高级英语写作：WritingParagraphs

⾼级英语写作：WritingParagraphs
Writing Paragraphs
1. Argumentative Essay
Definition: In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change.
Argumentative or persuasive essays?
While some teachers consider persuasive and argument papers to be basically the same thing, it’s usually safe to assume that an argument paper presents a stronger claim—possibly to a more resistant audience.
For example: while a persuasive paper might claim that cities need to adopt recycling programs, an argument paper on the same topic might be addressed to a particular town. The argument paper would go further, suggesting specific ways that a recycling program should be adopted and utilized in that particular area.
议论⽂是⼀种议论说理的⽂章，以抽象的思维形式，通过运⽤概念、判断、推理等逻辑形式
论证和阐述作者的观点，表明作者赞成什么，反对什么。

议论⽂的⽬的主要是说服别⼈接受
或⽀持某种观点、同意所提出的某项决策或采取所倡导的某种⾏动。

议论⽂写作必须做到论点明确、论据充分、论证严密。

议论⽂强调准确性和逻辑性，注重篇
章结构，讲究修辞模式。

另外，议论⽂常使⽤规范的书⾯语，更能增添⽂章的厚重感和读者
对⽂章的信任感。

2. When to use argumentative essays
●When you are agreeing or disagreeing with sth or sb.
●When you have an opinion and try to convince your readers to accept your opinions.
3. Structure of argumentative essays
What are the features of an effective argumentative essay?
An effective argumentative essay needs to meet the following specific requirements.
It introduces and explains the problem or issue, sometimes tracing its causes,
In some cases it states the possible positions to be taken on the problem.
It states the position that this essay will take.
It offers proof that the position taken in this essay is reasonable to hold.
It anticipates objections to this specific position and refutes them.
It affirms this position and makes a final appeal.
Before starting writing, it is imperative to make a list of these ideas and choose the most suitable ones among them for supporting and refuting.
Three possible organization patterns of an argumentative essay:
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3
Thesis statement Thesis statement Thesis statement
PRO idea 1 CON(s) + Refutation(s) CON idea 1 ----->
Refutation PRO idea 2 PRO idea 1 CON idea 2 ----->
Refutation
CON(s) + Refutation(s) PRO idea 2 CON idea 3 ----->
Refutation
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion
Note 1: the typical 3-unit/part pattern.
Note 2: the olive-shaped structure.
A model of a good argumentative essay
The following suggestion takes the form of a model that highlights what one might expect to find
in the three main parts of a good argumentative essay. In trying to master the model, you should
not inadvertently become a slave to it. Otherwise, your essays will become rigid and sterile. Instead, use this as a mental checklist that you can build upon and even be playful with, developing in the process a confident, independent and original voice.
A. Introduction
1. Identify and state your
objects of analysis. The topic or question will often ask you to discuss central texts, key ideas or concepts, issues, or a combination of these.
2. Provide some background to
the thesis and reveal the
motive for arguing it. An effective description of the context, situation or problem can demonstrate why the thesis is interesting and worth arguing. Here is your chance to convince your readers (including the marker) that your essay is worth reading—something not to be taken for granted!
3. Formulate and state your
thesis. A thesis is a clearly articulated general idea that expresses the main point you want to argue in your essay. It should be:
sufficiently focused and narrow so that it can be fully discussed in your essay;
a position that is debatable, and dependent on the strength of evidence and logical
development; not a simple statement of
fact, a declaration of belief that cannot be
reasonably substantiated, a tautological or
circular expression, an obvious point, and
so on;
B. Body
1. Construct your arguments. To develop your thesis, you will need to construct a
series of smaller supporting arguments that are
relevant to the thesis. While every argument should
be directed to the thesis, the individual arguments should not simply be linked together as a random chain of implicitly related but distinct reasons. Instead, they should follow a coherent and logical sequence that builds up, often dramatically, to a convincing and satisfying restatement of the thesis in the conclusion.
Using clear topic sentences that state the main point of each paragraph can help you to be sensitive to the shape of your
