美国文学史之Hemingway
海明威简介hemingway
汇报人:日期:•海明威生平•海明威作品•海明威的文学风格•海明威的影响与评价目•海明威的创作哲学•海明威与当代文学录海明威生平011899年出生在美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市郊的橡树园镇。
1917年,他从高中毕业,进入堪萨斯市的《星报》当一名见习记者。
1918年,他辞去记者一职,并尝试加入美军,但因视力缺陷导致体检不及格,只被调到红十字会救伤队担任救护车司机。
早年生活1921年,在《星报》发表了第一首短篇小说《在密执安北部》。
1923年,他离开《星报》,再到《明星报》,与朵金丝·帕瑟共事。
1925年,在《大西洋彼岸评论》杂志上发表了短篇小说《在我们的时代里》大部分作品。
1926年,他离开《明星报》,到了加拿大的多伦多,在《多伦多星报》任记者。
1927年,他与哈德莉·理察逊结婚,移居佛罗里达州和古巴,过着宁静的田园生活。
1928年,他离开古巴去巴黎,与司各特·菲兹杰拉德相会。
1929年,发表了《永别了,武器》,这部长篇小说标志着他的思想和艺术进入了成熟阶段。
010203041940年,他与费雯·丽结婚;同年,因其作品具有理想主义和人道主义精神,在战时写了许多有关第三世界的正义言论;此期间作品创记录的达到多部。
1950年,他到非洲狩猎,这时他患上了肝炎和糖尿病;这期间他曾以侨民身份辗转于摩洛哥、西班牙和瑞士之间。
1961年7月2日,他在爱达荷州用猎枪结束了自己的生命,享年62岁。
晚年生活海明威作品02《乞力马扎罗的雪》《弗朗西斯·麦康伯短促的幸福生活》《一个干净明亮的地方》《世界之都》《春意》《雨里的猫》《白象似的群山》《杀人者》《医生追求富有的女人》《检举》《太阳照常升起》《永别了,武器》《丧钟为谁而鸣》《有钱人和没钱人》《过河入林》《伊甸园》02《曙光示真》03《午后之死》《海流中的岛屿》《非洲的狩猎》《危险的夏天》《海明威书信集》《海明威回忆录》《流动的圣节》散文及回忆录海明威的文学风格031 2 3避免使用冗余和修饰语直接、客观地描述现实强调简练、明了的表达方式简洁明快自然主义01强调对现实生活的准确描绘02关注社会底层人物和生活状态03揭示社会现实的阴暗面意识流通过描述人物意识流动的手法,展现人物复杂的情感和思想变化内心独白与意识流结合将两种手法相结合,更加深入地揭示人物内心世界内心独白通过角色内心独白的方式,展现人物的内心情感和思想变化内心独白与意识流海明威的影响与评价04海明威是20世纪美国最杰出的小说家之一,他凭借其独特的文学风格和深刻的社会洞察力,赢得了诺贝尔文学奖的荣誉。
美国文学课课件_海明威_英文简介Ernest_Hemingwa(可编辑)
美国文学课课件_海明威_英文简介Ernest_HemingwaErnestHemingway1899-19611899-1961He started his career as a writer in a newspaper office atthe age of seventeenAfter the United States entered the First World War, hejoined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian armyServing at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitalsAfter his return to the United States, he became areporter for Canadian and American newspapers andwas soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek RevolutionIn Europe in the 1920's ,Ernest learned from avant-garde writers like GertrudeStein and Ezra Poundtheir literary sparenessand compressionHemingway in ItalyDuring the twenties, He became a member of thegroup of expatriate Americans in Paris, which hedescribed in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises 1926Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his mostambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940Among his later works, the most outstanding is theshort novel, The Old Man and the Sea 1952, thestory of an old fisherman's journey, his long andlonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, attimes primitive people whose courage and honestyare set against the brutal ways of modern society,and who in this confrontation lose hope and faithHis straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, andhis predilection for understatement areparticularly effective in his short stories, some ofwhich are collected in Men Without Women 1927and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-NineStories 1938. Main worksThe Sun Also Rises 1926A Farewell to Arms 1929For Whom the Bell Tolls1940The Old Man and the Sea1952Ernest Hemingway Home, Key West, Florida恩斯特海明威 ? 美 ? 作家珍妮福 ? 那在法 ? 巴黎的合影Lost GenerationGroup of U.S. writers who came of age duringWorld War I and established their reputations inthe 1920s; more broadly, the entire post ? WorldWar I American generation. The term wascoined by Gertrude Stein in a remark to ErnestHemingway. The writers considered themselves"lost" because their inherited values could notoperate in the postwar world and they feltspiritually alienated from a country theyconsidered hopelessly provincial andemotionally barren. The term embracesHemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John DosPassos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish,and Hart Crane, among others. “Lost” GenerationWorld WarI seemed to have destroyedthe idea that if you acted virtuously, goodthings would happen. Many good, youngmen went to war and died, or returnedhome either physically or mentallywounded for most, both, and their faith inthe moral guideposts that had earlier giventhem hope, were no longer validtheywere "Lost."