钢铁行业科技英语

科技英语教程
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
Part One: LY Steel
Unit One
Brief Introduction
Reading Assignment
1.What’s the core value of LY Steel?
2.What’s the company’s development strategy?
3.What kind of certificates and honorary titles has LY Steel
been awarded?
Located in Loudi City, Hunan Province, LY Steel was established and put into operation in 1958. By now it has developed the integrated scale of 4.5 million ton turnout, with total assets of RMB 25.68 billion yuan and employees on duty around 15,400 of which the sales revenue reached 21.6 billion yuan in 2008.
Nowadays, LY Steel has become the major sheet production base in Central South of China, boasting the complete—process of coking, sintering, iron making, steelmaking and steel rolling. Of which there are six blast furnaces
with effective cubage of 4086m3 and annual production capacity over 4.2million tons of pig iron, three 100t BOF, one hot and one cold rolling line for thin sheet, three steel rolling lines for bar and narrow strip, running total rolling capacity over 4.8 million tons.
The products are delivered to most provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China and exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, America and other nations and regions. “Shuangling” hot—rolled rebar has won National Silver Medal (the highest) for three consecutive times and Gold Cup Prize among national metallurgical products for two times. And the hot rolled thin strip has also been awarded the same Gold Cup Prize.
Looking forward to the future, LY Steel will follow the guidance of scientific development concept, vigorously promote the core value of “credibility, Harmony and Innovation” speed up the implementation of the development strategy of “top quality products plus product differentiatio n” promote the third round of undertaking, endeavor to build LY Steel into both a sheet production base with rational structure, top efficiency, beautiful environment and sustainable development, and a prominent enterprise with long lasting competitiveness Words and Expressions
turnout 产量、产额
total assets 总资产
autonomous regions 自治区
National Silver Medal 国家银奖
reinforced bar（rebar）带肋钢筋，螺纹钢
State Silver Medal国家银质奖
Scientific development concept 科学发展观
development strategy 发展战略
pig iron 生铁
Exercises
I ．Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Translate the following English into Chinese.
Lianyuan Iron&Steel Group Co., Ltd., Hunan Valin Lianyuan Iron&Steel Co., ltd., and Hunan Valin Liangang Steel Sheet Co., Ltd. (hereinafter jointly referred to as LY Steel) are located in Loudi City, the center of Hunan Province, where Xiangqian and Luozhan railways, Shangrui and Taiao expressways intersect. Since the establishment in 1958, LY Steel has been keeping constant development. During the “10th Five-year” period, the company carried out large-scale technical
modernization to build the 2 million tons Ultra-thin Sheet Project as well as its supporting projects. Its annual production capacity exceeds 4.5 million tons and the total assets reach over 19 billion yuan. The significant transform from section and bar to high-tech and high value-added ultra-thin sheet and strip as majority in product mix has been realized.
Unit Two
Main Products &Development of LY Steel Reading Assignment
1. List the main products of LY Steel .
2. What are the products used for?
3. Can you briefly state the development of LY Steel?
Ly Steel mainly produces hot-rolled, cold-rolled coils and sheets, and also bars with more than 50 varieties. T The products have been applied in such industries as construction, automobile, electromechanical, shipbuilding, hardware and home appliances. The registered trademark “Shuangling” is recognized as “China well-know
trademark”and has been listed among “Ten Publicly Recognized Trademarks in China”.
Item No. Variety Specifications
Design
Production
capacity
(unit:mt)
1 Hot rolled
sheet
(coil)
0.8~12.7×900~1600mm 2.4
2 Cold rolled
sheet
(coil)
0.25-2.5mm×850-1570
mm
1.5
3 Hot rolled
rebar ∮12~40mm 1.4
4 Others narrow strip 0.
5 Hot Rolled Coils
Cold Rolled Coils
Reinforced Bar Narrow Strip
Round Bar
Development of the company
◆Sept. 17th 1958, the first ladle of hot metal was poured from No.1 blast furnace.
◆ 1959, the first steel bar was rolled, filling up the blank
that there had been no steel in Hunan Province.
◆ 1993, the annual steel output exceeded 1 million tons.
