drive[draɪv](abbr.Dr) used in the names of roads （用于路名）路，大道privet[priv·et || 'prɪvɪt]n.女贞The garden was enclosed by a privet hedge. 这个花园用女贞树篱圈了起来。

involve英[ɪn'vɒlv]vt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于hedge[hedʒ]n.树篱perfectly['per·fect·ly || 'pɜrfɪktlɪ /pɜːf-]adv.完全地, 完整地, 无瑕疵地hold with vt. 赞成(和 ... 抱同一意见);容忍nonsense[non·sense || 'nɑnsens /'nɒ] n.无意义的事, 荒唐, 荒谬的言行2director[di·rec·tor || dɪ'rektə]n.主任; 导演; 主管firm[fɜrm /fɜːm]n.商号, 公司, 商行drill[drɪl]n.钻, 钻头; 钻机; 钻床beefy[beef·y || 'biːfɪ] adj.像牛肉的, 结实的, 强壮的blonde[blɒnd]n.金发碧眼的女人adj.金黄色的; 白肤金发碧眼的; 白皙的; 浅色的amount[a·mount || ə'maʊnt]n.总额, 数量crane[kreɪn]n.鹤, 起重机v.伸颈, 以起重机搬移; 伸着脖子看; 踌躇spy[spaɪ]n.间谍, 侦察, 侦探v.侦察, 发现, 找出; 做密探, 侦查3good-for-nothing英['ɡudfə,nʌθiŋ] adj. 无用的，无益的shudder[shud·der || 'ʃʌdə(r)]v.发抖, 战栗; 震动, 颤动4dull[dʌl]:Cloudy or overcast: 阴霾的：多云的阴天的gray n.灰色; 灰色衣服; 灰色颜料; 暗淡的光线country[coun·try || 'kʌntrɪ] n.国家; 祖国; 国土; 故乡; 乡村hum[hʌm]v.哼曲子boring[bor·ing || 'bɔːrɪŋ]adj.（形容词）Uninteresting and tiresome; dull. 无聊的：无趣的和令人厌烦的；单调沉闷的gossip[gos·sip || 'gɑsɪp /'gɒs-]vi. 闲聊；传播流言蜚语wrestle[wres·tle || 'resl] v.tr.（及物动词）To move or lift with great effort and force: 用力移动，用力举起：用力而且费劲地移动或举起screaming['scream·ing || 'skrɪːmɪŋ]adj.叫喊的tawny[taw·ny || 'tɔːnɪ]adj.黄褐色的, 茶色的owl[aʊl]n.猫头鹰flutter[flut·ter || 'flʌtə(r)]To fly by a quick, light flapping of the wings. 翩然地飞：轻快拍翅地飞行5briefcase n.公事包, 公文包peck[pek]Informal To kiss briefly and casually. 【非正式用语】轻吻：以迅速敷衍的方式亲吻tantrum[tan·trum || 'tæntrəm]n.发脾气, 发怒cereal[ce·re·al || 'sɪərɪəl]n.谷类植物; 玉蜀黍薄片; 谷类加工食品; 麦片Little tyke小淘气tyke[taɪk]A small child, especially a boy. 小孩子，尤指小男孩chortle[chor·tle || 'tʃɔːtl]n.（名词）A snorting, joyful laugh or chuckle. 欢乐的笑：欢乐的高声大笑或轻笑v.intr.tr.（不及物动词和及物动词）To utter a chortle or express with a chortle. 大笑：发出哈哈大笑或用哈哈大笑来表达drive[draɪv]n.驾车; 快车道6peculiar[pe·cul·iar || pɪ'kjuːlɪə(r)]adj.奇特的, 特殊的, 罕见的for a second 一会儿，片刻jerk[dʒɜrk /dʒɜːk]v.把...猛地一拉; 猛然一动tabby[tab·by || 'tæbɪ]adj.（形容词）Having light and dark striped markings: 有斑纹的：有浅色和深色的条纹的：blink[blɪnk] v.眨眼睛7drive out v. 逐出(使忘掉)traffic jam塞车, 交通拥塞cloak[kləʊk]n.斗蓬; 掩护; 宽大外衣funny英['fʌnɪ]美['fʌni]adj. 有趣的；滑稽的；奇异的getup Informal An outfit or a costume. 【非正式用语】打扮：全套的衣服或服装drum[drʌm]To thump or tap rhythmically or continually: 连续敲击：有节奏或连续地捶击或叩击：steering[steer·ing || 'stɪrɪŋ /'stɪər-]n.操纵, 指导, 掌舵wheel[hwɪːl /w-]n.轮子, 轮, 车轮steering wheel方向盘huddle[hud·dle || 'hʌdl]A densely packed group or crowd, as of people or animals. 群集，聚集：密密地挤成一团或一群，如人或动物weirdo[weir·do || 'wɪrdəʊ /'wɪəd-]n.怪人; 怪物close by在旁边, 附近enrage[en·rage || ɪn'reɪdʒ]v.激怒; 使愤怒a couple of英[əˈkʌpl ɔv]美[e ˈkʌpəl ʌv]两个，几个emerald green翡翠绿; 巴黎绿emerald[em·er·ald || 'emərəld] n.翡翠, 翠绿色, 绿宝石nerve[nɜrv /nɜːv]Brazen boldness; effrontery: 厚颜；鲁莽strike英[straɪk]美[straɪk]vi. 打，打击It strikes me that 我的印象是……；我突然想到……stunt[stʌnt]Something of an unusual nature done for publicity. 花招，噱头：为作宣传而做的不同寻常的东西lot[lɑt /lɒt]A piece of land used for a given purpose: 有特殊用途的一块土地：a parking lot.停车场8in broad daylight在大白天, 公开地broad[brɔːd]Full; open: 充满的；敞开的：broad daylight.大白天swoop[swuːp]To move in a sudden sweep: 猛扑：突然向前疾弛而动swoop past掠过gaze[geɪz]n.注视, 凝视open-mouthed adj. 目瞪口呆的, 惊愕得张大嘴的speed[spɪːd]To pass quickly: 快速越过：sped spedhowever[how·ev·er || haʊ'evə(r)]conj.然而, 不过owl-free 无猫头鹰yell[jel]n.叫声, 喊声stretch[stretʃ]v.舒展肢体, 伸懒腰bun[bʌn]n.小圆面包：一种甜的或奶香料的，有时还有干果的小面包圈; 小圆糕点9bunch[bʌntʃ]Informal A group of people usually having a common interest or association: 【非正式用语】一帮，一伙：有共同兴趣或合作关系的一群人tin[tɪn]n.锡, 罐, 马口铁clutch[klʌtʃ]To seize; snatch. 抓住；抓取doughnut n.油炸圈饼but thought better of it.但再好好考虑一下dash[dæʃ]To move with haste; rush: 快速地移动；猛冲snap[snæp]To speak abruptly or sharply: 呵斥：突然并且严厉地说话：dial[di·al || 'daɪəl]n.刻度盘, 转盘, 针面v.调; 拨; 收听, 收视; 打电话给; 拨号receiver[re'ceiv·er || rɪ'sɪːvə(r)]n.接收器stroke[strəʊk]v.tr.（及物动词）To rub lightly, with or as if with the hand or something held in the hand; caress. 抚：用手或如同用手一般对手掌内的东西轻轻地摩擦；抚摸there was no point to doing sth和there was no point in dong sth 有相同意思，异曲同工“做这件事没啥意义”upset[up'set || ʌp'set] adj.烦乱的, 不高兴的10grunt[grʌnt]To utter or express with a deep, guttural sound: 咕哝着说出：以深沉的喉音说出或表示stumble[stum·ble || 'stʌmbl] v.跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚tiny英['taɪnɪ]美[ˈtaɪni]adj.极小的，微小的violet[vi·o·let || 'vaɪəlɪt] n.紫罗兰split[splɪt] 被分开squeaky['squeak·y || 'skwɪːkɪ]Characterized by squeaking tones: 短促尖声的：以短促的尖声为特征的rejoice[re·joice || rɪ'dʒɔɪs]v.欣喜, 高兴; 庆祝, 欢乐; 使高兴, 使欣喜root[ruːt]v.生根; 根源在于, 来源于; 固定spot[spɑt /spɒt]A place of relatively small and definite limits. 场所：相对小而又有确定限制的地点rattle[rat·tle || 'rætl]Informal To fluster; unnerve: 【非正式用语】使慌乱；使不安11pull into （车）进站driveway n.车道marking[mark·ing || 'mɑrkɪŋ /'mɑːkɪŋ]n.做记号; 标志; 打分; 印记stern[stɜrn /stɜːn] Inexorable; relentless: 毫不宽容的；无情的：pull together振作起来12Over ：Through the extent of; all through: 在…的范围内；遍及living room[liv·ing room || ‚lɪvɪŋ‚rʊm] 客厅, 起居室although[al·though || ɔːl'ðəʊ]conj.虽然; 然而sighting['sight·ing || 'saɪtɪŋ]n.（名词）The act of catching sight of something, especially something unusual or searched for: 看到：看见某物的动作，尤指见到不寻常或正在寻找的东西newscaster['nuːzkæstə(r) /'njuːzkɑːs-]n.新闻广播员, 新闻评论广播员grin[grɪn]n.露齿笑; 裂口笑shower[show·er || 'ʃaʊə9r)]n.阵雨; 阵雨般的东西downpour n.倾盆大雨bonfire[bon·fire || 'bɒnfaɪə]n.大篝火, 营火folk[fəʊk]folks Informal People in general: folks 【非正式用语】人们：作为整体的人whisper[whis·per || 'hwɪspə(r) /'w-]n.耳语, 谣传, 密谈13nervously['nɜrvəslɪ /'nɜːv-]adv.神经质地; 提心吊胆地; 焦急地sharply adv.锋利地; 激烈地; 锐利地; 突然地, 猛烈地mumble[mum·ble || 'mʌmbl]v.含糊地说, 咕哝着说snap[snæp]To utter abruptly or sharply: 呵斥：突然且严厉地说出sip[sɪp]v.啜; 啜饮purse[pɜrs /pɜːs]n.钱包, 金钱, 小钱袋v.缩拢; 噘起; 皱起stiffly['stifli] adv.顽固地; 僵硬地; 呆板地nasty[nas·ty || 'nnæstɪ /'nɑː-]V ery unpleasant or annoying: 使人不愉快的; 烦人的：非常使人不愉快或使人生气的horribly adv.可怕地; 非常地14creep[kriːp]To move stealthily or cautiously. 蹑足前进：秘密地或谨慎地移动peer[pɪr /pɪə]To look intently, searchingly, or with difficulty.凝视或眯眼看：专心地、探求地或较为费劲地看mixed up弄糊涂的, 混淆不清的; 牵连的, 卷入的yawn[jɔːn]n.呵欠, 哈欠v.打哈欠, 张口; 打着哈欠说15drift[drɪft] v.漂, 漂流; 吹积; 漂泊, 游荡; 渐渐趋向; 使漂流; 使吹积uneasy adj.不自在的, 不稳定的, 心神不安的still[stɪl]adj.静止的, 静寂的, 不动的unblinking adj.不闪烁的; 不眨眼的so much as adv.