Note on References...
溶出度检查法美国药典USP-711
<711> DISSOLUTION溶出度(USP39-NF34 Page 540) General chapter Dissolution <711> is being harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. These pharmacopeias have undertaken to not make any unilateral change to this harmonized chapter.通则<711>溶出度与欧盟药典和日本药典中的相应部分相统一。
这三部药典承诺不做单方面的修改。
Portions of the present general chapter text that are national USP text, and therefore not part of the harmonized text, are marked with symbols to specify this fact.本章中的部分文字为本国USP内容，并没有与其他药典统一。
此部分以（）标注。
This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements where stated in the individual monograph for dosage forms administered orally. In this general chapter, a dosage unit is defined as 1 tablet or 1 capsule or the amount specified. Of the types of apparatus designs described herein, use the one specified in the individual monograph. Where the label states that an article is enteric coated and a dissolution or disintegration test does not specifically state that it is to be applied to delayed-release articles and is included in the individual monograph, the procedure and interpretation given for Delayed-Release Dosage Forms are applied, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph.本测试用于检测药品口服制剂的溶出度是否符合各论中的规定。
How_to_Write_a_Recommendation_Letter
some guidelines
List
your contact information if you are willing to receive follow-up correspondence. The letter of recommendation represents both you and the applicant.
Last semester, Alvin and his brother Theodore presented their mathematical model for determining sales patterns amongst video game magazines. Not only did this project earn him top honors, Barnes & Noble took notice and has now hired Alvin on for a summer internship. This project was carried out during the course of one semester, demonstrating Alvin's strong work ethic. I have no doubt that Alvin will make a tremendous impact on the world at large. I am positive he will make outstanding contributions to your program. Regards, Dr. Rebecca Miller Professor, University of Central Florida
Endnote使用指南
Installing Endnote
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For new versions of Endnote (8.0 or greater) the installation process should be as simple as running the executable file on CD and entering in the correct code. Earlier versions might require file re-location. After installing Endnote, any version, go to Word and check the toolbars to make sure the Endnote tool bar is available. If so add it to your toolbars.
Uploading References from PubMed
• • • • The fields can be expanded, like Excel, and sorted by selecting the Field. To copy to your new database, highlight the reference or references (with ctrl or shift) Select “Copy X References To” at the right. Select your new data base
Introduction Installing Endnote Opening Endnote for the First Time Uploading References from PubMed Importing References from Web of Science Adding a New Reference Inserting one or more references in a Word Document Formatting Bibliography Editing format of Bibliography Things to take note of
毕业论文的参考文献的英文翻译与整理
毕业论文的参考文献的英文翻译与整理Reference Translation and Organization of Graduation ThesisAbstract:In academic writing, it is essential to include appropriate and accurate references to support the arguments and ideas presented in a research paper. This article focuses on the translation and organization of references in a graduation thesis. The importance of referencing, common challenges in translation, and effective strategies for organizing references will be discussed.1. Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Purpose of the Study2. Importance of Referencing2.1 Credibility and Scholarly Integrity2.2 Acknowledging Intellectual Contributions2.3 Avoiding Plagiarism3. Common Challenges in Translation3.1 Terminology and Technical Vocabulary3.2 Cultural and Contextual Nuances3.3 Translating Non-English References4. Strategies for Translating References4.1 Literal Translation4.2 Paraphrasing4.3 Maintaining Consistency5. Organization of References5.1 Citation Styles5.2 Creating a Reference List5.3 Formatting Guidelines6. Tools and Resources for Reference Translation6.1 Online Translation Tools6.2 Electronic Databases and Libraries6.3 Style Guides and Manuals7. ConclusionReferences (References should be listed in alphabetical order according to the citation style used in the graduation thesis)Please note that the above format is a general example. Depending on the specific requirements of your graduation thesis, you may need to modify the structure and add additional sections.In conclusion, the translation and organization of references in a graduation thesis play a crucial role in maintaining the credibility andintegrity of the research. By accurately translating and properly organizing references, researchers can provide readers with easily accessible information and demonstrate their acknowledgment of the intellectual contributions of others. It is important to be meticulous and consistent in following the chosen citation style to ensure the professional presentation of the references.。
Resume Worksheet
RESUME WORKSHEET(Make the information on this worksheet thorough and complete. Save it as a lasting resource; update itas the years pass. Use the information as a “menu” from which to create a unique resume for each job you seek.)Name: ___________________________________________ Date updated:________________I. Personal InformationTemporary Address: ____________________________________________________________ City: __________________________________________ State: _____________ Zip: ________ Phone: (______) _______________________ E-Mail: _________________________________ Permanent Address (if different): __________________________________________________ City: __________________________________________ State: _____________ Zip: ________ Phone: (______) _______________________ E-Mail: _________________________________ [If you anticipate ever requesting a security clearance, you will need to record every place you have ever resided. You may also be required to identify and locate roommates, so record that here too!]II. EducationFirst College or University: _______________________________________________________ Location: _________________________________________________ State: _______________ Degree: _______________________________________________________________________ Major(s): _________________________________ Minor(s): ____________________________ Date obtained: ______________________ Major GPA: __________ Overall GPA: __________Other College or University: ______________________________________________________ Location: _________________________________________________ State: _______________ Degree: _______________________________________________________________________ Major(s): _________________________________ Minor(s): ____________________________ Date obtained: ______________________ Major GPA: __________ Overall GPA: __________Other schools attended (except high school), training or certifications received, licenses obtained: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________III. Experience Information (consider all experience—paid, unpaid, volunteer, etc.)[Duplicate this section for each experience in your background]Position title: _______________________________________________________________ Organization name: _____________________________________________________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ City: ___________________________________________ State: ________________________ Dates employed (months & years only) From: ___________________ To: _________________ Name of supervisor(s): ___________________________________________________________ Duties and responsibilities: _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Quality attributes (see p. 6) you found important and used successfully in this position.______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Specific performance accomplishments or contributions (p. 7) you made to this job:______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Combine the duties, qualities and accomplishments together and write a strong job description: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ IV. Special CompetenciesWrite here your special talents, skills, training, languages (artistic, computer skills, special licenses, significant achievements), etc: _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ V. Activities1. Memberships in professional associations, clubs or community groups, volunteer & religiousorganizations. Include name of the association, offices held and the dates. Add anysignificant activities attributed to your leadership: __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________2. Awards and Honors (academic, athletic, social, civic. Any scholarship not based on financialneed): _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Creative professional activities (articles written, inventions, projects presented or displayed):___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________VI. Personal ReferencesList references on a separate page, not on your resume. Avoid using family and relatives. Generally, three or four professional or academic references and one personal reference will be sufficient. Be sure to get permission from any reference before using their name! Send each a thank you note for volunteering to help you, and keep them informed on your job search progress.1. Name: ___________________________________________ Phone: (_____) ____________Address: _________________________________________ City: ___________ State: ____ Position: ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Name: ___________________________________________ Phone: (_____) ____________Address: _________________________________________ City: ___________ State: ____ Position: ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Name: ___________________________________________ Phone: (_____) ____________Address: _________________________________________ City: ___________ State: ____ Position: ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Name: ___________________________________________ Phone: (_____) ____________Address: _________________________________________ City: ___________ State: ____ Position: ___________________________________________________________________1. Put this worksheet onto a computer file and keep it for future use.2. Consider the sample resume formats and start to build your resume. Come to the Career Centerto view additional formats. Career Center staff will assist you in refining your resume to aprofessional standard!3. Update your resume worksheet annually. Go through the past year and consider yourexperiences and accomplishments, recording them while they are fresh in your mind.。
