《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1 Opening administration to the public 政府公共管理向社会开放P3 Para.1安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议,这主要得益于2001年12月16日正式生效并实施的邀请市民旁听政府一些行政管理方面会议的行政事务公开改革措施。
P3 Para.2每次市政管理会议都邀请10名市民参加。
受邀参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他人士。
旁听人员必须年满18岁，并且自愿出席旁听。
P3 Para.3旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度P3 Para.4在一些城市和国家试点项目的基础之上，广东省要求省内县或县级以上的政府在今年上半年实现政务公开。
P4 Para.5所有要求人们遵守的法律、规章以及行政决策，只要不涉及到党和中央政府的机密，都应该向公众公开，具体内容如下：具体内容如下：-经济社会发展策略，工作目标和它们的完成情况（成果）；-制定重大决策和政策的程序；-财政预算和执行情况；-特种基金的分配和使用以及重要物资（材料）的购买；-重大建设项目资金和它们的招投标；-政府投资的公共福利项目；-政府审批（审查批准）的工程及完成情况；-政府向公众承诺事项的完成情况；-有关公民、法人、组织权利和利益（权益）的法律实施；-大事故的处理情况；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的表彰，机构改革中员工的调动及公众关注的其他事项；-管理部门的职能和官员的职责；-工作内容、状态条件、流程和处理事务的时间安排表以及工作效果；-工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的申诉方法及案子的调查处理结果；P4 Para.6除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部体制结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，人力资源的管理，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
公共管理专业英语作文500字左右
公共管理专业英语作文500字左右英文回答：Public administration plays a pivotal role in the governance and delivery of essential services to citizens. It encompasses the principles, practices, and theories that guide the efficient and effective management of public organizations. By fostering collaboration, transparency, and accountability, public administration aims to enhance the quality of life for all.Public administrators, who are responsible for implementing public policies and managing public resources, face complex challenges in today's rapidly evolving world. Technological advancements, globalization, and societal demands have necessitated the adoption of innovative approaches to public service delivery. Publicadministration professionals must be adaptable, analytical, and possess strong communication and interpersonal skills to navigate these complexities.Education in public administration provides the foundation for individuals to excel in this demanding field. Degree programs typically cover topics such as public policy, budgeting, human resource management, and ethics. Through coursework, internships, and research projects, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of public administration. They develop theskills necessary to analyze public problems, design and implement effective solutions, and manage public organizations responsibly.中文回答：公共管理在政府治理和向公民提供基本服务中发挥着至关重要的作用。
公共管理专业英语第二单元课文翻译.
Lesson 2 The Managerial Approach to Public Administration公共管理涉及一系列复杂的关系和函数。
毫不奇怪，因此，作为一个学科或身体或理论，公共管理缺乏连贯性。
公共管理包含三个比较明显的方法生长出不同的角度对其功能。
有些人认为这是一个管理的努力，类似的做法在私人部门。
其他人，强调“公共性”的公共管理，强调其政治方面。
还有人指出，主权的重要性，宪法，并规定在公共管理，把它视为一个明显的法律问题。
每个这些办法往往强调不同的价值，程序和结构安排的公共行政活动，每一个意见，市民在一个非常不同的方式，和各采用不同的角度对如何发展知识。
进一步复杂的是，管理方法有2个亚群：传统（或传统）公共管理与当代改革故宫*。
记住，这些做法是嵌入在我们的政治文化。
它们反映了宪法权力分立和分配职能的不同分支。
管理方法与行政机构的利益，忠实执行或执行法律。
政治态度与立法决策问题。
法律方法侧重于政府的审判职能，致力于维护宪法权利和法治。
一旦我们已经提出的依据这三个广泛的办法，广泛的管理，我们将完成我们的定义的讨论。
我们可以把一个如何解释每个人提出的各种活动的当代公共管理。
公共行政的管理办法那些定义公共行政管理方面，以高效率的方法它往往以尽量减少之间的公共和私人管理的区别。
在他们看来，公共管理基本上是一样的大企业，应当是按照同样的管理原则和价值观。
这一观点根深蒂固的某些部分的美国社会，是经常发现在选修的政治领袖，往往对政治的影响行使公务员*这是不寻常的总统选举的候选人不强调所谓的能力，“管理”的联邦官僚机构并使其更有效和经济。
州长和市长候选人经常吹嘘他们的管理技能以及*。
今天，那些谁看公共行政管理分为2组。
传统主义者所取代正在改革者呼吁“重塑政府“发展”。
故宫是取代传统的方法在几个联邦机构，国家和地方政府。
它也很强，在其他一些国家，包括英国，澳大利亚，新西兰，和斯堪的纳维亚国家。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总
Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就,成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施,实行 obligation 义务,责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告,公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予,认可license 许可证 booth 货摊,小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度,条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留,保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构,官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制,约束 citizenry 平民,公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现,使成为 quasi-market 准市场to streamline 使简化,使有效率,使现代化 slacken off 放慢,放缓in conjunction with 与......结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理,公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断,判断 impetus 推动力,刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴,恢复 consolidation 联合,统一autonomy 自治,自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权,裁判权innovation 创新,革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议,争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限,天花板 performance 绩效,成就emergence 出现 statute 条例,法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门,民营部门 to generate 产生,造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽,失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值public sector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的,活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步 incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性,可获得性affordability 可承担,可负担性 stark 完全的,巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化,具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的,永恒的to exile 放逐,流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的,静态的heritage 遗产,继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理to