北师大版九年级英语上册初中知识点归纳总结,暑假预习必备!

Unit 1 Leaning to Learn
一、内容：
学会用英语简单描述个人学习英语的困难、方法和征询好的语言学习方法
二、重点和难点：
1. 情态动词may, might的用法
2. 连词if, unless, once的用法
3. 连词的用法
4. 情态动词表达建议
5. 重点词汇和词组
三. 具体内容：
（一）情态动词may, might的用法
May 可以表示没有把握的推测，意思是“可能”，但只能用于肯定句，might 表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may小。

May 还可以表允许或请求的意思，用might则语气更加委婉，客气。

May 主要用于第一人称，而且要比用can正式的多。

May I ask you a question?
Might I use your eraser for a while?
Yes, please.
Yes, you may.
No, you mustn’t.
No, you had better not.
No, you can’t.
（二）连词if, unless, once 的用法
e.g. If that is true, what should we do?
Give me a call once you arrive at the airport.
Once I finish my homework, I will call you.
I won’t remember new vocabulary unless I hear them.
从属连词：只能用来引导从句，不能引导词或词组。

这些从属连词包括：that,when, till, after, before, since, if, because, though, although, so…that, so that…, as soon as, once…等。

从属连词一般可以引导名词性从句和状语从句。

1. 引导名词性从句的从属连词：
（1）that
He said (that) he would come.
That she is still alive is true.
（2）if 是否
I wonder if he is at home.
（3）whether是否
I asked him whether he would come.
2. 引导状语从句的从属连词：
（1）连接时间状语从句的从属连词：
I have lived in this city since I was born.
He came to China after the war was over.
The war had been over before he came to China.
（2）连接地点状语从句的从属连词：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
（3）连接让步状语从句的从属连词：
Although/Though Japan is small,the population is big.
Even if it was snowing heavily,we went on running.
（4）连接原因状语从句的从属连词：
I do it because I like it.
Since you know all about it, tell me please.
As you are in poor health, you should not sit up late.
（5）连接目的状语从句的从属连词：
He works hard that/so that/ in order that he may pass the exam. （6）连接条件状语从句的从属连词：
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t goon a picnic.
He will come unless it rains.
Once he comes back, I will let him call you.
（7）连接结果状语从句的从属连词：
He is so kind that everyone likes him.
（三）1. 四个连词词组的使用：
（1）either …or …或者……或者……，不是……就是……
这里有两个书包。

你可以要红色的，也可以要黑色的。

Here are two bags. You can take either the red one or the black one. 你可以给我打电话，也可以明天找我面谈。

You can either call me or speak to me tomorrow.
不是他就是他哥哥认识去那儿的路。

Either he or his brother knows the way there
（2）both …and …既……也，两者都
汤姆和吉姆都喜欢下棋。

Both Tom and Jim like playing chess.
那个小男孩在艺术学校既学习音乐也学习舞蹈。

The little boy studies both music and dance at the art school.
她会唱歌也会跳舞。

She can both sing and dance.
（3）neither …nor …既不……也不……
他们的表演既没有娱乐性也没有教育性。

Their performance was neither entertaining nor educational.
他和他的父亲都不打算与警察对话。

Neither he nor his father is going to talk to the police.
我爸爸和哥哥都不帮忙。

Neither Dad nor my brother helps.
（4）not only …but also …不仅……而且……
那个三岁的小孩不仅会读书还会写字。

The three-year-old child can not only read but also write.
昨天李宏扫了地，还倒了垃圾。

Yesterday Li Hong not only swept the floor but also took out the trash.
不仅那些工人们而且他们的老板都错了。