DNV-OS-C201
OFFSHORE STANDARDD ET N ORSKE VERITASDNV-OS-C201STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF OFFSHOREUNITS (WSD METHOD)APRIL 2005Since issued in print (April 2005), this booklet has been amended, latest in April 2006.See the reference to “Amendments and Corrections” on the next page.Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at http :// , or can be obtained from DNV,Veritasveien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in Norway.If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)SystemsE)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Wind TurbinesAmendments and CorrectionsThis document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October).For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /technologyservices/, “Offshore Rules & Standards”, “Viewing Area”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.Amended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Changes – Page 3Changes April 2005—Sec.1. Unification of requirements, level of references, terms, definitions, lay-out, text, etc. with the LRFD stand-ards, i.e. general standard (DNV-OS-C101), the standards for various objects (DNV-OS-C102 to DNV-OS-C106), as well as the fabrication standard (DNV-OS-C401). —Sec.1 & Sec.2. Definition and application of design tem-perature and service temperature has been updated, and the terminology co-ordinated with the LRFD standards.—Sec.4. Overall conditions for fracture mechanics (FM) testing, and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) transferred here (from DNV-OS-C401). Requirements to FM adjusted to reflect results of more recent research work. —Sec.5. References to the more recent Recommended Prac-tices introduced e.g. DNV-RP-C201 (for Plates), updating references to CN 30.1.—Sec.3 D300. Specified tank pressures are harmonised with similar formulas in the LRFD standards, while simultane-ously attempted simplified and clarified.—Sec.11 to Sec.14. (Ref. to the various objects.) Formulas for sea pressure during transit are reorganised and clari-fied, improving readability.—Sec.12. Text covering redundancy and detailed design re-vised in line with DNV-OS-C104 (and the previous MOU-rules).—Sec.13. Text regarding the topics of tendon fracture me-chanics, composite tendons, and stability, as well as the CMC requirements are all updated, bringing the text in line with most recent revision of DNV-OS-C105.—Sec.14. Text updated in line with ongoing revision of DNV-OS-C106.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 4 – Changes see note on front coverD ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Contents – Page 5CONTENTSSec. 1Introduction (9)A.General (9)A100Introduction (9)A200Objectives (9)A300Scope and application (9)A400Other than DNV codes (9)A500Classification (9)B.References (9)B100General (9)C.Definitions (10)C100Verbal forms (10)C200Terms (10)D.Abbreviations and Symbols (12)D100Abbreviations (12)D200Symbols (12)Sec. 2Design Principles (15)A.Introduction (15)A100General (15)A200Aim of the design (15)B.General Design Considerations (15)B100General (15)B200Overall design (15)B300Details design (15)C.Design Conditions (15)C100Basic conditions (15)D.Loading Conditions (16)D100General (16)D200Load (16)E.Design by the WSD Method (16)E100Permissible stress and usage factors (16)E200Basic usage factors (16)F.Design Assisted by Testing (16)F100General (16)F200Full-scale testing and observation of performance of existing structures (16)Sec. 3Loads and Load Effects (17)A.Introduction (17)A100General (17)B.Basis for Selection of Loads (17)B100General (17)C.Permanent Functional Loads (17)C100General (17)D.Variable Functional Loads (18)D100General (18)D200Variable functional loads on deck areas (18)D300Tank pressures (18)D400Lifeboat platforms (19)E.Environmental Loads (19)E100General (19)E200Environmental conditions for mobile units (19)E300Environmental conditionss for site specific units (19)E400Determination of hydrodynamic loads (19)E500Wave loads (19)E600Wave induced inertia forces (20)E700Current (20)E800Wind loads (20)E900Vortex induced oscillations (20)E1000Water level and tidal effects (20)E1100Marine growth (20)E1200Snow and ice accumulation............................................20E1300Direct ice load.. (20)E1400Earthquake (20)bination of Environmental Loads (21)F100General (21)G.Accidental Loads (21)G100General (21)H.Deformation Loads (21)H100General (21)H200Temperature loads (21)H300Settlements and subsidence of sea bed (21)I.Fatigue loads (22)I100General (22)J.Load Effect Analysis (22)J100General (22)J200Global motion analysis (22)J300Load effects in structures and soil or foundation (22)Sec. 4Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and Inspection Principles (23)A.General (23)A100 (23)B.Temperatures for Selection of Material (23)B100General (23)B200Floating units (23)B300Bottom fixed units (23)C.Structural Category (23)C100General (23)C200Selection of structural category (23)C300Inspection of welds (24)D.Structural Steel (24)D100General (24)D200Material designations (24)D300Selection of structural steel (25)D400Fracture mechanics (FM) testing (25)D500Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) (25)Sec. 5Structural Strength (26)A.General (26)A100General (26)A200Structural analysis (26)A300Ductility (26)A400Yield check (26)A500Buckling check (27)B.Flat Plated Structures and Stiffened Panels (27)B100Yield check (27)B200Buckling check (27)B300Capacity checks according to other codes (27)C.Shell Structures (27)C100General (27)D.Tubular Members, Tubular Joints and Conical Transitions.27 D100General (27)E.Non-Tubular Beams, Columns and Frames (28)E100General (28)Sec. 6Section Scantlings (29)A.General (29)A100Scope (29)B.Strength of Plating and Stiffeners (29)B100Scope (29)B200Minimum thickness (29)B300Bending of plating (29)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 6 – Contents see note on front coverB400Stiffeners (29)C.Bending and Shear in Girders (30)C100General (30)C200Minimum thickness (30)C300Bending and shear (30)C400Effective flange (30)C500Effective web (30)C600Strength requirements for simple girders (30)C700Complex girder systems (31)Sec. 7Fatigue (32)A.General (32)A100General (32)A200Design fatigue factors (32)A300Methods for fatigue analysis (32)A400Simplified fatigue analysis (33)A500Stochastic fatigue analysis (33)Sec. 8Accidental Conditions (34)A.General (34)A100General (34)B.Design Criteria (34)B100General (34)B200Collision (34)B300Dropped objects (34)B400Fires (34)B500Explosions (34)B600Unintended flooding (34)Sec. 9Weld Connections (36)A.General (36)A100Scope (36)B.Types of Welded Steel Joints (36)B100Butt joints (36)B200Tee or cross joints (36)B300Slot welds (37)B400Lap joint (37)C.Weld Size (37)C100General (37)C200Fillet welds (37)C300Partly penetration welds and fillet welds in crossconnections subject to high stresses (38)C400Connections of stiffeners to girders and bulkheads, etc..38 C500End connections of girders (39)C600Direct calculation of weld connections (39)Sec. 10Corrosion Control (40)A.General (40)A100Scope (40)B.Techniques for Corrosion Control Related to EnvironmentalZones (40)B100Atmospheric zone (40)B200Splash zone (40)B300Submerged zone (40)B400Internal zone (40)C.Cathodic Protection (41)C100General (41)C200Galvanic anode systems (41)C300Impressed current systems (42)D.Coating Systems (42)D100Specification of coating (42)Sec. 11Special Considerations for Column Stabilised Units (43)A.General (43)A100Assumptions and application (43)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (43)B100General (43)B200Structural categorisation (43)B300Material selection (43)B400Inspection categories (44)C.Design and Loading Conditions (46)C100General (46)C200Permanent loads (46)C300Variable functional loads (46)C400Tank loads (46)C500Environmental loads, general (46)C600Sea pressures (47)C700Wind loads (47)C800Heavy components (47)C900Combination of loads (47)D.Structural Strength (47)D100General (47)D200Global capacity (47)D300Transit condition (47)D400Method of analysis (48)D500Air gap (48)E.Fatigue (48)E100General (48)E200Fatigue analysis (49)F.Accidental Conditions (49)F100General (49)F200Collision (49)F300Dropped objects (49)F400Fire (49)F500Explosion (49)F600Heeled condition (49)G.Redundancy (49)G100General (49)G200Brace arrangements (49)H.Structure in Way of a Fixed Mooring System (49)H100Structural strength (49)I.Structural Details (50)I100General (50)Sec. 12Special Considerations forSelf-Elevating Units (51)A.Introduction (51)A100Scope and application (51)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (51)B100General (51)B200Structural categorisation (51)B300Material selection (51)B400Inspection categories (51)C.Design and Loading Conditions (51)C100General (51)C200Transit (52)C300Installation and retrieval (52)C400Operation and survival (52)D.Environmental Conditions (53)D100General (53)D200Wind (53)D300Waves (53)D400Current (53)D500Snow and ice (53)E.Method of Analysis (53)E100General (53)E200Global structural models (54)E300Local structural models (54)E400Fatigue analysis (55)F.Design Loads (55)F100General (55)F200Permanent loads (55)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Contents – Page 7F300Variable functional loads (55)F400Tank loads (55)F500Environmental loads, general (55)F600Wind loads (55)F700Waves (56)F800Current (56)F900Wave and current (56)F1000Sea pressures during transit (57)F1100Heavy components during transit (57)F1200Combination of loads (57)G.Structural Strength (57)G100General (57)G200Global capacity (57)G300Footing strength (57)G400Leg strength (58)G500Jackhouse support strength (58)G600Hull strength (58)H.Fatigue Strength (58)H100General (58)H200Fatigue analysis (58)I.Accidental Conditions (58)I100General (58)I200Collisions (58)I300Dropped objects (58)I400Fires (58)I500Explosions (58)I600Unintended flooding (58)J.Miscellaneous requirements (59)J100General (59)J200Pre-load capasity (59)J300Overturning stability (59)J400Air gap (59)Sec. 13Special Considerations forTension Leg Platforms (TLP) (61)A.General (61)A100Scope and application (61)A200Description of tendon system (61)B.Structural Categorisation, Material Selection and InspectionPrinciples (62)B100General (62)B200Structural categorisation (62)B300Material selection (63)B400Design temperatures (63)B500Inspection categories (63)C.Design Principles (63)C100General (63)C200Design conditions (64)C300Fabrication (64)C400Hull and Deck Mating (64)C500Sea transportation (64)C600Installation (64)C700Decommissioning (64)C800Design principles, tendons (64)D.Design Loads (65)D100General (65)D200Load categories (65)E.Global Performance (65)E100General (65)E200Frequency domain analysis (66)E300High frequency analyses (66)E400Wave frequency analyses (66)E500Low frequency analyses (66)E600Time domain analyses (66)E700Model testing (67)E800Load effects in the tendons (67)F.Structural Strength (67)F100General (67)F200Hull (68)F300Structural analysis (68)F400Structural design.............................................................68F500Deck.. (68)F600Extreme tendon tensions (69)F700Structural design of tendons (69)F800Foundations (69)G.Fatigue (69)G100General (69)G200Hull and deck (69)G300Tendons (69)G400Foundation (70)H.Accidental Condition (70)H100Hull (70)H200Hull and deck (71)H300Tendons (71)H400Foundations (71)Sec. 14Special Considerations for Deep DraughtFloaters (DDF) (72)A.General (72)A100Introduction (72)A200Scope and application (72)B.Non-Operational Phases (72)B100General (72)B200Fabrication (72)B300Mating (72)B400Sea transportation (72)B500Installation (72)B600Decommissioning (73)C.Structural Categorisation, Selection of Material andExtent of Inspection (73)C100General (73)C200Material selection (73)C300Design temperatures (73)C400Inspection categories (73)C500Guidance to minimum requirements (73)D.Design Loads (74)D100Permanent loads (74)D200Variable functional loads (74)D300Environmental loads (74)D400Determination of loads (74)D500Hydrodynamic loads (74)E.Deformation Loads (74)E100General (74)F.Accidental Loads (75)F100General (75)G.Fatigue Loads (75)G100General (75)bination of Loads (75)H100General (75)I.Load Effect Analysis in Operational Phase (75)I100General (75)I200Global bending effects (75)J.Load Effect Analysis in Non-Operational Phases (75)J100General (75)J200Transportation (76)J300Launching (76)J400Upending (76)J500Deck mating (76)J600Riser installations (76)K.Structural Strength (76)K100Operation phase for hull (76)K200Non-operational phases for hull (76)K300Operation phase for deck or topside (77)K400Non-operational phases for deck or topside (77)L.Fatigue (77)L100General (77)L200Operation phase for hull (77)L300Non-operational phases for hull (77)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 8 – Contents see note on front coverL400Splash zone (77)L500Operation phase for deck or topside (78)L600Non-operational phases for deck or topside (78)M.Accidental Condition (78)M100General (78)M200Fire (78)M300Explosion (78)M400Collision (78)M500Dropped objects (78)M600Unintended flooding (78)M700Abnormal wave events (78)App. A Cross Sectional Types (80)A.Cross Sectional Types (80)A100General (80)A200Cross section requirements for plastic analysis (80)A300Cross section requirements whenelastic global analysis is used (80)App. B Methods and Models for Design of Column-Stabilised Units (82)A.Methods and Models (82)A100General (82)A200World wide operation (82)A300Benign waters or restricted areas (82)App. C Permanently Installed Units (83)A.Introduction (83)A100Application (83)B.Inspection and Maintenance (83)B100Facilities for inspection on location................................83C.Fatigue. (83)C100Design fatigue factors (83)C200Splash zone for floating units (83)App. D Certification of Tendon System (84)A.General (84)A100Introduction (84)B.Equipment categorization (84)B100General (84)C.Fabrication Record (84)C100General (84)D.Documentation Deliverables for Certification ofEquipment (85)D100General (85)E.Tendon Systems and Components (85)E100General (85)E200Tendon pipe (85)E300Bottom tendon interface (BTI) (86)E400Flex bearings (86)E500Foundations (86)E600Top tendon interface (TTI) (86)E700Intermediate tendon connectors (ITC) (86)E800Tendon tension monitoring system (TTMS) (86)E900Tendon porch (87)E1000Tendon corrosion protection system (87)E1100Load management program (LMP) (87)F.Categorisation of Tendon Components (87)F100General (87)G.Tendon Fabrication (88)G100General (88)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2006,Offshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005 see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 9SECTION 1INTRODUCTIONA. GeneralA 100Introduction101 This offshore standard provides principles, technical re-quirements and guidance for the structural design of offshore structures, based on the Working Stress Design (WSD) meth-od.102 This standard has been written for general world-wide application. Statutory regulations may include requirements in excess of the provisions by this standard depending on size, type, location and intended service of the offshore unit or in-stallation.103 The standard is organised with general sections contain-ing common requirements and sections containing specific re-quirement for different type of offshore units. In case of deviating requirements between general sections and the ob-ject specific sections, requirements of the object specific sec-tions shall apply.A 200Objectives201 The objectives of this standard are to:—provide an internationally acceptable level of safety by de-fining minimum requirements for structures and structural components (in combination with referred standards, rec-ommended practices, guidelines, etc.)—serve as a contractual reference document between suppli-ers and purchasers—serve as a guideline for designers, suppliers, purchasers and regulators—specify procedures and requirements for offshore struc-tures subject to DNV certification and classification.A 300Scope and application301 This standard is applicable to the following types of off-shore structures:—column-stabilised units—self-elevating units—tension leg platforms—deep draught floaters.302 For utilisation of other materials, the general design principles given in this standard may be used together with rel-evant standards, codes or specifications covering the require-ments to materials design and fabrication.303 The standard is applicable to structural design of com-plete units including substructures, topside structures and ves-sel hulls.304 This standard gives requirements for the following: —design principles—structural categorisation—material selection and inspection principles—loads and load effect analyses—design of steel structures and connections—special considerations for different types of units. Requirements for foundation design are given in DNV-OS-C101.A 400Other than DNV codes401 Other recognised codes or standards may be applied pro-vided it is shown that the codes and standards, and their appli-cation, meet or exceed the level of safety of the actual DNV standard.402 In case of conflict between requirements of this standard and a reference document other than DNV documents, the re-quirements of this standard shall prevail.403 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc-uments, the latest revision of the documents shall be applied, unless otherwise specified.404 When code checks are performed according to other than DNV codes, the usage factors as given in the respective code shall be used.A 500Classification501 Classification principles, procedures and applicable class notations related to classification services of offshore units are specified in the DNV Offshore Service Specifications given in Table A1.502 Documentation requirements for classification are given by DNV-RP-A202.B. ReferencesB 100General101 The DNV documents in Table B1 are referred to in the present standards and contain acceptable methods for fulfilling the requirements in this standard.102 The latest valid revision of the DNV reference docu-ments in Table B2 applies. See also current DNV List of Pub-lications.103 The documents listed in Table B2 are referred in the present standard. The documents include acceptable methods for fulfilling the requirements in the present standard and may be used as a source of supplementary information. Only the referenced parts of the documents apply for fulfilment of the present standard.Table A1 DNV Offshore Service SpecificationsReference TitleDNV-OSS-101Rules for Classification of Offshore Drilling andSupport UnitsDNV-OSS-102Rules for Classification of Floating Productionand Storage UnitsDNV-OSS-103Rules for Classification of LNG/LPG FloatingProduction and Storage Units or Installations DNV-OSS-121Classification Based on Performance CriteriaDetermined by Risk Assessment MethodologyRules for Planning and Execution of MarineOperationsTable B1 DNV Reference DocumentsReference TitleDNV-OS-A101Safety Principles andArrangementDNV-OS-B101Metallic MaterialsDNV-OS-C101Design of Offshore Steel Struc-tures, General (LRFD method) DNV-OS-C301Stability and Watertight Integrity DNV-OS-C401Fabrication and Testing ofOffshore StructuresD ET N ORSKE V ERITASOffshore Standard DNV-OS-C201, April 2005Amended April 2006, Page 10 – Sec.1see note on front coverC. DefinitionsC 100Verbal forms101 Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement to be followed for fulfilment or compliance with the present standard. Devia-tions are not permitted unless formally and rigorously justified, and accepted by all relevant contracting parties.102 Should: Indicates a recommendation that a certain course of action is preferred or particularly suitable. Alterna-tive courses of action are allowable under the standard where agreed between contracting parties but shall be justified and documented.103 May: Indicates a permission, or an option, which is per-mitted as part of conformance with the standard.C 200Terms201 Accidental condition: When the unit is subjected to ac-cidental loads such as collision, dropped objects, fire explo-sion, etc.202 Accidental loads: Loads which may occur as a result