? These literary figures also criticized American culture in creative fictional storieswhich had the themes of self-exile,indulgence care-free living and spiritualalienation? For example, Fitzgerald's This Side ofParadise shows the young generation of the1920's masking their general depressionbehind the forced exuberance of the JazzAge. Another of Fitzgerald's novels, TheGreat Gatsby does the same where theillusion of happiness hides a sad lonelinessfor the main characters. Who are involved in the Lost Generation?Ernest HemingwayF. Scott FitzgeraldJohn Dos PassosGertrude SteinT. S. EliotEzra Pound Two Types of Hemingway’sCharactersOne of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his earlyworks depicted the lives of two types of people? One type consisted of men and women deprived,by World War I, of faith in the moral values inwhich they had believed, and who lived withcynical disregard for anything but their ownemotional needs? The other type were men of simple characterand primitive emotions, such as prizefightersand bullfighters. Hemingway’s StyleHemingway's novels pioneered a new style ofwriting which many generations after tried toimitate. Hemingway did away with the floridprose of the 19th century Victorian era andreplaced it with a lean, clear prose based onaction. H also employed a technique by whichhe left out essential information of the story inthe belief that omission can sometimesstrengthen the plot of the novel. The novelsproduced by the writers of the Lost Generationgive insight to the lifestyles that people leadduring the 1920's in America, and the literaryworks of these writers were innovative for theirtime and have influenced many futuregenerations in their styles of writing.Writing StyleJournalistic, lean, simple, short sentences;hardly any adjectivesPrinciple of iceberg7/8 under for every 1/8showing?forces readers to “readbetween the lines”; also called “hard-boiled” styleCritical acclaim-Nobel Prize in 1954Writing StyleLiterary techniquesFlashbackVivid imageryUnique symbolismUnique SymbolismLightwarmth, security, order/balanceWetnessevil, disaster, impending doomLandscapesHighlandsclear, clean, peaceful,orderlyLowlandsevil, chaos,dirtThe Hemingway’s “Code”A man can be destroyed, but notnecessarily defeated Man must face all life struggles withcourage, intensity, honesty, and grace The reward is dignity Loss of hope and faith equals defeat.The Hemingway’s “Code” cont’dConcept of “nada” or “nothingness”: The outcome of life is death, with no lifeafter deaththe struggle is the only thing th at matters“we are all losers,” as the outcome of lifeis death.The Hemingway’s “Code” cont’dNotable Characters-all “manly men” whoact “naturally” as nature intended them to BullfightersBoxersSoldiersHunters FishermenHero ArchetypesTutor: Manly man who teaches the “code” Respects opponent simple and confident expert at his trade always calm Hero Archetypes cont’dTyro:Student of the “code”ConfusedWounded mentally/physically InsomniacResembles HemingwayFears “nada”/”nothingness”Hero Archetypes cont’dHeroin e “Bitch”:Tyro’s womanGreedyUnloving & unkind towards tyroSarcastic and opinionatedpromiscuous-enjoys “wounding” tyroGertrude Stein 1 95 4 年获诺贝尔文学奖海明威英勇地脱离了早期“残暴、犬儒和冷漠”的阶段 , 充满“对危险和冒险的刚毅热爱” , 且具有“对现代叙事艺术强而有力、屡创新格的掌握能力”。
美国作家海明威传记
美国作家海明威传记海明威(Ernest Hemingway)是20世纪上半叶最具影响力的美国作家之一,他以雄辩而简洁的文风、真实而深入的情感描写而闻名于世。
海明威的作品充满了对战争、爱情和人性的思考,他的文字以独特的风格和深度打动着无数读者。
本文将为您带来海明威的传记,帮助您更好地了解这位伟大的作家。
1. 早年生活海明威于1899年7月21日出生在伊利诺伊州的奥克公园。
他的父亲是一名医生,母亲则是一名音乐教师。
在青少年时期,海明威对体育和野外活动充满了热爱,这段经历成为他后来作品中常见的主题之一。
2. 成为作家的道路在一战期间,海明威作为一名志愿者参军,他的战地经历深深地影响了他的创作。
他曾在《永别了,武器》等作品中详细描绘了战争的残酷和人性的善恶。
战争给予了他新的视角和灵感,也使他更加坚定地走上了成为作家的道路。
3. 经典作品与文学风格海明威以其独特的文风和风格成为文学界的翘楚。
他的作品常常以简洁而雄辩的语言表达深刻的情感和思考。
其中最著名的作品包括《老人与海》、《太阳照常升起》和《在战争中死去》等。
海明威独特的句式和对话方式,以及对细节的准确描述,使他成为现代派文学的代表之一。
4. 私人生活与后期事业海明威的创作事业并不仅限于文学作品,他还是一名资深记者。
他经常以第一线的视角报道重大事件,并以深入报道和追求真相为己任。
然而,海明威的个人生活并非一帆风顺,他的婚姻多次失败,也陷入了酗酒和抑郁的困境。
尽管如此,他依然保持着对创作的热情,并继续创作了一系列经典作品。
5. 海明威的遗产与影响海明威以其优秀的文学作品和独特的写作风格,成为了20世纪文学界最重要的人物之一。
他的作品直接或间接地影响了许多后来的作家,并为现代小说的发展做出了巨大贡献。
他的名字也成为了文学荣誉的象征,被广泛地引用和纪念。
总结:海明威是一位极具影响力的美国作家,他的作品和个人经历深深地打动着无数读者。
他的文风简洁而雄辩,真实而深入地揭示了战争、爱情及人性的本质。
美国文学史之Hemingway
Features of Hemingway’s Works
Hemingway’s situation
Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. His
world is essentially chaotic and meaningless, characterized by brutality and violence, by crime and death, by sports and sex
The Sun Also Rises(1926)
Hemingway’s first true novel
A portrait of the Lost Generation.
