the formation of an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier glow discharge
高一英语阅读理解词义猜测题单选题40题
高一英语阅读理解词义猜测题单选题40题1. The term "photosynthesis" in the passage probably means _____.A. the process of breathingB. the production of lightC. the process of making food for plantsD. the movement of water in plants答案：C。
本题主要考查对学科词汇“photosynthesis”的理解。
A 选项“the process of breathing”是呼吸过程，与植物的光合作用无关；B 选项“the production of light”是光的产生，不符合光合作用的定义；C 选项“the process of making food for plants”符合光合作用是植物制造食物的过程这一概念；D 选项“the movement of water in plants”是植物中水分的运动，与光合作用的核心含义不相关。
2. The word "atmosphere" in the text might refer to _____.A. the condition of the airB. the layer of gases around the earthC. the temperature of a placeD. the pressure of the environment答案：B。
“atmosphere”常见释义为大气层，B 选项“the layer of gases around the earth”即地球周围的气体层，符合其含义。
A 选项“the condition of the air”是空气状况；C 选项“the temperature of a place”是一个地方的温度；D 选项“the pressure of the environment”是环境压力，均不符合“atmosphere”的词义。
The Atmospheric Optics of the Earths Atmosphere
The Atmospheric Optics of the Earths Atmosphere The atmospheric optics of the Earth's atmosphere is a fascinating topic that encompasses the study of the various optical phenomena that occur in the atmosphere. From the beautiful colors of the sunrise and sunset to the intricate patterns of the clouds, the Earth's atmosphere provides a canvas for a wide range of optical effects that can be observed by the naked eye.One of the most well-known atmospheric optics phenomena is the rainbow. Rainbows occur when sunlight is refracted, or bent, as it passes through water droplets in the air. This causes the light to be separated into its component colors, creating the familiar arc of colors we see in the sky. Rainbows are a beautiful reminder of the complex interplay between light and the Earth's atmosphere.Another optical phenomenon that is commonly observed in the atmosphere is the halo. Halos are formed when light is refracted through ice crystals in the atmosphere, creating a circular or elliptical ring of light around the sun or moon. These halos are often accompanied by other optical effects, such as sundogs or light pillars, which add to the beauty of the display.Clouds themselves are also a source of optical phenomena. From the wispy cirrus clouds to the towering cumulonimbus clouds, each type of cloud has its own unique visual characteristics. One of the most striking cloud formations is the iridescent cloud, which appears as a rainbow-like patch of colors on the surface of a cloud. This effect is caused by the diffraction of sunlight as it passes through the tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the cloud.The Earth's atmosphere also plays a crucial role in the observation of celestial bodies. The atmosphere acts as a lens, refracting and scattering light from the stars and planets in the sky. This can create a range of optical effects, such as twinkling stars or the reddening of the sun as it sets. The atmosphere also helps to protect the Earth from harmful radiation and particles from space, making it possible for life to exist on our planet.However, the Earth's atmosphere is not without its challenges. Human activities, such as pollution and deforestation, can have a significant impact on the quality of the atmosphere and the optical phenomena that occur within it. Air pollution can obscure the view of the sky and reduce the clarity of the optical effects, while deforestation can alter the atmospheric composition and disrupt the delicate balance of the Earth's climate.In conclusion, the atmospheric optics of the Earth's atmosphere is a fascinating and complex topic that encompasses a wide range of optical phenomena. From the beauty of the rainbow to the intricacy of the cloud formations, the Earth's atmosphere provides a canvas for a diverse range of optical effects that can be observed and appreciated by all. However, it is important to remember that the quality of the atmosphere is fragile and can be easily disrupted by human activities. As such, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the Earth's atmosphere for future generations to enjoy.。
中科院考博英语真题200203
中国科学院2002年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PAPT Ⅱ STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.16. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has aglorious future before him and the old one has a __________future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only __________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it__________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. __________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until mostof the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22. Banks shall be unable to__________, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan orbankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23. I am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectorsdiscretion state your case __________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24. In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being__________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25. In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the lstgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26. Desert plants __________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem ofsurviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27. In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _____all othersounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28. Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not __________and should be avoidedif possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the__________of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to _____what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31. Such an __________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32. __________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, andexpectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would __________be replaced bya permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34. Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______with those awful riding-about bicycleboys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply________every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofPART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious__46__has occurred in the roles that women__47__. Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,__48__maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a (n)__49__that is a haven for all family members.__50__many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,” they often enjoy t he increased__51__that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more__52__. Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility__53__the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional__54__of family life. Men are increasingly__55__to meet the emotional needs of their families,__56__their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on__57__marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationships and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”__58__to nourish marriages and other famil y relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,__59__both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeingmarriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more__60__.46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as will as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1883 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a botch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886—year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty—Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to thefresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61. What does the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by Atlantans.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton'sCompany?A. Skills to make French wine.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. Ability to work with numbers.63. Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64. One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________.A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for__________.A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells__________.A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-Cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1883 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest storiesovershadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first p aragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting.B. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often__________.A. paid much attention to political partiesB. provided stories that hit the pubic tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper__________.A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parties70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by__________.A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on__________.A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the technique in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in American mediaD. the impact of mass media on American societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one‟s own. The writer she has in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, charming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron isn't just a story. It's an online narrative(grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. IN the four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the …technology‟is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual“city” in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get ca ught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author's control. “But what makes the Net so exciting,” says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly ge nerated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell__________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark Amerika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities ofa writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D. It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75. As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it__________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels at grammatron. comC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76. By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that ______.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn't care less new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers to__________.A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in” the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author's controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. Amerika told his students not to__________.A. immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading much smaller boy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2,away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoon.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English madia outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks art also prohibited.In the U. S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We're clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U. S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U. S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever-eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables or Thompson move in next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins：“It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passpor to a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80. According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson__________.A. have been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81. The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would__________.A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be__________.A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified as killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Vanables or Thompson would__________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisoment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U. S.84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that__________.A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger's family would enter all appeal against itD. conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups about and 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “Which our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so,according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid is a critical p iece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, obout what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif—based start-up. Healinx's “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong-and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experi ment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of__________.A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patients.D. They are very much under experimentation.87. Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A. Cisco System employees.B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C. Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle at three local hospitals.88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are__________.A. reluctant to serve online for nothingB. not interested in Web consultationC. too tired to talk to the patients onlineD. content with $ 20 paid per Web visit89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of__________.A. making diagnosesB. producing prescriptionsC. profiling patients's illnessD. offering a treatment plan90. It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend onwhether__________.A. the employers would remain confident in themB. they could effectively replace office visitsC. HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health projectPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (25 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。
The Formation of Coral Reefs and Atolls
The Formation of Coral Reefs and Atolls Coral reefs and atolls are some of the most fascinating and diverse ecosystems on the planet. They are formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate exoskeletons of coral polyps, which are tiny, invertebrate animals that live in colonies. These structures provide a habitat for a wide variety of marine life, including fish, invertebrates, and algae. The formation of coral reefs and atolls is a complex process that involves geological, biological, and environmental factors.One of the key factors in the formation of coral reefs and atolls is the presence of suitable substrate for coral growth. Coral polyps require a hard surface on which to attach and grow, and they typically thrive in warm, shallow, clear waters. As the polyps grow and reproduce, they form colonies that eventually build up into large, solid structures. Over time, the accumulation of coral skeletons creates the framework for a reef or atoll.The geological processes that contribute to the formation of coral reefs and atolls are also important to consider. Reefs often form along the edges of continents or around volcanic islands, where the ocean floor is relatively shallow. As the Earth's tectonic plates shift and move, these areas can experience changes in sea level and land elevation, which can impact the growth and development of coral reefs. Additionally, the presence of ocean currents and wave action can influence the shape and structure of reefs, as well as the distribution of coral species.In addition to geological factors, biological processes play a crucial role in the formation of coral reefs and atolls. Coral polyps rely on a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which live within their tissues and provide them with essential nutrients. This relationship allows corals to thrive in nutrient-poor waters, but it also makes them sensitive to environmental stressors such as changes in temperature and water quality. When corals are stressed, they can expel their zooxanthellae, a process known as coral bleaching, which can have devastating effects on reef ecosystems.The environmental conditions in which coral reefs and atolls form and grow are also significant. These ecosystems are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions, wherethe water is warm and clear. The availability of sunlight is crucial for the photosynthetic processes of both corals and their symbiotic algae, so reefs are most commonly found in shallow waters where light can penetrate. Additionally, the stability of water temperature and chemistry is important for the health and growth of coral reefs, as they are sensitive to changes in conditions such as ocean acidification and pollution.Human activities also play a role in the formation and degradation of coral reefs and atolls. Overfishing, destructive fishing practices, coastal development, and pollution can all have negative impacts on reef ecosystems. Additionally, climate change is a major threat to coral reefs, as rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification are causing widespread coral bleaching and mortality. Conservation efforts, such as marine protected areas and sustainable fishing practices, are essential for the preservation of these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems.In conclusion, the formation of coral reefs and atolls is a complex and dynamic process that involves a combination of geological, biological, and environmental factors. These ecosystems are not only incredibly diverse and beautiful, but they also provide important ecological and economic benefits. Understanding the processes that shape coral reefs and atolls is crucial for their conservation and management, especially in the face of growing threats from human activities and climate change. As stewards of the natural world, it is our responsibility to protect and preserve these irreplaceable ecosystems for future generations.。
