2011年专业英语八级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2011年专业英语八级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITING
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)
SECTION A MINI-LECTUREDirections: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
听力原文：Classifications of Cultures Good morning everyone. Today we’ll look at culture, or rather, classifications of cultures. Usually when we deal with different people we deal with them as if we were all members of the same culture. However, it’s possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world. Regarding such important and basic ideas of time, personal space and this is the view of Edward Hall. And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large part of his life studying American Indians, their culture, their language, but he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture. He was interested in the relations between cultures, how cultures interact. What Hall believed is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuum, ranging from what he called “high-context” to “low-context”. Okay, what is a high-context culture?
A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message, or the action, or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance. (1)What this means is that in a high-context culture more attention is paid to what’s happening in and around the message than to the message itself. (2)Now, let me give you examples. First, in terms of personal space, generally speaking in a high context culture, because there’s greater dependency on group thinking, people lean toward heavier sensory involvement or closeness to people and they have less respect for privacy, for personal space. (3) If you go into that culture people might stand closer when they’re talking to you, they might touch more and if they’re jostled in a crowd they won’t feel violated. And also, people from a high-context culture pay attention to body language, (4)because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself, and part of the context is body language. Second, in terms of time, people in high-context cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time. Here “poly”means multiple and “chronic”means time. What this means is that they believe people, things, events, have their own time and there can’t be a standard system of time for everything. (5) What this leads them to believe is that you can’t
emphasize punctuality; things happen when they’re supposed to happen. So there’s a different attitude toward time. There’s no set standard of time. You can’t control time. Everything has its own sense of time. So it’s a culture that pays little attention to time, to clock time. Now, let’s move on to low-context culture. A low-context culture is just the opposite. A low-context culture is one in which the message, the event, or the action is of separate entity, having meaning unto itself, regardless of the surroundings or the context. (6)The message, the event, the action have meaning in itself. So what this means in a low-context culture is that people pay more attention to the event itself, rather than to the context which surrounds the event or the message. For example, in terms of personal space again, there’s more emphasis on individuality, so the concept of privacy is very, very important, whereas before as I said in high-context culture they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space. But, in a low-context culture, there’s a feeling that we each have our own personal space. If you get too close, if you don’t knock on doors before entering, that’s an invasion of privacy. People feel violated. There’s a respect and a desire for privacy. And, you will also see that people might pay less attention to body language, because, as I said, the message is, the message is everything. They’re not going to worry about all the details around it. What you say is the important thing, or what you do is the important thing.
(7)Another example of a low-context culture is people’s attitude towards time. In terms of time, I said before there was a “polychronic” sense of time in a high-context culture. What do you think there would be in a low-context culture? “Monochrome,”right. A monochrome sense of time, and by that we mean there is one time, and that concept means that people in a low-context culture believe that there’s one standard of time, and that should be for everything. (8)And so, I’m not willing to hear, “Oh, the traffic was heavy, that’s why I’m late,” or “Oh, 1 slept late. “ People in a low-context culture will be much more upset with lateness, because they feel that everyone should follow the same time. (9)There shouldn’t be all this flexibility with time, and they expect punctuality. And, they look at time as almost a commodity that they use expressions like, “use time,”“to waste time,”“to spend time,” or “time is money.” All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time is actually something you can hold on to. So, what this is all about is that, Hall stresses that, people need to be aware of these different assumptions or concepts about reality. And, he thinks that this has all kind of relevance no matter what you are doing. If you’re in business, negotiations, interpersonal relations, if you’re dealing with people from different cultures in any way, it’s going to affect every part of your life. In any multi-cultural situation, these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interaction. (10) Okay, today we’ve taken a brief look at Edward Hall’s view of culture, mainly his classification of high or low-context culture with some examples. Next week, we’ll look at some more examples of culture on the continuum between high-context and low-context cultures.
Classifications of Cultures According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures. I . High-context culture A.feature—context: more important than the message—meaning 【1】______ 【1】______i. e. more
attention paid to 【2】______than 【2】______to the message itself B. examples—personal space—preference for 【3】______ 【3】______—less respect for privacy/personal space—attention to 【4】______ 【4】______—concept of time —belief in 【5】______interpretations of time 【5】______—no concern for punctuality—no control over time II. Low-context cultureA. feature—message: separate form context—meaning 【6】______ 【6】______B. examples—personal space—desire/respect for individuality/privacy—less attention to body language—more concern for 【7】______ 【7】______—attitude toward time—concept of time: 【8】______ 【8】______—dislike of 【9】______ 【9】______—time seen as commodity III. Conclusionawareness of different cultural assumptions—relevance in work and life e.g. business, negotiation, etc.—【10】______in successful communication 【10】______
1．
正确答案：in(the)context／surroundings／environment。

