句子成分和基本句型

句⼦成分和基本句型
句⼦成分和基本句型
什么是句⼦？
句⼦是由词按照⼀定的语法结构组成的，是能表达⼀个完整概念的语⾔单位．句⼦的第⼀个字母必须⼤写，结尾要有．？！
I am a teacher.
Are you a student?
How beautiful the girl is !
*句⼦成分由词或词组充当
英语的基本成分有七种：
主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)补语(complement)
１．主语：主语是在句⼦中说明全句中⼼主题的部分．⼀般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置⼀般在句⾸．
The girl is pretty.
Reading is useful.
To see is to believe.
They are good friends.
谓语：
谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
表语：
表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后⾯．
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
Seeing is believing.
宾语
宾语是动作，⾏为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词⼀起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is good guy.
宾语补⾜语
在英语中，有些句⼦只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后⾯家上宾语补⾜语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语⼲什么，怎么样的作⽤．
它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．
If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
Leave the door open.
We found John out when we arrived.
Make yourself at home.
I saw him enter the hall.
The boss keeps them working all day.
I heard my name called.
掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句⼦结构的基础。

⼀: ＳＶ(主＋谓)
⼆: ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)
三: ＳＶＯ(主＋谓＋宾)
四: ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
五: ＳＶＯＣ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
基本句型⼀:ＳＶ(主＋谓)
主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词,动词不定式, 动名词等等。

主语⼀般在句⾸。

谓语: 谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态变化的主⾓, ⼀般在主语之后。

不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。

如: We come.
Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)
1. The sun│rose.
2. Who │cares?
3. What he said │does not matter.
4. They │talked for half an hour.
5. The pen │writes smoothly
此句型的句⼦有⼀个共同特点, 即句⼦的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做不物动词，后⾯可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

基本句型⼆:ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)
此句型的句⼦有⼀个共同的特点: 句⼦谓语动词都不能表达⼀个完整的意思, 必须加上⼀个表明主语⾝份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做连系动词。

系动词分两类: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另⼀类, 表变化。

be 本⾝没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的作⽤。

其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。

感官动词多可⽤作连系动词: look well/⾯⾊好, sound nice/听起来不错, feel good/感觉好, smell bad/难闻
Ｓ│Ｖ(是系动词)│Ｐ(表语)
1. This│is│an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner│smells│good.
3. He│fell│in love.
4. Everything│looks│different.
5. He│is growing│tall and strong.
6. Our well│has gone│dry.
7. His face│turned│red.
基本句型三:ＳＶＯ(主＋谓＋宾)
此句型句⼦的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产⽣的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须跟有⼀个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫做及物动词。

Ｓ│Ｖ(及物动词)│Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who│knows│the answer?
2. He │has refused│to help them.
3. He│enjoys│reading.
4. He│said│“Good morning.”
5. He│admits│that he was mistaken.
基本句型四:ＳＶｏＯ
(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。

这两个宾语通常⼀个指⼈(间接宾语); ⼀个指物(直接宾语)。

--Give me a cup of tea please.
--Show this house to Mr. Smith.
--Bring it to me, please.
Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│ｏ(多指⼈)│Ｏ(多指物)
1.She│ordered│herself│a new dress.
2. He│brought│you│a dictionary.
3. I│showed│him│my pictures.
4. I│told│him│that the bus was late.
5. He│showed│me│how to run the machine.
基本句型五:ＳＶＯＣ
(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)此句型的句⼦的共同特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟⼀个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上⼀个补充成分来补⾜宾语, 才能使意思完整。

宾语补⾜语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。

可以⽤作宾语补⾜语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。

名词/代词宾格+ n./adj./ 介词短语/动词不定式/分词
The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy.
I often find him at work.
The teacher ask the students to close
the windows.
I saw a cat running across the road.
Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│Ｏ(宾语) │Ｃ(宾补)
1. They│painted│the door│green.
2. This│set│them │thinking.
3. They│found│the house│deserted.
4. He│asked│me│to come back soon.
5. I │saw│them│getting on the bus.
注意：⽤it 做形式宾语，⽽将真正的宾语放到宾语补⾜语的后⾯，以使句⼦结构平衡，是英语常⽤的句型结构⽅式。