The Formation of Natural Dams and Their Impact
The Formation of Natural Dams and Their Impact Natural dams are formed by a variety of natural processes, including landslides, volcanic eruptions, and glacial movements. These dams can have a significant impact on the surrounding environment, affecting the flow of rivers, the formation of lakes, and the habitats of various species. In this response, we will explore the formation of natural dams and their impact from multiple perspectives, including environmental, ecological, and geological.From an environmental perspective, the formation of natural dams can lead to the creation of new habitats and ecosystems. When a river is dammed by natural processes such as a landslide or glacial movement, it can form a new lake or pond, providing a home for aquatic plants and animals. These new habitats can increase biodiversity in the area, as different species adapt to the changing environment. Additionally, the presence of a natural dam can also impact the surrounding vegetation, as the water level and flow are altered, leading to the growth of new plant species and the decline of others.On the other hand, the formation of natural dams can also have negative environmental impacts. For example, the sudden release of water from a natural dam can lead to flooding downstream, causing damage to the surrounding landscape and displacing wildlife. Additionally, the altered flow of the river can impact the transportation of sediment and nutrients, which can affect the fertility of the land and the health of the ecosystem. In some cases, the formation of a natural dam can even lead to the extinction of certain species that are unable to adapt to the changing conditions.From an ecological perspective, the formation of natural dams can create both opportunities and challenges for the species living in the affected area. For example, the new lake or pond formed by a natural dam can provide a valuable source of water and food for aquatic species, leading to an increase in their population. At the same time, the altered flow of the river can disrupt the migration patterns of fish and other aquatic animals, impacting their ability to reproduce and find food. Additionally, the presence of a natural dam can also lead to the isolation of certain species, as they are unable to move freely between different parts of the river.From a geological perspective, the formation of natural dams provides valuable insights into the processes that shape the Earth's surface. By studying the composition and structure of natural dams, geologists can learn about the history of the area, including past volcanic activity, glacial movements, and tectonic events. This information can help scientists better understand the potential hazards posed by natural dams, such as the risk of sudden dam failure and the resulting flooding. Additionally, the study of natural dams can also provide important information about the long-term effects of environmental changes, such as climate change and deforestation, on the landscape.In conclusion, the formation of natural dams has a significant impact on the environment, ecology, and geology of the affected area. While natural dams can create new habitats and ecosystems, they can also lead to flooding, habitat loss, and the isolation of species. By studying the formation and impact of natural dams, scientists can gain valuable insights into the processes that shape the Earth's surface and the potential hazards posed by environmental changes. Overall, the formation of natural dams is a complex and dynamic process that has both positive and negative effects on the natural world.。
64曲阜师范大学2020年成人高等教育 《英语词汇学 》复习资料 期末考试试题及参考答案
《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with fromtwo different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5 prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the samesource which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they havestrong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary.11.“Fore-” in “forehead” and “fore-” in “foreknowledge” belong to two kinds of prefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10.lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15.argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20.hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy 5)collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do not generallychange the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change thegrammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on a grammaticalbasis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemistic use of words(4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of wordmeaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended andindeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion,geographical region, class background, education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female are complementaries; old &young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposite to eachother that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to the other. We cansay: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man is rich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate reciprocal socialrelationships that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compoundingC. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest which broughtmany Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they have strongproductivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.（）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term. （）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived mea nings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit) Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt withfrom two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_ prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of___6__endings, and a language of __7__ endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or __12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_ meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and dialects.2.“Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identical in denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest whichbrought many Latin words into the English language.ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its minimaldistinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English vocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymyⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets: 1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T 11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes.inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes, socalled because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to form agential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -ar in beggar and–er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings ofwords which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both insound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow(to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spelling andpronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the formerrefers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e., homonyms aredescendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The several meanings of a singlepolysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereashomonyms are listed as separate entries.。
青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸大气CO_(2)浓度时间变化特征
随着植被光合作用的增强（减弱），大气 CO2浓度急剧下降（升 高），但大气 CO2 浓度在 11 时—18 时基本维持在 370×10-6~ 380×10-6，表明系统碳交换处于相对稳定的状态。这与瓦里