解析：(1)推理题。

本讲座有关文化分类，第一类为高语境文化；第二类为低语境文化。

高语境文化的特征就在于信息的语境比信息本身更重要：A high—context culture is a culture in which the context of the message，or the action，or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance．因此答案必须包含语境这一概念，即：in(the)context／surroundin
2．
正确答案：surroundings／context。

解析：(2)细节题。

讲座中提到的第一类文化为高语境文化，在高语境文化中，信息本身并不重要，人们更多的关注集中在语境上：What this means is that in a high—context culture more attention is paid to what’s happening in and around the message than to the message itself．所以答案为surroundings／context或things around message。

3．
正确答案：physical／sensory closeness／sensory involvement／standing closer ／closer distance。

解析：(3)细节题。

根据讲座原文：First，in terms of personal space，generally speaking in a high context culture，because there’s greater dependency on group thinking，people lean toward heavier sensory involvement or closeness to people and they have less respect for privacy，f
4．
正确答案：body language。

解析：(4)细节题，属直接拷贝型。

根据原文And also，people from a high—context culture pay attention to body language即可得出答案为body language。

5．
正确答案：individual／personal／one’s own。

解析：(5)细节题。

讲座中提到高语境文化没有统一的时间标准，人们可以拥有自己特定的时间概念：What this means is that they believe people，things，events，have their own time and there can’t be a standard system of time for everything．所以答案为individual／personal／one’s own。

6．
正确答案：in(the)message(itself)／in(the)event(itself)／in(the)action(itself)。

解析：(6)推理题。

讲座中对低语境文化的定义为：A low—context culture is one in which the message，the event，or the action is of separate entity，having meaning onto itself，regardless of the surroundings or the context．可见与高语境文化相反，低语境文化注重的是信息本身，而不是包含信息的语境。

因此答案为in(the)message(itself)／i
7．
正确答案：words／action／event／message(itself)／what you say／what you do。

解析：(7)细节题。

根据讲座原文：And，you will also see that people might pay less attention to body language，because，as I said，the message is，the message is everything．They’re not going to worry about all the details around it．What you say is the important thing，or what you
8．
正确答案：uniform／standard／monochronic(sense)。

解析：(8)细节题。

讲座中提到低语境文化中人们对时间的态度是整齐划一的，只能有一个时间标准，这一点与高语境文化正好相反：What do you think there would be in a low—context culture?“Monochronic，”right．A monochronic sense of time，and by that we mean there is one time，and that concept means that people in a low—context c
9．
正确答案：lateness／unpunctuality／being late／being unpunctual。

解析：(9)细节题。

根据讲座原文：People in a low—context culture will be much more upset with lateness，because they feel that everyone should follow the same time．可直接得出答案lateness／unpunctuality／being late／being unpunctual。

