长难句分析 句子的合并

高中英语阅读与写作训练讲义
第一讲阅读能力训练：长难句分析
写作指导：句子的合并
一、并列句
并列句：用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句。

常用的连接词如下：and, but, either…or, however, not only…but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither…nor.
并列句的构成：简单句+ 连接词+ 简单句。

He studied hard and he passed the examination.
他学习努力并通过了考试。

Let’s hurry, or we’ll be late. 咱们赶紧点，要不就迟到啦。

I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.
我去过北京多次，但我父母亲从没去过。

二、复合句
复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。

其中一个句子是主体，叫做主句，而其他的句子叫做从句。

从句有三种：定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句，其中名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；而状语从句就有时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、方式和比较状语从句。

请分析下列句子属于什么从句：
1.I don’t know the person who is sitting there.
2.What he said are not the truth.
3.He thought that you were not the suitable person for the job.
4.The reason is that you are not an honest person.
5.The idea that we are going to have a picnic next weekend is great.
6.If it rains tomorrow, we’ll put off the sports meeting till next month.
7.When I was six years old, I went to Beijing with my parents.
8.I was late for class this morning because I didn’t get up on time.
9.You’d better hurry up so that you won’t be late for class.
10.Although she is very young, she can’t also be selected as a manager in the company.
三、长难句的分类
1.带有较多成分的简单句（留意非谓语在句子中的作用）。

如：
(1)Having been sent to destination, the man sitting besides me began to smoke, feeling extremely bored.
(2)He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
2.含有多个简单句的并列句。

如：
In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy.
3.含有多个从句的复合句。

如
(1)I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our
nonrenewable (不能再生的) resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives.
(2)However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that
many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
4.含有多个插入成分的句子。

如：
(1)Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or
children, and a job outside the home as well.
(2)We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.
5.并列复合句。

如：
(1)I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I
liked it or not, change was unavoidable.
(2)But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowed, that we failed to respond with
love when it was tendered.
6.有省略、倒装和分隔等现象
(1)Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscraper.
(2)If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes.
四、强化练习
（一）分析下列句子（学生小组讨论部分题目，剩余部分为课后作业）
1.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.
(NMET2003.E篇)
2.Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by
native speakers. (NMET2003.D篇)
3.It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves. (NMET2003.D篇)
4.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet,
whether it be a cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003.C篇)
5.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic
ended and science began. (NMET2003.C篇)
6.But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.
(NMET2003.E篇)
7.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in
1773. (NMET2002.D篇)
8.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book. (NMET2002.C篇)
9.Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the
earth’s space. (NMET2002.A篇)
10.Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual
to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. (NMET2001.E篇)
11.In general, women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships are
marked by shared activities. (NMET2001.E篇)
12.Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.
(NMET2001.D篇)
（二）篇章练习（做题时留意文章中的长难句，并尝试翻译划线部分的句子）
The Discovery of Penicillin
When the Great War of 1 914---1 91 8 came, Fleming became an army doctor and carried on his work in France.
When a soldier is wounded in battle, it usually happens that a piece of his dirty clothing is carried deep into the wound by the bullet. The wound becomes bad or "septic"（受感染的)，and disease spreads through the body. Sometimes an arm or leg has to be cut off, or the man dies---not of the wound but from the poison in his body. This happened in thousands of cases in the Great War. Fleming knew already that disease of this kind was caused by microbes which increased very quickly. It might be possible to kill them by washing the wound in an acid, called an antiseptic; this was always done as soon as possible, but the soldiers still died in great numbers.
In our blood there are red and white cells, which can only be seen under a microscope. The white cells protect us against the microbes which cause disease; if the white cells are defeated, a person becomes very ill or may die. Unfortunately, the antiseptics which killed the microbes often killed the white cells too, and this prevented the wounded soldier from getting better.
After the war, Fleming went on working for years, trying to find an antiseptic which would stop microbes from growing, but which would not harm the blood-cells, so that the body could carry on its own fight against disease.
One day he stopped to examine the glass dishes on which he had grown some microbes in a special liquid. Usually these little dishes were covered by glass lids. In one .dish he was surprised to notice a greenish mould (霉), rather like the fungus that collects on mouldy food. That meant that a tiny spore (or seed), too small to see, must have floated .on to the dish when the lid was off; a day or two earlier.
Most people, even scientists, would have thought the dish was spoiled and washed it clean, but Fleming took a closer look and then made a careful examination. He saw that a strange thing had happened. Where the greenish mould was growing, the disease microbes had disappeared.
He began to work slowly, steadily, to find out the secrets of the mysterious mould. There were failures, but presently he grew enough of the mould to make from it a clear liquid. Tests showed that it could kill microbes, or stop them growing, in both animals and human beings, without harming their white blood-cells. He called the liquid penicillin.
( ) 1. Penicillin was discovered ________
A. before the Great War
B. during the Great War
C. at the end of the Great War
D. some years after the Great War
( ) 2. In France, during the Great War, Fleming saw that ________
A. antiseptics often failed to save wounded soldiers’ lives.
B. there are red and white cells in our blood.
C. bad or-"septic" wounds kill microbes.
D. penicillin would kill microbes.
( ) 3. The word "them" in "it might be possible to kill them" refers to ________
A. soldiers
B. diseases
C. microbes
D. thousands of cases
( ) 4. White cells can ________.
A. kill microbes
B. be seen by eyes
C. be easily defeated
D. be killed by antiseptics
( ) 5. Which of these statements is true according to the passage?
A. Penicillin is a kind of food.
B. It took a long time to discover penicillin because it couldn't be seen.
C. Fleming saw that the greenish mould had killed the disease microbes.
D. Antiseptics sometimes did as much harm as good to soldiers wounded in the Great War
Part 3: Writing 合并句子的方法（一）
要想写出的文章吸引人，就必须按《课程标准》的要求，尝试使用复杂句型。

