浅析《永别了-武器》中主人公的男性气概--文献综述1【范本模板】

浅析《永别了，武器》中主人公的男性气概
摘要：《永别了，武器》是海明威早期代表作，被誉为现代文学的经典名篇.此书以海明威根据自己的参战经历,以战争与爱情为主线，描述了美国青年弗雷德里克·亨利在第一次世界大战期间志愿到意大利北部战争担任救护车驾驶员，期间与英国护士凯瑟琳·巴克莱相识相爱的故事。

本文以男性气概为主题，从勇气、意志力、自我控制力、自信、责任心和荣誉感六个角度深入分析主人公亨利的性格特点,以及从他对生活、对战争和对爱情的态度中所体现出来的典型的男性气概。

关键词：《永别了,武器》；欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威；弗雷德里克·亨利；男性气概
A Brief Analysis of the Main Character's Manliness in
A Farewell to Arms
Abstracts：A Farewell to Arms is one of the representative novels of Hemingway in his early time，which was also praised as a classic masterpiece of modern literature。

According to Hemingway’s own experience of the war，with war and love as the main line，this book talks about the American youth Frederic Henry went to northern Italy volunteered as an ambulance driver during World War I , and the love story between Henry and the British nurse Catherine Barkley. This paper takes manliness as the theme，analyzes Henry's personality from the perspectives of courage，willpower，self-control，self-confidence, responsibility and honor, as well as his attitude to life，war and love.
Key words：A Farewell to Arms; Ernest Miller Hemingway；Frederic Henry；manliness
Literature Review
1.Ernest Miller Hemingway and A Farewell to Arms
Ernest Miller Hemingway （1899–1961）was an American novelist，short story writer，and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work s between the mid—1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works。

Additional works, including three novels，four short story collections，and three non-fiction works，were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway set during the Italian campaign of World War I。

The book, published in 1929，is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant (”Tenente"）in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army。

The title is taken from a poem by a 16th-century English dramatist George Peele. A Farewell to Arms is about a love affair between the expatriate American Henry and Catherine Barkley against the backdrop of the First World War, cynical soldiers, fighting and the displacement of populations. The publication of A Farewell to Arms cemented Hemingway's stature as a modern American writer，became his first best—seller.
2.Recent Studies on Ernest Miller Hemingway and His Works
Hemingway’s description of scene and environment, telegraphic dialogue，concise and vivid internal monologue, formed a unique writing style，and he also use movement and image to express emotion。

This unique writing style is widely discussed and studied by scholars at home and abroad. Scholars mainly concentrated in Hemingway’s writing style and his anti-war ideas，and it is relatively rare to interpret and analyze from the perspective of manliness。

2。

1 Studies Abroad
Hemingway's life is full of legend。

He also plays the role of writer, soldier, war correspondent, boxer, fisherman，hunter and other characters, so he can always attract people’s attention easily. There are few writers who can have a life just like Hemingway had, and seldom writers can relate their characters to their own just like Hemingway did。

So focusing on Hemingway's real life become an important way for people to understand Hemingway’s works。

After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization" by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th—century writers and by creating a style ”in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action，and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."(Thomas，2011).Because he began as a writer of short stories，Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language，how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth.”Hemingway called his style the Iceberg Theory：the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight.(Baker，1971:117)。

The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission". Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing，though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface。

Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with ”what if" scenarios：”what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night？What if I were wounded and made crazy，what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" (Benson，1989：351）. And many other critics, such as James R Mellow(1992），have focused on Hemingway's life and those letter written by him, which can be helpful to research on Hemingway’s works. And about the book ，Spanier Sandra Whipple(1987)，have mentioned about the word "Code Hero”, she have researched on the mental
relationship between the two main characters, so that she thought Catherine Barkley is a guide who lead Henry to become a mature man。

2。

2 Studies at Home
In China, there are also many scholars who study on Hemingway’s life experience，such as Yang Renjing, who focused on Hemingway’s visit to China，and analyzed this visit from three aspects。

In contemporary American writers，no one had caused such a different comment like Hemingway. Bourgeois critics had many different opinions，and they did something unconventional and unorthodox, they also put label on Hemingway's head，which is not surprising. It is worth noticing that people seems to have not fixed the consensus of opinion after repeated comments。

Sometimes they even have some opposite conclusions, for example, some people think that Hemingway’s mindset is in U。

S. imperialism rule group's spiritual life, and other people think Hemingway always stand together with the working class(Dong，1962）。

Some other scholars focus on Hemingway’s writing style. Zhang Wei（2003）summarized the previous study of Hemingway at home and abroad, clearly analyz ing Hemingway's narrative skills. Secondly, through the textual analysis of the hero, plot and environment，she also discussed the four themes of nihility, love, war and death in Hemingway's works，as well as Hemingway's views on life，war, women and ecotope。