10．
正确答案：significance／importance。

解析：(10)归总题。

讲座原文并未给出答案，需要根据讲座内容自行总结：If you’re in business，negotiations，interpersonal relations，if you’re dealing with people from different cultures in any way，it’s going to affect every part of your life．In any multi-cultural situation，these assumptions need
SECTION B INTERVIEWDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：W: Good morning, Dr. Harley, thank you very much for coming on our radio talk. We know that you are an applied linguist, specializing in second language acquisition. M: Right. W: So, today, we’ll look at this issue. Now, first, Dr. Harley, could you please tell us what is second language acquisition? M: Well, second language acquisition is, happens when a child or adult has already become competent at a language, and then, um, they attempt to learn another. W: Okay, most people think, including me, it is difficult to learn another language. What are the reasons? Why is it so? M: Well, there are a number of reasons for this. First, there have been research studies, they have shown that some aspects of language learning, especially syntax, are more difficult beyond a certain age, say after around twelve years of age. (1) W: So age plays an important role in language learning? M: Yes. But that’s not the only reason. W: Oh, is that so? M: Yes, for example: time and interest. Old children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language. Another is related to the similarities and differences between one’s mother tongue and a second language. We find that learners will experience difficulty when their mother tongue and the second language they are learning differ. In general, the more idiosyncratic a feature is in a particular language, relative to other languages, the more difficult it will be to acquire. W: Perhaps this is the key issue. Differences between languages cause language-learning problems. M: Well, this may be one of the issues here, but this cannot be the whole story, as not all differences between languages cause difficulty. Let me give you an example. W: Okay. M: Research has found that many errors by Czech speakers learning English were made on syntactic constructions in which the two languages do not differ. (2) W: Oh, really. The picture is more complicated than we’ve imagined.M: Definitely yes. Each language-learning situation is different, so reasons vary a lot from case to case. W: Now, Dr. Harley, since learning a second language is a difficult process, you know in one way or another, are there any methods so far, effective methods, to teach a second language. M: There again, no method is absolutely effective in all situations. Some may prove effective, others may not, I mean all depending on specific conditions. But generally speaking, there are a
number of methods that have been used to teach a second language. W: Could you mention a few? M: For instance, there is the traditional method. This method is based on translation from one language to another, and it emphasizes grammar teaching. (3) And then you have direct methods, which focus on conversational skills, and all teaching must be carried out in the second language. W: Oh, I see. Any other methods? M: Yes. For example, the audio-lingual method. This method emphasizes speaking and listening before reading and writing. W: How interesting. M: Then you have the immersion method. This method teaches learners exclusively through the medium of the second language.W: How?M: Well, it simply means that you cannot speak mother tongue. Everything must be done in the language you are learning. To me, the most natural method of learning a new language is what I call “submersion,” that is to go to that country and be surrounded exclusively by speakers of that language. W: Thank you very much Dr. Harvey, for introducing some of the language teaching methods. Now, let’s move on to something a bit theoretical. Since second language acquisition and teaching are a fascinating area for researchers, are there any theories to explain second language acquisition.M: Yes. Many theories and models have been put forward by researchers so far. Today, I’d like to mention the five hypotheses proposed by Steven Krashen. W: Okay.M: The five hypotheses form what he calls the “Monitor Model”of second language learning. W: What does it mean? M: Okay. The first hypothesis is the “Acquisition and Learning Distinction”hypothesis. According to Krashen, children acquire their first language largely unconsciously and automatically. But, adults could only learn a second language consciously and effort fully. And adults could indeed acquire the second language, at least in part. W: Right, then what’s his second hypothesis? M: His second hypothesis is the “Natural Order In Acquisition” hypothesis. Basically, he means that the order in which learners acquire syntactic rules is the same in both languages. W: Oh, that’s something really new to me. M: The third hypothesis is the “Monitor”hypothesis, which is central to his theory. Here again, we come across the distinction between acquisition and learning. According to this hypothesis, the acquisition processes create sentences in the second language, right? But learning enables the development of a monitoring process to check and edit this output. The monitor uses knowledge of the rules, that’s why, as I said just now, learning is a conscious process. W: This means in learning you use knowledge of the language to make sure what you say or write is correct. Is that so?
(4) M: Yes. His fourth hypothesis is the “Comprehensible Input” hypothesis. In order to move from one stage to the next, the learner must understand the meaning and the form of the input. This emphasizes the role of comprehension. And finally, the “Active Filter”hypothesis. This suggests attitude and emotional factors are also important in second language acquisition. W: I guess Krashen’s model has provided a useful framework for second language learning. M: Yes, it indeed has. And, it has also proved to be one of the most influential theoretical approaches to teaching a second language. W: Okay, Dr. Harley, thank you once again for talking to us about second language acquisition. M: Pleasure.
11．According to Dr. Harley, what makes language learning more difficult after a certain age?
A．Declining capacity to learn syntax.
B．Differences between two languages.
C．Lack of time available.
D．Absence of motivation.
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。

主要询问超过一定年纪学习外语变得困难的原因。

访谈中Harley博士首先提到句法学习能力随年龄增长而减弱：Well，there are a number of reasons for this．First，there have been research studies，they have shown that some aspects of language learning，especially syntax，are more difficult beyond a certain age，say
12．What does the example of Czech speakers show?
A．It’s natural for language learners to make errors.
B．Differences between languages cause difficulty.
C．Difficulty stems from either difference or similarity.
D．There exist differences between English and Czech.
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。

这道题的题眼是Czech，访谈中Harley博士列举捷克人学英语的例子证明不仅是两种语言的差异能够导致语言学习的困难，两种语言句式结构的相似性同样能导致错误：Research has found that many errors by Czech speakers learning English were made on syntactic constructions in which the two languages do not differ．因此答案为C。

13．Which of the following methods does NOT advocate speaking?
A．The direct method.
B．The audiolingual method.
C．The immersion method.
D．The traditional method.
正确答案：D
解析：推理题。

这道题考点不止一处，需要理解各种二语教学方法的特点，其中Harley博士提到传统教学法的时候指出这种教学法强调的是语法教学，语法教学并不直接锻炼口语能力：For instance，there is the traditional method．This method is based on translation from one language to another，and it emphasizes grammar teaching．因此答案为D。