arguments. You should also think about how the arguments can come together to produce a dramatic build-up, going through various twists and turns, and allowing for conflicts, negotiations, and resolutions to play out. Other related considerations include a sense of timing (e.g. when to reveal certain arguments or facts, for dramatic effect) and proportion (e.g. how much space should be given to each argument).
2. Support your arguments with
evidence. Broadly speaking, you can support your arguments with empirical evidence in the form of facts, data, statistics, examples, controlled observations, and so on. You should not simply mention them; you should instead elaborate on them by giving details to be connected deliberately with the arguments being made. Also, you should try to give an indication of the reliability of your evidence. You can also support your arguments with academic and professional expertise that you cite or quote directly. To avoid plagiarism, you must cite your sources.
3. Deal with counter-arguments.You will also need to imagine and anticipate
reasonable objections to your thesis and the
arguments developed around it. You will need to
describe these objections fairly (i.e. don’t create
straw men to be knocked down effortlessly). And
you will then need to deal with them decisively,
demonstrating the superiority of your argument (or
some adjusted form of your argument). This not
only strengthens your arguments, but also makes
your essay more complicated and therefore more
interesting.
4. Provide your reader with the It is always important to write with a clear sense of
necessary orientation. audience (i.e. ‘Who are you writing this for?’).
Knowing who your readers are will give you a good
idea of what kind and extent of background
information you will need to provide before your
ideas, arguments, and evidence can make full sense
to the readers.
At the start of the journey, you provided readers
with a roadmap. During the journey itself, you
should provide clear signposts along the way to give
readers a good sense of where they are in this
journey. You might, for example, pause at critical
junctures in the essay to inform readers about what
you have done so far, where you are in the overall
argument, and what you are going to do next.
C. Conclusion
1. Restate your
thesis. If your arguments have been focused, strong and well developed, you can now confidently reassert your original thesis, or an adjusted or improved version of the thesis that has taken into account the counter-arguments dealt with along the way.
2. Point towards
the wider
significance of
your essay. This aspect is not altogether necessary for writing a good essay, and it may in fact severely weaken your essay if handled without skill. In any case, writers are usually advised not to introduce any ‘new’ ideas in the conclusion. However, if you are indeed confident, you may want to consider including a few lines explaining what further implications your thesis might have for other similar or wider questions. You may even want to make recommendations for further study or for action (e.g. in the case of policy papers). And you may also want to try your hand at ‘scenario-painting’. Once again, be aware of the perils.
3. Make an impact
with the final
word. Do not end your essay with a sentence that seems to have a ‘nice ring to it’, but in fact means nothing or is completely irrelevant to the arguments. Instead, you might want to end with a witty and relevant detail, illustration, recurring motif, quotation, or anecdote that may keep readers thinking about your essay long after they have read it.
Note1：An argumentative essay usually consists of the following three parts: Introduction, body and conclusion.
Note 2: Give your paper a title. The title should indicate, in a direct manner, the topic or thesis of your paper. Creative a title can work well, but if you’re not sure whether your creative idea really
works, go for a straightforward title. Keep in mind:
a. Don’t make the title too long.
b. Don’t make the title too cute.
c. Don’t underline or place quotation marks around your own title.
d. If you incorporate the title of another work into your own title, then underline that portion or enclose it in quotation marks as appropriate for the work mentioned.
议论⽂的标题
议论⽂的标题必须反映出议论的主题或作者的论点。

常见的议论⽂的标题有以下⼏种形式：1) 疑问句：这类标题本⾝就体现了争论的焦点。

例如，Who Influence Young Children Most? Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? Can Money Buy Happiness? Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?
2) 陈述句：这类标题本⾝就是议论⽂的论点。

例如，Parents Are Spoiling Their Children, Rock Music Is Rotting Our Kids’Mind 等。

3) 名词短语：这类标题没体现出论点，⽽是只提供了议论的主题。

例如，Computer Games, Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports, My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements等。

