第34讲 关系分句

3）在非限制性关系分句中
如前所述，非限制性关系分句中，通常用who(m)/whose指人，用which 指物。
The driver, who was very young, had only just got his licence. The book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone through several editions.
因此，关系代词的选择带有一定的复杂性，必须综合考虑上述诸种 因素加以选择。
1）在限制性关系分句中
a) 在其中作主语时，按照一般的则用who/that指人，which/that指物。 但在实际使用中，指人大多用who，较少用that；指物大多用that，较少用 which;尤其在口语中是如此。
He’s the man who lives next door to us. He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.
(=…and Moriarty passed it on to me.)
状语分句 But he would have to be careful not to offered Crass, the foreman, who could give him the sack at any time.
(=…because he could give him the sack at any time.)
interesting, which is quite a different thing. 在这里，which指的是上文部分内容，即指(men) not half so interesting （as Bowles）。
以上文整个分句为先行项的关系代词which还可引导独立分句，这时which 和that可以交替使用。
d) 先行项指人带有only, all, any等限定词时，其后用作分句主语的关系 代词通常用that，在这种搭配中用that比用who普遍。 Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.
e) 先行项带有最高级修饰语时，其后的关系代词通常用that。 Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
在我国的英语语法书里，此种分句曾长期叫做“定语从句”，这是按照此种句 式的主要用法命名，但是这种分句除做名词修饰语外，还可在特定语境中 起并列分句和状语分句的作用，如一律视为“定语从句”，则往往名不符实， 在理解上起误导作用。
并列分句 She passed the letter to Moriarty, who passed it to me.
34.2 限制性关系分局与非限制性关系分句
区别
关系分词就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性关系分词和 非限制性关系分句。
一、限制性关系分句
限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的关系，缺 少了它，作为先行项的名词，便不能明确表示其所指对象。
Here is the boy who damaged the vase.
关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性关系分句。 Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is
cheap. I am seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.
在上述诸例中，现代英语强烈倾向于用that和zero，除非在非常正式的 语体中才用whom/which。
c) 作介词补足成分，在正式语体中介词通常前置，这是不管在限制性或非限制性关系分 句中都用whom指人，which指物。 It is a tribute in which the British-speaking peoples can share irrespective of party or class. 在非正式语体中，通常介词后置，可用who/that指人，that指物，或者都用zero。 They are the boys (who)/(that) I went to school with.
Every bottle of ‘BUZZ’has been tested in our laboratories. Which/That is why we’re so sure of our guarantee. 不过，在这里that不是关系代词，而是指示代词。
上述这类句子有时也能用which fact, which matter 等引导。 He admires Mrs. Brown, which fact/matter surprises me.
• 3.He was a man ______ all his friends admired and ______ won the respect even of his enemies
34.1 关系分句概说
1）什么是关系分句
由关系词引导的分句叫做关系分句
Have you ever spoken to the people who live next door？ There’s a programme on tonight which you might like. He’s got a job in a new firm, where they don’t work long hours. Here’s the book that you are looking for.
第34讲 关系分句
小组成员：陈宝婷 康家嘉 林诗茵 尹舒桐
• 1. (多选）There’s only one student in the school ______ I wanted to see. A. who B. whom C. that D. which
• 2. There was a certain old man in the village ______ none of us liked.
在非限制性关系分句中，which的先行项还可以是上文整个的分句。 He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes, which — as you
know — is rather a difficult thing to do.
还能指代前面句子的一部分： I have known men far more able than Bowles, but not half so
这类由that引导的关系分句通常只作限制性用法。 b) 有时为了明确所指对象避免歧义，对关系代词的选择必须审慎，有 时必须用who(m)指人，用which指物，若用that则不甚恰当。
※There’s only one student in the school (that) I wanted to see. (为明确起见，还是用who/whom为好）
b) 在其中作宾语时，正式语体分别用whom , which指人和指物；非正式语体用who , that 指人，用that指物，而且通常省略。 Where is the man (whom)=(who)=(that) I saw this morning？ Is that the address (which)=(that) you sent the telegram to？
非限制性关系分句，就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。 They had a fine walk too, which had done his liver good. =[They had a fine walk too, and it had done his liver good.]
2）关系词在分句中的语法作用
关系词分为两大类：关系代词和关系副词。这两类词语在关系分句 中都起着两种语法作用：它们在关系分句中指代所指对象（即先行 项），同时又通过与先行项的指代关系而使关系分句与主句连接起 来。
This is Mr. Rogers, whom you met last year. Where’s the girl that sells the tickets？ I didn’t like the way (that)she spoke to me.
※He talked brilliantly of the man and the books that interested him. (先行项是个即指人又指物的并列名词词组，则以用that引导为宜）
c) 先行项为all或其他指物的不定代词（如anything, something, nothing) 时，关系代词作主语通常用that，作宾语用that/zero。 All (that) I want is peace and quiet.
在非正式语体中，as 也可用作关系代词，此种关系代词常指代上下 文中整个分句或句子，在关系分句中做主语或宾语。
作主语 As is announced in today’s paper, all the school will reopen on 1 September. 作宾语 Helen was somewhat crazy, as all her acquaintances could see.
· 在介词后置情况下如果还用whom/which，那就很不自然。
2）限制性关系分句中关系代词的其他用法问题
a) 在SVC结构中作主语补语或在there be（存在句）结构中作“实义主 语”时，通常用that指人或物，而且通常省略。
Dr. Fordham still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
当名词中心带有前照应定冠词时，其后的关系分句必定是限制性的 This is the car I bought last year.
当名词中心词带有all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时，其后的 关系分词也通常是限制性的。
二、非限制性关系分句
非限制性关系分句和它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系。这种分句在口语 中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which ，但也并不绝对排除that。
另外，在有些时候，非限制性关系分句在语义上起状语分句的作用， 表示原因，目的，结果，条件，让步等意义。
34.3 关系词的选择 【关系词：关系代词、关系副词、关系限定词】
关系代词的选择相关因素： 1.先行项的所指意义（人/物） 2.在分句中的句法功能（作主语/宾语或补语） 3.限制性关系分句/非限制性关系分句 4.用于的语域或语体（正式场合/非正式场合、书面语/口语）
This is the fastest train there is to Beijing. He asks for the latest book there is on the subject.
限制性关系分句的特点
限制性关系分句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。 限制性关系分句通常出现在下列搭配中，当名词中心词带有表示类
别的不定冠词，其后的关系分句通常为限制性关系分词。 he spoke to me in a tone which I do not at all like.
但这种用法不如用which普通。
4）关系词的省略问题
引导限制性关系分句的关系词在下列场合可以省略。
a) 在分句中作宾语时
b) that在分句中作补语时
c) 在分句中作主语，并且主句由it is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略 上述省略现象通常只见于非正式语体，但在下列结构中，关系代词的省 略并不限于非正式语体：