forge 打造,锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的,一体化的 holistic 总体的,全部的 mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看,总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计,统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同,差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动,汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入,可支配收入to trigger 引发,引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入expenditure 支出,花费allowance 津贴,补助extra-budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices〔index的复数〕指标,指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的,控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的,富裕的 incomprehensive X围有限的 to shake off 摆脱,甩掉to illustrate 例示,说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗,斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素,有利因素 hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment〔FDI〕外商直接投资momentum 动力,势头 be attributed to 归因于,由于......引起的to lure 吸引,诱惑 conglomerates 联合企业Build-Operate-Transfer model 建设-经营-移交模式〔BOT模式〕securities 有价证券the Global Venture Investor Association 国际风险投资者协会transaction 交易,业务Lesson 11scar 创伤,伤痕 premise 前提,基础 to be embedded in 深植入......,嵌入maldistribution 分配不当 change agents 变革者 ecosystem 生态系统destiny 命运 rational 理性的,合理的 to infuse 注入,灌输integrity 正直,诚实 disguised 伪装的 dysfunctional 功能不良的,功能紊乱的paternalism 家长政治 social betterment 社会改良Lesson 12battered 憔悴的,消瘦的 hospice 收容所social production organization 社会生产组织community development corporations〔CDCs〕社区发展合作组织 empowerment 授权to rekindle 重新燃起,使复苏 to monitor 检测,监督appropriateness 适当,适合Lesson 13unprecedented 史无前例的 to trigger 引发,引起 demographic 人口统计学的fertility 人口出生率 gross domestic product〔GDP〕国民生产总值enhancing security 提高保障水平 household income 家庭收入impoverishing effect 贫困效应 vulnerability 弱点 economic shock 经济冲击human capital 人力资本 enrollment 入学 public sector 公共部门immunization 预防,免疫 sanitation 卫生,卫生设施 public health 公共健康Lesson 14personnel policy 人事政策 personnel manual 人事手册governing board 政府公告 verbal 口头上的 memo 备忘录 variation 差别,差距specificity 特征,特性 to surf 冲浪,浏览〔网页〕 sexual harassment 性骚扰 Court 美国最高法院 to codify 整理,系统化,编成法典overwhelming 至关重要的,势不可当的 timeframe 时间表,进度表periodic review of policies 对政策的定期评估Lesson 15HRD〔human resource development〕人力资源开发 professional 专业人员,行家alien 完全不同的,相异的 assignment 指派,分配,委任 talent 才干,才能consultant 顾问,咨询者 clue 线索 human resource 人力资源physical resource 物力资源 financial resource 财力资源liquid asset 流动资产 liabilities 债务,负债 debt 债务 to hire 雇用to relocate 重组,重新部署 intangible 无形的 to manifest 表明,证明performance improvement 业绩提高,业绩改进Lesson 16to diversify 使多样化public ownership 公有制productivity 生产力malpractice 玩忽职守 reorganization 重组 merger 合并 to lease 批租to contract 制定合同,签订契约 scale 规模,X围 shareholding 股权asset 资产,财产 limited liability company mainstay 支柱to propel 推进 personnel arrangement 人事安排 income distribution 收入分配to embody 实现,体现,使具体化 to be conducive to 对......有帮助,有助于ensure preservation 保值 appreciation 升值 joint-stock 合资clear-cut equity structure 清晰的资产结构 equity transfer 资产转移stagnant 呆滞的 ambiguous interests 模糊的利益 supervision 监督restraint 限制Lesson 17cultivated land 可耕地 coinciding approximately with 大致与......相同arable area 可用于耕作的地域 surplus labor 剩余劳动力 to thrive 繁荣发展vitality 生机,活力 to outstrip 超过,超越 prominent 突出的,显眼的to omit 忽视,忽略 off-payroll 额外收入,隐形收入 to impede 妨碍lay-off 下岗,失业 hukou 户口 to tighten 加强,加紧excessive 过度的,过分的 social security 社会保障Lesson 18pack of 一群,一批 severe acute respiratory syndrome 严重急性呼吸综合症sign 迹象,征兆 capital influx 资本流入 giant 巨头〔本课最后一个单词〕investment liberalization 投资自由化 preferential policies 优惠政策banking 银行业 insurance 保险 wholesale 批发 retail 零售apparatus 仪器,设备 hotspot 热点,焦点 tariff 关税transnational mergers and acquisitions〔TMA〕跨国兼并收购 to plummet 暴跌intermediary agencies 中介机构 to promulgate 公布,颁布solely foreign-funded 外商独资的 joint ventures 合资企业cooperative corporation 合作企业 transnational corporation 跨国公司market-oriented 以市场为导向的 to radiate 辐射,扩散 to cancel 取消Lesson 19transformation 转型,转变 well-off 小康的,富裕的 promise 承诺,许诺to quadruple 增长三倍,达到四倍量 proficient 成熟的,精通的industrialization 工业化 complementarity 互补 to marginalize 使处于边缘economic aggregate 经济总量 integration 一体化,整合 euro zone 欧元区sluggish 缓慢的,迟缓的 superiority 杰出,优越 elasticity 弹性structural adjustment 结构调整 per-capita GDP 人均国内生产总值economic entity 经济体 annual growth rate 年增长率Lesson 20to cluster 集聚,丛生,类聚 proximate 最近的 tannery 制革厂quantifiable 可以计量的 spillover 溢出 metropolitan area 都市区economies of scale 规模经济 spatial configuration 空间结构agglomeration economies 集聚经济Lesson 21measure 量度标准 consumption 消费 to disaggregate 分解 literature 文献gender 性别 imputation 归咎 well-being 康乐,福利 to pursue 追求,追赶WHO〔World Health Organization〕世界卫生组织Lesson 22linear 线的,线性的 lateral 旁边的,侧面的 dome 圆顶 node 交点,交叉点foci 〔focus的复数〕 epitome 梗概,摘要 to partake 分担,分享,参与junction 连接,接合Lesson 23to stimulate 刺激 inter alia 在其他因素中的 sustainable manner 可持续的方式exponentially 指数的 high fertility 高生育率 high mortality 高死亡率vector 遗传媒介 prenatal 出生前的,天生的 maternal 母亲的deficiency 缺陷,缺乏environmental 环境的degradation 恶化,退化indigenous 当地的,本土的domain 领域poverty alleviation 缓解贫困reduction of poverty 贫困程度的降低 quality of life 生活质量client 客户,委托人 lending operation 借贷操作 public policy 公共政策facet 方面Lesson 24indicator 指标 to hamper 妨碍,限制 shrinking 收缩的,减少的biodiversity 生物多样性timber 木材,木料mammal species 哺乳类动物terrestrial 陆地的 aquatic 水生的,水栖的 scarcity 匮乏,短缺millennium 一千年 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 anthropogenic 人类造成的hazard 冒险,危险 stock 贮备 emission 释放,散发。