4) 介词短语：这类标题通常由介词on, toward 等引出议论的话题。

例如，On Reading, Toward
a Good Teacher-Student Relationship 等。

Note 3:可争辩的论点
任何⼀篇议论⽂必须有论点。

议论⽂中的论点是指作者在⽂章中所表明的主张、见解或观点，它是议论⽂的核⼼内容，是议论⽂的纲。

议论⽂对论点的要求是：正确、鲜明、新颖。

议论⽂的论点通常⽤I think, I believe, as far as I’m concerned, in my opinion, to my mind, however, yet, unfortunately 等词语引出。

有时，作者不使⽤这些词语，⽽是直接表达⾃⼰的观点。

⾸先，议论⽂的论点必须是可争辩的。

例如，I don’t think euthanasia is humane 和 I believe that issuing lottery tickets is a good way to collect funds for social welfare projects 都是可争议的论点。

相反，事实、个⼈偏爱、或已被科学证实为⼈们普遍接受的观点通常都是不可争辩的，因此都不是好的论点。

例如，language is a tool for communication, my favorite food is fish, pollution is harmful to people’s health 都不适合做论点。

请看以下分析：
1) I think, in China, the examination score is regarded as important in making a decision.
2) In my opinion, it is not easy to achieve success.
3) To my mind, taxis have become an important transportation means.
4) I think cooperation is very important in our work.
5) I believe we should have more fast food restaurants in big cities.
在上述的例1）– 3）中，虽然使⽤了表达个⼈观点时经常使⽤的词语I think, in my opinion, to my mind，但句⼦的内容都是客观事实，因此不适合做论点。