1) a term first applied by Gertrude Stein 2) In reference to Page 228 The implication of the title (P.232) Major Characters: Jake Barnes, Brett Ashley, Pedro Romero, Robert Cohn
Two different tones in his early works and
later works, marked by the transitional work To Have and Have Not (1937) “A man alone ain’t got no bloody chance”
Lecture Twenty
Ernest Hemingwak Park, Illinois(1899) His happy childhood Kansas City Star (1917) American Red Cross Ambulance Corps (1918) In Paris as a reporter for Canada Toronto Star (1919) Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923) Florida (1928) Spanish Civil War (1936) WW2 Nobel Prize (1954) Shot himself (1961)
Ernest_Hemingway美国文学
Hemingway’s War
• Enlisted in service; wanted to go to war • Eye problem prevented him from being
immediately accepted; so he joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver in Italy instead
• Great outdoorsman; Hemingway’s love for nature comes from his father
• Suffered from depression and eventually committed suicide
Hemingway’s Mother
• By all accounts an interesting, imposing woman: “a personality who could not be ignored”
• The Sun Also Rises published (by Scribner’s) in 1926
• Between 1924-27, Hemingway becomes a well-known writer
Hemingway’s Growing Reputation
• In 1927, publishes Men without Women
• Increasingly prone to depression; suffered from cirrhosis.
• Becomes a public celebrity during this period of his life, struggles to maintain a balance between his public life and his desire to preserve his integrity and talent as a writer.
Ernest-Hemingway(常耀信-美国文学)海明威1
Literary Awards
Hemingway’s novel The Old Man and the Sea, published in 1952 won him a Pulitzer and Nobel Prize.
Hemingway receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature
His major works
Hemingway's second big success A Farewell to Arms (1929) wrote the e p•itaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s. It tells us about the tragic love story about a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. Frederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with the insanity and futility of the universe.
His major works
For Whom the Bell Tolls concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Rober•t Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. Although fully aware of the doomed failure of his struggle, he keeps on striving because it is a cause of freedom and democracy. In the end, the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for.
海明威小说总结
海明威小说总结海明威(Ernest Hemingway)是美国文学史上的一位重要作家,他的作品常以简洁、实在的语言风格著称,深受读者喜爱。
本文将对海明威的几部著名小说进行总结和简要分析。
《老人与海》《老人与海》是海明威的代表作之一,荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
该作讲述了一个老渔夫与大海搏斗的故事。
故事的主角是古巴的一个老渔夫,他已经长时间没有捕到鱼,备受嘲笑和误解。
然而,他并没有放弃,而是坚持自己的信念,决心再次出海。
他与一只巨大的马林鱼展开了一场艰苦的战斗,历经重重困难和痛苦。
尽管最终没有能将鱼捕上船,但老渔夫的精神力量和勇气给予了他新的希望和力量。
通过老渔夫的故事,海明威表达了对人性品质的赞美和对困难的克服的敬意。
《老人与海》主要通过简洁的语言和深刻的思想展示了海明威独特的写作风格。
他用简单直接的文字描绘了海洋、自然和人性的力量,令读者不禁陷入故事之中。
《在别处的绿山上》《在别处的绿山上》是海明威的另一部重要作品,出版于1929年。
这本小说以美国人弗雷德里克亨利为主人公,讲述了他在意大利参加一战期间的经历。
弗雷德里克亨利是一位年轻的志愿兵,在意大利度过了战争的岁月。
他在战争中结识了一位英勇的英国护士凯瑟琳,并与她展开了一段激情的爱情故事。
然而,战争给他们的爱情带来了无数的挑战和考验。
最终,他们被迫分开,而弗雷德里克则孤独地继续走向未知的路途。
《在别处的绿山上》通过弗雷德里克的视角,深刻地揭示了战争对人性的摧残和对爱情的冲击。
海明威运用离奇的事件、战争的残酷和人性的脆弱,构建了一个缤纷而又充满哀愁的故事世界。
《太阳照常升起》《太阳照常升起》出版于1926年,也是海明威的代表作之一。
小说以一群在法国巴黎生活的美国流亡作家为背景,讲述了他们的故事。
小说的主人公是一位作家杰克和他的朋友们,他们过着纷繁复杂的生活。
尽管他们都身在巴黎,但内心却感到迷茫和困惑。
他们通过沉迷于酒精、派对和婚外情来逃避生活的苦闷和无聊。
美国文学中重要人物之 海明威
back
• The year Ernest graduated he began reporting for the Kansas City Star. Here he learned to get to the heart of a story with direct, simple sentences. After entering World War I the following year, he was wounded near the Italian/Austrian front. Hospitalized, he fell in love with his nurse, who later called off their relationship. These dramatic personal events against the backdrop of a brutal war became the basis of Hemingway's first widely successful novel, A Farewell to Arms, published in the following decade.
Worked as journalist in Chicago Moved to Paris in 1921
"If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then whenever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a moveable feast.”
The Man Behind the Words
美国文学6Hemingway
The Hemingway Code Hero
Throughout many of Hemingway’s novels the code hero acts in a manner which allowed the critic to formulate a particular code. - he does not talk about what he believes in. - He does not talk too much. He expresses himself not in words, but in actions. The Hemingway Hero is not a thinker, he is a man of action.