关的相关研究结果有所差别，其最小值出现在 18:00 左右，可
能是植被类型的不同所致[3]。瓦里关植被类型以荒漠草原为
450
440 430
410
400 390
380
非生长季
370
生长季
00 时 04 时 08 时 12 时 16 时 20 时 24 时 时间（HH 时）
图 1 高寒草甸生长季和非生长季大气 CO2浓度的平均日变化 Fig.1 The mean diurnal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration
第 5 期（总第 377 期） 2021 年 5 月
137
No.5 MAY
文章编号：1673-887X(2021)05-0137-02
青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸大气 CO2浓度时间变化特征
李红琴 1，2，刘 晗 1，张法伟 2
（1. 洛阳师范学院 生命科学学院，河南 洛阳 471934；2. 中国科学院三江源国家公园研究院，青海 西宁 810008）
during the growing and non-growing season in the alpine meadow
2.2 大气 CO2浓度的季节特征 高寒草甸大气 CO2浓度呈现出先下降后升高的季节趋势
（图 2），其年均值为（395.4±37.3）×10-6，略高于瓦里关 2004
年 的 377.0×10-6 [3]，如 果 按 照 1.83×10-6/a 的 增 长 速 率 ，其 2019 年浓度值约为 404.5×10-6，又略高于本研究的结果。大 气 CO2浓度在 1 月相对最高（418.8±9.1）×10-6，在 6 月份相对 最低（378.0±44.9）×10-6，年均振幅约为 40.0×10-6。在 4 月， 由于表层冻土消融，导致其冻结在冻土空隙中的 CO2 及封存 在下层土壤中的由呼吸作用而积累的 CO2 快速释放，出现一 个小高峰，峰值为（407.6±12.9）×10-6。随着植物光合作用 的出现，大气 CO2 浓度又开始逐渐下降至最低值。尽管植物 的光合作用在 7 月较强，但由于温度较高，加之呼吸底物增 多，导致大气 CO2 浓度出现小幅度升高。由于植物光合强度 和呼吸速率同时降低，导致 8 月—10 月 CO2浓度又有所下降。 在 11 月、12 月，植物地上部分死亡，光合吸收 CO2 的作用消 失，大气 CO2浓度再开始逐渐升高。因此，大气 CO2浓度的季 节变化与植被土壤系统的生物化学过程及冻土的消融密切 相关[3]。
学术英语习题及部分问题详解
Training and Practice for English for Academic PurposesPart I1.Discuss the following questions.What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。
起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。
由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。
过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。
起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。
In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research. The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites. As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance. Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration. The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it. This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life on Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.⏹Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles⏹The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.⏹Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.⏹Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.⏹The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), and (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.⏹Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, butsome arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.4.Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……The previous work on … has indicated that…（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。
奥巴马关于卡扎菲死亡的演讲(美国白宫标准文件)
The White HouseOffice of the Press SecretaryFor Immediate Release October 20, 2011Remarks by the President on the Death of Muammar QaddafiRose Garden2:07 P.M. EDTTHE PRESIDENT: Good afternoon, everybody. Today, the government of Libya announced the death of Muammar Qaddafi. This marks the end of a long and painful chapter for the people of Libya, who now have the opportunity to determine their own destiny in a new and democratic Libya.For four decades, the Qaddafi regime ruled the Libyan people with an iron fist. Basic human rights were denied. Innocent civilians were detained, beaten and killed. And Libya’s wealth was squandered. The enormous potential of the Libyan people was held back, and terror was used as a political weapon.Today, we can definitively say that the Qaddafi regime has come to an end. The last major regime strongholds have fallen. The new government is consolidating the control over the country. And one of the world’s longest-serving dictators is no more.One year ago, the notion of a free Libya seemed impossible. But then the Libyan people rose up and demanded their rights. And when Qaddafi and his forces started going city to city, town by town, to brutalize men, women and children, the world refused to stand idly by.Faced with the potential of mass atrocities -- and a call for help from the Libyan people -- the United States and our friends and allies stopped Qaddafi’s forces in their tracks. A coalition that included the United States, NATO and Arab nations persevered through the summer to protect Libyan civilians. And meanwhile, the courageous Libyan people fought for their own future and broke the back of the regime.So this is a momentous day in the history of Libya. The dark shadow of tyranny has been lifted. And with this enormous promise, the Libyan people now have a great responsibility -- to build an inclusive and tolerant and democratic Libya that stands as the ultimate rebuke to Qaddafi’s dictatorship. We look forward to the announcement of the country’s l iberation, the quick formation of an interim government, and a stable transition to Libya’s first free and fair elections. And we call on our Libyan friends to continue to work with the international community to secure dangerous materials, and to respect the human rights of all Libyans –- including those who have been detained.We’re under no illusions -- Libya will travel a long and winding road to full democracy. There will be difficult days ahead. But the United States, together with the international community, is committed to the Libyan people. You have won your revolution. And now, we will be a partner as you forge a future that provides dignity, freedom and opportunity.For the region, today’s events prove once more that the rule of an iron fist inev itably comes to an end. Across the Arab world, citizens have stood up to claim their rights. Youth are delivering a powerful rebuke to dictatorship. And those leaders who try to deny their human dignity will not succeed.For us here in the United States, we are reminded today of all those Americans that we lost at the hands of Qaddafi’s terror. Their families and friends are in our thoughts and in our prayers. We recall their bright smiles, their extraordinary lives, and their tragic deaths. We know that nothing can close the wound of their loss, but we stand together as one nation by their side.For nearly eight months, many Americans have provided extraordinary service in support of our efforts to protect the Libyan people, and to provide them with a chance to determine their own destiny. Our skilled diplomats have helped to lead an unprecedented global response. Our brave pilots have flown in Libya’s skies, our sailors have provided support off Libya’s shores, and our leadership at NATO has helped guide our coalition. Without putting a single U.S. service member on the ground, we achieved our objectives, and our NATO mission will soon come to an end.This comes at a time when we see the strength of American leadership across the world. We’ve taken out al Qa eda leaders, and we’ve put them on the path to defeat. We’re winding down the war in Iraq and have begun a transition in Afghanistan. And now, working in Libya with friends and allies, we’ve demonstrated what collective action can achieve in the 21st century.Of course, above all, today belongs to the people of Libya. This is a moment for them to remember all those who suffered and were lost under Qaddafi, and look forward to the promise of a new day. And I know the American people wish the people of Libya the very best in what will be a challenging but hopeful days, weeks, months and years ahead.Thank you, very much.END2:12 P.M. EDT。
The Supreme Court Cases
Westside Community Schools v. Mergens
June 4, 1990
Facts of the Case:
Westside High School administration denied permission to a group of students to form a Christian club with the same privileges and meeting terms as other Westside after-school student clubs afterCited the Establishment Clause Mergen and other students sued after the school board upheld the administration's denial
On appeal from an adverse District Court ruling, the Court of Appeals found in favor of the students
Westside Community Schools v. Mergens
Questions of the Case:
Freedom of Speech and Press
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Near v. Minnesota
June 1, 1931
Facts of case Jay Near published a scandal sheet in Minneapolis, in which he attacked local officials, charging that they were implicated with gangsters. Minnesota officials obtained an injunction to prevent Near from publishing his newspaper under a state law that allowed such action against periodicals. The law provided that any person "engaged in the business" of regularly publishing or circulating an "obscene, lewd, and lascivious" or a "malicious, scandalous and defamatory" newspaper or periodical was guilty of a nuisance, and could be enjoined (stopped) from further committing or maintaining the nuisance.