高考作文评分标准对句子的多样性提也了要求，好作文要有适当的复杂句。

复杂句由并列句、复合句以及固定句型等不同句子种类构成。

掌握合并句子的技巧既可以迎合高考的要求，又能使英语表达句式优美，语言丰富多彩。

1.合并为并列句
John finished his exam.
Mary corrected it. (承接关系)
John finished his exam and Mary corrected it.
The visitor came to the door.
It was too late for him to get in. (转折关系)
The visitor came to the door but/；yet it was too late for him to get in.
在处理并列句时，要注意使用并列连词、副词及标点符号的不同。

一般说来，用并列连词（如：and, so, but, or等），可用也可不用逗号。

而副词（如：however, therefore, then等）要与分号连用连接上下两句。

如上句用however表示则为：
The visitor came to the door; however, it was too late for him to get in.
2.合并为含有定语从句的复合句
The class officers will meet in the room.
They met in the room last week.
上两句均用了名词room, 指的是同一个地方，可用where引导的限定性定语从句来合并。

The class officers will meet in the room where they met last week.
3.合并为含有同位语（从句）的复合句
He made a promise.
He would buy me a gift for my birthday.
第二句的内容是对前句promise的解析说明。

可用同位语从句来连接。

He made a promise that he would buy me a gift for my birthday.
又如：
Mr. Smith came to this company only two years ago.
Mr. Smith is the new manager.
第二句的内容是对前句身份的说明，可用同位语或定语从句来合并。

Mr. Smith, the new manager, came to this company only two years ago.
Mr. Smith, who is the new manager, came to this company only two years ago.
【练习】将下列各组简单句合并成为较为复杂的句子：
1.Six inches of snow fell last night.
Mary and I will have to clear the walkway this morning.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
2.The passenger hurried into the station.
He found the train had left.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
3.He expressed the hope.
He would like to visit China again the next year.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
4.Henry told a joke.
Henry is usually very serious.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
5.Rome is where Vatican(梵蒂冈) is located.
Rome is the capital of Italy.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Part 4: Practice on your own
I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the county. But how realistic is the dream?
Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population lives in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of fiats. Children become aggressive and nervous - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor i n tower blocks don’t even say hello to each other.
Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to goon an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.
What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn’t come to an end at half-past nine at night.
What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.
( ) 1. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author___.
A. used to live in the country
B. used to work in the city
C. works in the city
D. lives in the country
( ) 2. Which aspect that may cause city people unhappy is not mentioned in the passage?
A. lack of communication
B. housing conditions
C. a sense of isolation
D. heavy traffic
( ) 3. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT______
A. a ticket for a show
B. fresh fruits
C. clothes
D. fresh vegetables
( ) 4. From the “cat” mentioned in the last paragraph, we know that ______.
A. writer’s cat keens ont the fresh air and exercise in the long grass.
B. writer’s cat likes mixing with all those other cats down the farm.
C. writer’s cat likes electric imitation-coal fire any evening.
D. even the writer’s cat can’t get accustomed to living in the country. ( ) 5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The author will move to the country
B. The author will not move to the country
C. It is difficult to tell.
D. He is in two minds.
高中英语阅读与写作训练讲义第一讲参考答案（58期）
三、1. 定语从句 2. 主语从句 3. 宾语从句 4. 表语从句 5. 同位语从句 6. 条件状语从句
7. 时间状语从句8. 原因状语从句9. 目的状语从句10. 让步状语从句
四、1. （1）Having been sent to destination, the man sitting besides me began to smoke, feeling extremely bored.
被送到目的地以后，坐在我身旁的男人开始抽烟，他感到非常郁闷。