of accident or exceptional events, e.g. collisions, explosions, dropped objects.203 Atmospheric zone: The external surfaces of the unit above the splash zone.204 Cathodic protection: A technique to prevent corrosion of a steel surface by making the surface to be the cathode of an electrochemical cell.205 Characteristic load: The reference value of a load to be used in the determination of load effects. The characteristic load is normally based upon a defined fractile in the upper end of the distribution function for load.206 Characteristic strength: The reference value of structur-al strength to be used in the determination of the design strength. The characteristic strength is normally based upon a 5% fractile in the lower end of the distribution function for re-sistance.207 Characteristic value: The representative value associat-ed with a prescribed probability of not being unfavourably ex-ceeded during the applicable reference period.208 Classic spar: Shell type hull structure.209 Classification Note: The Classification Notes cover proven technology and solutions which is found to represent good practice by DNV, and which represent one alternative for satisfying the requirements given in the DNV Rules or other codes and standards cited by DNV. The Classification Notes will in the same manner be applicable for fulfilling the require-ments in the DNV Offshore Standards.210 Coating: Metallic, inorganic or organic material applied to steel surfaces for prevention of corrosion.211 Column-stabilised unit: A floating unit that can be relo-cated. A column-stabilised unit normally consists of a deck structure with a number of widely spaced, large diameter, sup-porting columns that are attached to submerged pontoons. 212 Corrosion allowance: Extra wall thickness added during design to compensate for any anticipated reduction in thick-ness during the operation.213 Damaged condition: The unit condition after accidental damage.214 Deep draught floater (DDF): A floating unit categorised with a relative large draught. The large draught is mainly intro-duced to obtain reduced wave excitation in heave and suffi-ciently high eigenperiod in heave such that resonant responses in heave can be omitted or minimised.215 Design brief: An agreed document presenting owner's technical basis, requirements and references for the unit design and fabrication.216 Design temperature: The design temperature for a unit is the reference temperature for assessing areas where the unit can be transported, installed and operated. The design temper-ature is to be lower or equal to the lowest mean daily tempera-ture in air for the relevant areas. For seasonal restricted operations the lowest mean daily temperature in air for the sea-son may be applied.217 Driving voltage: The difference between closed circuit anode potential and the protection potential.218 Dry transit: A transit where the unit is transported on a heavy lift unit from one geographical location to another. 219 Dynamic upending: A process where seawater is filled or flooded into the bottom section of a horizontally floating DDF hull and creating a trim condition and subsequent water filling of hull or moonpool and dynamic upending to bring the hull in vertical position.220 Environmental loads: Loads directly and indirectly due to environmental phenomena. Environmental loads are not a necessary consequence of the structures existence, use and treatments. All external loads which are responses to environ-mental phenomena are to be regarded as environmental loads, e.g. support reactions, mooring forces, and inertia forces. 221 Expected loads and response history: Expected load and response history for a specified time period, taking into ac-count the number of load cycles and the resulting load levels and response for each cycle.222 Expected value: The most probable value of a load dur-ing a specified time period.223 Fail to safe: A failure shall not lead to new failure, which may lead to total loss of the structure.DNV-OS-D101Marine Machinery Systems andEquipmentDNV-OS-E301Position MooringDNV-OS-F201Dynamic RisersDNV-RP-C103Column Stabilised UnitsDNV-RP-C201Buckling Strength of PlatedStructuresDNV-RP-C202Buckling Strength of Shells DNV-RP-C203Fatigue Strength Analysis ofOffshore Steel Structures Classification Note 30.1Buckling Strength Analysis ofBars and Frames, and SphericalShellsClassification Note 30.4 FoundationsClassification Note 30.5 Environmental Conditions andEnvironmental Loads Classification Note 31.5Strength Analysis of MainStructures of Self-elevating Units Table B2 Other referencesReference TitleAISC-ASD Manual of Steel Construction ASDAPI RP 2A – WSD with supplement 1Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms – Working Stress DesignAPI RP 2T Planning, Designing and Constructing TensionLeg PlatformsBS 7910Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability offlaws in fusion welded structuresNACE TPC Publication No. 3. The role of bacteria in corrosionof oil field equipmentSNAME 5-5A Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jack-Up UnitsD ET N ORSKE V ERITAS。
MLAstyle 引用格式
MLA StyleFootnotes & BibliographyT H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O L E D O L I B R A R I E S The MLA Handbook advocates in-text referencing. The two main features of in-text referencing are parenthetical references and the Works Cited page . Instead of the traditional endnotes or footnotes,the writer uses references enclosed in parentheses within the text. These references refer to a list of works arranged alphabetically at the end of the paper. Notes, described in the Endnotes and Foot-notes section below, can still be used with in-text references for comments and explanations that cannot be accommodated in the main text of the paper.Provide only the information necessary to clearly and accurately identify the source of information.Do not allow references to interrupt the flow of the text. Place them at the end of the phrase, clause,sentence, or paragraph being referenced. Follow the reference with the appropriate punctuation placed outside the parentheses. References should be placed outside quotation marks. If, however,the reference is set off from the text, as with a long block quote, type a space and place the refer-ence after the punctuation. Compile the Works Cited page before the actual writing of the paper, so that you will know what to reference.Note: Parentheses are not required when referencing an entire source. Instead, include the name of the author(s) or the title in the body of the text. For example: "Mouly gives a comprehensive de-scription of ", or "Winger and Ziske argue that ", or "Exposed provides an intriguing ."What is a Reference Citation?What is MLA Style Reference Citation?All research is based on research preceding it, and writers are required to reference, or document,the original sources of information used. Any directly quoted or paraphrased ideas, words or facts taken from another must be referenced . Failure to credit the work of others is plagiarism, or literary theft.The Modern Language Association's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers provides detailed information on referencing authors and their works. It is a widely accepted style in the humanities disciplines. The MLA Handbook provides instructions for using both an in-text and note oriented referencing format. Consult your instructor on their preference.Using This Guide In-Text References In-text and note references will be described. Following these descriptions, sample references of each type will be provided. Some of the examples are taken directly from the MLA Handbook .Detailed information on direct quotations, use of quotation marks, abbreviations, or formatting issues such as spacing and margins within the paper itself is not provided (spacing and margin information is provided as it relates to references). Consult the MLA Handbook on these topics.Rules and Examples of Parenthetical Reference to Specific Parts of a WorkThe following rules and examples pertain to situations in which you have to reference a specific part of a work. Note: basic rules carry over from one referencing situation to another, even if no specific sample is provided below. For example, you reference multiple authors with more than one work cited just like a single author with multiple works cited. Consult the latest edition of the MLA Handbook if you are unsure of how to reference something.1a. Single Author- Name in Reference: Enclose the name and page number in parentheses and insert it in the text. For example:Research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic retrieval and interpretation of data (Mouly 12).(Mouly 12) indicates that the information in the sentence was found on page 12 of Mouly's work. Complete information about this source is provided on the Works Cited list under the author s name. Note: Use a first initial to distinguish between authors with the same last name. For example: (J.Smith) or (L. Smith 142).1b. Single Author- Name in Text: Enclose only the page number. For example:As Mouly states, research is a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems (12).2. Single Author- Multiple Works Cited: When citing multiple works by an author, include a short version of the title. Place a comma after the author's name if it is included in the reference. For example: Research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (Mouly, Educational 12).orMouly states that, research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (Educational 12).3. Multiple Authors: For up to three authors, include them all. If more than three, use "et al." after the first author's name. For Example:Chen, Johnson and Hickman emphatically support this interpretation (23).orThis interpretation has strong detractors, too. (Parnall et al. 98-100).4. Corporate authors: Same rules as individual authors. For example:A 1995 University of Toledo report supports this conclusion (14).orA report completed in 1995 supports this conclusion (University of Toledo 14).5. Works Referenced by Title: Short titles are completely enclosed in parentheses. Long titles are shortened beginning with the word by which they are alphabetized, excluding initial articles (A, An, The). Underline or italicized book titles, and