Nothingness
Existentialism Sartre; L„enfer, c‟est les autres (Hell is other people,他人即地狱 ) Nietzsche,(1844-1900 )----god is dead Martin Heidegger,(1889-1976)---Being anቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Nothingness , ---People, poetic habitat(人应 该诗意地栖居)
A spokesman for the Lost Generation
The term “lost generation” was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was between the first and second World Wars. Speaking to Ernest Hemingway, she said, "you are all a lost generation.” The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900’s:
海明威美国文学的重要代表人物
海明威美国文学的重要代表人物海明威:美国文学的重要代表人物海明威(Ernest Hemingway)是一位伟大的作家,也是美国文学史上的重要代表人物之一。
他以他独特的写作风格、丰富的创作内容和对社会现实的描述而闻名。
本文将探讨海明威对美国文学的重要贡献以及他作品中独特的特点。
一、海明威的生平与背景海明威于1899年出生在美国的伊利诺伊州,从小就展现出了对文字和故事的浓厚兴趣。
他在一战期间志愿参军,并成为一名救护车司机。
这段经历对他的创作产生了重要影响,他所经历的战争悲剧和人生沉浮在他的作品中得到了充分的体现。
二、海明威的作品1.《太阳照常升起》这部作品被认为是海明威最具代表性的作品之一。
通过描绘一群年轻的流亡作家在战后巴黎的生活,展现了他们存在的虚无和迷失。
小说的语言简洁明了,以对话为主,没有过多的描写和修饰,这也成为海明威独特的写作风格的代表。
2.《老人与海》这部长篇小说讲述了一位年迈的渔民与一条巨大的马林鱼搏斗的故事。
通过对人与自然的斗争的描写,海明威探讨了人类生存和意志的力量。
这部作品获得了1953年度诺贝尔文学奖,被誉为他的代表作品之一。
3.《悲惨的现代生活》这部小说以一战期间的意大利为背景,描绘了一位美国士兵与意大利女子之间的爱情故事。
小说中的描写充满了对战争的批判和对人性的思考。
同样,海明威以简练的语言、真实的情感和严肃的态度描绘了战争的残酷现实。
三、海明威的写作风格和影响海明威的写作风格独特而极具影响力。
他以简洁明了的语言和对话为主,减少了冗长的描写和修辞,让读者可以直接感受到情节和人物的真实性。
这种高度概括和凝练的风格被称为“冰山理论”,即只展示海面上的冰山一角,而深入的部分则需要读者去想象和理解。
海明威的作品深深影响了许多后来的作家,尤其是美国文学界。
他的写作风格和对生命、爱情、战争的探索启发了很多作家追求简洁和真实的创作风格,并对现代文学产生了深远的影响。
四、结语海明威无疑是美国文学中的一颗璀璨明星,他的作品和写作风格成为了文学史上的经典。
美国文学史考试之Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway1. His life and writing:Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway loved sports and often went hunting and fishing with his father, which provided him with writing materials. During World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobe1 Prize for literature. In 196l, in ill hea1th, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun.2. His major works:Greatly and permanently affected by the war experiences, Hemingway formed his own writing style, together with his theme and hero.His first book In Our Time (1925) presents a Hemingway hero called Nick Adams. Exposed to and victimized by violence in various forms, Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could muster, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction.The Sun Also Rises(l926), Hemingway's first true novel, casts light on "The Lost Generation." The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering, amusing, but aimless peop1e, who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms(1929) wrote the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s. It tells us about the tragic 1ove story about a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. Frederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation, who is wounded in war and disi11usioned with the insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not on1y emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mental1y, but goes to same lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God's design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.For Whom the Bell T olls concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. Although fully aware of the doomed failure of his struggle, he keeps on striving because it is a cause of freedom and democracy. In the end, the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for.The Old Man and the Sea, capping his career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize, is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his losing battle with a giant marlin. In a tragic sense, it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. Nevertheless, there is a feeling of great respect for the struggle and mankind.Hemingway's other important works include Men Without Women (1927), Death in the Afternoon (l932), The Green Hills of Africa (1935), The Snows Of Kilimanjaro (1936) and ToHave and Have Not (1937).3. The thematic patterns of his works:①The Lost Generation: It refers to, in general, the post-World WarⅠgeneration, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.② The Hemingway Code Hero: It refers to some protagonists in Hemingway's works. In the general situation of Hemingway's novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as "the Hemingway code".4. Hemingway's style:His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He is generally known for his "mastery of the art of modern narration." Hemingway himself once said, "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style.According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be ab1e to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exact1y every particular kind of feeling without any authoria1 comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simple and natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly contro1led, but highly suggestive and connotative. While rendering vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingwayexpresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his characters with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of co1loquia1ism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are fu11 of flesh and blood and the use of short, simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care. This ruthless economy in his writing stands as a striking app1ication of Mies van der Rohe's architectural maxim: "Less is more." No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction.5. Selected Reading:。
美国文学史考试之Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway1. His life and writing:Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway loved sports and often went hunting and fishing with his father, which provided him with writing materials. During World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobe1 Prize for literature. In 196l, in ill hea1th, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun.2. His major works:Greatly and permanently affected by the war experiences, Hemingway formed his own writing style, together with his theme and hero.His first book In Our Time (1925) presents a Hemingway hero called Nick Adams. Exposed to and victimized by violence in various forms, Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could muster, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction.The Sun Also Rises(l926), Hemingway's first true novel, casts light on "The Lost Generation." The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering, amusing, but aimless peop1e, who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms(1929) wrote the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s. It tells us about the tragic 1ove story about a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. Frederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation, who is wounded in war and disi11usioned with the insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not on1y emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mental1y, but goes to same lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God's design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.For Whom the Bell T olls concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. Although fully aware of the doomed failure of his struggle, he keeps on striving because it is a cause of freedom and democracy. In the end, the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for.The Old Man and the Sea, capping his career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize, is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his losing battle with a giant marlin. In a tragic sense, it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. Nevertheless, there is a feeling of great respect for the struggle and mankind.Hemingway's other important works include Men Without Women (1927), Death in the Afternoon (l932), The Green Hills of Africa (1935), The Snows Of Kilimanjaro (1936) and ToHave and Have Not (1937).3. The thematic patterns of his works:①The Lost Generation: It refers to, in general, the post-World WarⅠgeneration, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.