（副词）Used as an intensive to indicate something unexpected; even: 甚至：用于加强语气，表示出乎意料的东西；甚至quiver[quiv·er || 'kwɪvə(r)]v.颤抖; 发抖slam[slæm]v.猛地关上pop[pɑp /pɒp]To move quickly or unexpectedly; appear abruptly: 突然出现，出其不意地移动：迅速或出人意料地移动；突然出现twitch[twɪtʃ]n.急扯, 抽搐, 颤动v.使抽动tuck[tʌk]v.把...塞进belt[belt]n.腰带robe[rəʊb]n.长袍, 罩袍purple[pur·ple || 'pɜrpl /'pɜː-]n.紫色adj.紫色的, 华而不实的, 帝王的high-heeled ['hai'hi:ld]adj. 高跟的heel[hɪːl]n.脚后跟, 踵; 踵状物; 后跟buckled adj.有带扣的light[laɪt]adj.明亮的; 浅色的bright[braɪt]adj.明亮的sparkle[spar·kle || 'spɑrkl /'spɑːkl]n.火花; 焕发; 闪光; 活力v.闪耀, 冒火花; 使发光spectacles n.眼镜crooked[krʊkt]adj.弯曲的, 邪恶的, 歪的rummage[rum·mage || 'rʌmɪdʒ]n.翻找, 彻底搜查;chuckle[chuck·le || 'tʃʌkl]To laugh quietly or to oneself. 轻笑或自笑mutter[mut·ter || 'mʌtə(r)]v.喃喃自语, 作低沉声; 低声含糊地说; 抱怨地说flick[flɪk]v.啪地轻打; 弹掉; 轻弹; 啪地开动hold up v.举起click[klɪk]v.tr.（及物动词）To cause to click, as by striking together: 使发出喀哒声：使发出喀哒声，如通过相互碰击：pop[pɑp /pɒp]n.砰的一声, 啪的一声flicker[flick·er || 'flɪkə(r)] v.闪烁; 忽隐忽现; 摇曳; 颤动pinprick ['pinprik] A slight puncture made by or as if by a pin. 针孔，小孔：用针或好象用针戳的小孔beady-eyed眼睛如珠的beady[bead·y || 'biːdɪ]adj.圆小晶亮如珠的, 有泡的, 饰有珠子的slip back vt. 退到(退回, 松懈倒退, 回想过去)slip[slɪp]To move smoothly, easily, and quietly: 滑进：平稳地、轻松地、安静地移动16fancy[fan·cy || 'fænsɪ]v.tr.（及物动词）fan.cied,fan.cy.ing,fan.ciesTo take a fancy to; like.See Synonyms at like1喜爱；喜欢参见like1tabby[tab·by || 'tæbɪ]n.虎斑猫;square glasses方形眼镜square[skwer /skweə]n.正方形; 方块; 方形物; 广场emerald[em·er·ald || 'emərəld]n.翡翠, 翠绿色, 绿宝石drawn[drɔːn]Past participle of draw draw的过去分词To cause to move in a given direction or to a given position, as by leading:拉向：（引导而）使向给定的方向或位置移动bun[bʌn]A tight roll of hair worn at the back of the head. 圆髻：脑袋后面结紧的发髻distinctly [di'stiŋktli] adv.清楚地, 显然地, 确定无疑地ruffle[ruf·fle || 'rʌfl]v.弄皱; 弄乱; 弄毛糙; 竖起; 变皱; 烦恼, 生气stiffly ['stifli] adv.顽固地,僵硬地, 拘谨地sniff[snɪf]v.tr.（及物动词）To inhale forcibly through the nose: 深深吸入：通过鼻腔用力地吸进be bound to必然, 必定bet[bet]v.以打赌; 敢断定, 确信; 与打赌; 打赌precious[pre·cious || 'preʃəs]adj.宝贵的, 珍爱的, 过于精致的adv.很, 非常irritably['iritəbli] adv.性急地; 易怒地; 暴躁地; 过敏地lose one's head是丧失理智的意思downright ['daunrait] adv.彻底地, 完全地swap[swɑp /swɒp]v.交换, 交易; 交换; 与...交换; 以...作交换sharp[ʃɑrp /ʃɑːp]adj.锐利的, 明显的, 锋利的sideways adj.向一边的; 从一边的; 向旁边的; 从旁边的sensible[sen·si·ble || 'sensəbl]Acting with or exhibiting good sense: 明智的：明智地行动或表现明智的nonsense[non·sense || 'nɑnsens /'nɒ]n.无意义的事, 荒唐, 荒谬的言行proper[prop·er || 'prɑpə(r) /'prɒ-]adj.适当的, 专属的, 高尚的flinch[flɪntʃ]v.畏缩; 畏首畏尾; 退缩unstick[,un'stick || ‚ʌn'stɪk]v.tr.（及物动词）To free from a condition of adhesion: 扯下：使…从一种粘着的状态中解脱出来confuse[con·fuse || kən'fjuːz]v.搞乱; 使糊涂exasperated[ex·as·per·ate || ɪg'zæspəreɪt]adj.激怒的; 恼火的flatter[flat·ter || 'flætə(r)]v.谄媚; 使高兴, 使感到满意; 奉承; 比好看; 谄媚; 奉承calmly adv.平静地; 冷静地, 沉着地; 宁静地noble[no·ble || 'nəʊbl]n.贵族adj.高尚的, 高贵的, 贵族的blush[blʌʃ]n.脸红v.脸红, 羞愧earmuff n.御寒耳罩shoot[ʃuːt]发射anxious[anx·ious || 'æŋkʃəs]adj.忧虑的, 渴望的, 热心的pierce[pɪrs /pɪəs]v.刺穿, 洞悉, 穿透; 穿入, 透入, 进入plain[pleɪn]Obvious to the mind; evident: 明白的，明显的：观点清楚的；明了的press[pres]To try to influence, as by insistent arguments; importune or entreat. 敦促：试图影响，如用坚持的观点来影响；乞求或请求hollow[hol·low || 'hɑləʊ /'hɒl-]n.洞; 山谷; 窟窿bow[baʊ]v.鞠躬, 欠身; 顺从, 屈服; 低gasp[gæsp /gɑːsp]v.tr.（及物动词）To utter in a breathless manner. 喘着气说：气吁吁地说pat[pæt]v.轻拍, 抚拍; 轻拍tremble[trem·ble || 'trembl]n.战栗, 颤抖v.战栗, 微动, 忧虑nod[nɑd /nɒd]v.点头, 打盹; 点头表示, 点glumly adv.忧郁地; 闷闷不乐地falter[fal·ter || 'fɔːltə(r)]To speak hesitatingly; stammer. 讲话犹豫；支吾地讲话in the name of heaven 以上帝的名义（究竟）dab[dæb]v.轻拍, 轻触; 轻搽, 轻涂sniff[snɪf]n.吸, 吸气声kick[kɪk]To express negative feelings vigorously; complain. 抱怨：强烈地表达不满情绪；埋怨scream[skrɪːm]v.尖叫, 尖啸, 大笑; 尖叫着说, 大叫大嚷着要求firmly adv.坚固地; 坚定地; 稳固地; 坚决地faintly adv.微弱地; 模糊地; 朦胧地swallow[swal·low || 'swɑləʊ /'swɒl-]To refrain from expressing; suppress: 压抑：避免表达；抑制grudging['grudg·ing || 'grʌdʒɪŋ]adj.勉强的; 不情愿的rumbling['rʌmblɪŋ]n.隆隆声; 打闹; 辘辘声adj.隆隆声的; 打闹的; 辘辘声的steadily英['stedɪlɪ]adv.逐渐look up and down上下打量（某人）；到处搜查headlight英[ˈhedlaɪt]n.（汽车等）的前灯；照明灯swell英音[swel]vt.& vi.增强；肿胀；（使）凸出；充满（激情roar英[rɔ:(r)]美[rɔr, ror]n.吼叫声，咆哮声，呼啸声；狂笑，大笑fall out of从…掉了下来astride英[əˈstraɪd]adv.两腿分开着（地）prep.两腿分开着，跨着，跨越simply英音[ˈsɪmpli]adv.简单地，朴素地；（引出概括或解释）不过，仅仅；简直；<非正>实在allow英[ə'laʊ]vt.允许，接受tangle英['tæŋɡl]vt.& vi.（使）缠结，（使）乱作一团bushy英[bʊʃɪ]adj.（毛发或毛皮）浓密的；（植物）茂密的；灌木似的hid英[hɪd]v.隐藏( hide的过去式)；躲避，隐匿；隐瞒；遮住trash英[træʃ]n.垃圾，废物can英[kæn]n.罐头；（用金属或塑料制作的）容器；（马口铁或其他金属制作的）食品罐头lid英[lɪd]n.盖子；限制；[口]果盖；[口]遮盖vt.给…盖盖子muscular英['mʌskjələ(r)]adj.肌肉的；壮健的，肌肉发达的，强壮的hold英[həʊld]vt.拿住，握住bundle英['bʌndl]n.捆；一批（同类事物或出售的货品）blanket英['blæŋkɪt]n.毛毯，毯子relieved英[rɪˈli:vd]adj.放心的；宽慰的Sirius英[ˈsiriəs]n.天狼星swarm英[swɔ:m]n.蜂群，一大群vi.泛滥，挤满；云集，涌往；成群地移动或出现；成群飞离蜂巢，用于蜜蜂visible英音[ˈvɪzəbl]adj.看得见的fast英[fɑːst]adv. 迅速地；紧紧地；彻底地tuft英[tʌft] n. 一簇jet-black英['dʒet'blæk] adj. 黑而发亮的；墨黑的；黑玉色的;漆黑的curiously英['kjʊərɪəslɪ]adv.好奇地；奇异地；奇怪地cut英[kʌt]n.切口a bolt of lightning 一道闪电bolt英[bəʊlt] n. 螺栓，螺钉；闪电，雷电lightning英['laɪtnɪŋ]n.闪电，雷电come in handy 迟早有用shaggy英['ʃægɪ] adj. 蓬松的；表面粗糙的；毛发粗浓杂乱的scratchy英['skrætʃɪ]adj. 潦草的；刺痒的；草率的；发刮擦声的howl英[haʊl] n. 嗥叫；怒号；嚎哭hiss英[hɪs]发嘘声让(某人)别做声sob英[sɒb]vi. 啜泣，呜咽；（风等）发出呜咽声spot英[spɒt]n. 地点；斑点vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射vi. 沾上污渍；满是斑点bury英['berɪ] vt. 埋葬；隐藏grip英[grɪp]掌握，支配，控制pat英[pætvt. 轻拍gingerly英['dʒɪndʒəlɪ]adv. 小心翼翼地；慎重地adj. 谨慎的；轻手轻脚的；慎重的stepped英[stept] v. 踏；行走（step的过去式和过去分词）tucked英[tʌkt]vt.塞进盘（腿）；盘（头发）；使有褶裥；使折叠；收拢（tuck的过去分词）shook英[ʃʊk] v. 摇动（shake的过去式）furiously adv.狂暴地; 猛烈地blink[blɪnk]v.tr.（及物动词）To hold back or remove from the eyes by blinking: 止住：眨着眼睛止住或挤掉twinkling['twin·kling || 'twɪŋklɪŋ]n.闪烁; 瞬间; 闪耀shine[ʃaɪn]v.照耀, 发亮, 发光; 使发光muffled['mʌfld]adj.被隔的, 隐约的, 听不太清的; 裹严的, 蒙住的swing[swɪŋ]v.摇摆, 摇荡, 摆动; 大摇大摆地行走; 轻松地走; 挥舞; 使回转, 使旋转; 使摆动; 使转向kick[kɪk]v.踢, 用脚击; 象游泳一样用脚做猛推的动作; 弹回, 跳回blow[bləʊ]v.吹, 刮; 随风飘动; 吹动; 吹响, 鸣响; 吹; 吹掉; 吹动; 刮走; 使开花; 开make out 辨认slink[slɪŋk]v.intr.（不及物动词）To move in a quiet, furtive manner; sneak: 潜逃，溜走：以安静的，鬼鬼祟祟的方式移动；偷偷地走murmur[mur·mur || 'mɜrmər /'mɜːmə]v.低语, 低声而言; 低声说swish[swɪʃ]n.嗖嗖声breeze[briːz]n.微风, 和风ruffle[ruf·fle || 'rʌfl]v.弄皱; 弄乱neat[nɪːt]adj.整洁的; 工整的; 整齐的hedge[hedʒ]n.树篱inky[ink·y || 'ɪŋkɪ]adj.墨水的, 漆黑的, 给墨水弄污的prod[prɑd /prɒd]n.刺针, 签子, 刺棒v.刺; 刺激; 戳pinch[pɪntʃ]n.捏, 收缩, 撮v.掐,hush[hʌʃ]n.肃静, 沉默, 安静v.使沉默, 使安静; 掩盖; 安静下来, 沉默。

