英语语言学Chapter 3 The Properties of Languag
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Other Properties
• Displacement, Arbitrariness, Productivity, Cultural Transmission, Discreteness, and Duality : core features of human language
• Not uniquely human characteristics: Vocalauditory channel: Reciprocity: listener and receiver Specialization: Non-directionality: picked up by anyone Rapid fade: produced and disappear quickly
• Novel utterances are continually being created to meet new situations and new objects: productivity, creativity, openendedness
• Animal signals have Fixed Reference
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Discreteness
• Sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct
• b and p sounds in back and pack lead to meaning distinction in English, difference between b and p is not great though.
• Humans are born with an innate predisposition to acquire language, not born with the ability to produce utterances in a specific language
• Animal communication: instinctive, not learned
forms of signaling • Unique communication system
.
Communicative vs. Informative
• Communicative: specifically, intentionally • Informative: unintentionally sent info. • Distinction between animal and human
• Duality of levels is one of the most economical features of human languages: limited set of distinct sounds capable of producing large number of sound combinations which are distinct in meaning.
Chapter 3 The Properties of Language
• Physical aspects of human teeth, larynx are not shared by other creatures.
• Human capacity for speech • Human the only communicating? • Animals communicate with each other • Human language different from other
.
Cultural Transmission
• Acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
• Language is passed on from one generation to the next is called –
.
Duality
• Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously; duality or double articulation.
• Level 1, distinct sounds; Level 2, distinct meanings;
• We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language, a pronunciation falls within the physical possible range of sounds, interpreted as linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct
• Animal signals: clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal: fixed and limited set of forms; specific situation; particular times
.
Productivity
communication: consider their potential of intentional communication
.
Unique Properties
• Displacement Human language users can refer to past and future time, and to other locations. It allows the users of language to talk about things and event not present in the immediate environment. Bee communication has some degree of communication. displacement enables human to crate fiction and describe possible future worlds.
.
Arbitrariness
• No natural connection between a linguistims do not “fit” the objects they denote.
• Some words “echo” sounds of objects or activities. Onomatopoeic (Natural Sounds)
.
Other Properties
• Displacement, Arbitrariness, Productivity, Cultural Transmission, Discreteness, and Duality : core features of human language
• Not uniquely human characteristics: Vocalauditory channel: Reciprocity: listener and receiver Specialization: Non-directionality: picked up by anyone Rapid fade: produced and disappear quickly
• Novel utterances are continually being created to meet new situations and new objects: productivity, creativity, openendedness
• Animal signals have Fixed Reference
.
Discreteness
• Sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct
• b and p sounds in back and pack lead to meaning distinction in English, difference between b and p is not great though.
• Humans are born with an innate predisposition to acquire language, not born with the ability to produce utterances in a specific language
• Animal communication: instinctive, not learned
forms of signaling • Unique communication system
.
Communicative vs. Informative
• Communicative: specifically, intentionally • Informative: unintentionally sent info. • Distinction between animal and human
• Duality of levels is one of the most economical features of human languages: limited set of distinct sounds capable of producing large number of sound combinations which are distinct in meaning.
Chapter 3 The Properties of Language
• Physical aspects of human teeth, larynx are not shared by other creatures.
• Human capacity for speech • Human the only communicating? • Animals communicate with each other • Human language different from other
.
Cultural Transmission
• Acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.
• Language is passed on from one generation to the next is called –
.
Duality
• Language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously; duality or double articulation.
• Level 1, distinct sounds; Level 2, distinct meanings;
• We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language, a pronunciation falls within the physical possible range of sounds, interpreted as linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct
• Animal signals: clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal: fixed and limited set of forms; specific situation; particular times
.
Productivity
communication: consider their potential of intentional communication
.
Unique Properties
• Displacement Human language users can refer to past and future time, and to other locations. It allows the users of language to talk about things and event not present in the immediate environment. Bee communication has some degree of communication. displacement enables human to crate fiction and describe possible future worlds.
.
Arbitrariness
• No natural connection between a linguistims do not “fit” the objects they denote.
• Some words “echo” sounds of objects or activities. Onomatopoeic (Natural Sounds)