14．Which hypothesis deals with the role of language knowledge in the learning process?
A．The acquisition and learning distinction hypothesis.
B．The comprehensible input hypothesis.
C．The monitor hypothesis.
D．The active filter hypothesis.
正确答案：C
解析：细节题。

Krashen提出的二语习得五大假设中的“监控”假设是其整个理论构架的基石，二语习得者需要运用语言知识来“监控”自己的语言输出：The third hypothesis is the“Monitor”hypothesis，which is central to his theory．Here again，we come across the distinction between acquisition and learning．According to this hypothesis，the a
15．Which of the following topics is NOT discussed during the interview?
A．Causes of language learning difficulties.
B．Pedagogical implementation of second language teaching.
C．Theoretical conceptualization of second language learning.
D．Differences between mother tongue and a second language.
正确答案：D
解析：总结题。

此题考察范围较广，要求总结整个访谈内容。

访谈一开始就提到了导致学习外语困难的原因，可以排除选项A；其后也谈到各个二语教学方法的特点，因此可以排除选项B；访谈最后列举了二语习得理论框架中尤为重要的五大假设，这样就可排除选项C；只有选项D并未展开论述，仅仅是提到语言之间的差异会导致语言学习障碍，所以正确答案为D。

SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文：The 95-year-old iconic American brand, Greyhound, is taking to the British road. First Group, Britain’s largest bus and train operator, and owner of the Greyhound coach brand in the US, (6) said the buses would start running from London-Victoria to Portsmouth and Southampton on September 14. Tickets will cost as little as a pound, with the average journey costing seven pounds. It plans to roll out more routes next year. The hourly bus service will take just under two hours nonstop and will offer free Wi-Fi, power sockets for each passenger, air conditioning, complimentary newspapers, and leather seats.
16．Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A．The coach starts from London every hour.
B．Passengers are offered a variety of services.
C．Greyhound is Britain’s largest bus and train operator.
D．Currently Greyhound routes in Britain are limited.
正确答案：C
解析：辨别题。

该篇新闻主要讲述了美国的灰狗巴士登陆英国。

新闻开篇提到：The 95-year-old iconic American brand，Greyhound，is taking to the British road．First Group，Britain’s largest bus and train operator，and owner of the Greyhound coach brand in the US…由此可见灰狗巴士是美国的品牌，其实也是美
国文化的一种象征，First Group才是英
听力原文：Greek firefighters plan to continue to work through the night to contain dozens of wildfires, including a massive blaze outside Athens,(7)authorities said. Greek Prime Minister, Kostas Karamanlis, called for calm on Saturday and said ground forces will continue their super-human efforts until dawn, when air operations and water drops will resume. Authorities reported 75 fires across the countries. The fires began late Friday, in Grammatiko, 40 kilometers (25 miles) northeast of the capital. Wind whipped a single blaze into three fires, which joined again Saturday. No injuries were reported. “Authorities mobilized units from the Navy, Air Force, and Marines to assist the firefighters in Grammatiko,”the state fire department said.
(8)”The fire is particularly complex given the weather, the large quantity of fuel, the terrain, and the proximity of residential areas,” a statement from the fire department said. The cause of the’original fire, which belched clouds of heavy dark smoke, was unknown, and officials were investigating. Forest and bush fires are common during Greece’s hot, dry summers. Six firefighting aircrafts were helping firefighters, according to the Athens news agency.
17．What does the news item say about the fires in Greece?
A．Fires only occurred near the Greek capital.
B．Fires near the capital were the biggest.
C．Fires near the capital caused casualties.
D．Fires near the capital were soon under control.
正确答案：B
解析：推理题。

新闻开篇导语提及Greek firefighters plan to continue to work through the night to contain dozens of wildfires，including a massive blaze outside Athens，由此可见首都雅典附近的火势最为迅猛，因此正确答案为B。

18．According to the news, what measure did authorities take to fight the fires?
A．Troops were brought in to help the firefighters.
B．Residents were asked to vacate their homes.
C．Air operations and water drops continued overnight.
D．Another six fire engines joined the firefighting operation.
正确答案：A
解析：细节题。

新闻中提到政府动用军队救火，包括海军与空军：“Authorities mobilized units from the Navy，Air Force，and Marines to assist the firefighters in Grammatiko，”the state fire department said．因此正确答案为A。