② The Hemingway Code Hero: It refers to some protagonists in Hemingway's works. In the general situation of Hemingway's novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as "the Hemingway code".4. Hemingway's style:His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He is generally known for his "mastery of the art of modern narration." Hemingway himself once said, "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style.According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be ab1e to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exact1y every particular kind of feeling without any authoria1 comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simple and natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly contro1led, but highly suggestive and connotative. While rendering vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingwayexpresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his characters with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of co1loquia1ism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are fu11 of flesh and blood and the use of short, simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care. This ruthless economy in his writing stands as a striking app1ication of Mies van der Rohe's architectural maxim: "Less is more." No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction.5. Selected Reading:。
美国文学史之Hemingway
The Sun Also Rises(1926)
Hemingway's first true novel A portrait of the Lost Generation. 1) a term first applied by Gertrude Stein 2) In reference to Page 228 The implication of the title (P.232) Major Characters: Jake Barnes, Brett Ashley, Pedro Romero, Robert Cohn
"Iceberg" theory: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water "(Death in the Afternoon)
Major Works
1920s: Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923); The Sun also Rises (1926); A Farewell to Arms (1928), etc. 1930s: Death in the Afternoon (1932); Green Hills of Africa (1935); The Fifth Column (1938),etc. 1940s-1950s: For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940); Across the River and into the Trees (1950); The Old Man and the Sea (1952), etc. In Our Time (1925); Men Without Women (1927)
美国文学 Hemingway 介绍文章
Today, we tell about the life of writer Ernest Hemingway."A writer is always alone, always an outsider," Ernest Hemingway said. Others said that of the many people he created in his books, Hemingway was his own best creation.Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899. He grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near the middle western City of Chicago. He was the second child in a family of six. His father was a doctor. His mother liked to paint and play the piano.Each summer the family traveled to their holiday home in northern Michigan. Ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp and cook over a fire.At home in Oak Park, Ernest wrote for his school newspaper. He tried to write like a famous sports writer of that time, Ring Lardner. He developed his writing skills this way. In 1917, Hemingway decided not to go to a university. The United States had just entered World War One and he wanted to join the army. But the army rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough. Ernest found a job with the Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. He reported news from the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station. One reporter remembered: "Hemingway liked to be where the action was." The Kansas City Star demanded that its reporters write short sentences. It wanted reporters tosee the unusual details in an incident. Hemingway quickly learned to do both.He worked for the newspaper only nine months before he joined the Red Cross to help on the battlefields of Europe. His job was to drive a Red Cross truck carrying wounded away from battle.The Red Cross sent him to Italy. Soon he saw his first wounded when an arms factory in Milan exploded. Later, he was sent to the battle front. He went as close to the fighting as possible to see how he would act in the face of danger. Before long, he was seriously wounded.The war ended soon after he healed. Hemingway returned to the United States. Less than a year hadpassed since he went to Europe. But in that short time he had changed forever. He needed to write about what he had seen. Ernest Hemingway left home for Chicago to prove to himself, and to his family, that he could earn a living from his writing.But, he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again. The Canadian newspaper, the Toronto Star, liked his reports about life in Chicago and paid him well.In Chicago, Hemingway met the writer Sherwood Anderson. Anderson was one of the first writers in America to write about the lives of common people. Hemingway saw that Anderson's stories showed life as it really was,the way Hemingway was trying to do.Anderson gave Hemingway advice about his writing. He told Hemingway to move to Paris, where living was less costly. He said Paris was full of young artists and writers from all over the world.In return for Anderson's kindness Hemingway wrote a book called "The Torrents of Spring." It makes fun of Anderson and the way he wrote. There was something in Hemingway that could not say "thank you" to anyone. He had to believe he did everything for himself, even when he knew others helped him.Hemingway decided to move to Paris. But before he did he marrieda woman he had recently met. Her name was Hadley Richardson. Paris was cold and gray when Hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921. They lived in one of the poorer parts of the city. Their rooms were small and had no running water. But the Toronto Star employed him as its European reporter, so there was enough money for the two of them to live. And the job gave Hemingway time to write his stories.Hemingway enjoyed exploring Paris, making new friends, learning French customs and sports. Some new friends were artists and writers who had come to Paris in the nineteen twenties. Among them were poet Ezra Pound, and writers Gertrude Stein, John dos Passos,and F. Scott Fitzgerald. They quickly saw that Hemingway was a good writer. They helped him publish his stories in the United States. He was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received help.As a reporter, Hemingway traveled all over Europe.He wrote about politics. He wrote about peace conferences