◆ 2002, the annual production capacity of 2 million tons
steel was fulfilled.
◆ 2004, the annual steel output exceeded 3 million tons
and the annual production capacity was over 4 million tons, the sales income exceeded RMB 10 billion Yuan.
The CSP line went into production; putting an end to the history that high-class sheet cannot be produced in Hunan Province.
◆ 2005, the annual steel output exceeded 4 million tons.
“National Quality Management Prize” was awarded. ◆2006, the thin strip cold rolling line was put into operation,
The trademark“Shuang Ling ”was conferred with “China Well-known Trade Mark”
◆2007, successful trial production of the first large and
wide titanium coil in China, which ended the history that hot rolled titanium coil could not be produced in our country.
Words and Expressions
variety 品种specifications 规格
design Production capacity (unit: mt) 设计产能(百万吨) hot rolled sheet (coil)热轧板(卷)
cold rolled sheet (coil)冷轧板(卷)
hot rolled rebar 热轧带肋钢筋
narrow strip窄带钢
Exercises
I ．Translate the following into English.
涟钢已成为中南地区重要的板材生产基地，拥有从炼焦、烧结、冶炼到轧钢等一整套全流程工艺装备，其中高炉6座，总有效容积4086m3，年产生铁420万吨以上；100吨转炉3座；热轧、冷轧薄板生产线各一条，棒材、窄带轧钢生产线共三条，年轧制能力480万吨以上。

产品用于建筑．桥梁．工程机械．大型设备、铁路车厢及交通运输机械结构件、集装箱．化工设备．石油井架、车辆及其它结构件、焊接钢管、压力容器（如液化气钢瓶．乙炔气钢瓶）、冷成形件或冷轧原料
Unit Three
The Processes and Main Equipments of LY Steel Nowadays, Lianyuan Steel covers an area of over 16 million square meters, boasting the integrated-process of
bar, strip, hot rolled and cold rolled sheet/coil, the utility systems such as air, water, steam, electricity and transport, ensuring a high-efficiency operation and powerful guarantee.
1*452m2+2*380m2+ 2*323m2+1*2200m2 Blast Furnace
I.Production system
A. Iron making system
Coking 焦化Sintering烧结Iron making 炼铁coke oven 焦炉
shaft furnace竖炉blast furnace高炉
B.Steel making system
Converter 转炉
oxygen top-bottom blowing 氧气顶底复吹
hot metal mixer 混铁炉
4-strands caster四流连铸机
LF(Ladle Furnace) 钢包精炼炉
6-strands billet caster六流方坯连铸机
hot metal desulphurization station 铁水炉外脱硫站C. Steel rolling system
RH degasser RH炉
thin slab continuous casters薄板坯连铸机
roller-hearth type soaking furnace辊底式加热炉
7 stands finishing mill with edgers 带立辊轧机的7机架精轧机
laminar cooling device层流冷却设备
down coiler地下卷取机
Pickling line coupled tandem cold mill酸洗—冷轧机联合机组
Full hydrogen bell type annealing furnace全氢罩式退火炉Continuous galvanizing line连续式热镀锌机组
Skin pass mill平整机组
Recoiling inspection line 重卷检查机组
Recoiling slitting line 重卷纵切机组
Cut-to-length line横切机组
Exercises
I ．Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Describe the following process chart
Part Two: Metallurgy
Unit Four:
Metallurgy冶金
Reading Assignment
1 What is metallurgy?
2. What are the methods used to get metals from the ores?
Metallurgy is the study of metals and alloys. The most important branch of met- allergy is the study of the
methods of extracting metals from the earth. Most metals occur only as compounds in minerals. Only a few, such as gold, are found uncombined. Minerals that are mined for their metals are called ores. Ores usually contain a mixture of different minerals ．The amount of metal in an ore can vary greatly. Most iron is obtained from an ore that is almost pure iron oxide. Gold ore, on the other hand, may only contain one part of gold in a million.
The first step is to crush the ore. Then the material containing the metal is separated from the rest of the ore. The unwanted material is called the gangue. The material containing the metal is called the concentrate. There are various methods of obtaining the metal from the concentrate. The method used depends on the metal.