《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译
1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
刚整理的专业英语课文翻译
第一单元Human bodyTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
《公共管理专业英语》Unit4 textB翻译
Recent Transformations Administration Theory：a revolution in public management？近代的变革管理理论：公共管理的改革Since the early１９８０s much work has been conducted in public administration theory and practice that claims to go beyond the conservative approach in the field．This “liberalization” of public administration is recognized today as the NPM trend．The self-identity problem of public administration was greatly aggravated by the launching of the idea of NPM．As noted by Kettl and Mitward，“public management is neithe r traditional public administration nor policy analysis since it borrows heavily from a variety of disciplines and methodological approaches．”Mainly drawing on the experience of the business／industrial／private sector，scholars have suggested taking a more demanding attitude to the dynamics，activity，and productivity of public organizations：however，“competing academic disciplines dueled to establish bridgeheads or，worse，virtually ignored each other as they developed parallel tracks on related problems”．Consequently，a cross-fertilization，which could have accelerated learning and improved performance of public systems，was delayed．自20世纪80年代初以来，很多工作都已经在公共行政理论和实践中开展，主张要超越公共行政领域的保守研究方法。
公共管理专业能为社会带来什么英语作文
公共管理专业能为社会带来什么英语作文English: Public administration is a crucial field that directly impacts society by ensuring the efficient and effective delivery of public services. Professionals in this field play a key role in decision-making, policy implementation, and resource allocation within government and nonprofit organizations. By studying public administration, individuals gain the necessary skills to address complex societal problems, promote transparency and accountability in governance, and enhance the overall quality of public services. This field also emphasizes ethical leadership, strategic planning, and organizational management, which are essential for creating positive social change and improving the well-being of citizens. Overall, public administration contributes to the betterment of society by fostering innovation, promoting social justice, and advancing the common good.中文翻译: 公共管理是一个至关重要的领域，直接影响着社会，确保公共服务的高效和有效交付。
公共管理专业英语作文500字左右
公共管理专业英语作文500字左右{z}Title: The Importance of Public Management in Modern Society Public management plays a crucial role in the functioning of modern society.It encompasses the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of public sector organizations to achieve their objectives effectively and efficiently.With the world becoming increasingly complex and interconnected, the importance of public management cannot be overstated.Firstly, public management ensures the delivery of essential services to ernments are responsible for providing services such as healthcare, education, transportation, and infrastructure.Effective public management ensures that these services are delivered in a timely and efficient manner, meeting the needs of the citizens.Secondly, public management promotes accountability and transparency in governance.Public sector organizations are expected to utilize public resources efficiently and effectively.Through effective public management, governments can ensure that public resources are allocated appropriately, and that there is accountability for their use.Thirdly, public management contributes to the development and implementation of public policies.Public policies are crucial for addressing societal issues and challenges.Public managers are responsible for developing, implementing, and evaluating these policiesto ensure their effectiveness.Furthermore, public management fosters collaboration and partnerships between the public and private sectors.Many complex issues cannot be addressed by the public sector alone, and require collaboration with private entities.Public managers facilitate these partnerships, ensuring that resources and expertise are pooled together to address societal challenges.In addition, public management supports the development and training of public sector employees.A skilled and motivated workforce is essential for the effective functioning of public sector organizations.Public managers are responsible for recruiting, training, and developing employees to ensure they have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their roles.Lastly, public management contributes to the improvement of society as a whole.By addressing societal issues and challenges, public managers help to create a better and more equitable society for all.In conclusion, public management is a vital function in modern society.It ensures the delivery of essential services, promotes accountability and transparency, contributes to public policy development, fosters collaboration, supports workforce development, and improves society as a whole.Therefore, investing in public management is crucial for the effective functioning of modern societies.。