enclose article titles in quotation marks. Follow the title with a page number when applicable. For example:Serious disagreements surround the results (Guidelines). [Full title: Guidelines for TV Violence]orThe current level of television violence disturbs many parents ("Television Violence" 42).6a Multivolume Work- Entire Volume: Include a comma after the authors name, write "vol." followed by the volume number. For example:Profound changes shook the very foundation of their belief system (Winger, vol. 6).6b. Multivolume Work- Specific Page(s): Include the volume number, add a colon and then the page number(s). For example:The entire situation was out of control between 1960 and 1962 (Hulka 6: 111-113)orHulka writes that the entire situation was out of control between 1960 and 1962 (6: 111-113).7a. Literary Works- Novels and Plays: Because these works often appear in different editions, provide additional location information after the page number, such as chapter or act. Place a semi-colon after the page number and abbreviate the additional location, such as ch. (chapter) or sec. (section). Separate multiple divisions with a comma. For example:Sastre's version has William Tell's sons urging him to shoot (315; sc. 6).orIn Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is the victim of contradictory emotions (Dostoevsky 1; pt. 1, ch. 1).7b. Literary Works- Poems and Classic Verse Plays: Omit page numbers and refer directly to divi-sions (acts, scenes, cantos, etc.) and lines. Separate the various numbers with periods, e.g., Iliad 9.19 refers to book 9, line 19. Precede numbers with the title if it is not already included in the text. If using line numbers only, include the word "line" or "lines" in the first reference and use only the number thereafter. Note: use Arabic numerals unless instructed otherwise. For example:In Hamlet, the prince declares confidently, "The play's the thing / Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King" (2.2.633-34).orThe Dean and Chapter manuscript version of Octovian ends more formally: "And thus endis Octouean / That in his tym was a doghety man " (Lines 1629-30).Note: See chapter six of the Handbook for general literary abbreviations, and those for specific famous literary works and title of the books of the Bible.8. Indirect Sources: If an indirect, i.e., second hand, source is the only one available, precede it with "qtd. in". You may document the original source in a note. For example:He admitted freely that Burke was the better man (qtd. in Oxenberger 46).9. Multiple Works in One Reference: Refer to each work as before and use a semi-colon to separate them. For example:Some scholars take exception to this view (Mouly 23; Winger 149-150; Guidelines 29). Creating a Works Cited PageEntries, called citations, usually have three significant divisions- author's name in reverse order, title and publication information, each followed by a period. For citations longer than one line, indent subsequent lines five spaces (1/2 inch). Italicize or underline titles. For example:Mouly, George J. Educational Research: The Art and Science of Investigation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.This book entry states that the author s name is George J. Mouly and that its title is Educational Re-search: The Art and Science of Investigation. The rest of the information refers to the place of publica-tion which is Boston, the publisher, which is Allyn and Bacon, and the year of publication, 1978.Place the list of citations at the end of the paper on their own page, which is numbered sequentially with the rest of the paper. Place the page number one-half inch from the top, flush with the right margin. Leave one inch margins. Label the page, "Works Cited", indicating that what follows was cited within the text. Center the heading one inch from the top of the page. Begin entries two spaces below the heading flush with the left margin. Double space within and between entries. Use as many pages as necessary to continue the list.Arrange the list alphabetically by the author s last name or the first important word in title. Ignore the articles "A", "An", and "The" when they begin a title. Use the letter-by-letter alphabetizing system, which calls for the following:Alphabetize on the letters of the last name, ignoring spaces and punctuation. For example:Descartes, ReneDe Sica, VittorioConsider the first name or initial when two or more last names are identical. For example:Morris, RobertMorris, WilliamWhen two or more co-authored citations begin with the same last names, alphabetize on the last name of the second author listed. For example:Winger, John, and Albert HulkaWinger, John, and Ray ZiskeList multiple works by one author alphabetically by title, preceded by three dashes, after giving the author's name in the first citation. This rule does not apply when multiple authors are involved. For example:Winger, John. The New Model Army. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1968.---. Our Army at War. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973.Sample Works Cited PageWorks CitedFrye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957---. Language and Meaning in Criticism. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1971."Six Elements of Modern Literary Criticism." PMLA 109 (1994): 34-45.Wallace, Ronald, and Sheryl Pratt-Wallace. A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1970. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.Reference notes rather than parenthetical references may be required. Note numbers replace the paren-thetical reference. Notes begin with the number 1 and continue sequentially throughout the paper.Unlike citations, which include the page numbers for the entire work, notes identify the specific page(s)referred to. When using notes, you may not have to include a separate list of works cited. Consult your instructor on this matter.Notes Notes vs. In-Text References Placing Notes In the TextNote Formats Endnotes Sample Endotes PageNotes should not interrupt the flow of the text. Place them in the text following punctuation marks,except for dashes. The numbers inserted in the text should be Arabic in superscript (placed slightly above the text) to the right. For example: " argues for the program. 1"Notes include: author's name, in regular order followed by a comma; title, publication data, in parenthe-ses; and page information. A period appears only at the end. Again, page references are specific to the information referenced not the entire work. The first note for a particular work lists all this information.Subsequent notes for that work require only abbreviated information, such as "2Frye 34-35". There are two types of notes: Endnotes and Footnotes.Endnotes, the preferred format, appear at the end of the text on their own page, which is numbered sequentially with the other pages. Margins, spacing and numbering are the same as for a Works Cited page described above. Use the heading "Notes". Entries should begin five spaces (1/2 inch) from the left margin. Add the superscript number, a space, and then the reference. If the reference goes beyond one line, begin subsequent line(s) at the left margin. For example: 1Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York:Morrow, 1990) 52.Notes 1 Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton: Princeton UP , 1957) 76.2 Frye, 37-38.3"Six Elements of Modern Literary Criticism," PMLA 109 (1994): 34.4Ronald Wallace and Sheryl Pratt-Wallace, A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1970 (New Haven:Yale UP, 1992) 187-188.Footnotes appear at the bottom, or foot, of the page. They begin two double spaces below the text.Footnotes are single spaced, but you must double space between them. If a note continues on the next page, add a solid line across that page two spaces below the text and continue the note two spaces below the line. Place notes for the new page two spaces under the continued note.FootnotesUsing Notes with In-Text ReferencesTwo types of notes can be used with in-text references. Content notes provide an comments, explana-tions of information not appropriate in the text. Do not include them unless they are essential to clarify or explain what you have written. Bibliographic notes contain several sources or comments on sources included on the Works Cited page. For example:Sample Passage:The ancient Greeks deplored hubris, or excessive self pride. Oedipus clearly shows hubris by fleeing Corinth in an attempt to avert the oracle's terrible revelation of his fate.1Content Note:1 Warnings about hubris can also be readily found in the works of prominent Greek philosophers.Bibliographic Notes1 For a full description of Greek attitudes toward hubris, see Thomas 48-56; Jenkins 35; and espe-cially Papadakis 56-70.Sample Citations and NotesBelow are sample entries for most common information formats. Each has a sample reference citation, (C), and a reference note, (N). If you come across an information format not covered below, consult the MLA Handbook. Note: Remember to double space as required when preparing your citations or notes.BooksSingle AuthorC: Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975.N: 1 Sibyl Marcuse, A Survey of Musical Instruments (New York: Harper, 1975) 46.Note: If the person(s) named edited, compiled or translated a work, as with an anthology or compilation do the following. For citations, place a comma after the name, followed by the appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.) and a period, e.g. "Wu, Sam, ed." For notes, place a comma after the name and abbreviation, e.g., "Sam Wu, ed.,".Single Author- Two or More BooksC: Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957.---, ed. Design For Learning: Reports Submitted to the Joint Committee of the Toronto Board of Education and the University of Toronto. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1962.N: 1 Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton UP, 1957) 46-47.2 Frye 37-38.3 Frye, Design 129.Two or More AuthorsC: Smith, William, and John Braden. Reading Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989.N: 1 William Smith and John Braden, Reading Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989) 476.Note: For more than three authors, you may use only the first name followed by et al. For ex-ample: "Gadbois, Guy, et al." For citations or "Guy Gadbois, et al.," for notes.Corporate AuthorC: National Research Council. China and Global Change. Washington: Natl. Acad., 1992.N: 1 National Research Council, China and Global Change (Washington: Natl. Acad., 1992)56.AnonymousC: A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984.N: 1A Guide to Our Federal Lands (Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984) 123-124.Specific Works in Anthology or CompilationC: Achebe, Chinua. "The Madman." Looking for a Rain God: An Anthology of Contemporary African Short Stories. Ed. Nadezda Obradovic. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. 1-18. N: 3 Chibua Achebe, "The Madman," Looking for a Rain God: An Anthology of Contemporary African Short Stories, ed. Nadezda Obradovic (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990) 13.Note: Treat references to an entire anthology like a book with an editor or compiler as described under the Author instructions above.Multivolume WorksC: Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. V ol. 1. Lexington: Heath, 1994.N: 3 Paul Lauter et al., eds., The Heath Anthology of American Literature, vol. 1 (Lexington: Heath, 1994) 333-335.Note: If the volumes are published over a period of years, provide the inclusive dates, e.g., "1978-1982" or "1985 -" if not complete. When using two or more volumes, give the total number of volumes, e.g., "7 V ols.." for citations and for notes.Article in a Reference BookC: "Venezuela." Encyclopedia Americana. 1993 ed.N: 16 Joseph Dawson, "Scottish Clans," The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th ed., 1987) 567.Note: If citing a less well known reference book, give full publication information as with a book.Book in a SeriesC: Stewart, Joan Hinde. Collette. Twayne's World Authors Ser. 679. Boston: Twayne, 1983.N: 8 Joan Hinde Stewart, Collette, Twayne's World Authors Ser. 679 (Boston: Twayne, 1983) 44-45.Introduction, Preface, Foreword or AfterwordC: Sayers, Dorothy. Introduction. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine. By Dante Alighieri. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949. iii-x.N: 22 Dorothy Sayers, introduction, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine by Dante Alighieri (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949) iv.TranslationC: Giroud, Francoise. Marie Curie: A Life. Trans. Lydia Davis. New York: Holmes, 1986.N: 10 Francoise Giroud, Marie Curie: A Life, trans. Lydia Davis (New York: Holmes, 1986) 2.Subsequent EditionsC: Feuer, Jane. The Hollywood Musical. 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993.N: 1 Jane Feuer, The Hollywood Musical, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993) 42.Note: Subsequent editions may also be identified as revised, abridged or by year. Use the follow-ing abbreviations respectively: "Rev. ed.", "Abr. ed." (all lower case for notes) or "1997 ed."PeriodicalsWith periodicals, it is important to distinguish between the article title and the periodical's title. Put article titles in quotation marks and underline periodical titles.Scholarly Journal ArticleC: Fleissner, Robert F. " Eliot's Sweeney Among the Nightingales." Explicator 54 (1995): 30-31 . N: 13 Robert F. Fleisner, "Eliot's Sweeney Among the Nightingales," Explicator 54 (1995): 31.Note: Omit introductory "A", "An", and "The" in the journal title. Many scholarly journals page continuously from the first issue to the last, and it is not necessary to add issue numbers, months or seasons in the citation. If a journal does page each issue separately, include the issue number after the volume number (which corresponds to the year of publication) preceded by a period. For example: "14.2" means volume 14 issue number 2. Some journals only provides an issue number. In these cases treat it like a volume number.Scholarly Article Reprinted in an Anthology or CompilationUse the abbreviation "Rpt." to indicate a reprinting.C: Frye, Northrop. "Literary and Linguistic Scholarship in a Postliterate Age." PMLA 99 (1984): 990-995. Rpt. in Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-88, Ed. Robert D. Denham.Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1990. 18-27.N: 19 Northrop Frye, "Literary and Linguistic Scholarship in a Postliterate Age," PMLA 99 (1984): 990-995, rpt. in Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-88, ed. Robert D. Denham (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1990) 18-20.Magazine ArticleC: DePaulo, Lisa. "Castles for Kids." House Beautiful 14 Apr. 1996: 80-83.N: 2 Lisa DePaulo, "Castles for Kids," House Beautiful 14 Apr. 1996: 80.Note: In citing a magazine published on a monthly basis, simply give the month and year. Be sure to use appropriate month abbreviations. For example: "Aug. 1997". If an article does not appear on consecutive pages, use only the first page number .with a plus directly after it, e.g., "23+"Newspaper ArticleC: Feder, Barnaby J. "For Job Seekers." New York Times 30 Dec. 1993, natl. ed. : C1-2.N: 6 Barnaby J. Feder, "For Job Seekers," New York Times 30 Dec. 1993, natl. ed. : C2.Note: Always indicate a specific edition if more than one exists for a paper. If there is only one edition follow the year with a colon and the page numbers, as in "22 Mar. 1997: 4." If a multipage article is not numbered consecutively, use only the first page number and add a plus, e.g., "C3+."EditorialC: Campbell, Cole C. "Living up to a Legacy - And an Obligation." Editorial. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 12 Jan. 1997: 2.N: 22 Cole C. Campbell, " Living up to a Legacy - And an Obligation," editorial. St. Louis Post- Dispatch 12 Jan. 1997: 2ReviewUse the abbreviation, "Rev. of" when referencing reviews.C: Crutchfield, Will. "Pure Italian." Rev. of Verdi: A Biography, by Mary Phillips. New Yorker 31 Jan. 1994: 76-82.N: 17 Will Crutchfield, "Pure Italian," rev. of Verdi: A Biography, by Mary Phillips, New Yorker31 Jan. 1994: 76Computer NetworksWhen using an electronic source from a network, choose one that states the title, author/editor and date of the source. This is important since not all network sources are authoritative. It is also important to provide the date you accessed the site, which will be the second date you provide, because some sites are continuously updated. Add the electronic address at the end of your reference.Electronic Journals, Newsletters and ConferencesC: Readings, Bill. "So You Say You Want a Revolution." Surfaces 1.11 (Dec. 1991): 19 pp.Online. Internet. 2 Feb. 1992. Available: /complit/.N: 2 Bill Readings, "So You Say You Want a Revolution," Surfaces 1.11 (Dec. 1991): 6, online, Internet, 2 Feb. 1992. Available: /complit/.Electronic TextC: Hardy, Thomas. Far from the Madding Crowd. Ed. Ronald Blyth. Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1978, Online. Oxford Text Archive. Internet. 24 Jan. 1994. Available FTP: in/ota N: 11 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, ed. Ronald Blyth (Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1978), online, Oxford Text Archive, Internet, 24 Jan. 1994. Available FTP: in/otaCiting other SourcesFilm or VideoC: It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.N: 9 It's a Wonderful Life, dir. Frank Capra, perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.Note: To cite a particular individual, begin the reference with that person's name. For example: "Mifune, Toshiro, perf. Roshomon. Dir. " To refer a video recording, begin as with a movie, but exclude the original distributor, include the original release date, identify the type of video recording(videocassette or videodisc) and add the video distributor and release date. For example, using It's a Wonderful Life: " and Thomas Mitchell. 1946. Videocassette. Republic, 1988."Government PublicationCiting Government publications poses special problems since they originate from so many different sources. In general if the author of the document is not known, cite as author the government agency that issued it. First state the name of the government followed by the agency name. Use abbreviations when applicable. For example: Florida. Dept. of Health and Human Services. or United States. Cong. Senate.C: New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990.N: 1 New York State, Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century, The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century (Albany: State of New York, 1990) 44-47.MicroformsC: Chapman, Dan. "Panel Could Help Protect Children." Winston-Salem Journal 14 Jan. 1990: 14.Newsbank: Welfare and Social Problems 12 (1990): fiche 1, grids A8-11.N: 12 Dan Chapman, "Panel Could Help Protect Children," Winston-Salem Journal 14 Jan.1990: 14, Newsbank: Welfare and Social Problems 12 (1990): fiche 1, grids A8-9.Published DissertationC: Ames, Barbara. Dreams and Painting: A case Study of the Relationship between an Artist s Dreams and Painting. Diss. U of Virginia, 1978. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1978. 7812345.N: 9 Barbara Ames, Dreams and Painting: A case Study of the Relationship Between an Artist s Dreams and Painting, diss., U of Virginia, 1978, (Ann Arbor: UMI, 1978, 7812345)68.Note: UMI, University Microfilms International, publishes dissertations and sells them. The number at the end of the entries is an order number. It may be possible to borrow a copy of a disserta-tion from the university that granted it through interlibrary loan. A loan request should be made before considering a purchase. See a reference librarian about interlibrary loans.Unpublished DissertationC: Boyle, Anthony T. "The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657." Diss. New York U, 1983.N: 23 Anthony T. Boyle, "The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657," diss., New York U, 1983, 43Last Revised 6/00 - sk。
bibtex使用