Not only the workers but also their boss was wrong.
2. 并列连词的使用：
but, or, for, and, so
（1）and 表并列
She got up and fell down again.
（2）but 表转折
He is rich but unhappy.
（3）or 表选择
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
（4）for, so表因果
He is absent, for he is ill.
It’s too dark, so I couldn’t see anything.
（四）情态动词表达建议
You can listen to a recording of the lesson.
You shouldn’t study everything in one night.
In this country, you have to drive on the left.
I think it might rain later this afternoon.
You mustn’t eat or drink in class.
建议：
You should know more about yourself.
You can read and listen to English a lot to improve your English.
You should listen to the teacher carefully in class.
其他方法：
Why not…
Why don’t you…
How about …
What a bout …
Let’s…
（五）词组和词汇
1. have a hard time doing sth.=have difficulty in doing sth.
I have a hard time learning English.
2. make sb. adj.
It makes me crazy.
3. remember
I can’t remember the name of the film.
I don’t remember singing the contract.
4. forget
I am sorry. I’ve forgotten your name.
5. try to do
I tried to open the window but couldn’t.
6. a number of
A great number of people go traveling on holidays.
7. go over
Let’s go over our plan once more.
8. concentrate on sth.
He should concentrate on his studies.
9. communicate with sb.
My mother has never communicated with me.
10. rather than
When I’m going out in the evening, I use my bike rather than the car.
11. take charge
I take charge and lead the group.
12. think about
Before you talk, you need to think it about.
13. read through
Let’s read through the text.
14. look up
I have to look up the new words in the dictionaries.
15. be clear about
I’m not clear about the material.
16. find out
Can you find out why he hurt his leg.
17. at t he end of
Go straight on, you will see the post office at the end of the road.
18. receive praise from sb.
I need to receive praise from my teachers, so I have confidence in myself.
19. practice doing sth.
You need to practice speaking English a lot.
20. the +比较级， the+ 比较级
The harder you work, the better you learn.
21. get involved in 卷入，介入，涉及
去年这个国家卷入了战争。

The country got involved in the war last year
我卷入了一些莫名其妙的事情中。

I was involved in something I don’t understand.
22. be honest with sb/sth.
You should be honest with your learning.
Unit 2 Life in the Future
一. 内容：
会使用动词一般将来时描述预测将要发生的事件，未来的生活。

明白will,shall 和be going to 的区分。

能够正确使用动词不定式。

二. 本周重点：
1. 一般将来时
2 动词不定式的使用
3. 如何表达同意和反对别人的观点。

4. 重点内容、词汇和词组。

三. 具体内容：
（一）一般将来时
用法：
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

He will go to New York next year.
2. 表示将要反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。

We shall have two P.E. lessons per week this term. 结构：
1. shall/ will + 动词原形
shall 用于第一人称。

I shall go to Shanghai after graduation.
They will go to Shanghai after graduation.
基本句式：
肯定句：主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他
Our teacher will have a meeting tomorrow.
否定句：主语+shall/will not+动词原形+其他
They won’t go swimming this weekend.
疑问句：shall/will +主语+动词原形+其他？
Will Tom finish his homework on time?
Yes, he will. /No, he won’t.
2. be going to +动词原形
be 随主语的变化而变化。

It is going to rain.
We are going to swim this weekend.
基本句式：
肯定句：主语+be going to +动词原形+其他
I am going to buy a dictionary this afternoon.
否定句：主语+be not going to+动词原形+其他
We are not going to stay here long.
疑问句：Be + 主语+going to + 动词原形+其他
Is it going to rain tomorrow?
Yes, it is. /No, it isn’t.
3. will/shall 和be going to 的区分：
1）will 表示说话人认为，希望或假定要发生的事。

be going to 表示某事物有迹象要发生。

I am sure that the Olympics in Beijing will be very successful. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
2）will 表示意图时不指事先考虑的
be going to 指事先考虑的
Tomorrow we will have an exam, so I am going to review the lessons. 3）will 不能用于条件状语从句中，而be going to 可以。

If you are going to join the party, please do better.
4. there be
there be 句型常用来表示“某处存在某物”。

