高中英语：阅读理解之文章结构专项讲解

高中英语：阅读理解之文章结构专项讲解
【基础回顾】
考点归纳：
理解文章的基本结构
英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。

主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。

各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。

如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

基础必读：
根据考纲要求（5）理解文章的基本结构可知，考查文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。

从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。

篇章结构主要的设题方式常有：
（1）How is the passage organized?
解释：文章的结构是怎样构成的？
（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
解释：下列哪个选项能最好的显示文章的组织结构？
（3）What will the author most probably talk about next?
解释：接下来作者最有可能会谈论什么?
（4）The author develops the passage mainly by ______.
解释：作者发展文章剧情主要是通过______。

（5）The first paragraph serves as a（n）______.
解释：第一段在整篇文章中起的作用是______。

（6）The example of …is given to show/illustrate that______.
解释：…的例子说明______。

【技能方法】
篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：
（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。

从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总→分；总→分→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。

（2）了解文章的论证方法。

从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea →Evidence →conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

（3）了解文章的修辞手法。

从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。

其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。

是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。

“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。

“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。

【基础达标】
There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.
Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.
The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.
In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate
though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.
Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.
1. What does the underlined word “They” refer to?
A. Flooded waters.
B. Wildlife journeys.
C. Safari camps.
D. Unique rides.
2. What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?
A. Seeing and feeling the real African life.
B. Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.
C. Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.
D. Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.
3. What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?
A. Wild and romantic.
B. Slow and peaceful.
C. Hungry and thirsty.
D. Active and excited.
4. The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by ______ .
A. following space order
B. following time order
C. making classifications
D. giving examples
【文章大意】
本文为说明文。

文章介绍了非洲观赏野生动物的野营的项目。

非洲有很多地方可以观赏野生动物,但是骑马穿过博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲的洪水一定是世界上最激动人心的野生动物之旅。

几个骑行的露营为这个冒险提供了基础,可以一天两次深入探索三角洲。

营地有优秀的马匹、专业指导和许多工人的支持。

他们为旅行者提供伟大的骑行体验。

早晨,当导游带你去美丽的,充满睡莲的浅水湖泊。

它不同于任何其他的骑行体验。

周围的水花四溅形成彩虹反射在你的身体和脸上，巨大的滴水的声音,的确令人兴奋。

你很可能会遇到大型的野生动物。

骑马很可能会非常接近大象,长颈鹿和许多其他动物。

当你越接近他们的时候，就会产生突然的兴奋感和紧张,心率也会增加。

一到晚上,骑行旅程通常会更放松和悠闲,金色的光流洒满郁郁葱葱的三角洲，动物们也出来寻找食物和水。

即使它们很安静,但骑行者在看到这个时候时仍印象深刻。

当太阳光线穿过尘埃落在马身上,非洲的浪漫生活就开始了。

回到营地你可以脱下靴子，享受美味的食物和酒。

回顾你的一天,你会发现,马背上的骑行旅程与野性的呼唤密切相关。

1.下划线的单词“他们”指的是什么?
A. 淹水。

B. 野生动物之旅。

C. 狩猎营地。

D. 独特的骑行旅程。

2.通过马背上的骑行，作者发现什么最激动人心?
A. 看到并感受到真正的非洲生活。

B. 在营地享受美食和葡萄酒。

C. 狩猎大型动物就像我们的祖先一样。

D. 现场接近动物。

3.下划线的单词“稳重”可能是什么意思?
A. 野生和浪漫。

B. 缓慢而平静。

C. 饥饿和口渴。

D. 积极和兴奋。

4.作者主要是通过______介绍在奥卡万戈三角洲骑行体验。

A. 按照空间顺序
B. 遵循时间顺序
C. 进行分类
D. 给例子
1. C代词指代题。

由“Several safari camps operate…The camps have excellent horses…”可知本段主要介绍safari camps。