OWL-S+简介及其推理机

OWL-S简介及其OWL推理机
肖洪 2005年5月23日
大纲
第一单元从Web Service到Semantic Web Service OWL-S及其在Semantic Web Service中的应用相关工具及使用第二单元 OWL推理任务 OWL API与Jena
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大纲
第一单元从Web Service到Semantic Web Service OWL-S及其在Semantic Web Service中的应用相关工具及使用，如OWL-S API 第二单元 OWL推理任务 OWL API与Jena
z OWL-S选择了已有的工业标准WSDL来描述这个实现规范；OWL-S的Grounding的概念和WSDL的 binding的概念是一致的。
OWL-S和WSDL之间的关系
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第一单元从Web Service到Semantic Web Service OWL-S及其在Semantic Web Service中的应用 OWL-S相关开源工具及使用第二单元 OWL推理任务 OWL API和Jena
z 为了使用一个Web Service，软件实体需要一个计算机可解释的服务描述。而语义网标识语言的目标之一就是创建这些描述被定制和共享的框架；
z Web站点应该使用一个基本的类和属性的集合来声明和描述服务，这一点可以在OWL的Ontology架构下完成；
z OWL-S承担了这种使命
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大纲
第一单元从Web Service到Semantic Web Service OWL-S及其在Semantic Web Service中的应用相关工具及使用，如OWL-S API 第二单元 OWL推理任务 OWL API和Jena

owl本体指南

目前这种结构的万维网，很像一本地图做得很差的地理书，我们对于Web 中可以使用的文档和服务的了解，都是基于关键字搜索的，同时还需要灵活地使用文档的链接和使用模式。

如果没有强有力的工具的支持，这么大规模的数据是很难管理的，为了能够给Web绘制出更为详实的地图，计算代理需要对于网络上可用资源的内容和能力做一个机器能够读得懂的描述。

这些描述是人类能够读得懂的信息的扩展。

OWL，这种本体描述语言，可以用来描述Web文档和应用中内在的类和关系。

这篇文章解释了OWL语言的使用：通过定义类以及类的属性来形式化某个领域；定义个体并说明它们之间的属性；在OWL语言的形式化语义允许的层次上，对类和个体进行推理。

本文的各章节间是按照类、属性、个体的集合的定义给出来的，从最简单的概念开始，逐渐过渡到更为复杂的概念。

本文档的状态本文档已被W3C成员及其他相关方面审阅，并已被W3C总监（W3C Director）批准为W3C推荐标准（W3C Recommendation）。

W3C制定推荐标准的任务是使之受到关注，并促使其被广泛应用。

这将增强Web的功能性与互操作性。

本文档是W3C关于Web本体语言OWL的推荐标准的六个部分之一。

它已经被Web 本体工作小组(小组章程) 作为W3C语义Web行动 (行动声明) 的一部分于2004年2月10日发布。

本文档的早期版本中所描述的关于OWL的设计已被广泛评阅，并已满足工作小组的技术需求。

工作小组充分考虑所有收到的意见，并做了必要的修改。

本文档自从候选推荐标准版本以来的所有修改都在文后的变更日志中。

欢迎通过public-webont-comments@ (历史存档)提出您的意见，也可以通过www-rdf-logic@ (mailto:www-rdf-logic@)(历史存档) 参与相关技术的讨论。