One common method is to heat the concentrate in air. The oxygen in the air converts the metal into the metal oxide. Usually the oxide is then heated with carbon and a flux in a furnace. The car-bon removes the oxygen from the oxide and forms the gas carbon dioxide. This leaves behind the melted metal. The flux combines with other impurities in the concentrate. The impurities form a slag. Because the metals are heavy, the slag floats on top of the
molten metal. The slag is then skimmed off. This method is used for metals such as iron and lead.
Some ores are treated with an acid or some other substance. The substance combines with the metal to form a compound. The compound can be extracted by dissolving it in water. Gold is some-times extracted by this method.
The other common method is electrolysis. This method is used for very reactive metals such as aluminum and sodium. In electrolysis, a compound of the metal is heated until it melts. An electric current is then passed through the liquid. The current enters and leaves the liquid through electrodes. As the current flows, pure metal is deposited onto one of the electrodes.
Words and Expression
extract v．提炼
flux n..'熔化；焊剂；溶剂
ore n 矿石
slag n．炉渣
gangue n．脉石
skim 撇
concentrate n.（矿）精矿
electrolysis n．电解
Exercises
I ．Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Translate the following English into Chinese.
In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous
alloys are those in which the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category.
Unit Five
The History of Iron-making and Steelmaking Reading Assignment
1．How was iron ore heated in early times?
2．When was iron serving as a basis of human culture and civilization?
3．Who succeeded in smelting iron with coke?
4. When did two Englishmen, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, contributed the improvement whereby they lined the converter with ‘basic’ refractory bricks, containing magnesia or dolomite?
5 ．Why was the Siemens-Martin process called "open-hearth" furnace?
6 ．When was the electric-arc furnace process first used extensively for the production of alloy steels?
Worldwide, the iron and steel industry is one of the most significant and, in terms of tradition, one of the oldest sectors of industry. As early as 3，000 years ago, iron was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization.
The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates back to prehistoric times. In early times, iron ore was heated in a charcoal fire(doubtless by chance at first)．When the fire went out, a piece of solid iron like a sponge was left. The spongy iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons. Our metallurgical forefathers found that when they blew or fanned the flames, the fire became hotter and the iron was produced more rapidly, so bellows were used to increase the supply of air.
The development of modern iron-making production benefits from the application of several important techniques:
1) In 1709, Abraham Darby, a young man succeeded in smelting iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production.
2) After the year 1755，steam engines and large electric motor were used as blast momentum to force more air into
the hearth increasing blast volume greatly.
3) In 1828, Nilson adopted the regenerative hot blast stove to heat air for blast furnace, reducing the coke ratio of blast furnace greatly.
Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron.
In August 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of its former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities.
The first Bessemer converter was lined with silica bricks. The process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel. In 1878，two Englishmen, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, contributed the improvement whereby they lined the converter with ‘basic’ refractory bricks, containing magnesia or dolomite. Lime was added to the bath to combine with the phosphor and silicon, and thus remove them from the iron in the form of slag containing calcium
phosphate and calcium silicate.
In 1865, another efficient process for steelmaking was introduced, this transformed the pig iron and/or scrap into heated hearth-type furnace. After its inventors, it was also known as the Siemens-Martin process(or open hearth process)．The Siemens-Martin ‘open-hearth’ furnace was so called because the molten metal lies in a comparatively shallow pool on the furnace bottom or hearth。

The idea of using pure oxygen to convert molten iron into steel was suggested in some of the Bessemer patents over 100 years ago, but its use for steelmaking was long delayed by the cost of separating oxygen from air. After 1948, oxygen was becoming available at prices sufficient low to make it attractive for use in steelmaking.
The electric-arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 1914--1918 war.
After 1970s, Bessemer process and open-hearth process are losing their significance. As the demand for high quality steels increased, post-treatment became a routine step in the production of steel.