公共管理专业的英语
公共管理专业的英语As a student majoring in Public Administration, I have found that the English language plays a crucial role in my studies and future career. The ability to effectively communicate in English is essential for understanding and analyzing global public policy issues, as well as for collaborating with international organizations and partners. Therefore, it is important for students in the field of public administration to have a strong command of the English language in order to excel in their academic and professional endeavors.One of the main reasons why English is important for public administration students is the global nature of the field. Public administration deals with the management of public policies and programs, which often haveinternational implications. As such, being able to communicate and understand the nuances of the English language is crucial for engaging with a diverse range of stakeholders, including government officials, non-governmental organizations, and international agencies. Moreover, many of the key texts and resources in public administration are written in English, making proficiencyin the language essential for accessing and comprehending important academic and professional literature.In addition to the practical reasons for mastering English, there are also broader cultural and socialbenefits to being proficient in the language. English is widely considered to be the global language of business, politics, and academia, and as such, proficiency in English can open up a wide range of opportunities for public administration students. Whether it is participating in international conferences, conducting research with global relevance, or pursuing career opportunities abroad, a strong command of English can greatly enhance a student's prospects in the field of public administration.Furthermore, the ability to communicate effectively in English is also important for building relationships and fostering collaboration with individuals and organizations from diverse cultural backgrounds. Public administration isinherently a field that requires working with people from different countries and cultures, and being able to communicate in a common language can help bridge cultural gaps and facilitate mutual understanding. This isparticularly important in the context of global challenges such as climate change, poverty alleviation, and public health, where international cooperation and coordinationare essential.Moreover, English proficiency is also important for public administration students in terms of personal and professional development. The process of learning a new language can help students develop critical thinking skills, improve their cognitive abilities, and enhance theiroverall academic performance. Additionally, being able to communicate in English can also boost a student'sconfidence and self-esteem, as it allows them to engagewith a wider audience and participate in global conversations about important public policy issues.In conclusion, the importance of English for students majoring in public administration cannot be overstated.From practical considerations such as accessing academic resources and engaging with international stakeholders, to broader cultural and personal benefits, proficiency in English is essential for success in the field of public administration. As a student in this field, I am committed to continuously improving my English language skills in order to maximize my academic and professional potential in the global arena of public policy and administration.。
公共管理专业英语 Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
Its jurisdiction encompasses public schools all across the country. In addition, it not only affects the education of the children, but also the lives of working parents. 它的管辖范围包括全国各地的公立学校。此 外，它不仅会影响孩子的教育，而且会影响 工作的父母的生活。 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 事物
Relying heavily on appraisals of efficiency and effectiveness, government agencies are incorporating systems of user-pay basis, userincreasing competition by allowing companies to bid for contracts, developing resultresult-oriented budgets, and offering incentives to public servants to improve work performance. 严重依赖效率和效益的评估，政府机构都纳 入到以用户支付为基础，通过使企业竞投合 约来增加竞争，发展结果为导向的预算，并 提供激励措施使公务员提供工作绩效的系统。
The lack of competition for governments, as opposed to the anti-monopoly laws faced by anticompanies, also affects how public projects are managed. 和企业所面临的反垄断法律相反，政府之间 缺乏竞争，也影响了公共项目的管理 the anti-monopoly laws：反垄断法律 antilaws：反垄断法律