可以访问到有关实现的一个列表。

W3C维护着一个与这些工作相关的专利声明的目录。

这节描述了本文档在发布时的状态。

harry_potter_简写1

（魔法师的）Stone Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'sChapter One(第一章) The boy who livedMr. and Mrs. Dursley were proud to say that they were very normal（正常的）, thank you very much. They didn't believe in anything strange or mysterious.（神秘的）.Mr. Dursley was a big man without any neck（脖子）.. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had very long neck. It was very useful. She spent so much of her time spying（监视）on the neighbors. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley.The Dursleys had a secret（秘密）. They didn't want anybody to find out about the Potters. Mrs.Potter was Mrs. Dursley's sister, but they hadn't met for several years; in fact, Mrs. Dursley pretended（假装）she didn't have a sister, because her sister and her husband were very strange. The Dursleys knew that the Potters had a small son, too, but they had never seen him.When Mr. and Mrs. Dursley woke up on a Tuesday，our story starts. Mr.Dursley sang as he picked out his most boring tie for work, and Mrs. Dursley talked happily as she put a screaming(尖叫) Dudley into his high chair. None of them noticed a large owl（猫头鹰）fly past the window.At half past eight, Mr. Dursley picked up his briefcase（公文包）, kissed Mrs. Dursley on the cheek, and tried to kiss Dudley good-bye but Dudley was now throwing his breakfast at the walls.It was on the corner of the street that he noticed something strange -- a cat reading a map! For a second, Mr. Dursley didn't realize what he had seen -- then he turned his head around to look again. There was a cat standing on the corner of Privet Drive（车道）, but there wasn't a map in sight. What was he thinking ? How could a cat read? Mr. Dursley stared（盯着）at the cat. It stared back. Mr. Dursley put the cat out of his mind.But when he sat in the morning traffic jam, he noticed that there were a lot of strange people. People in cloaks（披风）. They were whispering(低语) excitedly together.Mr. Dursley always sat with his back to the window in his office on theninth floor. He didn't see the owls flying in daylight, but people down in the street did; they saw owl after owl flying overhead. Most of them had never seen an owl even at nighttime. Mr. Dursley had a normal morning. Then he walked across the road to buy himself bread from the bakery.Next to the bakery, he could see a group of people whispering excitedly. On his way back, he heard what they were saying."The Potters, that's right, that's what I heard yes, their son, Harry"Mr. Dursley stopped suddenly. He looked back at them, but he said nothing.He hurried to his office, thinking his nephew（侄子）was called Harry. He'd never seen the boy. It might（可能）be him.. When he left the building at five o'clock, he was still so worried that he walked straight into（撞到）someone just outside the door."Sorry," he said, a small old man almost fell down（摔倒）. Mr. Dursley saw that the man was wearing a violet（紫色）cloak. He wasn’t angry, on the contrary（相反的）, his face showed a wide smile and he said "Don't be sorry,my dear sir, because nothing could make me angry today! Be happy, because You-Know-Who(a bad man) has gone at last! Even Muggles(麻瓜) should be happy!"And the old man hugged（拥抱）Mr. Dursley and walked off.Mr. Dursley stood there. He had been hugged by a stranger. He also had been called a Muggle, what was that? He hurried to his car and set off for home.When he drove into the driveway, the first thing he saw was the cat in the morning. It was now sitting on his garden wall."Shoo!" said Mr. Dursley loudly. The cat didn't move. It just stared at him. Mr. Dursley went into the living room to catch the evening news:"Today there were hundreds of owls flying in daylight. Experts（专家）are unable to explain why.”The Dursleys got into bed. The cat on the wall was still sitting there.Suddenly an old man appeared on the corner. The cat stood up.The man was tall, thin, and very old, with long white beard. He was wearing a purple（紫色）cloak.His blue eyes were behind half-moon glasses and his nose was very long and crooked（弯曲的）This man's name was Albus Dumbledore.Albus Dumbledore looked up at the cat. He smiled.He took out a cigarette lighter(打火机), put it in the air, and clicked（按一下）it. The nearest street lamp（灯）went out（熄灭）. He clicked it again -- the next lamp went out. Twelve times he clicked the cigarette lighter, until it was dark on the whole street. Dumbledore put the lighter inside his cloak and walked toward the cat. He sat down on the wall next to the cat. He didn't look at it, but after a moment he spoke to it."Nice to see you here, Professor (教授)McGonagall."He turned to smile at the cat, but it was not a cat any more. Instead he was smiling at a woman who was wearing a pair of glasses. She was wearing a green cloak."How did you know it was me?" she asked."My dear Professor, I 've never seen a cat sit so stiffly.（僵硬）""You'd be stiff if you'd been sitting on a wall all day," said Professor McGonagall."All day? Why didn’t you celebrate?（庆祝）I have passed a dozen parties on my way here."Professor McGonagall said angrily, "Oh yes, everyone's celebrating, all right. They should be careful, but no -- even the Muggles have noticed something's going on. It was on their news.""You can't blame（责备）them," said Dumbledore. "We had nothing to celebrate for eleven years.""I know that," said Professor McGonagall. " You-Know-Who was gone,is it true, Dumbledore?""I think so," said Dumbledore. "My dear Professor, for eleven years, people are afraid to say his name. Now he is gone, so don’t call him You-know-who. Call him Voldemort.""Everyone is saying," said Professor McGonagall, " that last night V oldemort went to find the Potters. And they're -- dead. "Dumbledore bowed（弯）his head."Lily and James... I can't believe it... I didn't want to believe it...Oh, Dumbledore..."Professor McGonagall went on. "That's not all. They're saying he tried to kill the Potter's son, Harry. But –he couldn't. He couldn't kill that little boy！No one knows why, or how, but they're saying that when he couldn't kill Harry Potter, V oldemort's power disappeared -- and that's why he's gone.Dumbledore nodded."It's -- it's true?" said Professor McGonagall. "After all he has done... all the people he has killed... he couldn't kill a little boy? How did Harry do that?""We can only guess," said Dumbledore. "We will never know. I comehere to bring Harry to his aunt and uncle. They're his only family.""Dumbledore -- you can't! I've been watching them all day. They are not kind people. How can Harry Potter live here!""It's the best place for him," said Dumbledore. "His aunt and uncle will tell him everything when he grows up. I've written them a letter.""A letter?" repeated(重复) Professor McGonagall, sitting back down on the wall. "Really, Dumbledore, you think you can explain（解释）all this in a letter? These people will never understand him! He'll be famous -- there will be books written about Harry -- every child in our world will know his name!""Exactly," said Dumbledore, looking over his half-moon glasses. "It would make him carry away（冲昏头脑）. Famous before he can walk and talk! Famous for something he won't even remember! It is better for him to grow up away from all this."Professor McGonagall opened her mouth, changed her mind, and then said, "Yes -- yes, you're right, of course. But how is the boy getting here, Dumbledore?""Hagrid's going to bring him here."Suddenly a motorcycle was flying in the sky and landed on the road in front of them.The man sitting on the motorcycle was huge. He was twice as tall as a normal man and five timesas wide. His beard hid(盖住) most of his face, his hands were as big as the lid （盖子）of a rubbish bin, and his feet were like baby dolphins. He was holding a baby."Hagrid," said Dumbledore, "At last. And where did you get that motorcycle?""Borrowed it, Professor Dumbledore, " said the giant,（巨人）climbing off the motorcycle as（当…时候）he spoke."No problems, were there?""No, sir -- house was destroyed,（毁坏）but I got him out all right. He fell asleep as we were flying."Dumbledore and Professor McGonagall saw a baby boy, fast asleep. Over his forehead（前额）they could see a scar（伤疤）, just like lightning.（闪电）Dumbledore took Harry in his arms and turned toward the Dursleys' house."Could I -- could I say good-bye to him, sir?" asked Hagrid. He bent （弯）his great head over Harry and gave him a kiss. Then, suddenly, Hagrid cried."S-s-sorry," said Hagrid, taking out a large handkerchief（手绢）and burying his face in it. "But I c-c-can't stand it -- Lily and James are dead-- and poor little Harry off to live with Muggles -"Dumbledore walked to the front door. He put Harry on the doorstep（台阶）, took a letter out of his cloak, put it inside Harry's blankets, and then came back to the other two."Well," said Dumbledore finally, "that's that. We had better go and join the parties."Dumbledore turned and walked back down the street. On the corner he stopped and took out the cigarette lighter. He clicked it once, and twelve lamps were turnded on.."Good luck, Harry," he said, and suddenly he disappeared.。