⽽例4）、5）中都是可辩驳的观点，因此可以做论点。

其次，论点必须鲜明，不能含含糊糊。

在某种⾓度上说，鲜明的论点是⼀篇议论⽂成功的最重要的标志之⼀。

在开始学习议论⽂写作时，最好把论点放在开头，因为这样做能达到开宗明义、开门见⼭的效果，也为后⾯的论述创造条件。

尤其是在考试中，⼀篇议论⽂的字数不多，应尽快地摆出论点，使⽂章中⼼明确，更应该把论点置于⽂章的开头。

Note 4: the body usually contains paragraphs addressing the opposing side’s argument.
Why do I need to address the opposing side’s argument?
By addre ssing the opposition you achieve the following goals:
illustrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic
●demonstrate a lack of bias
●enhance the level of trust that the reader has for both you and your opinion
●give yourself the opportunity to refute any arguments the opposition may have
●strengthen your argument by diminishing your opposition's argument
How do I accomplish this?
●To address the other side of the argument you plan to make, you'll need to "put yourself in
their shoes." In other words, you need to try to understand where they're coming from.
●Acknowledging and refuting differing viewpoints. However, because argumentation
focuses on controversial issues, you should also consider contrary points of view. To deal
with the different viewpoints effectively, you need to go through RAISE-AND-COUNTER-OBJECTIONS process. First you state what the opposition would say in response to your argument, raising the objection. Second, make this objection
less compelling in some way. Make sure that opposition arguments are stated briefly and
refuted at length, so that your readers know that you do not support the opposition's points.
If the different viewpoint is really valid, concede that point. It does little good in an argument to ignore any valid points the other side may have. You can concede them and then go on to show that your points are more important anyway.
4. Effective paragraphs
Effective paragraph: standard construct, unity, coherence, cohesion.
Standard construct Essays are divided into paragraphs. If your essay is one continuous piece of text, it will be very difficult for any reader to follow your argument. Therefore essays need paragraphs.
Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis (warrant).
The introduction starts with a fairly general opening statement which introduces readers to your topic (or subject) and gradually narrows to a specific thesis. The thesis, or thesis statement, tells
the reader what you are going to say about your topic. Thesis statements often come at the end of
the introductory paragraph. This movement from the general to the specific is referred to as a
funnel paragraph.
First Paragraph Techniques
Linear and spiral thinking model 直线型、螺旋型思维模式
In order to grab the readers’ attention and make them want to continue reading, the first paragraph may:
state an opinion directly, e.g. I believe that by the end of the next decade, every home will have a computer …开门见⼭
state opposite opinions and make your decision.
make reference to a strange scene or situation, e.g. A watch-style monitor will soon allow everyone to keep in touch with … cite some statistics or quotations to arrive at the topic and viewpoints.
address the reader directly, e.g. Has it ever occurred to you that computers will one day organize your life
start with a definition of a concept, and then elicit viewpoints.
start with a quotation or a rhetorical question (question to which no answer is expected), e.g. Do you feel threatened by computers? 设问作答
start with a problem that needs a solution, e.g. As time passes, our lives will be controlled by computers …
阅读以下议论⽂的起始段，看看它们提出论点各使⽤了什么⽅法：
1) Nowadays, the computer plays an important role in education. Some believe that, despite its advantages, the computer can never replace the face-to-face teaching by the teacher. Others claim that, with the progress of technology, the traditional face-to-face teaching will give way to the computer. As to me, I agree with the latter.
2) Whenever we are asked, “What are you going to do this summer vacation?” most of us would answer: “I’m going to have a travel.” It seems that we are all fond of traveling. Why? I think this is because traveling is a wholesome activity.
3) Cooperation means that people should help each other, learn from each other and respect each other. Cooperation means that people should work together for the purpose of mutual benefit. Therefore, it is very important to cultivate the sense of cooperation.
4) It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts, as physically impossible as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. All healthy-minded people like making money, but the main object of their lives is not money; it is something better than money.
以上四个例⼦分别使⽤了不同的修辞模式提出论点：例1）通过介绍⼈们的不同看法引出⾃⼰的观点；例2）通过⼤多数⼈
都“旅游度假”这⼀社会现象，提出⾃⼰对“旅游”的看法；例3）通过解释所涉及的话题“合作”的定义引出作者对“培养合作意
识”的看法；例4）则开门见⼭通过类⽐直接论述作者的观点。

The conclusion starts with a summary of the specific points of your essay, followed by a restatement of your thesis (usually in a slightly reworded form), and ends with a rather general statement about the implications of your thesis. This movement from the specific to the general is just the opposite of that in the introduction, and is known as an inverted funnel.
It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion
The last paragraph Techniques
The conclusion ties together your essay. This is the last chance you have to convince your reader, so make it good. To write an effective conclusion:
Sum up your views on the topic.
Give a summary of the main points of your essay.
Draw a conclusion from the arguments in your essay.
Restate your thesis in a slightly reworded fashion.
Give the reader something to consider, e.g. Life would be more convenient if everyone had access to the Internet
End with a quotation or a rhetorical question, e.g. “Progress is a comfortable disease.” or “What does the future hold for us
结论是议论⽂必不可少的⼀部分。

在对论点进⾏了充分论证后，作者还要对论证进⾏总结，重申⾃⼰的观点, 与前⽂的论点照应结束全⽂。

议论⽂的结论短则⼀句话，长则⼀段或⼏段。

但⼀般都⽐较简短，常⽤in a word, in summary, in short, in conclusion, to conclude, therefore, thus, hence, obviously 等引出。

以下三个例⼦是对相关问题进⾏了论证后得出的结论：
1) In a word, we can benefit from travel in many ways. Therefore, it is worth spending the time and money.
2) It’s obvious whether scientific discoveries are a blessing or a curse depends on how human beings make use of them. If the misuse can be prevented, we can be sure that they are a blessing.
3) Let no one think that educational research is easy; it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind. There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion. It is certainly every bit as worthy.
例1）和例2）都是⽤两句话对前⾯的论证进⾏归纳，最后⼀句话重申作者观点。