专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 10 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids1.Chemistry of EstersEsters are neutral compounds derived from reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The esters of any individual carboxylic acid form a homologous series whose lower members are volatile liquids with pleasant, often fruit-like odours. As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids. They are immiscible with water and ethyl ethanoate is widely used as an organic solvent. They are polar compounds with boiling points well below those of carboxylic acids of corresponding relative molecular mass, since there is no intermolecular hydrogen bonding:CH3CO2CH2CH3CH3CH2CO2CH3CH3CH2CH2CO2H Ethyl ethanoate (M r=88) methyl propanoate (M r=88) butanoic acid (M r=88) b.p.=77℃ b.p.=80℃ b.p.=163℃Esters occur naturally. Those derived from certain long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and the alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol(glycerol)are important constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats. Ester polymers, called polyesters, are very important synthetic materials; an example is the synthetic polyester fibre Terylene.The following reactions are typical of esters.1.1HydrolysisThe hydrolysis of an ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol is the reverse of the esterification process and involves an equilibrium:RCOOR’+H2O RCOOH+R’OHThe composition lf the equilibrium mixture is the same, no matter whether one has started from an equimolar mixture of acid and alcohol, or ester and water. Like esterification, the rate of hydrolysis is very slow but hydrolysis is catalysed by acid or alkali. Alkali hydrolysis is usually the more effective method because the salt of the carboxylic acid, rather than the free acid, is obtained, so that the equilibrium position is pushed so much towards the products that reaction is virtually complete. The hydrolysis is normally effected by heating the aster with sodium hydroxide solution under reflux. As hydrolysis proceeds, the separate ester and aqueous layers gradually merge into one. If the alcohol is wanted is can be distilled out of the alkaline mixture; acidification of the residue with sulphuric acid will liberate the free carboxylic acid, which may then be distilled from the solution. The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is sometimes referred to as saponification because the reaction is used in soap-making.1.2 ReductionEsters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived. The other organic product is the alcohol corresponding to the alcohol component of the ester:RCOOR’→RCH2OH+R’OHe.g.CH3COOCH3→CH3CH2OH+CH3OHMethyl ethanoate ethanol methanol2.Chemistry of Acid ChloridesAcid chlorides are very reaction compounds and hence are not found in nature. Theyare conveniently prepared by the action of sulphur dichloride oxide ( thionyl chloride ) on a carboxylic acid, since the other product of the reaction are gases. The acid chlorides are generally volatile liquids and find applications, in many small-scale laboratory syntheses. The following reactions, in which the chlorine is replaced by other groups, are typical of acid chlorides.2.1 HydrolysisAcid chlorides are vigorously hydrolyzed on contact with water, heat and fumes of hydrogen chloride being evolved. The acid chlorides even fume on contact with moist air, and hence must always be protected from moisture during storage. For the same reason reactions involving acid chlorides must be carried out with water-free reagents, and if a solvent is used, it must also be dry. Care must always be exercised when handling them.RCOCL+H2O→RCOOH+HCLThe acid chlorides are named according to the corresponding carboxylic acid, the suffix-oic being replaced by –oyl; thus ethanoic acid forms the acid chloride, ethanoyl chloride.2.2 Reaction with alcoholsAcid chlorides react with alcohols, although slightly less vigorously than with water, to form eaters;RCOCl+R’OH→RCOOR’+HClThis is a particularly useful method of making esters because the reaction goes to completion, and hence high yields may be expected.2.3 Reaction with ammonia and amines \When an acid chloride is added to a cold, concentrated ammonia solution, a vigorous reaction takes place and an acid amide is formed:RCOCl+NH3→RCONH2+HClA similar reaction occurs with an amine and the reaction is often performed in a dry ether solvent to moderate its vigour. The product is an N-substituted amide, i.e. an amide in which hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by an alkly group:RCOCl+R’ NH2→RCONHR’+HClA secondary amine will also react in a similar fashion but a tertiary amine will not. The reaction of an acid chloride with an amine is used commercially in the manufacture of the very important range of semi-synthetic penicillins, first product by the Beecham Group in 1959. By varying the acid chloride, various groups can be introduced into the essential penicillin structure to produce new penicillin antibiotics with important pharmacological properties not possessed by natural penicillin.2.4 ReductionAcid chlorides can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or, more conveniently in the laboratory, by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. The reduction product is a primary alcoholRCOCl→RCH2OH2.5 Friedel- Crafts reactionAcid chloride enters into a substitution reaction with aromatic compounds to formketones. This reaction is known as the Friedel- Crafts reaction.。
专业英语课文翻译
They waste much potential output by engaging in barter transactions instead of using money.