and border disputes. And he wrote about sports, skiing and fishing. Later he would write about bull fighting in Spain. The Toronto Star was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports. But Hemingway was busy with his own writing.He said: "Sometimes, I would start a new story and could not get it going. Then I would stand and look outover the roofs of Paris and think. I would say to myself: 'All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence you know.' So finally, I would write a true sentence and go on from there. It was a wonderful feeling when I had worked well. "Hemingway's first book of stories was called "In Our Time." It included a story called "Big Two-Hearted River," about the effect of war on a young man.It tells about the young man taking a long fishing trip in Michigan. Hemingway had learned from his father when he was a boy about living in the wild.The story is about two kinds of rivers. One is calm and clear. It is where the young man fishes. Theother is dark. It is a swamp, a threatening place.The story shows the young man trying to forget his past. He is also trying to forget the war. Yet he never really speaks about it. The reader learns about the young man, not because Hemingway tells us what the young man thinks, but because he shows the young man learning about himself."Big Two-Hearted River"is considered one of the best modern American stories. It is often published in collections of best writing.After the book was published in 1925, Hadley and Hemingway returned to the United States for the birth of their son. They quickly returned to Paris.Hemingway was working on a long story. He wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer. And he wanted the money a novel would earn.The novel was called "The Sun Also Rises." It is about young Americans in Europe after World War One. The war had destroyed their dreams. And it had given them nothing to replace those dreams.The writer Gertrude Stein later called these people members of "The Lost Generation."The book was an immediate success. At the age of twenty-five Ernest Hemingway was famous. Many people, however, could not recognize Hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about. Hemingway's sentenceswere short, the way he had been taught to write at the Kansas City Star newspaper. He wrote about what he knew and felt. He used few descriptive words. His statements were clear and easily understood. He had learned from earlier writers, like Ring Lardner and Sherwood Anderson. But Hemingway brought something new to his writing. He was able to paint in words what he saw and felt. In later books, sometimes he missed. Sometimes he even looked foolish. But when he was right he was almost perfect. With the success of his novel, Hemingway became even more popular in Paris. Many people came to see him. One was an American woman, Pauline Pfeiffer. Shebecame Hadley's friend. Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway. Hemingway and Pauline saw each other secretly. One time, they went away together on a short trip. Years later, Hemingway wrote about returning home after that trip: "When I saw Hadley again, I wished I had died before I ever loved anyone but her. She was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face." But the marriage was over. Ernest Hemingway and Hadley separated. She kept their son. He agreed to give her money he earned from his books.In later years, he looked back at his marriage to Hadley as the happiest time of his life.At twenty-five, Hemingway was living in Paris. He was a famous writer. But the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous.Years later he said: "The city was never to be the same again. When I returned to it, I found it had changed as I had changed. Paris was never the same as when I was poor and very happy. "Hemingway and his new wife returned to the United States in nineteen twenty-eight. They settled in Key West, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of Florida.Before leaving Paris, Hemingway sent a collection of his stories to New York to be published. The bookof stories, called "Men Without Women," was published soon after Hemingway arrived in Key West. One of the stories was called "The Killers." In it, Hemingway used a discussion between two men to create a feeling of tension and coming violence. This was a new method of telling a story.Nick opened the door and went into the room. Ole Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on two pillows. He did not look at Nick. "What was it?" he asked."I was up at Henry's," Nick said, "and two fellows came in and tiedme up and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you. "It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Anderson said nothing."They put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "They were going to shoot you when you came in to supper."Ole Anderson looked at the wall and did not say anything."George thought I ought to come and tell you about it.""There isn't anything I can do about it," Ole Anderson said.Any new book by Hemingway was an important event for readers. But stories like "The Killers" shocked many people. Some thought there was too much violence in his stories.Others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters and drinkers.This kind of criticism made Hemingway angry. He felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story. Hemingway was happy in Key West. In the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank. One old fisherman said: "Hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully. He asked a lot of questions. And he always wanted to get his information exactly right. "Hemingway and his wife Pauline had a child in Key West. Soon afterward he heard that his father had killed himself. Hemingway wasshocked. He said: "My father taught me so much. He was the only one I really cared about. "When Hemingway returned to work there was a sadness about his writing that was not there before. His new book told about an American soldier who served with the Italian army during World War One. He meets an English nurse and they fall in love. They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. Some of the events are taken from Hemingway's service in Italy. The book is called "A Farewell to Arms."Part of the book talks about the defeat of the Italian army at a place called Caporetto."At noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from Udine. The rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad. . . . "Later we were on a road that led to a river. There was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge. No one was in sight. The river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it. We went up the bank looking for a place to cross. . . . We did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores. Alongthe river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground.""A Farewell to Arms" was very successful. It earned Hemingway a great deal of money. And it permitted him to travel. One place he visited was Spain, a country that he loved. He said: "I want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of Spain. And if I can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of Spain."A book