2022年考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期(含答案)试卷号：79
2022年考研考博-考博英语-福建师范大学考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Difficult market conditions were（）when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.问题1选项A.relievedB.changedC.deterioratedD.solved【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。
relieve意为“减轻，缓和”；change意为“改变”；deteriorate意为“变坏恶化”；solve意为“解决”。
句意：当韩国制革工人进入英国和新西兰的原材料市场，抬高了价格，困难的市场条件恶化了。
2.单选题Several unpopular decision （）the governor’s popularity.问题1选项A.decayedB.diminishedC.distortedD.dissolved 【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。
decay意为“（使）腐烂，腐朽”；diminish意为“（使）减少，缩小，下降”；distort意为“歪曲，扭曲”；dissolve意为“使溶解”。
句意：几项不得人心的决定使州长的声望下降。
3.单选题There has been much opposition from some social groups,（）from the farming community.问题1选项A.straightforwardlyB.notablyC.virtuallyD.exceptionally【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。
straightforwardly意为“正直地”；notably意为“尤其，特别”；virtually 意为“实际上，实质上”；exceptionally意为“例外地，异常地”。
The Atmospheric Waves of the Earths Atmosphere
The Atmospheric Waves of the Earths AtmosphereThe Earth's atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that plays a crucial role in regulating our planet's climate and weather patterns. One of the most fascinating aspects of this system is the presence of atmospheric waves, which are large-scale oscillations that propagate through the air. These waves can have a significant impact on the behavior of the atmosphere, influencing everything from the formation of clouds to the movement of storms. In this essay, we will explore the different types of atmospheric waves and their effects on the Earth's climate.One of the most well-known types of atmospheric waves is the jet stream, which is a high-speed, narrow band of winds that flows through the upper atmosphere. The jet stream is caused by the large temperature gradient between the polar regions and the equator, which creates a strong pressure gradient. As a result, air flows from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas, generating the winds that make up the jet stream. The jet stream can have a significant impact on weather patterns, as it can steer storms and weather systems across the globe.Another type of atmospheric wave is the Rossby wave, which is a large-scale wave that propagates through the atmosphere. Rossby waves are caused by the Coriolis effect, which is the apparent deflection of objects moving in a straight line due to the rotation of the Earth. As air flows across the Earth's surface, it is deflected by the Coriolis effect, causing it to spiral outwards and form a wave. Rossby waves can have a significant impact on weather patterns, as they can cause high-pressure systems to linger in one area for an extended period, leading to prolonged periods of drought or heatwaves.Gravity waves are another type of atmospheric wave that can have a significant impact on the Earth's climate. Gravity waves are generated when air is displaced vertically, such as when air flows over mountains or when thunderstorms form. As the displaced air tries to return to its original position, it generates a wave that propagates through the atmosphere. Gravity waves can have a significant impact on cloud formation, as they can cause air to rise and cool, leading to the formation of clouds.Atmospheric waves can also have a significant impact on the movement of pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. For example, the movement of pollutants can be influenced by the jet stream, which can transport them across the globe. Similarly, the movement of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide can be influenced by atmospheric waves, as they can cause the gases to accumulate in certain areas, leading to localized warming.In conclusion, the atmospheric waves of the Earth's atmosphere are a fascinating and complex system that plays a crucial role in regulating our planet's climate and weather patterns. From the high-speed winds of the jet stream to the large-scale oscillations of Rossby waves, these waves can have a significant impact on everything from the formation of clouds to the movement of pollutants and greenhouse gases. As we continue to study the Earth's atmosphere, it is essential to understand the role that atmospheric waves play in shaping our planet's climate and weather patterns.。
大气科学的英语
大气科学的英语The atmosphere is a complex system that envelops our planet, a delicate balance of gases and forces that shape our weather and climate. It's a field that fascinates many, especially those who are curious about the natural world.Studying atmospheric science means delving into the heart of Earth's weather patterns, from the gentle breeze to the fierce storm. It's about understanding how the sun's energy interacts with our planet's surface and how this dance influences the air around us.This scientific pursuit isn't just about predicting the weather; it's about comprehending the broader impacts on our environment. From tracking pollution to monitoring climate change, atmospheric scientists play a crucial role in safeguarding our planet's future.The study of the atmosphere is a journey into the unknown, where each discovery brings us closer to understanding the forces that govern our world. It's a field that requires a blend of curiosity, analytical skills, and a passion for unraveling the mysteries of our skies.As we look to the future, the importance of atmospheric science grows. With the impacts of climate change becoming more apparent, the need for experts who can interpret and predict these changes is more critical than ever.In essence, atmospheric science is the study of life itself, as it is the very air we breathe and the weather that shapes our daily lives. It's a field that offers a front-row seat to the wonders of our planet and the universe beyond.。
The physics of atmospheric optics
The physics of atmospheric optics大气光学的物理学当我们抬头仰望天空时，会看到一些形形色色的天象景象。
比如说日出时的橙红色光芒、白昼中的蔚蓝天空、日落时的火烈鸟色泽、星空中的彩虹光圈等等。
这些现象看似神奇，其实都是基于光的物理性质和大气的光学效应而产生的。
本文将围绕大气光学展开探索，从物理学角度解析大气光学现象背后的科学道理。
散射和吸收大气光学研究的起点通常都是太阳光的白昼照射。
太阳发出的光线到达地球时，会受到大气层的散射和吸收作用。
具体而言，散射是指光线穿过大气层中分子和小粒子时发生的偏转、转化、反射等现象。
吸收则是指光线被大气层中分子和小粒子吸收或转化为热能而消散的过程。
这两个效应会同时影响光线的传播路径和能量强度，从而在形成大气现象时起到非常重要的作用。
从散射的角度来看，我们可以观察到天空的颜色。
天空的蓝色是由于太阳光中的紫外线、蓝光和绿光被大气层中的氧分子、氮分子等散射后绕过了观察者进入眼睛而产生的。
而黄昏时的天空则是由于太阳光经过长距离传播时，被大气层中的颗粒、气溶胶等相对较大的颗粒散射，产生了橙黄色的光谱。
此外，太阳光还会产生热带白天的偏光现象，即光线偏转了不同程度，在蓝色的水平方向比垂直方向偏转更严重，导致我们常常看到波纹状的海面或反光的白云等视觉效果。
从吸收的角度来看，我们可以观察到太阳光照射地表时的温度变化、地表反射率等情况。
太阳光中的近红外线和紫外线等较高能量波长的光都能够照射到地表，并被地表的物体所吸收。
物体被照射后会转化为热能，使空气和地表温度升高。
同时，地表上的不同物体，如绿叶植物、水面、泥土等，会因为各自的反射率而对太阳光产生不同程度的反射作用，丰富了我们所看到的景象。
射线传输和折射随着太阳的光影交替，我们眼前的景象也在时刻变幻。
有时候，我们会看到类似于晶体棱镜分光一般的色彩变化，这也是大气光学当中的另一个研究对象——光的折射和色散现象。
托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2
托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2选择出国学习的人数越来越多，参加托福雅思考试无疑是进入国外大学的一块敲门砖。
以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2，供大家练习备考。