他们浪费了大量的潜在产出从事易货交易而不是用金钱。
They are three traditional functions of money.
这些人想出新的方法、系统和运行全面的工作和稳定的方法来压低价格，所以每个人都可以便宜和方便的购买的产品。
To complement the strategy of profit through volume,the entrepreneur had to create a vertical system through which raw materials were sourced,production operations managed,and the product delivered to the ultimate consumer.
First-mover profits tantalized potential competitors, but first-mover advantages confronted those potential competitors with barriers to the industry‘s high returns.
Money is useful because it facilitates transactions.Just think how society would be if people had to barter for everything ---that is,to exchange goods for goods.
公共管理专业英语 李柱国编
公共管理专业英语李柱国编（中英文版）Title: Public Management Major English: Li Zhuguo EditionIn recent years, the study of public management has become increasingly important in the field of social sciences.As a vital part of this field, Public Management Major English, edited by Li Zhuguo, aims to provide students with the necessary skills to navigate the global landscape of public administration.近年来，公共管理研究在社会科学领域变得越来越重要。
作为这一领域的重要组成部分，《公共管理专业英语》李柱国编著，旨在为学生提供必要的技能，以应对公共行政的全球环境。
This book is designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills required to understand and analyze public management issues from an international perspective.It covers a wide range of topics, including public administration, public policy, and governance, all of which are essential for students pursuing a career in public service.本书旨在为学生提供理解和分析国际公共管理问题的必要知识和技能。
公共管理专业英语 mpa
公共管理专业英语 mpa公共管理专业英语（MPA）是一门致力于培养学生在公共部门管理和领导能力方面的专业课程。
下面我将从多个角度对MPA进行全面的回答。
首先，公共管理专业英语（MPA）是一门涵盖公共部门管理和领导的学科。
它旨在培养学生在政府、非营利组织和公共机构中担任管理职位的能力。
学生将学习如何制定和实施公共政策，管理公共资源，解决公共问题以及领导和管理公共部门的组织。
其次，MPA课程涵盖了广泛的学科领域。
学生将学习公共管理理论、公共政策分析、组织行为学、财务管理、人力资源管理、项目管理、政府与社会关系等课程。
这些课程旨在帮助学生获得全面的管理技能和知识，以应对公共部门中的挑战和问题。
此外，MPA课程注重实践和应用。
学生将参与案例分析、团队项目、实地考察等实践活动，以提高他们解决实际问题的能力。
此外，一些MPA课程还提供实习机会，让学生在真实的工作环境中应用所学知识和技能。
MPA课程还强调领导力和伦理道德。
学生将学习如何有效地领导和管理团队，如何做出道德和负责任的决策。
这些技能对于在公共部门中成功担任管理职位至关重要。
最后，MPA学位在职业发展方面具有广泛的应用。
毕业生可以在政府部门、非营利组织、国际组织、公共咨询公司等各种公共部门和相关领域中找到就业机会。
他们可以担任公共政策分析师、项目经理、政府顾问、公共部门经理等职位。
综上所述，公共管理专业英语（MPA）是一门培养学生在公共部门管理和领导能力方面的专业课程。
通过广泛的学科涵盖、实践和应用导向的教学以及强调领导力和伦理道德，MPA课程为学生提供了在公共部门中成功发展的基础。
公共管理专业 英语
The Role of English in Public Management: Bridging the Global DivideIn the fast-paced and interconnected world of today, the importance of English in the field of public management cannot be overstated. English, as a lingua franca, has become the common language of communication across borders, sectors, and professions. In public management, this global language plays a pivotal role in bridging the divide, facilitating the exchange of ideas, and enabling effective collaboration.Firstly, English acts as a bridge between different cultures and perspectives. In the public sector, where policies and decisions often have far-reaching impacts, the ability to communicate effectively with stakeholders from diverse backgrounds is crucial. English enables public managers to convey complex ideas and concepts, regardless of their native language, fostering a more inclusive and collaborative decision-making process.Moreover, English facilitates access to a vast repository of knowledge and research. The global nature of public management demands that practitioners stay abreastof trends, best practices, and innovations from around the world. By reading and writing in English, public managers can tap into this rich resource, enhancing their professional capabilities and informing their policies and strategies.Additionally, English is essential for public managers seeking to engage with international organizations and partners. In an era of globalization, cross-border cooperation and partnerships are becoming increasingly common. By communicating in English, public managers can build relationships, share experiences, and collaborate effectively with their peers from other countries, contributing to the global public good.Furthermore, English acts as a tool for professional development. Public management is a dynamic field that requires continuous learning and adaptation. English-language courses and training programs provide public managers with the opportunity to enhance their skills, expand their networks, and prepare themselves for leadership roles in the global arena.In conclusion, English is indispensable in public management. It acts as a bridge between cultures, facilitates access to knowledge, enables international collaboration, and drives professional development. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the role of English in public management will continue to grow, making it even more crucial for practitioners to master this global language.**公共管理专业英语的重要性：跨越全球鸿沟**在当今快节奏、高度互联的世界中，英语在公共管理专业中的重要性不言而喻。