1）there be 句型的基本句式
肯定句：there be +主语+其他
There is an apple, a banana and some pears in the bag.
否定句：there be +not +主语+其他
There aren’t many people on the bus.
疑问句：be there +主语+其他
Are there any students on the playground?
Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.
2）there be 句型的时态
一般现在时：there +be （am, is, are）+主语+其他
There are eight students in the classroom.
一般过去时：there +was/were+ 主语+其他
There was a group of young people working on the farm yesterday. 一般将来时：there +will + be+主语+其他
There will be a strong wind tomorrow.
There will not be a strong wind tomorrow.
Will there be a strong wind tomorrow？
Yes, there will. /No, there won’t.
（二）动词不定式：
结构：to +动词原形
功能：动词不定式在句子中可以充当以下六种句子成份。

1. 作主语
To learn English well is very difficult.
不定式做主语，往往由it作形式主语，不定式移到句子的后面。

It is difficult to learn English well.
2. 作表语
The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers.
3. 作宾语
I hope to become a teacher after graduation.
跟不定式作宾语的常见动词有：agree, want,refuse, offer, promise, choose, decide, determine, fail, ask, hope, expect,wish, learn, afford,
intend, demand, manager, prepare begin, start, forget,remember, like ,love, try, need, …
另外feel, find,think, consider 等动词后接不定式做宾语，补语是形容词时，常用it做形式宾语，把不定式后移。

I find it difficult to learn English.
4. 作宾语补足语（补充说明宾语）
I wish him to win the game.
跟不定式做宾补的常见动词有：
advise, wish, prefer, order,teach, get, expect, like, want, ask, encourage, invite, require, tell, help,allow, force
还有一些词后面跟不带to的不定式做宾补：
see, hear, notice, feel, watch,make, let, have, listen to …
He saw them play on the playground.
5. 作定语
There are a lot of books to read.
不定式与其修饰的词之间一般都有动宾关系，如果不定式是个不及物动词，其后应有介词。

He is a nice person to work with.
There are a lot of books to read.
6. 作状语
1）表示目的
To pass the exam, I must do my best to study.
（四）重点内容、词汇和词组：
（1）However, somethings will stay the same. 但是，有些事情是不变的。

stay , 系动词，后面接形容词、名词。

e.g. Nothing stays the same for long. 什么都不会一成不变。

The lecture is on how to stay healthy.
讲座的话题是如何保持健康。

类似的动词：look, feel,taste, smell, seem, sound
e.g. They looked worried today. 他们今天看起来很着急。

The cakes taste good. 蛋糕尝起来很好吃。

She felt tired.她感觉累了。

Her face turned red when she heard it.
当她听到这时，她的脸变红了。

Her voice sounded quite sweet. 她的声音听起来很甜。

（2）not…any more=no more不再……（从次数角度……）
not…any longer=no longer 不再……（从时间角度……）
e.g. She didn’t cry any more. 她不再哭了。

They are no longer young. 他们不再年青了。

（3）check out 检查、核查
check up 核对、检验（第十三册）
（4）enough water/food/time/ money 足够的水、食物、时间、钱。

enough 修饰形容词、副词，后置。

e.g. big enough 足够大
good enough 足够好
well enough 足够好
strong enough 足够壮
old enough 足够老
（5）because of 跟名词或代词
because 跟从句（主语+谓语）
e.g. She didn’t go to school yesterday because of illness.
She didn’t go to school yesterday because she was ill.
（6）lead to 通向、引起、导致
Too much work and too little rest will lead to illness.
工作太多，休息太少会导致疾病。

I know a short-cut leading to the parking lot.
我知道一条通向停车场的近路。

词组
1. a popular type of writing 一种流行的文学体裁
2. think of 认为
3. want sb. to do sth. 想让某人做某事
want to do sth. 想做某事
4. decide to do 决定做某事[来源:学科网]
5. encourage sb. to do 鼓励某人做某事
6. such as …..例如
7. be interested in ….对……感兴趣
8. as a result …..结果；由于……结果as a result of
Eg: He was late for school this morning as a result of the snow. 由于下雪他今早上学迟到了。

He worked hard, and as a result,he got promoted quickly. 他工作努力，被提拔得很快。

9. come true 成为现实
Eg: He said that I would become a doctor and it has come true now. 他说我会成为医生，现在这预言成真了。