该句中的reputation意思是“声誉，名声”。

由此可知该处They指Safari camps，意思是这些营地有良好的声誉。

2. D推理判断题。

从第三段的详尽描述可知，作者对游人和雨后彩虹融为一体的风景和近在咫尺的野生动物印象尤其深刻。

3. B词义猜测题。

由该段第一句“…rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace…”可知，尽管在晚上游览变得较为轻松，此时游览仍然给人留下深刻印象。

sedate此处意思是“安静的，恬淡的”。

4. B篇章结构题。

第一、二两段介绍观赏野生动物的地点和方式，而后续段落则按从早到晚的时间顺序来详尽介绍。

【能力提升】
The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full­sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade­grown production to full­sun production endangers the very existence of，certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the world's
ecological balance.
On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full­sun fields affects the area's birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits.Full­sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result，many species are quickly dying out.
On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full­sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee­growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full­sun coffee plantations(种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate，and studies show that the loss of oxygen­giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.
It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade­grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
1. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.
B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.
C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.
D. It improves local soil conditions.
2. The purpose of the text is to ______ ．
A. entertain
B. advertise
C. instruct
D. persuade
3. Where does this text probably come from?
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical journal.
C. An engineering textbook.
D. A tourist guide.
4. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
【文章大意】
随着现代科技的发展，树荫下种植的咖啡产量越来越少，取而代之的是受到阳光暴晒的咖啡。