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of thehydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the"hydrographic network" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness正确答案：AACCD CABD。
The Chemistry of the Earths Atmosphere
The Chemistry of the Earths Atmosphere The Earth's atmosphere is a complex system that plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. It is composed of a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. The chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is a fascinating subject that has been studied extensively by scientists for decades. In this essay, we will explore the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere from multiple perspectives.Firstly, let us examine the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%). Carbon dioxide, which is essential for photosynthesis, makes up only 0.04% of the atmosphere. Other trace gases, such as neon, helium, methane, and krypton, make up the remaining 0.06%. Water vapor is also present in the atmosphere, but its concentration varies greatly depending on the location and time of day.The Earth's atmosphere is constantly changing due to natural and human-made factors. One of the most significant natural factors is volcanic eruptions, which release large amounts of gases and particles into the atmosphere. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, also contribute to changes in the atmosphere. These activities release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which can lead to global warming and climate change.The chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is also closely linked to the Earth's climate. The greenhouse effect, which is caused by the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature. However, human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in the Earth's temperature. This phenomenon is known as global warming and has significant consequences for the Earth's climate and ecosystems.Another aspect of the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is the formation of ozone. Ozone is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms (O3) that is present in the Earth's stratosphere. It plays a crucial role in protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. However, human activities, such as the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),have led to the depletion of the ozone layer. This has resulted in an increase in skin cancer and other health problems.Finally, let us consider the impact of the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere on human health. Air pollution, which is caused by the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, is a significant problem in many parts of the world. It can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma and lung cancer, and can also have other health impacts, such as heart disease. The chemistry of the atmosphere also plays a role in the formation of acid rain, which can damage crops, forests, and buildings.In conclusion, the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is a complex and fascinating subject that has significant implications for the Earth's climate, ecosystems, and human health. The composition of the atmosphere, the impact of natural and human-made factors, the formation of ozone, and the effects of air pollution and acid rain are all important aspects of this field of study. As we continue to study the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere, it is essential to consider the impact of human activities and work towards sustainable solutions to protect the Earth's atmosphere and the life it sustains.。
The Science of the Atmosphere
The Science of the AtmosphereThe atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system that surrounds our planet. It is composed of various gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, as well as tiny particles like dust and water droplets. The science of the atmosphere, also known as atmospheric science, is a field that studies the behavior of the atmosphere and its interactions with other systems, including the oceans, land, and biosphere.One of the main areas of study in atmospheric science is weather. Weather refers to the short-term variations in temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation that occur in the atmosphere. Meteorologists use a variety of tools and techniques to observe and predict weather patterns, including radar, satellites, and computer models. Understanding weather patterns is crucial for a range of industries, from agriculture to aviation, as well as for emergency response and disaster management.Another area of study in atmospheric science is climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, and other weather variables in a particular region. Climate scientists use a range of techniques, including ice core analysis, tree ring analysis, and computer models, to study past and present climate patterns and to make predictions about future climate change. Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today, and atmospheric scientists play a crucial role in understanding its causes and potential impacts.Atmospheric science also encompasses the study of air pollution and its effects on human health and the environment. Air pollution is caused by a range of human activities, including transportation, industry, and agriculture. It can have a range of negative impacts, including respiratory illness, acid rain, and damage to crops and ecosystems. Atmospheric scientists study the sources and effects of air pollution and work to develop strategies to reduce its impact.Finally, atmospheric science also includes the study of the ozone layer and its role in protecting life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The ozone layer is a thin layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that absorbs much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. However,human activities, particularly the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have led to a depletion of the ozone layer. Atmospheric scientists have played a key role in understanding this process and in developing international agreements to reduce the use of CFCs and protect the ozone layer.In conclusion, the science of the atmosphere is a crucial field of study that encompasses a range of topics, from weather and climate to air pollution and the ozone layer. Atmospheric scientists play a vital role in understanding and predicting the behavior of the atmosphere and its interactions with other systems, as well as in developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on the environment. As we face the challenges of climate change and other environmental issues, the work of atmospheric scientists will only become more important.。
3rd Week