called "Death in the Afternoon" was the result. It describes the Spanish tradition of bull fighting. Hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art. And he believed it was a true test of a man'sbravery, something that always concerned him.Hemingway also traveled to Africa. He had been asked to write a series of reports about African hunting. He said: "Hunting in Africa is the kind of hunting I like. No riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet. "The trip to Africa resulted in a book called "The Green Hills of Africa" and a number of stories. One story is among Hemingway's best. He said a writer saves some stories to write when he knows enough to write them well.The story is called "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." It tells of Hemingway's fears about himself. It is about a writer who betrays his art for moneyand is unable to remain true to himself.In nineteen thirty-six, the Civil War in Spain gave him a chance to return to Spain and test his bravery again. He agreed to write about the war for an American news organization.It was a dangerous job. One day, Hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield. The car carried two white flags. But rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers. Hemingway was almost killed. He said: "Shells are all the same. If they do not hit you, there is no story. If they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. "The trip to Spain resulted in two works, a play called "The FifthColumn" and the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls." The novel tells the story of an American who has chosen to fight against the fascists. He realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side, as well as the other. But he sees no hope except the victory of his side. During the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone.He finds that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years. " The book was a great success. Hemingway enjoyed being famous. His second marriage was ending. He divorced Pauline and married reporter Martha Gellhorn. He had met Martha while they were working in Spain. They decided to live in Cuba, near the city of Havana. Theirhouse looked out over the Caribbean Sea.But this marriage did not last long. Hemingway was changing. He began to feel that whatever he said was right. Martha went on long trips to be away from him. He drank heavily to forget his loneliness. When America entered World War Two, Hemingway went to Britain as a reporter. Later he took part in the invasion of Europe and the freeing of Paris.During the war Hemingway met another reporter, Mary Walsh. In 1945, when his marriage to Martha was legally over, he married Mary. After the war, Hemingway began work on his last important book, "The Old Man and the Sea." It is thestory of a Cuban fisherman who refuses to be defeated by nature. Hemingway said: "I was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactly and directly that it became part of the reader's experience. "In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for literature. But he was too sick to take part in the ceremony. Ernest Hemingway was sixty years old, but he said he felt like he was eighty-six. And, even worse, he felt that he no longer was able to write. He seemed to be living the story about the writer who had sold his writing skill in order to make money. In 1961 Ernest Hemingway killed himself. Among the papers he leftwas one that described what he liked best:"To stay in places and to leave. . . to trust, to distrust. . . to no longer believe and believe again. . . to watch the changes in the seasons. . . to be out in boats. . . to watch the snow come, to watch it go. . . to hear the rain. . . and to know where I can find what I want. "。
Faulkner and Hemingway
Faulkner and Hemingway: A Contrast of StylesBy Philip Scott RaderTher e is a sentence in one of William Faulkner's stories th at runs for th irty-five pages wi th out a period. Th e story is called "Th e Bear," in th e book of stories, Go down Moses, which Faulkner later declared was a novel. Why are ther e no periods in th irty-five pages? Because he is Faulkner, some would say. He pushed himself in ways th at never even occurred to o ther writers. Once he said, "I'm a failed poet. Maybe every novelist wants to write poetry first, finds he can't andth en tries th e short story which is th e most demanding form after poetry. And failing at th at, only th en does he take up novel writing." Th e rules were not his concern.In a little more th an a decade, 1929 to 1942, Faulkner artistically accomplished more th an most writers do in a lifetime--a man wi th no high school diploma, living in a small town in Mississippi, supporting a family, often on th e brink of financial ruin. During th e Great Depression, he wrote a series of sou ther n novels th at would one day be known as th e greatest American literature of all time.To appreciate and understand Faulkner, one should know history. A Sou ther ner, who lived in a small town, inclined to th e conventions and mores of a gentlemen, Faulkner straddled two worlds. He also sought his artistic autonomy in attacking unpopular social issues-th e injustices of race, class, politics, religion, and sex. Faulkner, th e historical scribe, sought continuity and linkage between th e ages, and he did not spare th e words or commas to do it.Faulkner had stints as a screenwriter in 1933 and again in 1942 when his book sales were in a slump. Ther e were failed projects in th is endeavor. But during a seven-year contract at Warner Bro ther s, th e pinnacle of his screen writing careerwas th ree film adaptations: Chandler's Th e Big Sleep, a collaboration wi th Jean Renoir on Th e Sou ther ner and ironically enough, Hemingway's To Have and Have Not.Faulkner and Hemingway butted heads in 1947 when Faulkner, in a Q&A wi th students at Old Miss made th is candid statement about Papa. "...he has no courage, has never climbed out on a limb...has never used a word where th e reader might check his usage by a dictionary." Hemingway was deeply wounded by th e 'lack of courage' charge, and had a friend inform Faulkner of his heroism as a war correspondent. Faulkner eventually apologized. But it pointed out th e contrast of styles in th e men and th eir vulnerabilities, as well as in th eir writing.Hemingway had his own failures, particularly when heal th problems and alcohol abuse took hold in his last years. Hemingway said, "When I read Faulkner I can tell exactly when he gets tired and does it on corn (whiskey) just as I could when Scott (Fitzgerald) would hit it, beginning wi th Tender Is th e Night."Fumes of gin and vermou th hover above th e pages of Across th e River and Into th e Trees too, but Hemingway had already established himself as a giant of American literature.Th e two men are as diverse in th eir styles as summer and winter. Ernest Hemingway brings us to th e moment wi th speed. He does it as quickly as th e plunge of th e dirk th at drops a wounded bull th at can no longer fight. In contrast Faulkner gently leads, involves and seduces, and th en overwhelms.Many of us adored Hemingway before we appreciated Faulkner. Th ose of us who tired of endless literary