专业英语课文翻译
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceutical test tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管fractionating column精(分)馏管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标level of significance显著性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积standard addition标准加入法standard deviation标准偏差standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物amine胺butyl 丁基aromatic ring芳环,苯环 branched-chain支链chain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiral center手性中心conformers构象copolymer共聚物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fatty acid脂肪酸functional group 官能团general formula 通式glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的hexyl 己基homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基ketone 酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formula分子式monomer单体octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）organic 有机的organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound不饱和化合物物理化学activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpy焓enthalpy of combustion燃烧焓enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy o f sublimation升华热enthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy熵first law热力学第一定律first order reaction一级反应free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation吉布斯生成能heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数potential energy势能quantum量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律specific heat比热spontaneous自发的standard enthalpy change标准焓变standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压state function状态函数thermal energy热能thermochemical equation热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eye wash眼药水first-aid kit急救箱gas line输气管safety shower紧急冲淋房water faucet水龙头flow chart流程图loose leaf活页单元操作分类：heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤vapor pressure蒸气压membrane separation薄膜分离空气污染：carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次污染物 stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发食品化学：amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group氨基empirical formula实验式,经验式fatty acid脂肪酸peptide bonds肽键polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroid hormone甾类激素table sugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenal gland肾上腺ionizing radiation致电离辐射food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯sodium chloride氯化钠sodium nitraten硝酸钠sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪genetic food转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) 全国爱国卫生运动委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drug administration (SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱Attenuated T otal Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy电子顺磁谱Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱High Performance Liquid Chromatography高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相反应类型：agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应packed bed reactor填充床反应器redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂acid base reaction酸碱反应additionreaction加成反应chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子combination reaction化合反应hybrid orbital 杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点到另一个点的流动和输送。
介绍公共管理专业的英语作文
介绍公共管理专业的英语作文Public Administration.Public administration is the study of how government works. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws on political science, economics, sociology, and other disciplines. Public administrators work in a variety of settings, including local, state, and federal government agencies, as well as non-profit organizations and international organizations.The goal of public administration is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government. Public administrators work to develop and implement policies that meet the needs of the public. They also work to ensure that government programs are operated efficiently and effectively.Public administration is a challenging and rewarding field. It offers opportunities to make a real difference inthe world. If you are interested in a career in public service, then Public Administration may be the right field for you.公共管理。
公共管理专业英语词汇
《公共管理专业英语》教学大纲李环编写公共事业管理专业课程教学大纲1824 目录前言 (1825)第一章State Formation and Social Policy in the United States (1826)本章生词 (1826)本章专业词汇 (1827)本章阅读需回答的问题 (1828)参考书目 (1828)第二章America’s First Social Security System: the Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veteran (1829)本章所要掌握英语词汇 (1829)本章所要掌握专业词汇 (1830)本章阅读所要回答的问题 (1830)本章参考数目 (1831)第三章“Brother Can You Spare a Job?” Work and Welfare in the United States (1832)本章所需掌握词汇 (1832)本章所需掌握专业词汇 (1833)本章阅读所需回答问题 (1834)本章参考数目 (1835)第四章 Targeting within Universalism: Politically viable policies to combat poverty in the United States (1836)本章词汇 (1836)本章专业词汇 (1837)本章需要回答的问题 (1838)本章参考书目 (1838)第五章Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States (1839)Questions to answer (1840)本章参考书目 (1841)公共管理专业英语前言课程性质：本课程是针对具有一定的公共管理专业知识，同时具备一定的英语水平（四级以上）的学生而开设的。