Words and Expressions
in terms of 以…的观点，就…而言sector 部分，部门
serve as 用作，充当extraction /.提取
date back追溯charcoal l/n.木炭
sponge n.海绵，海绵状物hammer into shape锤打成形
forefather/ 祖先，先人，前辈bellow /n.风箱
benefit from获益，得益于result in导致，终于造成…结果
pig iron生铁momentum/ /n.动力，要素
hearth/n.炉膛，炉缸blast volume 风量
regenerative /a.蓄热的hot blast stove热风炉
blast furnace高炉coke ratio焦比
spring /sprig/n. 弹簧
cast iron 铸铁
wrought iron 熟铁consisted in 在于
impurity 杂质converter 转炉，炼钢炉
line n.炉衬v. 造衬silica 硅石，二氧化硅
brick 砖，砖块eliminate除去
phosphor,磷phosphoric磷的
refractory耐火的，耐熔的n.耐火材料magnesia 氧化镁
dolomite 白云石lime 石灰
bath 熔池open hearth 平炉
slag 炉渣calcium 钙
phosphorous 磷的phosphate 磷酸盐
silicate 硅酸盐
electric-arc furnace 电弧炉
post-treatment 炉外精炼，后处理routine 日常的，常规的
Exercises
I ．Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form given in brackets.
Early sponge iron was 1 (produce; produced; produces) in bloomery hearths furnaces. The furnace with low pit or shaft furnaces were 2 （made; make) of mud, quarries or erratic. With 3 （improving; improved; improves) utilization of the heat in the lump-producing furnaces, temperatures could be raised to such a degree that the charged material was melted to a liquid state. It is now understood that when the iron is molten in a blast furnace, it 4 （absorb; absorbs; absorbed) three to five per cent of carbon and other impurities as well. This saw the start of the blast furnace. Up to the beginning of the 18 `h century, blast furnaces were operated with charcoal. In 1709, Abraham Darby, a young man succeeded in 5 ( smelting; smelted) iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production.
Unit Six
Raw Materials for the Production of Iron The raw materials for the production of iron in the blast furnace can be grouped as follows : Iron-bearing materials, fuels and fluxes.
1. Iron-bearing materials
The major iron-bearing materials are iron ores, sinter and pellets in the blast furnace. Their function is to supply the element iron, which is 93 to 94 per cent of the pig iron produce.
Iron ores are classed by their chemical compositions, such as oxides, sulfides, carbonates, etc.. Magnetite, hematite, limonite and siderite are four kind common iron ores. If pure, hematite would give 70 per cent iron. The typical reddish color is caused by the iron．In the case of red iron ore, the compound of iron and oxygen is not so "tight" that the hematite is regarded as “easily reducible”．Magnetite, a magnetic iron ore, }s increasing in use for two reasons. Firstly, it can be separated from the rock by magnetic means; secondly; it has high iron content. Iron and oxygen atoms are very closely combined with each other in magnetite, thus making magnetite "difficult to reduce"．Limonite is a brown iron ore and contains water，
which means that the iron oxides have formed a stable compound with water（water of Crystallization）．Containing 30% to 40 %Fe，siderites are relatively easy to reduce．Most ores contain 10% to 20 % gangue（which consists mostly of alumina and silica）．If the gangue contains mainly lime，the ore is “basic”；if silicon acid predominates，the ore is “acid”．
Hematite Magnetite Siderite Limonite
Siderite
2．Fuels
The fuels enter the blast furnace as coke，coal，oil or gas．They are used for producing the heat required for smelting，and reducing the iron oxides into metallic iron and carburizing the iron（about 40 to 50 kilograms Per ton of iron）．
At present，some of the coke in the blast furnace 15
usually replaced by coal．The blast furnace can inject hard coal，soft coal and mixed coal．BF pulverized coal injection can dramatically reduce coke rate and the dependency on increasing shortage of coke resource，so it is the most effective approach to reducing the iron-making cost and has become an important part in BF iron-making technology advances．
3. Fluxes
Fluxes include limestone，dolomite and lime mainly，whose major functions are to combine with the ash in the coke and the acid gangue in the ores to make a fluid slag that can be drained readily from the furnace hearth．The ratio of basic oxides to acid oxides must be controlled carefully to preserve the sulphur-holding power of the slag as the fluidity．
Words and expressions
raw material 原料iron-bearing materials 含铁原料
fuel 燃料flux 熔剂，造渣剂
oxide 氧化物sulphide
硫化物
sulfur 硫carbonate 碳酸盐
magnetite 磁铁矿hematite 赤铁矿
limonite 褐铁矿coal injection 喷煤
siderite 菱铁矿gangue 脉石
hydrous 含水的reducible 可还原的
carburize使渗透soft coal 烟煤
hard coal 无烟煤
fluidity 流动性
Exercises
1. Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form given in the brackets.