10. make sb. + rich 使某人……富有
make sb. do 使某人……做某事
Eg: What you are doing will only make things worse.
你现在所做的只会使情况更糟。

It’ll make me so happy if you accept it.
你要是接受了，我会十分高兴。

The boss made the workers work ten hours a day.
老板强迫工人一天工作十小时。

11. base on 基于……以……为基础
12. Englishman Englishwoman Frenchman
Englishmen Englishwomen Frenchmen
German Germans
Chinese Japanese Viennese
13. come / go 常用的动词，也常用来组成词组
come
（1）come from 来自（2）come in 进来
（3）come back 回来（4）come down 下来，降落
（5）come on 加油（6）come after 跟随
（7）come along 快点（8）come by 从旁边走过，经过
（9）come first 在前面，名列第一（10）come home 回家
（11）come into 进入（12）come over 过来，来访
（13）come across （偶然）碰到（14）come out 出来
（15）come to 达到，合计（16）come round 来访，到来
（17）come up 上来，走近（18）come and go 来来往往
（19）come at 攻击，袭击
go
（1）go about 走来走去（2）go abroad 出国，出门
（3）go after 追随，跟随（4）go against 反对，违背
（5）go ahead 前进，进展（6）go along 沿着，前进
（7）go around 四处走动（8）go back 回去
（9）go down 下去，下沉（10）go easy 仔细一点
（11）go for a picnic 去郊游（12）go for nothing 徒劳
（13）go forward 前进，进展（14）go from….to 从…变成
（15）go home 回家（16）go in 进入
（17）go into 走近，加入（18）go on 继续，
（19）go on with 继续，把…进行下去（20）go over 查看，复习，走过去
（21）go to bed 上床睡觉（22）go to school 上学
（23）go up to town 去城里，进城（24）go wrong 走错路
Unit 3 The Media
一. 内容：
使用形容词，副词的比较级和最高级句型描述、比较不同事物的特征。

形容词，副词的双重比较，使用形容词性和名词性物主代词描述事物的所属关系。

二. 重点：
1. 形容词，副词的比较级和最高级。

2. 形容词，副词的双重比较
3. 形容词性和名词性物主代词
4. 重点词汇和词组。

三. 具体内容：
（一）形容词，副词比较级和最高级的构成。

（二）比较级用法：
1. 同级比较时（a=b），用“as +形容词，副词原级+as”，表示……和……一样
This newspaper is as expensive as that one.
Today is as cold as yesterday.
They have as many things to do as we do.
2 . 如果a=b,用not as/so …as , 表示。

不及。

Your bag is not as/so big as his.
There is not as/so much rain this year as last year.
It is not as/so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.
3. 两个人或事物进行比较，a>b 或a<b,< span="">用形容词，副词的比较级+than，表示……比……更……</b,<>
The earth is bigger than the moon.
I think listening to songs is more exciting than reading.
There are more houses in this area than in that one.
4. 在形容词，副词的比较级前，可加某些程度副词或词组来修饰，如much,far,
a lot, a great deal, even, still, a little, a bit等。

I can believe your son is even taller than you.
He is much younger than I.
5. 双重比较
（1）比较级+and+比较级，表示越来越。

T he weather is getting warmer and warmer.
I believe our country will become stronger and stronger.
（2）the+比较级……，the +比较级……表示越……就越……
The more you read and listen to English, the fewer you make mistakes. The harder you work , the better you get.
6. 表示倍数，百分数和分数的比较级与程度副词一样，要把倍数，百分数和分数放到比较级前。

The road is one third longer than that one.
He is 6 years older than you.
（三）形容词，副词的最高级：
1. 三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较用最高级。