Fujitsu PRIMERGY Linux安装后操作指南（适用于x86版本3.0）说明书

2005-11-01 Notes on Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (v.3 for x86) PrefaceAbout This ManualThis manual provides notes on PRIMERGY operation with Linux installed. Be sure to read this manual before using Linux.Intended ReadersThis manual is intended for persons who operate PRIMERGY.Organization of This ManualThis manual consists of the following chapters:Chapter 1 Notes on OperationThis chapter provides notes on operation after installation. Be sure to read this chapterbefore operating PRIMERGY with Linux installed.Chapter 2 Addition of Peripheral Devices and Option CardsThis chapter explains the procedures for adding peripheral devices and cards afterinstallation and provides notes on adding these options. Read this chapter as required.Chapter 3 OthersThis chapter explains other functions and provides other notes such as notes on limits.Operation VerificationThe operations of the products described in this manual have been confirmed by Fujitsu. Please note, however, that these operations are subject to change without prior notice.Support & ServiceA support service(SupportDesk Product basic service), available for a fee, provides customers usingLinux with an enhanced sense of security and confidence. Customers concluding a support and service agreement are entitled to receive support in such areas as assistance with queries regarding this manual and questions and problems that may come up during the installation and operation of this product.Please consider taking advantage of this service option by concluding a support and service agreement with us.CopyrightAll rights Reserved, Copyright (C) FUJITSU LIMITED 20051. Notes on Operation1.1 Assignment of Device NamesLinux assigns device names to a variety of devices, such as the hard disk drive, in the order that it recognizes them during its startup sequence. If the system is restarted after a device such as a hard disk drive or controller fails, the assigned device names may be changed because the system cannot recognize a device that has failed.Example: When hard disk drives are connected to SCSI ID 1, 2, and 3, device names /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, and /dev/sdc are assigned respectively to the disk drives. If /dev/sdb failsunder this condition, the device previously assigned /dev/sdc/ is moved up by one andrecognized as /dev/sdb after the system is restarted.If an assigned device is unexpectedly changed, it may prevent the system from starting or,in the worst case, may damage your data. If a device fault is detected, therefore, Fujitsurecommends starting the system in rescue mode and checking for hardware faults beforerestarting the system (*1). Repair the hardware fault, restore the system by means suchas the backup tape, and then restart the system.*1 For details on starting the system in rescue mode, see Section 1.4, "Starting theSystem in Rescue Mode."After starting the system, use the fdisk command to check whether the relevant hard diskdrive can be recognized, and take necessary steps such as checking for hardware errormessages in /var/log/messages.1.2 Installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (v.3 for x86) PackagesRed Hat Enterprise Linux provides installation types so that the optimum system can be constructed according to the use purpose. For this reason, packages required for your purposes might not be installed. If a required package has not been installed, log in as the root and install it by executing the following procedure:Install the necessary packages by using the installation CDs (1/4 to 4/4) that have beencreated according to the Installation Procedure included in the driver kit.# mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom# cd /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS# rpm -ivh <package_file>Example: To install package "make"# rpm -ivh make-3.79.1-17.i386.rpm# cd /# umount /mnt/cdrom# eject* Remove the CD.1.3 Installing and Setting Up Global Array Manager (GAM)Use Global Array Manager (GAM) as a RAID management tool in a system with a mounted onboard SCSI-RAID and SCSI-RAID card (PG-142E3).For details on installing GAM-Client (Windows), see "Outline of Installation Procedure for Global Array Manager-Client", which is an attachment.The GAM-Server (Linux) installation procedure is explained below.[Notes]1)The screen display may become unstable during GAM installation or GAM service startup.This is not an operational problem.2)Specify the port numbers shown below for GAM service.Take care when configuring firewall settings.Port numbers: 157,158(1)To install GAM-Server (Linux), insert the driver CD into the CD-ROM drive, and entercommands as follows:# mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom# cd /mnt/cdrom/UTY/GAM/Linux# rpm -ivh gam-server-6.02-21.i386.rpm# rpm -ivh gam-agent-6.02-21.i386.rpm- Enter the following only if onboard SCSI for RX200 S2# rpm -ivh 1030SNMPAgent-2.4-3.i386.rpm# sh ./insgam* Confirm that “GAM is installed successfully.” is displayed.# cd /# umount /mnt/cdrom# eject* Remove the CD.(2)For user accounts in Linux, create "gamroot" as a user account with GAM administratorauthority and then create user accounts (e.g., "gamuser") with user authority.(If a user account with user authority has already been created, another account need not be created.) # adduser gamroot# passwd gamrootChanging password for user gamrootNew-password <--- Enter a password.Retype new password <--- Re-enter the same password for confirmation.passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully* Create a user account with user authority in the same way as explained above.(3)Edit three lines as shown below in the /etc/sysconfig/gam file.Events can be posted to GAM-Client after this editing is completed.# vi /etc/sysconfig/gam[Before editing]START_GAMEVENT=nGAMEVENT_OPTIONS=""[After editing]START_GAMEVENT=y <--- Change "n" to "y".GAMEVENT_OPTIONS="-h ip-address" <--- Specify the IP address of the managementWindows system on which GAM-Client isinstalled.[Before editing]START_GAMEVLOG=n[After editing]START_GAMEVLOG=y <--- Change "n" to "y".(4)Restart the system.# shutdown -r now* The following message may be displayed after the system starts. It does not indicate an operational problem.[Message]gamagent: gamagent: Connection refusedgamagent connect failure1.4 Starting the System in Rescue ModeUsing only one of the installation CDs that have been created according to the Installation Procedure included in the driver kit, you can start the system in rescue mode. This may enable system recovery in the event of a problem that prevents the system from starting normally.This section explains only how to start the system as one that has minimum functionality.Start the system in rescue mode as follows:(1)Start the system from installation CD 1/4 that was created according to the InstallationProcedure included in the driver kit. Enter the appropriate response in the following window,and press the [Enter] key.(2)In the Choose a Language window, select "English" and select "OK."(3)In the Keyboard Type window, select "jp106" and select "OK."If an accessory keyboard such as of a flat display (PG-R1DP3) is used, select "us" here.(4)In the following window, select "Yes."(5)In the following window, select "Add Device."(6)In the Driver List window, select the drivers for the devices installed in the system, and select"OK." The following drivers must be selected:[onboard SCSI type for TX200 S2][onboard SCSI type or onboard SCSI-RAID type for RX200 S2]Two drivers must be selected. Select drivers as follows:1.Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI Logic Fusion MPT Base Driver (mptbase)"2.The Device Selection window is displayed. Select "AddDevice."3. A list of drivers is displayed. Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI Logic Fusion MPT SCSI Driver (mptscsih)"[SCSI-RAID card(PG-140D1/PG-142E3) for TX200 S2][onboard SCSI-RAID type for RX300 S2]Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI MegaRAID controller (megaraid2)"(7)Make sure that the selected driver is displayed in the following window, and select "Done."(8)The Setup Networking window is displayed. Select "No" because network settings need not beconfigured at this time.(9)Select "Continue" in the Rescue window.(10)If the root partition (/) in the existing Linux system has been mounted successfully under/mnt/sysimage, this is reported in the Rescue window. Select "OK."(11)When the prompt is displayed, enter the chroot command to change the root path to the harddisk drive.sh-2.05b# chroot /mnt/sysimage(12)This completes startup in rescue mode. To exit rescue mode, enter the exit command twice.sh-2.05b# exit <--- Exit from the chroot environment.sh-2.05b# exit <--- Exit from the rescue mode.1.5 Power-off at ShutdownPower is not automatically turned off at shutdown.When [Power down] is displayed on the console screen, press the power switch to turn off the power.Note that the power is automatically turned off when the system is shut down in an environment in which ServerView is installed.2. Addition of Peripheral Devices and Option Cards2.1 Adding a SCSI DiskThe number of LUNs is set to 1 by default. To add a SCSI disk, shared disk, or tape library, log in as the root and define the number of LUNs as shown below. Multiple LUN referencing is enabled after the system is started next.(1)Add the following lines to /etc/modules.conf:options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=N <--- Add* N is the number of LUNs. Define the appropriate number.(2)Enter the mkinitrd command to create initrd.To create initrd, enter the mkinitrd command appropriate for the type of kernel used.* Enter the following command to check the type of kernel used:# uname -r[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL (kernel for single CPU)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp (kernel for multi-CPU)]#cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp(3)Restart the system.Enter the following command to restart the system.# shutdown -r now2.2 Adding Option CardsIf any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the following table is added after system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup. This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.The table lists models and the option cards supported by them.TX200 S2 RX200 S2 RX300 S2PG-128 V -- -- SCSI cardPG-130L -- V V PG-140D1V V -- SCSI-RAID cardPG-142E3V V -- PG-1852 V V -- PG-1853 V -- -- PG-1853L -- V -- PG-1862 V V -- PG-1882 V -- -- PG-1882L -- V V PG-1892 V -- -- LAN cardPG-1892L -- V V PG-FC106V V V onboard Fibre-Channel cardPG-FC107V V VSCSI cardPG-128 -- -- V SCSI-RAID cardPG-142E3-- -- V PG-1852 -- -- V PG-1853 -- -- V PG-1862 -- -- V PG-1882 -- -- V LAN cardPG-1892 -- -- V PG-FC106-- -- V Raiser Card Fibre-Channel cardPG-FC107-- -- VV: Supported --: Not supported- TX200 S2 or RX300 S2If any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the above table is added after system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup. To add a fibre channel card, follow the steps below. Except for a fibre channel card, select "configure."To add a LAN card, configure network settings according to the instructions displayed in the window. Login as a root user at system startup, and perform the operations explained in Section 2.3, "Executing mkinitrd."This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.[A fibre channel card is added](1)If a fibre channel card is added after system installation,kudzu is automatically started at system startup.Always select "ignore ."(2)Add the following line to /etc/modules.conf.If SCSI or SCSI-RAID device is installed in the system,number the end of "scsi_hostadapter", as "2, 3, ...".options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=128 Add- RX200 S2If any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the above table is added after systeminstallation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup.To add a fibre channel card or LAN card, follow the steps below.Except for a fibre channel card and LAN card, select "configure." Login as a root user at system startup, and perform the operations explained in Section 2.3, "Executing mkinitrd."This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.[A LAN card(PG-1852, PG-1862, PG-1882L or PG-1892L) is added](1)If any of the LAN cards supported by the models listed in the above table is addedafter system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup.Always select " ignore."(2)Add the following lines to /etc/modules.conf.[ PG-1852, PG-1853L,PG-1892L, or PG-1882L]alias eth0 e1000alias eth1 e1000alias eth2 e1000 <--- Add[ PG-1862]alias eth0 e1000alias eth1 e1000alias eth2 e1000 <--- Addalias eth3 e1000 <--- Add(3)Set up the network.[ PG-1852, ,PG-1853L ,PG-1892L, or PG-1882L]# netconfig -d eth0# netconfig -d eth1# netconfig -d eth2[ PG-1862]# netconfig -d eth0# netconfig -d eth1# netconfig -d eth2# netconfig -d eth3[A fibre channel card is added](1)If a fibre channel card is added after system installation,kudzu is automatically started atsystem startup.Always select "ignore ."(2)Add the following line to /etc/modules.conf.If SCSI or SCSI-RAID device is installed in the system,number the end of "scsi_hostadapter",as "2, 3, ...".options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=128 Add2.3 Executing mkinitrd(1) Create initrd by executing the mkinitrd command.Create initrd by executing the mkinitrd command according to the kernel used.* Enter the following command to check the kernel used:# uname -rCommand execution examples are shown below.[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL (kernel for a single CPU)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp (kernel for multi-CPUs)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp(2) Restart the system.Restart the system as follows:# shutdown -r now3. Others3.1 Sound FunctionNo sound function is supported.3.2 PCI Hot Plug FunctionThe PCI hot plug function is not supported.3.3 Usable KernelsThe kernels that can be used vary depending on the hardware conditions.See the table below for the kernels that can be used.Note that middleware specifications might limit the kernel to be selected. In this case, select the kernel in accordance with the middleware specifications.Hardware conditionsKernel to be selectedMemory Number of logical CPUs (*1)for single CPU1CPU Kernel Up to 4 GB2 or more CPUs Kernel for multi-CPUMore than 4 GB and up to 8 GB No conditions Kernel for multi-CPU(*1) Even when only one CPU is installed, the number of logical CPUs is 2if Hyper Threading = Enabled.3.4 Distribution LimitationsOperation is not guaranteed if one of the following CPU, memory, and file system limitations is exceeded:Maximum number of logical CPUs: 16Maximum memory size: 8 GBFile system: Less than 1 TB3.5 Installation ProcedureFor information on the procedure for installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (v.3 for x86), see the Installation Procedure included in the "Installation Kit" downloaded from Download Search.Attachment Outline of Global Array Manager Client Installation* Perform this operation only when an onboard SCSI-RAID or a SCSI-RAID card (PG-140D1 or PG-142E3) are mounted.* GAM-Client runs on Windows2000 and Windows2003. Prepare a management Windows system.1. Insert the driver CD into the CD-ROM drive in the management Windows system.2. Execute setup.exe in RHEL3¥UTY¥GAM¥Windows on the driver CD.3. When the "Welcome" window is displayed, click "Next."4. The "Software License Agreement" window is displayed. Read the statements and click "Yes" if youaccept the terms of this agreement.5. The "Select Components" window (Figure 1) is displayed. Confirm that the check box before "GlobalArray Manager Client" is selected. Clear the "Global Array Manager Server" and "SAN Array Manager Client" check boxes, and click "Next."Figure 1* "SAN Array Manager Client" is not supported. Do not install it.6.The "Choose Destination Location" window is displayed.Click "Browse," specify the location that you want as the installation destination, and click "Next."* If GAM-Client is already installed, a message confirmingwhether to overwrite is displayed. Click "OK" to continue.7. A dialog box for specifying the GAM-Client installation destination is displayed. Click "Next." and thesetup program starts copying files.8. The "Setup Complete" window is displayed.Click "Finish" to exit the GAM-Client installation wizard.-- END --。

ATA章节中英对照

Chapter 1 –Brief History of AviationChapter 2 –DeregulationChapter 3 –Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 –Airline EconomicsChapter 5 –How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 –SafetyChapter 7 –SecurityChapter 8 –AirportsChapter 9 –Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 –Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调（Air Conditioning）22章自动飞行（Auto Flight）23章通讯（Communications）24章电源（Electrical Power）25章设备/装饰（Equipment/Furnishings）26章 .防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵（Flight Controls）28章燃油（Fuel）29章液压源（Hydraulic Power）30章防冰和排雨（Ice and Rain Protection）31章指示/记录系统（Indicating/Recording system）32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光（Lights）34章导航（Navigation）35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空（Vacuum）38章水/污水（Water/waste）45章中央维护系统（Central maintenance System）49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置 (Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍/posts/35/topic-0045-359438.html20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高/posts/35/topic-0045-359394.html[原创]关于737-300/500的空调/posts/35/topic-0045-356247.htmlPACK空中超温，会有那些原因引起呢？（专业贴）/posts/35/topic-0045 -359163.html22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考/posts/72/topic-0045-729542.html 23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN /posts/35/topic-0045-358102.html737-300 B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析/posts/182/topic-0 045-1827865.html25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... /posts/35/topic-0045-357937.htmlAPU火警探测/posts/35/topic-0045-357662.html27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门/posts/35/topic-0045-359544.html29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题/posts/35/topic-0045-359382.html关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置？请教/posts/35/topic-0045-3592 99.html液压系统故障/posts/35/topic-0045-359411.html30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命/posts/35/topic-0045-358979.html前轮磨损/posts/35/topic-0045-359232.html谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点？/posts/35/topic-0045-358669. html请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的，简单介绍一下，谢谢那里有资料，网上有吗？http://bbs. /posts/35/topic-0045-359091.html请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子? /posts/177/topic-0045-177 5484.html一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时，AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开http://bbs.fee /posts/103/topic-0045-1038900.html33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障（B737NG）/posts/103/topic-0045-1035067. html37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! /posts/35/topic-0045-357370.htmlAPU维护灯亮/posts/35/topic-0045-357331.html51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量？？/posts/35/topic-0045-350765.html57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结/posts/85/topic-0045-850361.html72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障/posts/35/topic-0045-357397.html79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。