Hematite is （one; a; an) of the most widely used ores. If pure, would give 70 per cent iron. The typical reddish color is caused by the iron( III）．In the case of red iron ore, the compound of iron and oxygen （are; am; is) not so "tight" and so the （magnetite; hematite) is regarded as "easily reducible"．
Iron and oxygen atoms are very closely （combined, combining, combines) with each other in magnetite, thus making magnetite "difficult to reduce". Limonite （is; are; was) an brown iron ore. It contains water, which means that the iron oxides have formed a stable compound with water(water of crystallization)．
3. Translate the following English into Chinese.
The most important raw materials for smelting iron and steel are the iron ores. The quality requirements to be satisfied by the ores nowadays are: high iron content, good metallurgical characteristics and reducibility, lower quantities and type of undesired tramp elements, lack of very fine material(less than 5% below 5mm)，etc. To achieve these desirable factors, it is usual to treat ores.
Unit Seven
Raw Materials of Steelmaking
The hot metal tapped from the blast furnace is the principal raw materials used for steelmaking. Besides hot metal, further charge materials are: steel scrap, slag formers, alloying agents and oxidizing agents.
1. Blast furnace iron ( Hot metal)
Blast furnace iron consists of the element iron combined with numerous other chemical elements, the most common of which are carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. Pig iron may contain 3.0 to 4. 5 per cent of carbon, 0. 15 to 2.5 per cent or more of manganese, 0. 02 to 0. 06 per cent of sulphur, 0. 3 per cent, more silicon and small amount of phosphorous. Large quantities of tramp elements within the hot metal still have to be removed partly or completely. In fact, this is most important task of steelmaking.
2. Steel scrap
Worldwide, scrap participates 40 per cent in steel production input and must therefore be considered as an important raw material. Its use in steelmaking varies, depending on the production process applied.
Steel scrap may he classified according to its sources:
Circulating scrap This arises during the steelmaking and rolling process. It consists of sheared ends and rejected materials which are normally returned immediately to the steelmaking vessels.
Process scrap This arises during the manufacture of finished product. It is usually returned quickly to the steelmaking plants.
Capital scarp This arises from scrapping manufactured goods and equipment. In some cases it may be returned to the work s after three or four years’ use , or with heavy capital equipment the life may be fifty years or more .
Circulating and process scrap usually return to the steelmaker without contamination, and heavy capital scarp is generally of the same quality. Much “ short life “ capital scrap contaminated with coatings of various kinds is returned. This gives a sharp increase in the residuals in the steel.
3. Slag formers
Just as in the case of the hot metal, the slag formers are used to produce a reactionable low viscosity slag capable of absorbing undesired elements. Slag formers
are used at all stages of iron and steel production, such as refining, pretreatment, post-treatment, and in steel casting.
Slag formers consist of lime, dolomite, fluorspar, etc. Lime and dolomite are the two primary fluxes.
4. Alloying agents and deoxidizing agents
The steel also has to possess certain properties obtained by varying defined amounts of alloying agents. These properties might be, for example, corrosion resistance, machinability, strength at elevated temperatures.
The important allotting agents used in the production of steel are nickel, ferrochromium, ferrotitanium, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, and ferromolybdenum, etc.
The deoxidizing agents--- the additions for binding the oxygen dissolved in the liquid steel –are often added immediately after process. T
5. Oxidizing agents
Oxidizing agents consist of oxygen, iron ores and scale, etc. They play the most important role in the production of steel.
Words and Expressions
alloying agent 合金剂slag former 造渣剂
scrap n.废钢，废料
process scrap加工废钢，边角废料deoxidation 脱氧，还原
sheared end 切头，切尾tramp element 杂质元素
rejected material 废品，废料finished product 成品
detract 降低，减损circulate（使）循环
contamination，污染，污染物fluorspar，萤石，氟石
machinability 机械加工性，切削性ferrochromium 铬铁（合金）
ferrotitanium ,钛铁（合金）ferrotungsten 钨铁（合金）
ferrovanadium 钒铁（合金）ferrosilicon , 硅铁（合金）
ferromolybdenum 钥铁（合金）
Exercises
I ．Translate the following expressions into English.