其结构是：the+最高级+范围
Peter is the cleverest boy in our class.
Which is the most interesting movie you have seen?
Who is the youngest of all the teachers in your school?
2. 形容词的最高级前表示‘第几’，用the+序数词+形容词的最高级+名词Mike was the second tallest basketball player in our school.
3. 形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不再加the
He showed me his best stamp collection.
（四）形容词,副词的双重比较：
1. the +比较级， the+比较级
The bigger the product is, the more expensive the ad is.
The more famous the person is,the more the ad has to pay.
2. 比较级+and+比较级
Our life is getting better and better.
In autumn the weather becomes colder and colder.
3. 句型互换
1）He is taller than she.
She isn’t as tall as he.
2）He is taller than any other boy in the class.
（五）系动词的用法：
主 + 系动词 + 表语
I am a teacher. (ill, tall, at school,…)
He feels tired when he wakes up.
The soup tastes delicious.
She looks beautiful.
感觉 look, seem,smell, taste, sound, feel
变化 turn, become,go, get, grow
保持 stay, keep
其它 fall
以上动词做系动词 + 形容词
（六）重点词汇：
1. You can move from one news site to other sites with similar information.
similar to sb./sth.
We have very similar interests.
Gold is similar in color to brass.
2. On average, I look at news websites twice as often as TV programs. On average, there are about 10 classes in Grade 1 every year.
3. However, some news channels are on TV all day and so, in this way, they are the same as Internet websites.
the same as 表示和……一样，相当于as…as
This book is the same as that one.
These pens are not the same as the others.
4. Websites sometimes have short videos but often these are too large to open.
She is too excited to speak.
You are too young to go to school.
5. at any time
This is a 24-hour fast food restaurant. You can go there at any time. You can call me at any time.
6. at certain times
The news is on TV only at certain times, so it is not as recent as the Internet news.
7. instead of
Could I have chicken instead of pork?
8. as 的用法
1）as 像……, 按照……, 像……一样的
Study as Lenin studied.
I have changed it as you suggest.
The work is not as easy as you think.
2）As time goes on,he can get on well with the new classmates. （随着时间的推移）
3）As he was not very well, I decided to go without him. （表示原因）4）He went by as if he didn’t see me. (好像)
5）He works as an assistant in the shop. (作为)
6）Young as he is,he is quite experienced. (尽管，虽然)
7）As I was coming here,I met Mr. Green. (表示时间)
9. similar
As far as construction is concerned, the computer is similar to the human brain.
This book is similar to that one.
10. comment
He commented on current events.
Has anyone commented on the picture？
Tell me your comment.
11. disadvantage
be at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
take one at a disadvantage 突然打击某人
to one’s disadvantage 对某人不利
His illiteracy is a great disadvantage to him.
12. influence
My advice has no influence on him.
Don’t be influenced by bad habit.
13. hit
Jack got three hits in the baseball game.(击中)
The play is a great hit.（成功）
Tom kicked the ball and hit father’s shoe.(碰撞)
14. persuade
I found it impossible to persuade him.
I don’t like music. She persuaded me to go to see the concert.
15. the same as
Aunt Lucy got the same present as her husband on Christmas. Their answers are the same as ours.
Unit 4 Inventions and Inventors
一. 内容：
学会用动词的被动语态描述物体的使用方法，构成成份和功能作用。

学会使用被动语态描述事物的使用，构成和功能；学会用情态动词表达怀疑，确定和可能。

二. 重点：
1. 被动语态
2. 动词一般现在时被动语态。

3. 动词一般过去时被动语态。

4. 动词一般将来时被动语态。

5. 情态动词的被动语态
6. 情态动词表达怀疑、确定和可能。

7. 重点词汇
三. 具体内容：
（一）被动语态：
1. 一般现在时被动语态基本结构：
主语＋am/is/are＋过去分词
The food is placed in the oven.
They are turned into heat.
2. 一般过去时被动语态基本结构：
主语＋was/were＋过去分词
Ma gic Squares were invented in China.
Paper making was introduced into Japan in 610. 3. 情态动词被动语态基本结构：
主语＋can/should/must＋be＋过去分词
School uniform must be worn at all times.
4. 一般将来时被动语态基本结构：
主语＋will＋be＋过去分词
It can’t be a radio because it’s too big to be a radio.
The report will ______ （finish）in two days’time.
Milk should _______ （keep）in the fridge.
White clothes and colored clothes should not _______（wash）together. School uniforms needn’t ______（wear）at all times.
（二）被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动词的承受者，也就是动作的对象。