pedants, how we embraced th e terse sentences, th e tight exchanges of Papa's dialogue! It was magnificent to strip th e world to essentials, bare it down to sex, wine, and dea th, a la punta, wi th no long brea th s aftercommas. Th e man could say more in six words or a metaphor of action th an we could learn in an afternoon of reading an encyclopedia. His stories and novels dealt wi th straightforward th ings and ideas, wi th great symbolism th at told of: "dea th riding in pairs on bicycles" or "th e frozen carcass of a leopard" mysteriously appearing on top of Mount Kilimanjaro, th e vultures hovering like dea th over th e man on his cot on th e Veldt, his leg rotting from septicemia, while th e hyenas move restlessly around th e perimeter of th e camp. Even th e trout lurking in th e shadows of a bridge in "Th e Big Two-Hearted River" become omens of tragedy and dea th. For th e most part, Hemingway deals wi th th e tragedy of th e moment or immediate past, sometimes trimmed down to a whimper, sometimes wi th th e clash of cymbals. It is always done wi th stark economy.Later, in th e autumn of our reading, when an extra brea th is welcomed, we read Faulkner's "Th e Bear," and "Th e Old People," and we travel into th e "bottom." We are privileged to see th e darkness and th e mystery of th e forest, th e buck wi th th e rocking-chair rack on his head, and hear th e old Indian, Sam Fa ther s, call th e buck "Uncle" in th e ancient tongue. We see th at brevity has to give way to continuity.When th e great bear wi th two toes dies wi th magic and dignity, symbolically representing th e dea th of all th e forests and th e native lands, he dies th e only decent way he can. Killed by th e Indian who loves him most of all, wielding a pocket knife, his arm up to his elbow in th e heart of th e great bear, and we realize th at th e story of th e world can not always be told in short sentences. Th e voice of Faulkner bridges th e distance between white man, black man, Indian, th e old, th e you th s, women, children and th e stunning natural world of th e Sou th. It symbolizes in its entirety th e terrible losses and pain th at we witness as human beings admixed wi th th e victory and endurance of mankind.From 1925 to 1929 Hemingway produced some of th e most important work in twentie th century fiction. Hemingway's aes th etic theory stated th at omitting th e right th ing from a story could streng th en it. His analogy was th at 1/8th of an iceberg could be seen above th e water while th e 7/8th's of it under th e surface provided th e dignity of motion and contributed to its momentum.It is said th at Hemingway's bluster and ego got in th e way of tru th in hisnon-fiction, and if you wanted th e tru th of th e man, you should turn to his fiction. Hemingway had a love-hate relationship wi th nature. Whe ther th e symbolic struggle wi th th e toros de Plazas or th e sharks in Th e Old Man and th e Sea, Hemingway fought a huge personal and artistic struggle using th e crisp, written word.Faulkner loved recording th at all humans and animals are eternally fighting toth e dea th, enduring th e impossible to preserve what will inevitably perish in spite of th e efforts.Bo th men did it th eir way. Bo th blessed us wi th Pulitzer Prize class writing and illuminated th e world as we know it wi th th eir amazing work.海明威与福克纳,可以说得上是现代美国文学史上的双子星座!对中国读者而言,海明威的作品自然不用多说什么了,单就其个人的传奇,也足已称得上很具吸引力的一部大书了。
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Major Works
1920s: Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923); The Sun also Rises (1926); A Farewell to Arms (1928), etc. 1930s: Death in the Afternoon (1932); Green Hills of Africa (1935); The Fifth Column (1938),etc. 1940s-1950s: For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940); Across the River and into the Trees (1950); The Old Man and the Sea (1952), etc. In Our Time (1925); Men Without Women (1927)
In Our Time
A collection of short stories beginning with Indian Camp and ending with Big Two-Hearted River "Give us peace in our time, O Lord!" Nick Adams: a prototype of Hemingway's hero " Do many men kill themselves, Daddy?" "Not very many, Nick." "Do many women?" "Hardly ever." …… "Is dying hard, Daddy?" "No, I think it's pretty easy, Nick." (Indian Camp)
Lecture Twenty
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
Life
Oak Park, Illinois(1899) His happy childhood Kansas City Star (1917) American Red Cross Ambulance Corps (1918) In Paris as a reporter for Canada Toronto Star (1919) Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923) Florida (1928) Spanish Civil War (1936) WW2 Nobel Prize (1954) Shot himself (1961)
Two different tones in his early works and later works, marked by the transitional work To Have and Have Not (1937) "A man alone ain't got no bloody chance"
"Iceberg" theory: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water "(Death in the Afternoon)
The Sun Also Rises(1926)
Hemingway's first true novel A portrait of the Lost Generation. 1) a term first applied by Gertrude Stein 2) In reference to Page 228 The implication of the title (P.232) Major Characters: Jake Barnes, Brett Ashley, Pedro Romero, Robert Cohn
Features of Hemingway's Works
Hemingway's situation Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. His world is essentially chaotic and meaningless, characterized by brutality and violence, by crime and death, by sports and sex
theme
The grace under pressure and importance of human brotherhood
Hemingway's Style:
Hemingway style: simplicity and economy of expression; short, uncomplicated sentences; colloquial style "Poor, poor dear Cat. And this was the price you paid for sleeping together. This was the end of the trap. This was what people got for loving each other…It wasn't bad. She was hardly ever sick. She was not awfully uncomfortable until toward the last. So now they got her in the end."
The Old Man and the Sea(1952)
Symbols: Santiago: the spirit of mankind; a man singlehandedly fighting against the indifferent world. the fishing trip: life journey in quest of dreams. marlin: the embodiment of man's ideals. sharks: obstacles against man's efforts the function of the little boy in helping develop the them: tough guy 1. wounded but strong 2. sensitive and intelligence 3. a man of action and few words 4. "despairing courage": enjoying the pleasures of life in the face of disasters and death 5. "a man is not made for defeat……A man can be destroyed but not defeated." Hemingway theme: "grace under pressure"
assignments
Some information about the southern part of America The biblical story of "Absalom" Prepare for William Faulkner
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For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)
Robert Jordan and Maria "All mankind is of one author and is one volume; Any man's death diminishes me because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee". (Meditation) the theme of human brotherhood emphasized.
A Farewell to Arms (1928)
A footnote to The Sun Also Rises Major Characters: Frederic Henry and Catherine Plot: Milan—Stessa—Switzerland Theme: De-romanticizing the war: "Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene" The symbolic meaning of "rain": Catastrophe, loss, despair, death