听力原文：The Mexican economy went of a cliff in the second three months of 2009, with the Gross Domestic Product dropping 10. 3% from the same period last year, according to government ‘figures. Analysts say the main cause of Mexico’s nosedive is that the nation’s economy is tied strongly to that of the United States, which is mired in the deepest economic downturn since the 1930s. Other factors
dragging the Mexican economy down include a tourism decline caused by the H1N1 flu outbreak, declining oil and tax revenues, and fewer Mexicans abroad sending money back home. (9) Oil revenues, long Mexico’s main source of money, have been hurt by lower global prices and declining production. Remittances from Mexicans working abroad, most of them in the United States, also have fallen victim to the economic downturn. Fewer jobs in the United States mean fewer opportunities for Mexicans to find work and send money home. (10) Remittances rank after oil in terms of revenue for the country. That revenue fell from $ 26 billion in 2007 to $ 25 billion in 2008, Mexico’s central bank said, and is expected to decrease even more this year. Tourism, Mexico’s third largest source of revenue, has declined steadily, since an outbreak of the H1N1 flu was first discovered in Mexico in April.
19．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the current decline in the Mexican economy?
A．Strong ties with the U. S. economy.
B．Fewer job opportunities in Mexico.
C．Decline in tourism.
D．Decline in tax revenues.
正确答案：B
解析：辨别题。

新闻中提到导致墨西哥经济衰退的原因：Analysts say the main cause of Mexico’s nosedive is that the nation’s economy is tied strongly to that of the United States，which is mired in the deepest economic downturn since the 1930s．Other factors dragging the Mexican economy do
20．Drop in remittances from abroad is mainly due to _____.
A．declining oil production
B．the outbreak of the H1N1 flu
C．the declining GDP in Mexico
D．the economic downturn in the U. S.
正确答案：D
解析：细节题，根据新闻中提供的细节信息：Remittances from Mexicans working abroad，most of them in the United States，also have fallen victim to the economic downturn．Fewer jobs in the United States mean fewer opportunities for Mexicans to find work and send money home．可知美国的经济衰退导致PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Whenever we could, Joan and I took refuge in the streets of Gibraltar. The Englishman’s home is his castle because he has not much choice. There is nowhere to
sit in the streets of England, not even, after twilight, in the public gardens. The climate, very often, does not even permit him to walk outside. Naturally, he stays indoors and creates a cocoon of comfort. That was the way we lived in Leeds. These southern people, on the other hand, look outwards. The Gibraltarian home is, typically, a small and crowded apartment up several flights of dark and dirty stairs. In it, one, two or even three old people share a few ill-lit rooms with the young family. Once he has eaten, changed his clothes, embraced his wife, kissed his children and his parents, there is nothing to keep the southern man at home. He hurries out, taking even his breakfast coffee at his local bar. He comes home late for his afternoon meal after an appetitive hour at his cafe. He sleeps for an hour, dresses, goes out again and stays out until late at night. His wife does not miss him, for she is out, too—at the market in the morning and in the afternoon sitting with other mothers, baby-minding in the sun. The usual Gibraltarian home has no sitting-room, living-room or lounge. The parlour of our working-class houses “would be an intolerable -waste of space. Easy-chairs, sofas and such-like furniture are unknown. There are no bookshelves, because there are no books. Talking and drinking, as well as eating, are done on hard chairs round the dining-table, between a sideboard decorated with the best glasses and an inevitable display cabinet full of family treasures, photographs and souvenirs. The elaborate chandelier over this table proclaims it as the hub of the household and of the family. ‘Hearth and home’ makes very little sense in Gibraltaf. One’s home is one’s town or village, and one’s hearth is the sunshine. Our northern towns are dormitories with cubicles, by comparison. When we congregate—in the churches it used to be, now in the cinema, say, impersonally, or at public meetings, formally—we are scarcely ever man to man. Only in our pubs can you find the truly gregarious and communal spirit surviving, and in England even the pubs are divided along class lines. Along this Mediterranean coast, home is only a refuge and a retreat. The people live together in the open air—in the street, market-place. Down here, there is a far stronger feeling of community than we had ever known. In crowded and circumscribed Gibraltar, with its complicated inter-marriages, its identity of interests, its surviving sense of siege, one can see and feel an integrated society. To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state, with Viceroy (总督), Premier, Parliament, Press and Pentagon, all in miniature, all within arm’s reach, is an intensive course in civics. In such an environment, nothing can be hidden, for better or for worse. One’s successes are seen and recognized; one’s failures are immediately exposed. Social consciousness is at its strongest, with the result that there is a constant and firm pressure towards good social behaviour, towards courtesy and kindness. Gibraltar, with all its faults, is the friendliest and most tolerant of places. Straight from the cynical anonymity of a big city, we luxuriated in its happy personalism. We look back on it, like all its exiled sons and daughters, with true affection.
21．Which of the following best explains the differences in ways of living between the English and the Gibraltarians?
A．The family structure.。