例3）的结论包括三个句⼦。

在结论中，作者先总结前⾯的论证，然后以很强的语⽓There is no reason to believe that… 陈述⾃⼰的看法。

最后，使⽤了⼀个简短有⼒的句⼦进⼀步强调⾃⼰的论点，与主题照应。

The body is made up of the paragraphs which support your thesis. These paragraphs contain the evidence, arguments, and examples that support your thesis.
The paragraphs in your essay that come after the introduction and before the conclusion are often referred to as “body paragraphs”. Here’s what goes into body paragraphs and the role each plays in your essay:
T he body paragraphs present the evidence, arguments, examples, and reasoning that go to proving the thesis.
B ody paragraphs have two parts: the topic sentence and the supporting detail.
T he topic sentence tells what the paragraph is about; it introduces the part of your thesis you are going to discuss in that paragraph. A topic sentence can appear anywhere in the paragraph, but it’s a good idea to place it at the beginning. The idea in the topic sentence must be directly related to the thesis.
T he supporting detail in a paragraph develops the point made in the topic sentence. This supporting detail must be relevant to the topic sentence.
If possible, the body should contain paragraphs addressing the opposite arguments.
How to write a good topic sentence
A topic sentence gives only the main idea; therefore, it is the most general statement in the paragraph. The topic should be such that：
It should be narrowed down, not too general.
○ American food is terrible
○ Marijuana should be considered illegal. (too general. In some medical cases, marijuana is prescribed by the doctors and the patients are encouraged to use it in case of suffering from too much pain)
★Selling and using marijuana in public places should be considered illegal.
It should not be too specific
○ Smoking can cause lung cancer.
it should contain an argument
○We should decide whether we want a bicycle or a car. (Our stand is not clear: do we support
having bicycles or cars?)
★ If we are under the age of 30 and want a healthy life, we should definitely get a bicycle instead of a car.
○Are you one of those who thinks cheating is not good for students? (a question cannot be an argument)
★ Cheating helps students learn.
○Considering its geological position, Turkey has an important geopolitical role in the EU. (facts cannot be arguments)
★ Considering its geopolitical role, we can clearly say that the EU cannot be without Turkey.
It should be a topic that can be adequately supported (with statistics, source citations, etc.)
○I feel that writing an argumentative essay is definitely a challenging task. (feelings cannot be supported; we cannot persuade other people)
Positions of Topic sentences
this topic sentence is usually found at the beginning of the paragraph, but can come at the end or even in the middle of the paragraph. The rest of the paragraph generally expands the theme contained in the main sentence, and each idea round the main theme is supported by information and evidence (in the form of illustrations and examples), and by argument.
Paragraph 1
Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated. The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied, and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may seem to the ordinary citizen, filled as he is with good intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave. (Edward Hall, (1973), The silent language, p. xiii)
Paragraph 2
Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.
Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. A paragraph is unified when all the
sentences in the paragraph are focused on one central thought/theme (语义⼀致性).
Cohesion may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear and logical
order. He has to use good transitions so that the sentence runs smoothly from one to another.
The writer can use different ways to produce a fluent paragraph (形式衔接性).
Cultural difference: Hypotaxis：[,haip?'t?ksis] and parataxis：[,p?r?'t?ksis] 形合、意合
Coherence and transition of a paragraph is concerned with its form/organization.
The word “coherence” means ‘to stick together”. A coherent paragraph is composed of sentences that are related to each
other logically and clearly so that all the ideas flow smoothly from one sentence to the next one naturally. Each sentence in such a paragraph should naturally grow out of each previous sentence in developing the central idea. Ideally, there should be a sense of movement or flow, a going forward and building on what has been said before. When the body contains several paragraphs, it is, therefore, important to present that evidence and those arguments in the best manner possible. Usually, the most effective way to organize your body paragraphs is to start with your weakest argument and end with your strongest. Doing so will give your essay a feeling of irresistible movement. Your readers will see your essay growing in strength until they can no longer argue against you. At least that’s what you’re aiming for（结构连贯性）. 清楚的逻辑推理
与其他⽂体相⽐，议论⽂的逻辑尤为重要，所提供的事实、例⼦等证据之间，以及它们与全⽂的结论之间都要有合理的逻辑关系。