一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。

被动语态的用法：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者时，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，
e.g. Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
A new bridge will be built here next year.
2）当我们关心动作的承受者但也关心动作的执行者时，用by加动作的执行者。

e.g. The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
英语动词的被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。

时态举例：
1. 一般现在时：
Football is played all over the world.
English is spoken in Britain, the US and some other countries. Roger, you are wanted on the phone.
2. 一般过去时：
The Great Hall of the People was built in 1959.
His leg was broken in an accident.
The International was written in 1871 by Eugene Potter, the French worker-poet.
3. 一般将来时:
More schools will be built in my hometown.
He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
4. 情态动词的被动语态
The meat should be kept in a fridge.
Rice can be boiled or steamed.
This material must be handled carefully.
（三）情态动词：
当不是很确定时，用might或may. （might比may更不确定）
Who knows what will happen. You may even have married by then. It might be a tool for cutting things. I don’t know.
当确定某件事是唯一的可能时，用must.
It must be some sort of toy.
当确信不可能发生时，用cannot.
It cannot be a radio because it’s too big to be a radio.
Ex. Complete the sentences with might be / may be, cannot be, or must be.
1. This exam _________ too difficult for the students. I don’t think they can finish it.
2. It _________ a book for children. There are many cartoons in it.
3. It _________ true. I think you made a mistake.
4. Mr. Smith ________________ in London, Paris, or Tokyo. No one knows for sure.
5. That _________ John. He is in New York now.
6. Did you hear the doorbell? It_______ Nicholas. I am expecting him.
（四）重点词汇：
1. switch on
Switch the light on, please.
The oven is programmed for the correct time and then switched on.
2. absorb
Water is absorbed into the soil.
He was so absorbed by the book that he failed to hear the doorbell.
3. copy
This picture is a copy from XuBeihong.
Copy the following words into your exercise books.
4. make one’s appearance
She made her first stage appearance at the age of 16.
He has made a number of appearances on television.
5. turn into
The microwaves are absorbed by the food and they are turned into heat.
6. no matter
常与what, who, when,which, whose, how 连用
No matter when he comes again, he will be welcomed.
No matter who knocks, don’t open the door.
No matter what problem you have,turn to me.
No matter whose bag it is, it will be kept here until the owner returns.
7. be made of/from
This bottle is made of glass.
The bag is made of cloth.
Butter is from milk.
Paper is mad e from trees.
8. be used for/by
A saw is used for cutting wood.
A microwave oven is used for heating food.
Chalk is used by teachers.
This notebook was used by my mother.
9. In many big cities in the world, the overuse of cars is thought to be one of the major causes of air pollution.
over＋名词/形容词，表示“过多，过于”
The over-load truck caused a serious road accident.
She always works overtime, so she has to leave her baby cared for by her mother.
be thought to be 被认为，被看作
She is thought to be the top student in our class.
Jane is thought to be busy preparing for the exam.
10. However we are also warned not to ask for pretty colors, because the car will come in gray only.
warn
No one warned him of the danger.
I warned her not to get close to the dog but she wouldn’t hear of it.
11. Other experts are sure that the future will be happy.
be sure that…
I am sure that smoking will hurt you.
Are you sure that John will come this afternoon?
12. If gas is in short supply,the super car will run on water.
be in short …
The cheaper it is, the better.I’m short of money.
on 靠
He finds it difficult to live on his salary .
They live mostly on vegetables from their garden.
13. As a rule, soft fruits like strawberries, etc, are difficult to freeze. as a rule 一般来说，通常是
As a rule, she goe s out early every evening looking for work.
As a rule, we get home at 6.
14. You should be careful the first time you wash your shirt because the blue color might come out and mark the white part.
come out 开花，出版，退色，计算出来
This magazine comes out monthly.
Some flowers have begun to come out.
I washed the shirt twice but the ink still hasn’t come out.
15. observe 观察
I observed a letter on the table.
Did you observe anything strange in that boy’s behavior?
Unit 5 English and English-speaking Countries
一. 内容：
学会表达惊讶、烦躁、震惊等情感态度；学会使用反意疑问句。