专业英语(上)课文翻译
1.一般工程钢（淬火和回火钢）经过简单正火处理后的碳素钢（碳含量0.25—0.60％，最大含Mn量1.0％），广泛应用于棒条、一般工程锻件、落垂锻件中。
对于给定的材料的最佳性质组合只体现在不超过一定尺寸的组件中，对于碳钢来说，这个尺寸很小（低限制的最大截面）。
这些碳素钢经过淬火和回火后可以获得优良的拉伸强度、屈服强度、延伸性和抗冲击性。
任何一种钢都有一个最小的冷却速度以产生有效硬化。
同样，热量被淬火介质吸收的速度也会受到最大截面的影响。
虽然有可能通过淬火来硬化特定钢材的小截面，但对于同一钢材的大截面，就不一定了。
这种质量效应和尺寸效应深深地影响着用于淬火和回火的钢的选择。
对于碳素钢来说，要达到满意的硬化效果，冷却速度必须很大，因此，能进行理想热处理的钢材，截面尺寸是有限制的。
而且，在金属中发生相变的参数是其均匀性质是不能赋予给超过一定厚度的工件，因为中心和截面表面之间出在不同的冷却速度。
更进一步说，具有高拉伸强度的普通钢，通常带有相对低的屈服点，并且延展性和韧性都低。
因此，普通碳素钢仅仅可能获得中等的拉伸强度水平与合理的延展性和韧度。
因此，想获得大尺寸和高的拉伸强度的要求，就需要用一种即使在低的淬火热吸收率下也能得到有效硬化的钢。
通过使用合金钢，这些难题便迎刃而解。
通过加入合金元素，如锰、镍、铬、钼、钒，降低了使钢有效硬化的最低冷却速度，这取决于添加元素的含量或元素的组合。
此外，组件的畸变和裂纹也减少了。
多种合金元素总和的应用比单一元素更为广泛。
这是由于有很多种元素同时存在的任一截面起的效果比起有等值的单一元素存在的截面起的效果要大。
此外，某些元素具有的缺点会抵消它们的优点，这就有必要限制它们在金属中的量。
我们也能发现，某些元素组合各自所具有的优点抵消各自的缺点，同时其他优点共同起作用。
铬的单一使用会使晶粒粗化，而镍在长时间加热时也能使含碳量高的钢产生碳化。
铬能够稳定碳化物的出现，而镍帮助晶粒优化。
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1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
邀请参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他。
他们要至少18岁，并且愿意参加会议。
Listeners can air their opinions through the government office i n a written form.旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度On the basis of pilot project carried out in some cities and cou ntries, Guangdong Province has asked its governments at or above coun try level to open their administrative affairs during the first half of this year.在部分城市和农村的基础上，今年的上半年，广东省已要求村及村以上的政府行政事务都要公开。
All affairs relating to laws and regulations and to administrati ve decisions that people must follow, as long as they do not involve secrets of the Party or the Central Government, should be open to the public, Contents are as follows:所有有关法律、规章和公民必须遵循的政府决定，只要不涉及政党和中央政府的机密，都要向公众公开。
具体内容如下：-Strategy of social and economic development, work targets and t heir accomplishments;经济社会发展战略，工作目标和它们的完成情况；-Process for making big decisions and policies;重大决策和政策的主动过程；-Financial budgets and implementation;财政预算和执行情况；-Distribution and use of special funds and purchase of important materials;专用基金的分配和重要物资的购买；-Major capital construction projects and their bidding;主要基本建设计划和它们的招投标；1-Items of public welfare invested by the government;政府投资的公共福利项目；-Projects examined and approved by the government and their acco mplishments;政府审批的项目及完成情况；-The accomplishments of work the government promised to do for t he public;政府向公众承事项的完成情况；-Law enforcement in relation to the interests and rights of citi zens, legal persons and organizations;有关公民、法人、组织权益的法律实施；-Handing of major incidents;重大事件的处理；-Selecting and appointing officials, employing public servants a nd appraising of model workers, transferring workers and staff member s in institutional reforms and other issues of public concern;官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的评价，员工调动的原则改革及公众关心的其他问题；-Administrative functions and the official duties;政府机构的职能和官员的职责；-Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well a s the result;工作内容、条件、流程和时间以及工作效果；-Working principles, commitment and the way to sue promise-breac hing activities, as well as investigation results of the cases.工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的起诉方法及调查结果；Apart from opening administrative affairs to society, various de partments of the Guangdong Provincial Government have been required t o open their internal system construction, work operations and manage ment, specifically the self-discipline of officials; income and expen diture of the department; management of the human resources, distribu tion of income to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment; and other issues.除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省已经要求各政府部门公开机关内部结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
Knowing government administration is one of people’s fundamenta l rights, and the opening of administrative information has become an indispensable part in the government’s administration. In the meant ime, opening government administration is also a main principle of th e WTO, listed on most of its documents. After China’s entry into the WTO, it was required to be better in this field. China’s transformat ion of government functions lags behind that of its economic growth.了解政府的行政行为是公民基本权力之一，政务公开是政府的应尽的职责。
公开行政信息是已经是政府管理中必不可少的部分。
同时，政务公开也是WTO的一项主要原则，被列在WTO的大部分文件中。
在中国加入WTO后，被要求在这方面做得更好。
中国的政府职能转变落后于它的经济增长。
A fresh move the opening of government administration still need s improvement. Experts appealed to the state to place great importanc e on the issue by setting up special department to handle related aff airs, and devising a law on opening government administrations.政务公开作为一项新举措仍需要改进。