Furthermore ，some scholars are tend to pay more attention on the novel A Farewell to Arms。

Frederic Henry matured his character and spirit during the war。

He gradually comprehend the true meaning of life, he no longer wandered out of the reality, he learned to endure loneliness，to faced the brutal reality，to deal with the challenges of fate. He sought a new life value between glory and frustration，and got rid of the decadence of emptiness and became the typical character（Ding Wen,1998）。

Hou Xiaoyan（2000) related Hemingway’s life experience to his works. Although Hemingway was always regarded as a tough guy，he also had weakness in different occasions。

According to Hemingway’s life experience and his works，we can find out the dual character of Hemingway, especially the weakness(Hou,2000). Hemingway is good at woven the
environment，characters and plot together, to express his emotion by those scenes. In this work，he did not give out his personal comments, so that he can shorten the distance among the author, characters and readers. He quietly introduce the scenario of the story to readers，giv ing people a kind of immersive feeling (Li Zhongzheng, Gao You, 1996）。

Although there are plenty of studies on Hemingway and his works，and the angles of the studies are various，there are a few studies of his works in the aspect of manliness on the novel A Farewell to Arms. So this paper can be seen as a supplement for this part。

3.Manliness
3。

1 Definition of Manliness
Manliness （also called manhood or masculinity）is a feature generally associated with the males。

It is a combination of socially-defined and biological factors, distinct from the definition of the male biological sex. Manliness traits include courage, independence and assertiveness。

These traits vary by location and context，and are influenced by social and cultural factors.
3.2 Studies on Manliness
Studies on manliness were first started abroad in the early 1990s。

In the following 25 years, the researches gain new emphasis and development。

Although studies at home began later than the western world, there are still many representative viewpoints。

In the 1990s，there appeared a humanistic change in the studies of manliness。

And the concept of manliness which had always been ignored regained its attention in the change。

And today the studies are quite systematic and complete. In foreign studies，the topic is mainly discussed from three aspects：etymology，anthropology and economics. Harvey Mansfield from Yale University published his work Manliness in 2006，which established the position of the concept and made it become one of the core concepts in masculinities study. The book presents the cultural connotation of manliness in the western intellectual history since ancient
times，which makes contribution to the content, standard and definition of the study。

In this book, which he called “a modest defense of manliness", he defines manliness as ”confidence in a situation of risk” and suggests this quality is currently undervalued in Western society。

Mansfield uses “fifty—fifty good and bad”to describe manliness for it is the only remedy for the trouble it causes。

However，he holds a critical view towards scientific understanding of manliness，for “these sciences see manliness at its lowest as aggression and altogether fail to consider the phenomenon of manly assertiveness”. He examined several authors like Freud，Shakespeare and Nietzsche, aiming to “comprehend the whole of manliness but not to cover everything” (Mansfield, 2006）.
In China, scholars pay more attention to the reflection of manliness in literary world, as well as its relationship with feminism。

Sui Hongsheng is one of the most typical scholars in this field。

His works offered much reference material of analyze the literary works from the aspect of manliness。

Based on the discrimination of relevant concepts of manliness, the cultural base that manliness exists on globally，the definition and basic cultural connotation of manliness，and the literary writing tradition and poetic features of manliness，he does deep analysis on the concept attribute, value orientation, judgment criteria，historical and practical significance and aesthetic value of manliness. He advocates that the concept covers 6 elements, which are courage，willpower，self—control, confidence，responsibility and sense of honor. He also uses “virtue” to describe manliness，pointing out that as a rule of morality，it needs to be subject to，dominated and decided by all the moral principles like good and evil, kindheartedness, as well as justice （Sui，2015:—131）.
4。

Purpose of My Study and Significance
As a representative of the “Lost Generation”，Hemingway recorded human misfortune and sadness, the performance of the tragic and absurd war，describes the post—war Western capitalist society，moral decay and spiritual breakdown in many of his novels。

At the same time, he also created a series of soldiers fighting with the war，fighting in the arena of boxers，bullfighters，infested in the waves of fishing
and trekking in the jungle of hunting lions。

They were living in a savage chaos and the law of the jungle in the world which only showed them ruthless, without the tenderness and tears. To face of the fate imposed on their physical pain，disability and mental confusion, emptiness and despair, they have no fear。

They struggled tenaciously ，and never folded back, even under heavy pressure , they still maintain elegant demeanor. This is Hemingway’s so—called ”tough guy”image. But this society we live in today is lacking of the “tough guy”spirit。

So based on the descriptions and details of the novel，this study aims to analyze the personality of Henry from the angle of manliness and highlight the significance of manliness in today's world。

To some extent，it also indicates Hemingway’s understanding of manliness. And it is added with some personal understandings to get unique conclusions as references for further study in this field。

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