学习定语从句、不定代词。

二、本周重点：
1、感叹句的构成和使用
2、反意疑问句的构成和使用
3、定语从句的构成。

4、不定代词的用法。

5、重点词汇
三、具体内容：
（一）感叹句的构成和使用：感叹句表示说话时的惊异,喜悦,气愤等情绪.这些句子常由what和how引起,what用来修饰一个名词,how用来修饰形容词,副词或动词.
What +名词（或形容词+名词）+陈述句（主语+谓语）！
How+形容词或副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）！
1. What + a/an +adj. + n. (single) + S. + Predicate !
What a lovely boy he is!
What an easy question it is!
2. What + adj. + n. (pl.)/ n.(U.) + S + Predicate !
What good ideas you have!
What bad weather it was yesterday!
3. How + adj. + a/ an + n.(single) + S + Predicate !
How difficult a problem it is!
How big an egg it is!
4. How + adj./ adv. + S +Predicate!
How beautiful the city is!
How hard they work!
这两种感叹句在口语中常用简略式。

How cold!
What heavy traffic!
比较感叹句和特殊疑问句：
How busy you are!
How busy are you?
（二）Tag Questions—反意疑问句
1、反意疑问句的意义及其构成
反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。

其结构为：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。

需要注意：
（1）要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问，前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。

（2）前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定。

2、反意疑问句的运用
（1）当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。

Your brother has gone to the library, hasn’t he?
（2）当陈述句的主语是指示代词this,that时，反意疑问句的主语用it代替；指示代词是these,those时，反意疑问句的主语用they代替。

That isn’t a useful book, is it?
These are important reading materials, aren’t they?
Let’s go, shall we?
Let us go, will you?
Pass me the sugar, will you?
3、反意疑问句的回答
对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。

要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。

这种省略回答的yes 要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。

He likes playing football,doesn’t he?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
（三）定语从句
1. 在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句。

被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。

引导定语从句的是关系代词that,which, who, (whom ,whose)和关系副词when,where, why。

关系代词和关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的一个成分。

定语从句的基本结构：先行词＋关系词＋定语从句。

关系代词作用先行词例句
This is the man who helped me.who 代表人，可做主语或宾语。

The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. whom 代表人，做宾语。

Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yun? whose 表示……的，作定语，既可以指人，也可以指物。

The building which stands near the river is our school.
This is the book which you want.
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.
That is the dictionary which you are looking for.
which 代表物，在句中可做主语，宾语和介词宾语。

注：which作宾语时，介词可以放在which之前，也可以放在从句原来的位置上；在固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。

All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
This is the best hotel that I know. that 既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中做主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能直接放在介词后面做介词宾语。

2. 限定性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰、限制说明的，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。

e.g. I have a brother who is a student.
非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明。

没有从句不影响主句意思的完整，一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。

引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom, whose, which等。

这些关系代词都不能省略，通常不用关系代
词that。

e.g. I have a brother, who is a student.
I have lost a pen, which I like very much.
3. 在下面几种情况中必须用that引导定语从句
先行词是不定代词
I need something that can help me finish the work.
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
She is the cleverest girl that I have ever known.
先行词被all, few, every,any, little, no, some等修饰
I have read all the books that you gave me.
There was no one that I could ask for help.
（四）不定代词
1. one…the other = 一个…另一个
some…others =一些…另一些
another =另一个（同一类）
other = the remaining ones
none = not one ,not any (人或物)
neither = not one and not the other
both = the two together
any = one , no matter which
all = every thing or every person
every = all possible
each = one or two or more persons or things considered separately no one = nobody, n o person (人)
2. something, somebody, someone 用于肯定句
Somebody/ Someone rang you up just now.
Something is wrong with my watch.
用在表示“请求，建议”或希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句
Would you like something to drink?。