基于OWL-S的地理空间信息服务描述与发现

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以准确地描述空间信息服务。提出了基于语义的空间信息Ｗｅｂ服务 “ 阶段 ” 匹配方法，实现空三间信息服务发现，分别针对基本信息、功能描述、服务质量对服务进行匹配，并根据用户的偏好对服务进行优化排序。实验表明，基于此匹配方法的空间信息服务查准率和查全率明显高于常规的基于关键字的服务匹配方法。关键词：地理空间信息服务；Ｗｅ务本体语言；服务匹配；服务描述ｂ服

高英课文TheLoons(潜鸟)英文PPT

The Loons
• Introduction to the text • Language point analysis • Theme exploration • Cultural background • The Literary Value of Texts
01
Introduction to the text
05
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03
Theme exploration
Ecological Crisis and Human Fate: The Loons emphasizes the impact of global ecological crises on all forms of life, including humanity itself. It reminds the audience that the fate of humanity is closely linked to other organisms on Earth. Only through joint efforts and proactive protective measures can we ensure the continuation of life on Earth.
02
The book delves into the natural history, behavior, and ecological importance of the lion, providing a vivo and engaging account of this bird specifications

10服务计算基础

10服务(fúwù)计算基础
2021/11/7
第一页，共64页。
第九章语义Web效力(xiào lì)
第二页，共64页。
主要(zhǔyào)内容
概述(ɡài shù) 语义网语义Web效力
第三页，共64页。
第一节概述(ɡài shù)
第四页，共64页。
语义和语义网
语义是事物的观察者给事物自身赋予的含义，分歧共享的语义构成观察者对事物的知识(zhī shi)，是观察者之间相互交流的基础。
第十三页，共64页。
本体(běntǐ)(ontology)的定义
What is a concept?
Different communities have different notions on what a concept means:
formal concepts concept label
– Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001
第十页，共64页。
Semantic Web的架构(jià ɡòu)的相关规范
逻辑框架层
FOL、HOL、DL、
Horn-logic、OMDoc
语义网经过给万维网上的文档(如:HTML)添加可以被计算机了解的语义(Meta data)，从而使整个万维网中现存的信息展开成一个庞大的全球信息库、知识(zhī shi)库。
第五页，共64页。
语义Web效劳(xiào láo)
Web 效力运用规范的、规范的 XML中止描画，包括音讯格式、传输协议和位置，隐藏了完成效力的细节。

OWL-S到Z规格说明的转换

２．上海市计算机软件评测重点实验室，上海２１１０１２
摘要：ＯＬＳＷ－是重要的ＳｍａｔｂＳｒｉ描述框架，但缺乏有效的形式化验证工具．ＺｅｎｉＷｅｅｖｃｃｅ语言是基于集合
论和一阶谓词逻辑的形式化规格说明语言，比ＯＷＬＳ — 具有更强的表达力．该文研究基于ｚ的ＯＷＬＳ — 形式化方法，提出从ＯＷＬｓ规格说明的模型转换规则．于这些规则，用ｚ — Ｎｚ基定义ＯＷＬＳ — 中概念的形式化语义，并开发了
从０ＷＬＳ —描述Ｎｚ规格说明的自动转换工具０ＷＬ２．Ｓｚ关键词：语义网络服务；ＯＷＬＳ规格说明；．；Ｚ形式方法；转换规则
中图分类号：Ｔ３Ｐ１
文章编号：２５８９（０００－３６００５ —２７２１）３０２—５
ＴｒｎｓｏｍａｉｎｆｏａｆｒｔｏｒｍＯＷＬ．ｏｌｔＳＭｄｅｏＺ
第２卷第３期８
２１年５００月
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语言来理解及翻译Ｏ．模型【７ＷＬＳ５］－．测试与验证的自动化要求抽象模型必须具有很高的形式化程度ｆ，这８ｊ并不利于直接在ＯＷＬＳ型上验证Ｗｅｅｖｃｓ —模ｂＳｒｉ．目ｅ前，基于ＯＷＬＳ自动推理及验证工具只能提供概念．的

基于OWL-S的云制造服务语义匹配方法

基于OWL-S的云制造服务语义匹配方法尹超;夏卿;黎振武【摘要】Aiming at the diversity, heterogeneous, dynamic and multi-restrictive characteristics of cloud manufactur ing service in matching process, an Input, Output, Precondition, Effect（lOPE） matching model based on Web Ontology Language for Service（OWL-S） for cloud manufacturing service was proposed, and the model matching process was divided into three phases such as parameter matchmaking, attribute matchmaking and comprehensive match- making. For the matching degree computing problems of ontology concept parameters and constraint parameters in parameter matching process, the quantitative method and the matching algorithm were introduced. The effectiveness and feasibility of proposed method was verified by an application case.%针对云制造服务在匹配过程中的多样性、异构性、动态性和多约束性等特点,建立一种基于Web服务本体描述语言的云制造服务输入、输出、前提、效果匹配模型,研究了该模型匹配的参数匹配、属性匹配和综合匹配三个阶段。

基于OWL-S的动态工作流模型

基于OWL-S的动态工作流模型王留洋【期刊名称】《计算机工程与设计》【年(卷),期】2009(030)014【摘要】结合Web服务的特点,将Web服务组合视为Web服务的工作流,根据BPEL过程模型将OWL-S/UDDI协调器应用到Web服务的工作流的构造当中.基于本体论提出了一种OWL-S的动态工作流模型,该模型有机地将Web服务和动态工作流结合在一起,不仅增强了模型的灵活性、适应性,同时也使其具有较强的扩展性.在此基础上以一个申请银行贷款为例表明了该模型的可行性.%Combining the characteristics of web services, web service composition is regarded as web service workflow. According to BPEL process model and applying OWL-S/UDDI matchmaker to web services workflow eonstrueture, a dynamic worktlow model based on ontology web services theory is proposed. The model has managed to integrate web services with dynamic workflow and make the model more flexible, more adaptable and more extensible. An example for bank loans is given to show the feasibility of model.【总页数】4页(P3345-3347,3358)【作者】王留洋【作者单位】淮阴工学院,计算机工程系,江苏,淮安,223001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP393【相关文献】1.基于改进后RBAC的动态工作流模型的研究 [J], 王朋;赵勇军;刘卫星2.基于BizTalk工作流服务的动态工作流模型 [J], 高大鹏;董玉德;黄建明3.基于服务工作流的服务动态预取模型 [J], 李海波4.基于工作流模式的OWL-S过程模型分析及其应用 [J], 雷丽晖;段振华5.基于动态工作流模型的学分银行平台设计研究 [J], 彭愈强; 李文泽因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

网络本体语言OWL

OWL是语义网发展过程中的一个重要里程碑，它已经经过广泛的讨论并得到了比较一致的认可。
OWL是针对各方面需求设计而成的。比如既要保持对 DAML-ONT/OIL/RDFS的兼容性，又要保证更强大的语义表达能力，还要保证描述逻辑的可判定推理等。
诸多的功能需求使得开发人员对之难以做到完美的折衷，于是开发人员针对各类特征的需求定制了三种相应风格的变体，即子语言，分别是OWL Lite、OWL DL、OWL Full。
但不幸的是，对于RDF(S)的扩展和有效推理的需求相冲突
RDF(S)拥有一套相当强大和特殊的建模机制，如可以定义类的类、属性的类、属性的属性等。
同时具有描述逻辑和RDF(S)表达能力的知识表示语言，其推理问题是不可判定的。
OWL DL和OWL Lite都没有完全继承RDF(S)的表达能力，而是采用经典逻辑解释，对RDF(S)的使用做了很多限制：
总是成功的。在语义网上对网上资源的访问不总是成功的，这需要依照工具实现的情况而定。Βιβλιοθήκη OWL基本元素简单的类
用到的标签：Class, rdfs:subClassOf 一个领域中的最基本概念应分别对应于各个分类层次树的根。OWL中的所有个体都是类owl:Thing 的成员。因此，各个用户自定义的类都隐含地是 owl:Thing的一个子类。要定义特定领域的根类，只需将它们声明为一个具名类（named class）即可。
三、OWL文档结构
命名空间
在我们使用一组术语之前，我们需要一个精确地指出哪些具体的词汇表将被用到。
一个标准的本体开头部分里包括一组XML命名空间（namespace）声明（被包含在rdf:RDF标签里）。
一个Ontology的标准的初始模块是包含在rdf:RDF 标签中的一系列命名空间（namespace）的声明。这些声明用以准确解释文档中的标识符，从而使得Ontology的其他部分具有可读性。