（2）He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.
要点：“dressed in …, never moving, his dusty face…”. 为句子的三个伴随状语。

第一个状语为过去分词，第二个为现在分词，第三个为独立主格结构。

译文：他坐在他们前面一动不动，穿着一套不合身的便服，风尘满面，让人看不出他的年纪。

2. In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy. 在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。

在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he
3.（1）I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives. 我不能问题生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。

在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：as…resources。

（2）However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。

本句的主谓语是：those of us know。

Know有两个由that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了know。

在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us, 在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。

4.（1）Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.
要点：句子的主语和谓语之间有一插入语，放在这里起强调作用，即强调只是对于中国和美国妇女来说，而不是其他国家的妇女。

而且对年龄作了限定。

参考译文：对于55岁或以下的大多数美国和中国妇女来说，要做的工作包括料理家务和照料一个或多个孩子，以及一份在家庭以外的工作。

（2）We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about. 定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。

参考译文：我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期得时代。

5.（1）I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable. 我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。

在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。

（2）But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.
要点：remember后面有两个并列的宾语从句，一个是that we did not see……,另一个是that we failed to……。

由于介词短语with far greater pain的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句，而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。

参考译文：可是，我们更痛苦的回忆是，我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽，没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。

6.（1）Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.
要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为：“The architecture of Manhattan, … is splendid.”因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。

译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。

（2）If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes.
要点：句中as much…as连接的平行结构有两个：think of others和(think) of yourself.在连词as后面省略了与前半句相同的部分think.全句应为：
If you think of others as much as you think of yourself…
译文：如果你像关心自己那样去关心别人，你就不会犯这些错误中的任何一种。

五、强化练习
（一）分析下列句子
1. 这个行动组也发现一各路人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。

【简析】关键词other than而不是。

2. 这些术语主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。

【简析】关键词term术语。

3. 它是现在很畅销的许多外语书中的一本。

【简析】比喻生动形象
4. 来自动物医院(这个电视节目) 的故事(这本书), 将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。

【简析】关键词fans…爱好者，whether…or…，无论是…还是…。

5. 牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，他也有普通人所特有的弱点。

【简析】夹杂两个定语从句。

6. 但对于所有这些以电子手段记录，贮存及传递的文本而言，许多文本仍要（打印）在纸上。

【简析】关键词text文本；end up最后成为（处于）。

7. 直到有一天他在阿帕斯尔公园碰巧看见两个石制的十字架，他才懂得在1773年修建这两个十字架是为了向她表示敬意。

【简析】关键词come across碰巧遇见，in one’s honor纪念某人。

8. 它是苏珊的音乐剧本，根据她畅销的小说改编的。

【简析】关键词best-selling畅销的。

9. 地下发展的支持者说在地下搞建筑而不是在地上搞建筑是一种利用地球空间的办法。

【简析】关键词rather than而不是。

10. 一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻；而听见一个男人说直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的。

【简析】夹杂多种语法结构not unusual=usual; not...until...，直到…才…。

11.一般来说，女人相互的友谊基于相互分享情感和支持；但男人间的关系以共同参与社会活动为特征。

【简析】关键词rest on 依靠。

12. 1066年以前，在我们现在称为英国的土地上，住着属于两个主要语种的民族。

【简析】倒装句，并含有定语从句及分词短语。

(二)1-5 DACDC
Part.3: writing:
1. Six inches of snow fell last night; therefore, Mary and I will have to clear the walkway this morning.
2. The passenger hurried into the station: however, he found the train had left.
3. He expressed the hope that he would like to visit China again the next year.
4. Henry, who is usually very serious, told a joke.
5. Rome, the capital of Italy, is where Vatican is located.
Part 4: Practice on your own:
1-5:CDADB。