逻辑关系错误或不严密会迷惑读者，使读者对⽂章的观点产⽣怀疑。

通常使⽤的逻辑推理⽅法有以下⼏种：1)归纳法：综合若⼲个具体事例的共同本质，归纳出⼀般规律，即通过个别、特殊到⼀般，从微观到宏观的论证⽅法；2) 演绎法：与归纳法相反，演绎法从⼀般规律⼊⼿，推论到个别事物，从宏观到微观。

如果平时积累些科学道理和原理、英语中常⽤的⼈⽣哲理或谚语、名⼈的经典论述等，那么在写作中就可以随时调动、应⽤、引申，演绎出⼀篇理由充⾜的⽂章；3) 类⽐法：这种论证⽅法根据两个对象在某种属性上的相同或相似推出结论。

此外，议论⽂中也经常使⽤因果逻辑关系。

有时，在同⼀篇⽂章中交叉使⽤这些⽅法。

请看对下⾯短⽂中逻辑性的分析：
1) As His Name Is, So Is He
For her 24 years, she’d been known as Debbie—a name that didn’t suit her good looks and elegant manner. “My name has always made me think I should be a cook,” she complained. “I just don’t feel like a Debbie.”
One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie. “That was the smartest thing I ever did,” she says now. “As soon as I stopped calling myself Debbie, I felt more comfortable with myself… and other people started to take me more seriously.” Two years after her successful job interview, the former waitress is now a successful magazine editor. Friends and associates call her Lynne. Naturally, the name change didn’t cause Debbie/Lynne’s professional achievement—but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents.
2) Is It a Good Thing to Live in a Big City?
Each year thousands of people rush into big cities. Some come for education, some come for shopping or sight-seeing, and some come on business. But most of them are attracted by the modern life in big cities and come to settle. Is it a good thing to live in a big city?
People enjoy city life chiefly because of its conveniences. For example, the city provides fast transport, with buses, subways and taxies. Then, there are department stores and bookstores all over the city. Hospitals and other services are at hand. However, people in big cities are often confronted with many problems. One is the housing problem. The prices of housing are getting increasingly high. So many people have to buy their houses in the suburbs far away from their offices. Everyday, they have to travel a long distance to go to and from work. Another problem is traffic congestion. The streets in big cities are always congested with various vehicles such as buses, cars, motorcycles. As a result, noise and air pollution are produced, which is also a problem in big cities.
In short, although the city is a good place for shopping and travel, it is not a good place to live in. 短⽂1）采⽤了归纳法，从名为Debbie的⼥⼦对她⾃⼰的名字的感受以及她在改了名字之后⽣活发⽣的变化这⼀具体实例归纳出“⼈如其名”这⼀⼀般结论；短⽂2）主要采⽤了演绎法，在说明⼈们涌⼊⼤城市这⼀现象、⼤城市的优势和问题时，使⽤了主题句先概述总的情况再解释细节的演绎逻辑。

5. Ways of Developing Body Paragraphs
5.1 Types of argumentative essays
Giving Advantages and Disadvantages
When giving arguments for and against a topic you should present both sides in a fair way by discussing them objectively in equal detail. Start your essay by making a general statement about the topic, and then give the advantages and disadvantages in (at least) two separate paragraphs. Remember to start a new paragraph for each new topic and to make a plan before writing your essay. Finally, end your essay with a well-balanced consideration of the points discussed. It is possible to state an opinion without using strong, emotional or personal expressions. (Do not use words such as: I know, I believe, etc. Use words such as: It seems that …, It can be seen that …, etc.) If you believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, write them just before the final paragraph so that it will be easier for you to lead the reader to the conclusion. Expressing Opinions
This type of argumentative essay uses personal expressions, unlike the for and against essay, which does not include them.。