即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。

如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
英语基本句型6 There be 句型
说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，⽤以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。

它其实是倒装的⼀种情况，主语位于谓语动词be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并⽆实际语意。

此句型有时不⽤be动词，⽽⽤live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。

如：
There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 与其后的主语在⼈称和数量上⼀致，有时态和情态变化。

如：现在有there is/are …
过去有there was/were…
将来有there will be…；there is /are going to be...
现在已经有there has/have been…
可能有there might be...
肯定有there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有there used to be …
似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be …
练习
a. ＳＶ
b. ＳＶＰ
c. ＳＶＯ
d. ＳＶｏＯ
e. ＳＶＯＣ
1. Pleas tell us a story. _______
2. She smiled. ______
3. I have a lot work to do. _____
4. His job is to train swimmers. _____
5. He noticed a man enter the room. _____
6. Please look at the picture. _____
但常⽤的英语句⼦并不都象基本句型这样简短, 除了基本句型的成分不变外, 通常是在这些成分的前⾯或后⾯增加⼀些修饰语⽽加以扩⼤。

这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./num. 数词)短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。

我们称之为: 定语、状语
The little boy needs a blue pen.
⼀、定语：
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作⽤的词、短语或句⼦, 译为‘‘……的’’。

形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；
不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词⽤作定语时须放在名词之后。

Two boys need two pens.
His name is Tom.
The boy in blue is Tom.
The boy there needs a pen.
The boy needs a ball pen.
There is nothing to do today.
The pen bought by her is made in China.
The boy you will know is Tom.
⼆、状语：
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句⼦成分, 说明⽅式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、⽅向、程度、⽬的等。

--The boy needs a pen now.
--The boy needs a pen very much.
可⽤作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。

介词短语作状语：
In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
在教室⾥, 男孩需要⼀⽀钢笔。

(地点状语)
Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.
在母亲⾯前, 汤姆总是⼀个男孩⼦。

(条件状语)
On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
星期天, 教室⾥没有学⽣。

(时间状语)
分词(短语)作状语：
He sits there, asking for a pen.
他坐在那⼉要⼀⽀笔。

(表⽰伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework, the boy
needs a pen.
因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要⼀⽀笔。

(原因状语)
Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.
(因为)受了惊吓, 他⽆声地坐在那⼉。

(原因状语)
不定式作状语
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
男孩需要⼀⽀笔写家庭作业。

(⽬的状语)
To make his dream come true, Tom becomes
very interested in business.
为实现梦想, 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、
原因状语从句、结果状语从句、
⽬的状语从句、⽐较状语从句、
让步状语从句、条件状语从句
--We chatted as we walked along.
--Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.
三、同位语：
同位语当两个指同⼀事物的句⼦成分放在同等位置时, ⼀个句⼦成分⽤来说明和解释另⼀个句⼦成分, 这个句⼦成分就叫做它的同位语。

We students should study hard.
(students是we的同位语, 都是指同⼀批“学⽣”)
We all are students.
(all是we的同位语, 都指同样的“我们”)
四、独⽴成分：
与全句没有语法关系的句⼦成分叫做句⼦的独⽴成分。

感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。

肯定词: yes
否定词: no
称呼语: 称呼⼈的⽤语。

插⼊语: ⼀些句中插⼊的I think, I believe,等。

如: The story, I think, has never come to the
end. 我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.
练习
(⼀) 挑出下列句中的宾语
①My brother hasn’t done his homework.
②People all over the world speak English.
④How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
(⼆) 挑出下列句中的表语
-- The old man was feeling very tired.
-- The leaves have turned yellow.
-- Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
1. What is your given name?
2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补⾜语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
①There was a big smile on her face.
②Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦I am afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
划分句⼦成分
1.You will tell your friend that you’ve got to school.
2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window.。