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Chapter 1OWL-S AND AGENT-BASED SYSTEMSDavid Martin, Mark Burstein, Sheila McIlraith, Massimo Paolucci, Katia SycaraMembers of the OWL-S CoalitionAbstract: Over the last decade, research in agent-based systems (ABS) has spawned a multi-faceted field, addressing a broad range of challenges and generating avaried array of technical approaches. Web service technologies, in contrast,KDYH DULVHQ LQ D PRUH LQFUHPHQWDO IDVKLRQ ZLWK PRUH PRGHVW DLPV2Chapter 1 found at /introduction and /AITopics/html/agents.html.) In pursuing this agenda, most ABS approaches have emphasized various forms of reasoning employing rich representations of knowledge — about agent capabilities, tasks, beliefs, commitments, communications, and so forth. In this sense, ABS have always relied on “semantically rich” representations and techniques.Web service (WS) technologies, in contrast, have arisen in a more LQFUHPHQWDO IDVKLRQ ZLWK PRUH PRGHVW DLPV1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 3 Semantic Web [3] language undergoing standardization at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).We note that several of our references here, and in several other chapters in this book, refer to DAML-S, (DARPA Agent Markup Language for Services) the name by which earlier versions of OWL-S were known. As of version 1.0 (which has been released a short while prior to this writing), the name was changed to OWL-S, so as to reflect the change in the underlying formalism, from DAML+OIL to OWL. (DAML+OIL — DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Inference Language — was the predecessor of OWL.)1.1 Relating Agents and ServicesHow can one begin to characterize the relationship between agents and Web services?The vision of ABS encompasses a broad scope of challenges and approaches to distributed task handling by relatively autonomous components. The approach taken by commercial Web services, in contrast, is necessarily more incremental, as it is tied to near-term products and goals. The ambitions of work on Semantic Web services lies somewhere in between.ABS technology arose largely independently of the World Wide Web. From a historical perspective, one may view the work on Web services and (to a greater degree) Semantic Web services as efforts to bring aspects of agent-based approaches onto the Web (although the work has generally not been done with this as an explicitly stated goal). Generally speaking, this has been accomplished in relatively modest ways to date. In this chapter we discuss some of the ways in which this has been accomplished.From an architectural perspective, one can identify three possible views of the relationship between agents and services:(1) Agents use services. In this view, there is no attempt to envision Web services as belonging to the realm of agents. Individual services can remain relatively simple — providers of discrete capabilities accessed via fixed message exchange patterns, exempt from exhibiting proactivity, autonomy, or other more sophisticated attributes of agents. Indeed, in this view, some of the hardest challenges associated with Web services, such as automated general service composition, could ultimately be relegated to the realm of agents, and left out of the scope of Web service standards. In general, this view creates no requirements for service infrastructure to support services that take on the more sophisticated attributes of agenthood.(2) Services are agents, although currently of a limited kind. In this view, which is the most ambitious regarding the future of Web service4Chapter 1 technology, individual services will ultimately be free to display the autonomy, proactivity, persistence, etc. that define the notion of software agenthood, and collections of services will interact with the flexible collaboration that defines the essence of MAS. Currently, however, it may be seen that most work on services falls short of this vision. In particular, individual services are for the most part conceived as reactive, short-lived, and intended to engage only two parties in a provider/requester style of use. Although some work (both in WS and in SWS) is aiming to break out of these limitations, it is clear that there’s a long ways to go yet.(3) Agents are composed of, deployed as, and dynamically extended by services. This view, which holds that agents are built up from Web services as building blocks [8], can be viewed as a middle ground between (1) and (2). It allows for a notion of service that’s more limited than that of (2), but which exists within a more extensive conceptual framework than is required for (1). This perspective draws on work on that combines behavior-based robotics and reactive planning (e.g., Behavior-Oriented Design [7]), and is particularly well-suited to scenarios in which services embody devices that may be viewed as sensors or effectors of the world.We note that there may well be other views of the agent/service relationship, and it isn't entirely clear which of these three has the greatest applicability; we expect that future developments will make this clear.In this chapter we have two primary aims: to provide an overview of OWL-S, and to show some of its more significant connections with work on software agents and multiagent systems. Although there is clearly no cut-and-dried characterization of these connections, nevertheless it is useful to trace some of the central similarities, differences, and lines of evolution. We emphasize that this is not meant to be a comprehensive survey: ABS is an enormous field, and we can only hope to touch on a small selection of the relevant work. As a unifying theme, we argue that OWL-S takes some essential, although limited, steps towards a foundation for the deployment of agent technologies on the Web.In the next four sections, we briefly present OWL-S, beginning with an overview, and turning then to its profile, process, and grounding ontologies. Following that, we discuss its relationship to work on ABS, organized under the topics of discovery (including capabilities declarations, advertising, and matchmaking), agent communication languages(including conversational protocols); and service composition.1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 52. OVERVIEW OF OWL-SOWL-S is an OWL ontology that may be used to specify semantically rich characterizations of services on the Web. OWL-S is organized into four parts. The profile describes capabilities and discriminating features of Web services for purposes of advertising and matchmaking. The process model provides a description of the structure of activities involved in providing the service, from which service requesters can derive information about service invocation and interaction patterns. The grounding is a description of how abstract information exchanges described in the process model are mapped onto actual concrete messages that flow between the provider and the requester. Finally, the service itself provides a means of bundling together instances of the top-level profile, process, and grounding classes that are meant to be used together. (Because the service concept introduces no new details apart from the bundling of these other elements, we do not give it a separate section in the organization of this chapter.)OWL-S complements industry efforts such as SOAP, WSDL and BPEL4WS. It builds upon these efforts by adding rich typing and class information that can be used to describe and constrain the range of Web service capabilities more effectively than can be done with XML data types. Further, in the process model, it captures not only the control flow and data flow of Web services, but also their prerequisites and side effects (preconditions and effects) in the world. OWL-S’ basis in OWL enables the grouping of like services and like data types into taxonomic hierarchies, together with definitions of the relationships and constraints between classes and their instances. The well-defined semantics enables formal automated manipulation of these structures, with known outcomes, thus providing a foundation for automation of a variety of Web service operations, such as discovery, matchmaking, interoperation, composition, enactment, monitoring, and recovery.3. DESCRIBING CAPABILITIES WITH OWL-SThe representation of capabilities is supported by the profile module of OWL-S, which provides a high-level view emphasizing the functionality of the service; in other words, what the service does, rather than how it accomplishes its tasks. (The latter information, as discussed in Section 4, is provided by the OWL-S process model). Capabilities descriptions can have widely varying aspects. Capabilities may be described in terms of service categories, such as stock brokering, or functional transformations, such as the transformation from a ticker symbol to the related stock quote.6Chapter 1 Furthermore, a particular type of service may have many aspects. For instance, two services may act as stock brokers, but the way they perform their task may be very different in terms of delay on the market, precision of the report, cost and so on. The OWL-S profile provides a language to express the different aspects of service capabilities. Specifically, OWL-S profiles support three kinds of descriptions of capabilities: a hierarchical classification, a functional description, and a set of non-functional parameters that can be used to specify features of the service that are not captured by the other two descriptions. In the rest of this section we discuss these three descriptions in more detail.The hierarchical classification of a capability exploits the fact that any service profile is a concept expressed in OWL. It is therefore possible to construct ontologies of profiles that group together the common features of services performing similar functions. For example, as shown in Figure 1, it is possible to define the class FeeBasedService having properties needed to characterize the manner in which payment is made for the service (e.g. property paymentMethodAccepted). This class, in turn, could have PhysicalProductRetail as one of its subclasses, with properties that are characteristic of online retail sources, such as product and deliveryRegion. Consistent with the semantics of OWL (and with object-oriented practice in general), each subclass will declare properties that are appropriate to its level of specificity in the class hierarchy. The use of hierarchies of profiles allows service providers to specify precisely and economically what kinds of capabilities they provide, and allows service requesters to use the same framework to precisely specify what kinds of capabilities they seek.The functional view of the capabilities of a service describes the information transformation as well as state transformation performed by that service. At the information level, the service requires a set of inputs and produces a set of outputs; at the state description level, a service requires a set of preconditions to be satisfied and produces a set of effects. The functional description of the profile captures essentially the same information about inputs, outputs, preconditions, and effects (IOPEs), or a subset of the information, as the process model, as discussed in Section 4 below.The last aspect of capability representations in OWL-S is provided by non-functional properties that are used to specify additional information about the Web service, such as security restrictions and quality of service information. The use of non-functional properties essentially recognizes that while two services may provide the same capability, in the sense that they compute the same function, the way they achieve this result may be very different and the resulting services may be qualitatively very different. For1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 7 <owl:Class rdf:ID="FeeBasedService"><rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&profile;#Profile" /></owl:Class><owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="paymentMethodAccepted"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#FeeBasedService"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="&business;#PaymentMethod"/></owl:ObjectProperty><owl:Class rdf:ID="PhysicalProductRetail"><rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#FeeBasedService"/></owl:Class><owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="product"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#PhysicalProductRetail"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="&unspsc;#Product"/></owl:ObjectProperty><owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID="deliveryRegion"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#PhysicalProductRetail"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="&geography;#Region"/></owl:ObjectProperty><PhysicalProductRetail rdf:ID="Books4Sale"><paymentMethodAccepted rdf:resource="&business;#Mastercard"/><paymentMethodAccepted rdf:resource="&business;#Visa"/><paymentMethodAccepted rdf:resource="&business;#MoneyOrder"/><product rdf:resource="&unspsc;#Books"/><deliveryRegion rdf:resource="&geography;#NorthAmerica"/></PhysicalProductRetail>Figure 1: Simple profile hierarchy and instance representing an online bookseller. example, two services may provide tax advice, but one may be specialized on the US tax code, while the other may be specialized on the Italian tax code. The two services compute the same function, namely tax advice, but they are not the replacement of one another.4. DESCRIBING ACTIVITIES WITH OWL-SThe OWL-S process model describes how the service works. For a one-step (atomic) service, it gives the complete information (about inputs and outputs) that’s needed to interact with the service. For a multi-step (composite) service, it describes the control flow and data flow of the program that enacts the service. The process model has been designed for use by service requesters in connection with service selection, invocation, interoperation, composition, and monitoring, and by service tools for service simulation and verification. The OWL-S process model includes a number of elements that are typical of workflow languages, combining a process modeling language with both an AI-inspired action language and a language8Chapter 1 for describing classes and their inter-relationships. Further, the process model has a well-defined semantics.Central to an OWL-S process model, as with the profile, is the specification of a service’s inputs, outputs, preconditions, and effects (IOPEs). Process inputs and outputs are named and typed using either OWL classes or data types provided by XML Schema. Preconditions , of which there may be any number, must all hold in order for the process to be invoked, and effects indicate what is accomplished by the service, or more generally, changes in the world brought about by the service. Conditions can be associated with outputs and effects, since the outputs and effects of a service are often predicated on some internal state of the system.Inputs, outputs, preconditions, and effects specified in a process model are complete, whereas in a profile they may be partial (that is, a selected subset that is most useful for purposes of advertising and discovery).OWL-S’ process ontology is subdivided into three process types: atomic , simple , and composite processes.Atomic processes are the units of invocation; that is, an atomic process, somewhat similarly to a programming language procedure, can be called by transmitting an invocation message (which carries its inputs) to the process, and its results returned in a response message. Thus, an atomic process executes in a single, non-interruptible step. The essence of an atomic process <process:AtomicProcess rdf:ID="LookupBook "><process:hasInput><process:Input rdf:ID="InTitle "><process:parameterType rdf:resource="dc:Title "/></process:Input> </process:hasInput> <process:hasOutput> <process:UnconditionalOutputrdf:ID="OutISBN "><process:parameterType rdf:resource="dc:Identifier "/></process:UnconditionalOutput > <process:hasOutput></process:AtomicProcess><process:AtomicProcess rdf:ID="BuyBook "><process:hasInput><process:Input rdf:ID="InISBN "><process:parameterType rdf:resource="dc:Identifier "/></process:Input> </process:hasInput> <process:hasOutput> <process:UnconditionalOutputrdf:ID="OutReceipt "><process:parameterType rdf:resource="business:E-receipt "/> </process:UnconditionalOutput> <process:hasOutput></process:AtomicProcess>Figure 2: Partial functional description of two (simplified) atomic processes1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 9 <process: CompositeProcess rdf:ID="FindAndBuyBook">...