2. Translate the following English into Chinese.
Major reducing agent in the BF are the carbon monoxide gas generated by the oxidation of the carbon in fuel and carbon in coke. Iron-bearing materials containing iron oxides can be reduced to molten iron(pig iron) in the blast furnace by using the reducing agent. In the process, pig iron absorbs from 3. 0 to 4. 5 per cent of carbon. Most of the iron produced in blast furnaces is transported to the steelmaking shop while it is still liquid and is then used directly for the manufacture of steel.
Unit Eight
Furnace
Reading Assignment
1 What is a furnace?
2. What are the two main groups of furnaces?
3. Why are electric furnaces widely used?
4. What is fuel for industrial furnaces?
A furnace is any enclosed structure in which fuel is burned to produce heat. A furnace is usually made of metal or brick, or a combination of these or other fireproof substances. Furnaces are designed to produce the greatest amount of heat from the fuel used. They are also designed to direct the heat where it is most needed. Furnaces are used to produce heat for comfort. They are also used to boil water to make steam, or to heat various substances.
There are two main groups of furnaces. The first group consists of furnaces used for heating homes. Warm air furnaces, may burn several fuels, such as coal, coke, gas, or oil. These fuels heat air. The air then rises through large tubes called ducts to openings, or registers, in the various
rooms. When cool, the air returns through a cold-air register to the furnace. A forced-air furnace has a blower. The blower directs and increases the flow of warm air. Another type of furnace is connected to a steam boiler. This type heats water until steam forms. The steam passes through pipes to various rooms. Other furnaces, connected to hot-water boilers, do not heat water to the boiling point. They aid in circulating hot water through pipes and radiators. A forced hot-water system uses a pump. The pump works to force the water through the pipes. This gives a faster circulation.
Home furnaces must be cared for regularly. Cleaning furnaces maintains their efficiency. It also helps to prevent fires. All furnaces, chimneys, and air ducts should be serviced once every year. The sealing of furnace joints should be periodically checked.
The second group of furnaces, which are those used in industry, are used mainly to heat metals and make steam. They are also used in making cement, glass, bricks, steel, and many other materials. Industrial furnaces produce extremely high temperatures. Many of them use coal or coke for fuel ．Others use gas, oil, or electricity. One
industrial furnace, the blast furnace, is a cone-shaped structure of brick, concrete, and steel. The blast furnace is used to fuse, or melt, iron ore with coke to make pig iron. It is also used to make iron from iron ore. Fans blow air under pressure into the furnace. This makes the fire extremely hot.
Electric furnaces are widely used. Metalworkers often need temperatures ranging from 1830C to 2 800C [3 500F to 5 00001F]．Electric furnaces can produce these temperatures. There are three main types of electric furnaces. In arc furnaces, heat comes from an electric arc formed between carbon electrodes. A resistance furnace works like a bread toaster. A resistance furnace produces heat by passing an electric current through a substance. The substance, in resisting the electric current, becomes very hot. An induction furnace sends an alternating current through a conductor. The conductor is wrapped around an insulated container. The container holds the material that is to be heated, usually melted. The alternating current produces a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field causes a current to flow in the material. The induced current heats the material. If a material, such as
glass, does not allow induced currents to be set up with it, the container is usually made of carbon. In these cases, the induction furnace produces heat within the container. In turn, the container melts the material.
Atomic furnaces or nuclear reactors are designed to produce power by nuclear fission. Their fuel is usually uranium or plutonium.
Solar furnaces produce temperatures of 4 400C [8 000F] or higher. In a solar furnace, a certain group of mirrors focuses the sun's rays to a specific spot in an oven...
New Words and Expressions
fireproof a．耐火的solar furnace 太阳炉
pig iron，生铁blast furnace 高炉
duct n．输送管arc furnace 电弧炉
register 寄存器resistance furnace 电阻炉
radiator n.暖气装置bread。