第三周课堂练习Practice 1: Insert the article a or an where necessary1.Helium is gas which consists of one proton and one neutron.bor union is organization of workers formed to improve their economic status and working conditions.3.White dwarf is star that is unusually faint given its extreme temperature.4.Rice is cereal grain that usually requires subtropical climate and abundance of moisture for growth.5.Transduction is technique is which genes are inserted into host cell by means of viral infection.6.Heat is form of energy which can be transmitted through solid and liquid media by conduction.Practice 2: Edit the following by reducing the relative clauses where possible1.Aluminum is a lightweight metal that is often used for high-tension power transmission.2.Heat is a form of energy which can be transmitted through solid and liquid media by conduction.3. A brake is a device that is capable of slowing the motion of a mechanism.4. A dome is generally a hemispherical roof which is on top of a circular, square, or other-shaped space.5.Snow is a form of precipitation which results from the sublimation of water vapor into solid crystals attemperatures below 0 degrees centigrade.6．An antigen is a substance which causesthe formation of antibodies, the body’snatural response to foreign substances.7. A piccolo is a small flute that is pitched an octave higher than a standard fulte.8. An oocyte is a cell which undergoes meiosis to produce an ovum or egg.9. A catalyst is a substance that can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without changing its own structure.10. A black hole is a celestial body which has approximately the same mass as the sun and a gravitational radius of about 3 km.Practice 3: Complete the following definitions by inserting an appropriate preposition1. A thermometer is an instrument ___ which temperature can be measured.2.Photosynthesis is process ___ which sunlight is used to manufacture carbohydrates from water and carbondioxide.3. A credit bureau is an organization ___ which businesses can apply for financial information on potentialcustomers.4.An anhydride is a compound __ which the elements of water have been removed.5.An eclipse is a celestial event ___ which one body, such as star, is covered by another, such as a planet.6.An axis is an imaginary line __ which a body is said to rotate.Practice 4: Put the sentences into a correct order.a.The term itself comes from the ancient Greek word palindromes meaning “running back again.”b.Another good and more recent example is “If I had a HiFi.”c.Some very common English words are palindromes, such as pop, dad, and noon.d. A palindrome is a word or phrase that results in the same sequence of letters no matter whether it is read from leftto right or from right to left.e.One of the classic long palindromes is “A man, a plan, a canal, Panama.”f.Long palindromes are very hard to construct, and some word puzzles spend immense amounts of time trying toproduce good example.Practice 5: Below you will find three pairs of sentences, each consisting of a definition and a generalization. Whenwould it be better to begin a text with the first sentence in each pair rather than the second?A: 1. Russian is the first language of about 150 million inhabitants of the former Soviet Union.2. Russian is a language belonging to the West Slavic subgroup of the Indo-European language family.B: 1. A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction.2. Catalyst technology has progressed quickly as researchers better understand the complex interactions of molecules.Practice 6: Label the four parts of this problem-solution text.International students often study English for many years before going to an English speaking country to pursue a graduate degree. Their study of English usually focuses on grammar and reading, with little attention paid to speaking, writing, and listening(Belcher 1994.) Despite their many years of English instruction, after arriving in an English speaking country, many international students understandably find that their interactive skills are weak. In particular, they often experience difficulty actually using their English, which can result in frustration and misunderstanding. Recent research has shown that one way to overcome this frustration is to arrange a language exchange with a native speaker of English who wants to learn a foreign language(Brennan 1991). In this arrangement, the two partners exchange their knowledge of their native languages, thus providing a comfortable learning environment. Language exchanges can be one of the best ways to enhance one’s language skills, because they are done on a one-to-one basis.Practice 7: Here is another passage with the same structure. Read it and answer the questions that follow.①Madagascar has one of the world’s oldest systems of natural reserves. ②This system, established during the early 1900s, was designed to protect lemurs and other animal species unique to the island. ③However, due to severe economic hardship, this island country lacks the funds to properly mange the reserve; as a result , many species risk extinction. ④One recent solution to this problem has been offered by the international community. ⑤If Madagascar begins to better protect its reserves, its foreign debt will be reduced. ⑥This incentive should lead to some level of improvement. (based on information from Scientific American, January 1993)1.For what type of audience was this written?2.What assumptions does the author make about the audience’s knowledge background?3.What is the author’s purpose?4.What does this problem in sentence 4 refer to?5.What does this incentive in sentence 6 refer to?6.What does the author think of the solution?7.If the writer had thought that the solution would not work, what might he have written for the last sentence? In such acase, would this last sentence be enough to complete the text? If not, what would need to be added?Practice 8: write your own problem-solution text. Suggested topics:Private carsHigh educationPopulation explosionEnvironmental pollutionOne related to your own field of studyPractice 9: choose a verb from the list that reduces the informality of each sentence.assist reduce create investigate raise establish increase determine fluctuate eliminate1.Expert Systems can help out the user in the diagnosis of problems.2.This program was set up to improve access to medical care.3.Research expenditures have gone up to nearly $350 million.4.The use of optical character readers(OCRs) should cut down the number of problems with the U.S. mail service.5.Researchers have found out that this drug has serious side effects.6.Building a nuclear power plant will not get rid of the energy problem completely.7.Researchers have been looking into this problem for 15 years now.8.This issue was brought up during the investigation.9.Engineers can come up with better designs using CAD.10.The emission levels have been going up and down.Practice 10: Which of the italicized words would be more suitable for an academic paper?1.The government has made good/considerable progress in solving environmental problems.2.We got/obtained encouraging results.3.The results of a lot of/ numerous different projects