8.1 In-text citation

8.1 In-text Citation InF. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read (“Grayson” in the (“Grayson” following example) but is cited in a source that you have read (“Murzynski & Degelman” in the following (“ Degelman” example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list. For example, Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) suggested … [cf. MLA style: (qtd. in ….)] .)]
8.1 In-text Citation InG. When a source has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is cited.
8.1 In-text Citation InH. When a source has three, four, or five authors, cite all the authors the first time the source is cited; in subsequent citation, include only the first author's surname and “et al.” and the year al.” if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph. For example, Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that … [Use as first citation in text] Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph] Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph. Payne et al. showed that …
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8.1 In-text Citation InWhen more than two sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated and joined by semicolons in the parentheses.
8.1 In-text Citation InC. If publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname are cited, include the first author’ author’s initials in all text citations, even if the publication dates differ. For example, (1) R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found … (2) J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied …
8.1 In-text Citation InThe ampersand “&” is used before the last author when multiple authors for a source are identified and commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source. It is found that …. (Wirth & Mitchell, 1994) It is found that …. (Wirth, Pinter, & Mitchell, 1994)
8.1 In-text Citation InFor example, Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991; Sperber, et al., 2005).
8.1 In-text Citation InA. When the name(s) of the author(s) of a source is / are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication (and the page number) appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. a. Paraphrase and Summary: As Saussure (1959) illuminates, … b. Quotation: As Saussure pointed out, “…” (1959, pp.131-132). pp.131-
8.1 In-text Citation InThe word “and” is used before the last author when multiple and” authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . . Commas are only used to separate the surnames of three or more (but not two) authors for a source. Wirth, Pinter, and Mitchell (1994) found that . . .
8.1 In-text Citation InI. When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed by “et al.” and the year for the first al.” and subsequent citations. Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, et al. (1994) If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first author and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and “et al.” al.” Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)
8.1 In-text Citation InE. A major citation is separated from other citations within parentheses by the phrase “see also” also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations, which are arranged in alphabetical order. For example, (Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)
8.1 In-text Citation InB. When the author(s) of a source is/are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the author(s) and year of publication appear(s) in parentheses. It is generally agreed that …. (Saussure, 1959).
8.1 In-text Citation InD. Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year; repeat the year; separate the year-plusyear-plussuffixes with commas. For example, Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh & Seath, 2009, in press-a, in press-b) indicated presspressthat . . . .
8.1 In-text Citation InThe reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of References that follows the body of the paper. cf. MLA style: Works Cited
8 DOCUMENTATION THE APA STYLE CONTENTS
8.1 In-text citation In8.2 Quotation 8.3 References 8.4 Appendices
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8.1 In-text Citation InIn the APA style of documentation, the source materials must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) (and page numbers for quoted information) of the sources. For example, …. (Nida, 1985) …. (Nida, 1985, p.28). p.28). cf. In-text citation in MLA style: In…. (Nida 28) …. (Nida, Translation 28)