<process:Sequence><process:components rdf:parseType="Collection"><process:Perform rdf:ID="FindBook1”><process:process rdf:resource=”#LookupBook”><process:hasBinding><process:theParam rdf:resource=”#InTitle”><process:valueForm rdf:parsetype=”Literal”><valueOf><theVar rdf:resource=”#InTitle”><fromProcess rdf:resource=”#FindAndBuyBook”></valueOf></process:valueForm></process:hasBinding></process:Perform><process:Perform rdf:ID="BuyBook1"/><process:hasBinding><process:Binding><process:theParam rdf:resource=”#InISBN”><process:valueForm rdf:parsetype=”#Literal”><valueOf><theVar rdf:resource=”#OutISBN”><fromProcess rdf:resource=”#LookupBook”></valueOf></process:valueForm></process:Binding></process:hasBinding></process:Perform></process:components></process:Sequence>...</process:CompositeProcess>Figure 3: Elements of a composite process.is in its IOPEs; thus, it provides the same kind of functional description as the service’s profile.Figure 2 shows two simple partial examples of atomic processes, each with a single input and a single output. LookupBook takes a book title as input. The type of the input named InTitle is dc:Title, and the type of the output named OutISBN is dc:Identifier, both types from the Dublin Core ontology [17]. The returned value is an encoding of the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for the book with the given title. Similarly, BuyBook takes an input of type dc:Identifier, and returns an output named OutReceipt, representing the purchase of the book.In these examples, for lack of space, we omit a number of details, such as the payment and shipping information that would be needed to complete such a transaction, handling of unsuccessful outcomes (e.g., title unknown or out-of-stock), and preconditions and effects. A typical precondition for such a service might say, “The buyer must have a current account”, and a typical10Chapter 1 effect might say, “The buyer’s credit card is charged for the price of the book”. Outputs and effects may have conditions associated with them. For example, the output(s) and effect(s) for the condition “book-in-stock” could be described distinctly from those for the condition “book-out-of-stock”.Simple processes are like atomic processes in that they are conceived of as having single-step executions. Unlike atomic processes, however, they are not directly invocable and are not associated with a grounding. Simple processes provide a means of abstraction; that is, they can provide abstract views of atomic or composite processes.Composite processes are constructed from subprocesses, which in turn can be either atomic, simple, or composite. Control constructs such as Sequence and If-Then-Else are used to specify the structure of a composite process. In addition to describing control flow, this structural specification also includes argument binding constructs for indicating the data flow.Figure 3 shows a fragment of a composite process, which expresses that the composite consists of sequentially invoking (“performing”) the atomic process LookupBook, and then invoking the atomic process BuyBook. The binding within the second Perform construct indicates that the output from LookupBook flows into the input of BuyBook. A composite process like this is enacted by the service client, with the execution of LookupBook and BuyBook handled by the service provider.5. DECLARING INVOCATION DETAILSWITH OWL-SThe OWL-S grounding tells how the service is used; that is, it specifies the details of how a computer program or agent can access a service. Typically, a grounding will specify some well known communications protocol, service-specific details such as port numbers used in contacting the service, and an unambiguous means of exchanging data elements of the types required and produced by the service [22].The default grounding approach provided by OWL-S relies on specification mechanisms already provided by WSDL, while at the same time exploiting the richer descriptions available through the use of the OWL language [10]. In essence, it establishes a correspondence between each atomic process and a WSDL operation, and between each atomic process parameter and a WSDL message part.In summary, an OWL-S service is described by the three types of information presented above: one or more profiles tell what the service does (in support of advertising, discovery, matchmaking, and so forth), a single process model tells how the service works (in support of service invocation,1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 11 interoperation, composition, and related activities), and one or more groundings tell how to access the service (in terms of message formats and other communications details). Whereas the grounding is concerned with the concrete details of message syntax and transport, the profiles and process model are more abstract specifications that can be used to support classification, planning, and other forms of reasoning about services, thus enabling fuller automation of service-related activities.6. OWL-S AND DISCOVERYAutonomous agents and Semantic Web services can be used to realize a distributed computation scheme in which problems are solved through interaction with other agents or Web services. Such a distributed scheme requires agents and Web services to discover partners that can contribute to the collaborative effort. The problem of discovering partners is essentially equivalent for agents and Semantic Web services1: given a goal, the discovery process should automatically locate those agents2 that can achieve that goal.The process of discovery can be roughly divided into three stages: first, agents advertise their capabilities with a registry3 such as UDDI. Second, an agent in need of a service requests, from the registry, references to providers of the capabilities needed by the agent. Third, the registry reports back to the requester one or more references to providers whose advertisements match the request.The success of the discovery process hinges on two requirements. First, a language is needed that allows service-providing agents to effectively describe their capabilities for purposes of advertising them to the broader community. This same language should also allow service-seeking agents to formulate requests for the capabilities they need from service-providers. Second, an advertisement/request matching technology is needed that detects when the requested service is equivalent to the advertised service, even if the two descriptions are superficially very different.As described in Section 3 above, OWL-S directly addresses the first requirement of discovery by providing OWL concepts for the description of1The stress on Semantic Web services here is justified by the fact that, in the most conservative view, commercial Web services standards are meant to help programmers, rather than programs, to discover and “glue” multiple agents together.2Since discovery and its requirements are equivalent for Web services and agents, in this section we do not make any distinction between agents and Web services, and we refer to both as agents.3In our discussion we describe the most common discovery mechanism used by Web services. Depending on the overall system architecture other discovery mechanisms are possible.12Chapter 1 what agents do and the tasks that they accomplish. In the following section we show how OWL-S can be used to address the second requirement by defining algorithms that exploit the logical relations between the advertisements and the requests, abstracting away from superficial syntactic differences. We will then explore the relation between the view of discovery proposed by OWL-S and the views that have arisen from the fields of agent-based systems and Web services.6.1 Matching CapabilitiesThe discovery process performs the matching of requests and advertisements to identify the agents that can perform a desired task. The problem of capability matching is that it is unrealistic to expect that the advertisement and the request describe exactly the same capability. Rather, the challenge of the matching process is to abstract away from the syntactic differences between the advertisements so as to extract the semantic similarities between the advertisement and the request, and verify whether the advertised capability is close enough to the capability requested.To address this challenge, OWL-S based matching algorithms exploit the semantics of the representation of the advertisements and requests; furthermore, they provide a flexible matching mechanism that recognizes the degree of matching between the advertisement and the request. Exploiting the semantics of descriptions and defining a flexible matching are closely related issues. Indeed by analyzing the semantic relation between the advertisement and the request it is possible to derive a scoring function between the two concepts.A number of capability matching algorithms have been proposed for OWL-S, which use different types of information provided by the service profile and the available ontologies to match between service requests and advertisements. Some matching algorithms, such as [9] and [18] rely on the subsumption computation provided by OWL inference engines to infer the relation between the advertisement and the request. These matching algorithms rely on the ability to construct taxonomies of service profiles that correspond to the different types of services that are present. Other matching algorithms, such as in [5], [14], and [37], assume that matches are determined exclusively by the relations between inputs and outputs in the advertisement and in the request. Essentially, these matching algorithms perform two matches, one comparing outputs and one comparing inputs. If the output required by the requester is of a kind covered (subsumed) by the advertisement, then the inputs are checked. If the inputs specified in the request are then subsumed by the input types acceptable to the service, then the service is a candidate to accomplish the requester’s requirement.1. OWL-S and Agent-Based Systems 13Despite the different attempts to provide a matching algorithm for agent capabilities, many challenges are still open. First, the two methods of matching capabilities are not guaranteed to converge to the same set of agents. This is partly because the functional and taxonomical representations convey capability information in very different ways that may not lead to compatible representations for the same capability. The second problem is that no matching has been proposed that extends to preconditions and effects. Finally, there is no predefined set of non-functional parameters and by and large each type of parameter may require a specialized matching process as shown by attempts to match on security requirements [13].6.2 Relation with Agent technologyThe OWL-S service profile is grounded in the research on agent discovery in open multiagent systems, and has been influenced by systems such as LARKS [40], OAA [21] and InfoSleuth [33].In this areas, a primary contribution of the multiagent literature has been defining the goal of discovery in multiagent systems as the problem of finding the agent(s) that can perform a given task. Ultimately, this problem requires a goal directed search where the agent is located on the bases of the tasks that it performs, or in other words its capabilities, rather than on the bases of incidental properties such as name, port type or keywords attached to the agent. As a consequence, research in multiagent systems provided schemas for representation of capabilities that are reflected in OWL-S. Specifically, LARKS and OAA provided different perspectives on the goal directed view of the capabilities of agents, while InfoSleuth provided a way to represent classifications of agent functionalities.The second contribution of research in multiagent systems has been to reveal the importance of the semantic matching of capabilities. Essentially, they realized that capability descriptions and capability requests are syntactically going to be very different. Therefore, any attempt to match that does not include an abstraction to semantics is bound to fail. The key insight provided by the multiagent community has been to claim the need for ontologies during the matching process that would support a flexible matching between request and advertisement with a measure of the degree of match.。