have been pretty good/encouraging.4. A loss of jobs is one of the things that will happen /consequences if the process is automated.Practice 11: Consider the following passages. Underline the parts in passage b that differ from passage a. Why does b have better “flow” than a?a: Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. Lasers play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue. The beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue –even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other treatments are not. The interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.b: Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. For example, (Lasers) they play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is edally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue – even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are also effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. However, the interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.Practice 12：Edit the following passage by adding semicolons or commas where necessary.Aluminum alloys are now more important in the automobile industry than ever before. The government is pressuring the industry to produce cars of high quality and with high fuel efficiency hence car makers are replacing traditional iron-based alloys with aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloy parts are typically one-third to one-half the weight of those made with steel as a result cars with all aluminum parts use approximately 50% less fuel than those with steel components. Although most aluminum alloys are soft they can have a higher tensile strength than steel. Adequate alloy and solution treatment can increase their tensile strength thus resulting in a vehicle with good impact capacity.。
大学化学课件5对流层大气化学反应及光化学烟雾英文-精编整理
（2） PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)
RC(O)O2 + NO2
RC(O)O2NO2
5. Control of photochemical smog pollution
On average, the concentration of free radical OH is 7*105／cm3 on the globe. Seven times ten to the power of five
5.2 Source of free radical HO2
Photolysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in atmosphere: HCHO＋hγ→ H＋ HCO H＋O2＋M→HO2 HCO+O2→HO2+CO CH3CHO＋hγ→ CH3＋ HCO CH3＋O2＋M→CH3O2 HCO+O2→HO2+CO
According to the characteristic of landform, converse temperature, radiation, and pollutants, photochemical smog pollution is removed.
The process to produce gases is called source of gases. It includes chemical process, biological activity, volcano, and fossil fuels combustion.
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0022-3727/09/122002+05$30.00
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© 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 (2009) 122002
demonstrate that even when neglecting plasma chemistry, gas heating and field emission effects, filamentation will still occur, which shows a direct dependence on the particle transport and the charging of the dielectric barriers.
The frequency at which these voltages are applied and the product of pressure with gap width (pd) greatly determines the discharge characteristics. When using a low pd product (<500 Torr mm) and a high frequency of applied voltage ( 100 kHz), a Townsend breakdown mechanism occurs leading to very regularly distributed filaments. Although filamentation occurs, still one current pulse each half period is observed. The mechanism has been studied in detail using twodimensional simulations by Brauer and coworkers [5]. They
When using a low pd product (<500 Torr mm) and a low frequency of applied voltage (<100 kHz), discharges are obtained with homogeneous distributions over the surface of the dielectric barriers. If a voltage is applied slightly above breakdown voltage, a discharge is obtained which produces regular current pulsations during each half period of applied voltage. Akishev and coworkers have demonstrated using experiments and one-dimensional simulations [7] that in this so-called multi-peak discharge the first current pulse corresponds to the gas breakdown and cathode sheath formation and that the following current pulses are the result of damped oscillations in the cathode sheath.
E-mail: tom.martens@ua.ac.be
Received 18 March 2009, in final form 11 May 2009 Published 22 May 2009 Online at /JPhysD/42/122002
Abstract The atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in helium is a pulsed discharge in nature. If during the electrical current pulse a glow discharge is reached, then this pulse will last only a few microseconds in operating periods of sinusoidal voltage with lengths of about 10 to 100 µs. In this paper we demonstrate that right before a glow discharge is reached, the discharge very closely resembles the commonly assumed Townsend discharge structure, but actually contains some significant differing features and hence should not be considered as a Townsend discharge. In order to clarify this, we present calculation results of high time and space resolution of the pulse formation. The results indicate that indeed a maximum of ionization is formed at the anode, but that the level of ionization remains high and that the electric field at that time is significantly disturbed. Our results also show where this intermediate structure comes from.
1 Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium 2 Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
The atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) can be operated in many different modes. The most common mode is the filamentary mode. Such discharge usually consists of many narrow discharge channels or filaments with diameters of about 200 µm, which can be distributed randomly in space or can perform self-organization in regular patterns with, for example, hexagon or square regularity [1]. Atmospheric DBDs can, however, also operate with a discharge homogeneously distributed over the electrode. In such a case the discharge can be in Townsend mode, glow mode or an intermediate mode [2–4]. The Townsend mode is characterized by a very low space charge in the gap, so that the electric field is hardly disturbed, while there is only weak radiation near the anode. The glow mode is characterized by a similar structure as the low pressure glow discharges, with as most visible features a positive column, a Faraday dark space and a cathode glow with a clear maximum of radiation.
IOP PUBLISHING J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 (2009) 122002 (CS D: APPLIED PHYSICS doi:10.1088/0022-3727/42/12/122002
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The dielectric barrier glow discharge is pulsed in nature, because the charged particles formed in the gas accumulate on the dielectrics, which causes the discharge to extinguish again [5]. As a result, there is periodical breakdown and extinction behaviour. This also allows the possibility of being able to use different types of applied voltage, such as sinusoidal, rectangular or even pulsed dc voltages [6].