这种生产咖啡的方式影响了人们生活的方方面面，破坏了当地的生态环境，影响了全球的生态平衡。

咖啡豆的生产是一个巨大的、有利可图的业务,但是,不幸的是,全­日照生产接替产业并带来很大的伤害。

咖啡从树荫下­种植到全­日照种植的改变，危威了某些动物和鸟类的生存,甚至扰乱了世界的生态平衡。

在地方层面,全日照种植对森林的破坏正在影响该地区的鸟类和动物。

森林树木的树荫为鸟类和其他物种提供了家,这些生物以树木的鲜花和水果为生。

全日照咖啡种植者摧毁了森林的家。

因此,许多物种正在迅速消亡。

在全球层面上,全­日照咖啡种植对于热带雨林的破坏也威胁着人的生命。

医学研究经常利用森林里的植物和动物的生活,这样的物种遭受破坏的话，就会妨碍研究者发现治疗某些疾病的方法。

此外,新的咖啡­种植技术正在污染当地的水质,最终会污染世界的地下水。

在本地和全球范围，全­日照咖啡种植园不断地扩张，可能就意味着对热带雨林生态的破坏。

研究表明,遮荫树的损失已经造成全球气候略有变化,氧气­让树木的损失也会导致空气污染和全球变暖。

此外,新的种植技术是导致酸性土壤的条件。

很明显,大多咖啡种植的方式影响到生活的许多方面,从当地全球生态环境。

但消费者有一个选择。

他们可以尽可能地购买阴影­种植咖啡,尽管会花费更高的成本。

未
来地球和人类的健康价值，无疑是要超过一杯便宜的咖啡的。

1．从第四段中我们能了解全日照咖啡生产是怎样的?
A. 它限制了新的种植技术的传播。

B. 它会导致空气污染和全球变暖。

C. 它减慢遮荫树的损失。

D. 它能改善当地土壤条件。

2．本文的目的是________。

A. 娱乐
B. 广告
C. 指导
D. 说服
3．这个文本可能是从哪里来的?
A. 农业杂志
B. 医学杂志
C. 一个工程教科书
D. 一个导游
4．下面哪个选项能够显示整个文本的结构?
1. B细节理解题。

根据第四段阳光暴晒的咖啡种植园的不断扩散会影响气候，从而导致空气污染和全球变暖，故选B。

2. D写作意图题。

本文主要说明受过阳光暴晒的咖啡对环境和人类健康的危害，以此劝说人们保护环境，故选D。

3. A推理判断题。

本文是一篇关于种植业的议论文，所以它应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。

4. A篇章结构题。

本文的第一段提出观点，其后的第二、三、四段分别从不同角度进行具体论证，最后一段是总结段。

因此本文是“总——分——总”结构，故选A。

(P：Paragraph)
【终极闯关】
Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys(调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very”or “somewhat”overly­protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behaviour is
appropriate.
However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult”children.
In the context(背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents' involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college­age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn't present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today's grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.
Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.
Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.
1．The surveys inform us of ______．
A．the development of technology B．the changes of adult children's behaviour C．the parents' over­protection of their college children
D．the means and expenses of students' communication
2. The writer believes that ______．
A．parents today are more protective than those in the past
B．the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages
C．technology explains greater parental involvement with their children
D．parents' changed attitudes lead to college children's delayed independence
3. What is the best title for the passage?
A．Technology or attitude
B．Dependence or independence
C．Family influences or social changes
D．College management or communication advancement
4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?
A. B.
C. D.
I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Sub­point(次要点)C：Conclusion
【文章大意】
这是一篇讨论父母和已上大学的子女之间关系的议论文。

文章通过举例阐明了现代的父母对孩子事务的参与和对孩子的控制甚于以往，但这并不能说父母对孩子仅仅抓住不放。

借助现代技术，父母与孩子的沟通较之以往更好了。

技术变革无处不在,影响生活的各个方面,主要是更好。

然而,新技术所带来的社会变化经常被误认为是态度的改变。

一个例子就是家长参与到他们孩子的大学生活。

关于这个主题的调查表明,父母现在的父母都或多或少过于­保护自己的孩子，即使孩子进入大学宿舍生活。

相同的调查也表明,现在的家长参与的速度远远大于上一代人。

这通常解读为一个信号,即今天的父母正试图控制孩子的生活。

然而,更多的家长参与并不一定表明父母不能放手让他们的孩子成长。

这篇文章讨论的背景,对于最先找到父母对他们的成年子女的参与这一改变的原因是有价值的。

如果前几代的父母想要经常与他们上大学的孩子联系,这可能吗?可能不会。

另一方面,今天频繁的沟通的可能性,是否意味着这样的冲动并不是现在的一代才
有的?许多研究表明,现今的祖父母如果太过过频繁地给他们的孩子打电话，这样的行为和成本就会成为一个障碍。

此外,研究表明,父母和他们的大学的孩子之间的沟通最频繁的是在财政方面。

事实上,大学生在经济上依赖于他们的父母也不是什么新问题了,也不要求父母给更多的钱。

这种现象既不好也不坏,无论是现在还是在过去，它就是大学生活的一个事实。

多亏了先进的技术,我们生活在一个交流畅通无阻的时代。

许多好的影响远远超出父母试图参与他们大学孩子的生活。

但它是有用的,记住所有来自技术带来的改变,而不仅仅是一些父母渴望把他们的孩子留在身边。

1. 调查要告诉我们______。

A. 技术的发展。

B．成年子女的行为变化。

C. 父母在过度­保护他们的大学的孩子。

D. 学生沟通的手段和费用。

2. 作者认为________。

A. 今天的父母比过去对孩子的保护更多。

B．新技术的缺点大于它的优点。

C. 技术解释更多的父母参与他们的孩子的生活。

D. 父母改变了态度导致大学的孩子的独立也延迟了。

3. 本文的最佳题目是?
A.科技或态度
B.依赖或独立
C.家族影响或社会变化
D.大学管理或沟通进步
4. 下面哪个选项能表示文章的发展结构?
1. C细节理解题。

根据第二段中的“Surveys(调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be ‘very’or‘somewhat’overly­protective even after their children move into college dormitories.”可知，现在的父母过分保护上大学的孩子，故C为正确答案。

2. C推理判断题。

根据最后一段中的“Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication.”可知，先进的科技使得父母参与孩子事务的机会更多。

故选C。

3. A主旨大意题。

开篇作者提出了论点“…social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.”，接下来通过例证说明了家长对孩子的过分保护到底是由于技术变化还是态度变化。

最后一段得出结论：是科技的变化。

故选A。

4. B文章结构题。

开篇第一段为总论，最后一段得出结论。

中间分为现在的父母对上大学的孩子的控制比以前加强(第二段)和放手让孩子成长(第三段)这两个方面，放手让孩子成长又包含了过去的父母想对孩子进行管教却受条件约束(第四段)。

另一方面，大学生对父母在经济上的依赖现象从过去到现在都存在，并不因当今的交流中涉及高科技就意味着孩子更依赖父母(第五段)。

因此选B。