BibTeX and bibliography styles References and citations are best handled in a consistent way byusing BibTeX. In this method, you supply all the relevant information about references in a ``.bib file'' without regard to ordering or style. (See the sample file myrefs.bib, below.) Then you let BibTeX format all citations and reference entries according to the chosen bibliographic style, and you don't have to sweat all the font and punctuation and ordering details yourself.The reference/bibliography section usually appears at the end of an publication. In your LaTeX file, these two commands insert the reference section:\bibliographystyle{xxx}\bibliography{yyy}The ``xxx'' is a style name -- plain or abbrv or siam or alpha or any of dozens of other available styles, many listed below.The ``yyy'' is the name of the bib file (yyy.bib) containing the reference database.For example, the command \bibliography{myrefs} would call on file``myrefs.bib''.Below find the following:· a sample LaTeX file which usesthe \bibliography and \bibliographystyle commands ·the bib file (myrefs.bib) used by the LaTeX file,·the sequence of commands for compiling the bibliography and the LaTeX document· a list of some possible bibliography styles·other BibTeX reference/FAQ information; lists of entry types and fieldsSample LaTeX source code filefile ``mydocument.tex'':\documentclass[11pt]{article}\author{John Doe} \title{Sample Document}\begin{document}\maketitle\section{Introduction}According to the handbook of van Leunen \cite{vanleunen},this paragraph---and certainly thissection---should be longer than one sentence.\section{More references}Here we see if the reference \cite{Narendra_1990}to the Narendra article comes out OK, in particular,with volume, number \& pages.The necessary information for those who would use BibTeXis available in the 1988 document of Prof.\ Patashnik \cite{btxdoc}. Interested readers who can read French may alsowant to read Poussin's proof\cite{primes}, thoughit has nothing at all to do with BibTeX.\section{Conclusion}This is the concluding paragraph. Here I cite another ofOren Patashnik's books\cite{btxhak} and, again,van Leunen's and Poussin's \cite{vanleunen,primes}.\bibliographystyle{plain} % (uses file "plain.bst")\bibliography{myrefs} % expects file "myrefs.bib"\end{document}Sample BibTeX database fileYou can find .bib entries for major publications with a simple Google search. Links to some large online .bib databases (found with Google, 2004, keywords "book article incollection bib physics", etc.) include physics (1), physics (2), math (1), math (2), math (3), programming (1), programming (2), TeX/Publishing.But it isn't hard to enter the database information yourself. Use any text editor; choose your own keyword for a publication, then list its informationfields key="info", one line at a time in any order. Note this sample database file ``myrefs.bib'':@string{jgr = "J.~Geophys.~Res."}@MISC{primes,author = "Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vall{\'e}e Poussin", note = "A strong form of the prime number theorem, 19th century", year = 1879}@INBOOK{chicago,title = "The Chicago Manual of Style",publisher = "University of Chicago Press",edition = "Thirteenth",year = 1982,pages = "400--401",key = "Chicago"}@BOOK{texbook,author = "Donald E. Knuth",title= "The {{\TeX}book}",publisher = "Addison-Wesley",year = 1984}@BOOK{latexbook,author = "Leslie Lamport",title = "{\LaTeX \rm:} {A} Document Preparation System",publisher = "Addison-Wesley",year = 1986}@UNPUBLISHED{btxdoc,author = "Oren Patashnik",title = "{Using BibTeX}",note = "Documentation for general BibTeX users",month = jan,year = 1988}@UNPUBLISHED{btxhak,author = "Oren Patashnik",title = "Designing BibTeX Styles",note = "The part of BibTeX's documentationthat's not meant for general users",month = jan,year = 1988}@BOOK{strunk,author = "Strunk, Jr., William and E. B. White",title = "The Elements of Style",publisher = "Macmillan",edition = "Third",year = 1979}@book{vanleunen,title = "A Handbook for Scholars",author = "Mary-Claire van Leunen",publisher = "Knopf",year = "1979"}@ARTICLE{Zurek:1993,AUTHOR = {Zurek, R. W. and Martin, L. J.},TITLE = {Interannual Variability of planet-encircling dust activity on {M}ars},YEAR = {1993},JOURNAL = jgr,VOLUME = {98},NUMBER = {E2},PAGES = {3247--3259}}@Article{Narendra_1990,author = {K.S.Narendra and K.Parthsarathy},title = {Identification and Control of Dynamical Systemusing Neural Networks},journal = "IEENN",year = {1990},volume = {1},number = {1},month = {},pages = {4-27},note = {},annote = {}}Compiling the document and bibliographyTo fully compile and cross-link references on must repeat some commands:step #to createfile mydocument.dvi:to createfile mydocument.pdf:result of command:1latex mydocument pdflatexmydocumentcreates .aux file which includes keywordsof any citations2bibtexmydocumentbibtexmydocumentuses the .aux file to extract citedpublications from the database inthe .bib file, formats them according to theindicated style, and puts the results into ina .bbl file3latex mydocument pdflatexmydocumentinserts appropriate reference indicators ateach point of citation, according to theindicated bibliography style4latex mydocument pdflatexmydocumentrefines citation references and othercross-references, page formatting and pagenumbersSome bibliography stylesThe PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how these bibliographic styles render citations and reference entries:1: ieeetr 2: unsrt 3: IEEE 4: ama 5: cj 10: plain11: abbrv12: acm13: siam14: jbact19: is-plain20: annotation21: plainyr22: decsci23: jtbnew28: ametsoc29: apalike30: jqt199931: plainnat32: jtb37: unsrtnat38: amsalpha39: alpha40: annotate41: is-alpha6: nar 7: nature 8: phjcp 9: is-unsrt 15: amsplain16: finplain17: IEEEannot18: is-abbrv24: neuron25: cell26: jas9927: abbrvnat33: humanbio34: these35: chicagoa36: development42: wmaainf43: alphanum44: apasoft(The web page /~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html also illustrates several bibliography styles for easy comparison.) Of the 44 styles listed above, the first 21 insert just a number in brackets at the point of citation [2], while #22-37 use some variation of author/year [K.S.Narenda and K.Parthsarathy, 1990], and the rest use some idiosyncratic reference code. Some of the styles re-order the references in the bibliography in alphabetical order of author, while others list them in the order that they are first cited.Several of these styles are part of all LaTeX installations, and others can be downloaded from /tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/. Each is a file with the suffix .bst; for example, to use abbrvnat style, you must have the file abbrvnat.bst installed in your LaTeX directory, or in your current working directory, or anywhere where LaTeX can find it.Those dissatisfied with the 100+ styles available online can design their own, if they wish; see Oren Patashnik's Designing BibTeX Styles.Other reference information(1) An FAQ regarding multiple author names; In a bib file you list all the authors' names together joined with word ``and'', e.g.,author = "Jane Smith and E. B. Johnson and Strunk, Jr., William", BibTeX then does the appropriate things to names and initials and punctuation, according to the chosen bibliographic style.(2) When using BibTeX, the interaction between names and accenting is somewhat tricky. You should use `G{\"o}del' or `G{\"{o}}del', and not`{G{\"{o}}del}' or `{G\"{o}del}'. (Thanks to Dana Jacobsen for this tip.)(3) STANDARD ENTRY TYPES:@articleAn article from a journal or magazineA book with an explicit publisher@bookletA work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher orsponsoring institution@conferenceThe same as inproceedings@inbookA part of a book, which may be a chapter (or section or whatever)and/or a range of pages@incollectionA part of a book having its own title@inproceedingsAn article in a conference proceedings@manualTechnical documentation@mastersthesisA Master's thesis@miscUse this type when nothing else fits@phdthesisA PhD thesis@proceedingsThe proceedings of a conference@techreportA report published by a school or other institution, usually numberedwithin a series@unpublishedA document having an author and title, but not formally published@collectionNot a standard entry type. Use proceedings instead.@patentNot a standard entry type.(4) STANDARD FIELDSaddressUsually the address of the publisher or other type of institution. For major publishing houses, van Leunen recommends omitting the information entirely. For small publishers, on the other hand, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.An annotation. It is not used by the standard bibliography styles, but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.authorThe name(s) of the author(s), in the format described in the LaTeX book.booktitleTitle of a book, part of which is being cited. See the LaTeX book for how to type titles. For book entries, use the title field instead. chapterA chapter (or section or whatever) number.crossrefThe database key of the entry being cross referenced. Any fields that are missing from the current record are inherited from the field being cross referenced.editionThe edition of a book---for example, ``Second''. This should be an ordinal, and should have the first letter capitalized, as shown here; the standard styles convert to lower case when necessary.editorName(s) of editor(s), typed as indicated in the LaTeX book. If there is also an author field, then the editor field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.howpublishedHow something strange has been published. The first word should be capitalized.institutionThe sponsoring institution of a technical report.journalA journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals.keyUsed for alphabetizing, cross referencing, and creating a label when the ``author'' information is missing. This field should not be confused with the key that appears in the cite command and at the beginning of the database entry.monthThe month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written. You should use the standard three-letter abbreviation, as described in Appendix B.1.3 of the LaTeX book.noteAny additional information that can help the reader. The first wordshould be capitalized.numberThe number of a journal, magazine, technical report, or of a work in a series. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volume and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number; and sometimes books are given numbers ina named series.organizationThe organization that sponsors a conference or that publishesa manual.pagesOne or more page numbers or range of numbers, such as 42--111 or 7,41,73--97 or 43+ (the `+' in this last example indicates pages following that don't form a simple range). To make it easier to maintain Scribe-compatible databases, the standard styles convert a single dash (as in 7-33) to the double dash used in TeX to denotenumber ranges (as in 7--33).publisherThe publisher's name.schoolThe name of the school where a thesis was written.seriesThe name of a series or set of books. When citing an entire book, the the title field gives its title and an optional series field gives the name of a series or multi-volume set in which the book is published. titleThe work's title, typed as explained in the LaTeX book.typeThe type of a technical report---for example, ``Research Note''. volumeThe volume of a journal or multi-volume book.yearThe year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it was written. Generally it should consist of four numerals, such as 1984, although the standard styles can handle any year whose last four nonpunctuation characters are numerals, such as `\hbox{(about 1984)}'.Other (nonstandard) fieldsaffiliationThe authors affiliation.abstractAn abstract of the work.contentsA Table of ContentscopyrightCopyright information.ISBNThe International Standard Book Number.ISSNThe International Standard Serial Number. Used to identify a journal. keywordsKey words used for searching or possibly for annotation.languageThe language the document is in.locationA location associated with the entry, such as the city in which aconference took place.LCCNThe Library of Congress Call Number.mrnumberThe Mathematical Reviews number.URLThe WWW Universal Resource Locator that points to the item being referenced. This often is used for technical reports to point to the ftp site where the postscript source of the report is located.。
VW_01014 大众图纸图框及字体规范
Engineering DrawingsDrawing Frames and Text MacrosPrevious issuesVW 01014: 1971-05, 1984-03, 1992-08, 1998-04, 1998-10, 2000-09, 2001-03, 2002-06, 2003-11,2006-01, 2007-01, 2008-03, 2009-04, 2010-05, 2010-12, 2011-05, 2011-12ChangesThe following changes have been made compared with VW 01014: 2011-12:–Technical responsibility changes–Section 1 "Scope of application": the note concerning the application in section 6 has been re‐moved. It now appears as NOTE 3 in section 1–Section 2.3 "PDM drawing frame": English legal notice updated and table of existing PDM draw‐ing frame formats in KVS added.–Section 3.7 "Volkswagen AG Know-How Protection": text macro NO-A12 added ContentsPageScope .........................................................................................................................4Drawing frames ..........................................................................................................5Drawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing), see Figure 1....................................................................................................................................5Type approval drawing frame, see Figure 2 ...............................................................6PDM drawing frame, see Figure 3 .............................................................................7Drawing frames for operating equipment ...................................................................8Basic drawing frame for operating equipment, see Figure 4 ......................................8Drawing frame for method plan, see Figure 5 ............................................................9Text macros .............................................................................................................10Basic title block .. (10)122.12.22.32.42.4.12.4.233.1Group StandardVW 01014Issue 2012-09Class. No.:02115Descriptors:drawing frames, text macro, standard frame, drawingVerify that you have the latest issue of the Standard before relying on it.This electronically generated Standard is authentic and valid without signature.The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version is alone authoritative and controlling.Page 1 of 43Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be provided to third parties or reproduced without the prior consent of the Standards Department of a Volkswagen Group member.This Standard is available to contracting parties solely via the B2B supplier platform .© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftVWNORM-2011-08gTitle blocks for drawings with restrictions on use .....................................................11Title block for layout drawings (ENT) > A0 ...............................................................12Symbol for European projection method ..................................................................13Change block for formats > A0 .................................................................................13Tolerancing principle as per VW 01054 ...................................................................13Volkswagen Group know-how protection .................................................................13Drawing field ............................................................................................................14Lower left corner of drawing for formats > A0 ..........................................................14Left drawing edge for formats > A0 ..........................................................................14Explanation of parenthesized dimensions for formats > A0 (lower left corner ofdrawing field) ............................................................................................................14References for formats > A0 ....................................................................................15Migration from CATIA V4 to CATIA V5 ....................................................................15Parts marking ...........................................................................................................15Part number assignment drawn / symmetrically opposite ........................................15Note on utilization of scrap material .........................................................................16NO-F1 Drawings with multiple sheets ......................................................................16Repeating and unchanging notes, mostly on body components ..............................16Drawing only for the company stated .......................................................................16Note on parts which are subject to build sample approval (BMG) ...........................17Notes on testing as per Technical Supply Specifications (TL) .................................17Note on type approval ..............................................................................................17Note on undimensioned design models in the data record ......................................17Note on open-air weathering ....................................................................................17Note on model approval ...........................................................................................17Note on master model ..............................................................................................18Note on second original, font size 7 mm ..................................................................18Note on second original, font size 3,5 mm ...............................................................18Note on heavy-duty component ...............................................................................18Note on mandatory type approval ............................................................................19Note on avoidance of hazardous substances ..........................................................19Note on other relevant drawings ..............................................................................19Note on undimensioned bend and trim radii ............................................................19Note on simplified representation .............................................................................19Note on flawless condition of surfaces .....................................................................19Note on material for form tool in grain area ..............................................................20Table for RPS ...........................................................................................................20Note on emission behavior .......................................................................................20Note on length dimensions to be measured up to relevant functional datum plane ..................................................................................................................................20Note on related tolerances for nominal dimension ranges up to relevant functional datum plane .............................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPS..................................................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked surfaces as compared to the data record anddefined RPS .............................................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked and limited surfaces as compared to the datarecord and defined RPS ...........................................................................................21Note on tolerances of marked edges as compared to the data record and defined RPS ..........................................................................................................................21Note on alternative materials and surface protection types .....................................22Note on color and grain .. (22)3.23.33.43.53.63.744.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.94.104.114.124.134.144.154.164.174.184.194.204.214.224.234.244.254.264.274.284.294.304.314.324.334.344.354.364.374.38Page 2VW 01014: 2012-09Note on temperature resistance ...............................................................................22Note on color consistency ........................................................................................22Note on lightfastness ................................................................................................22Note on fixing, clamping and contact surface ..........................................................23Note on related finished part drawing ......................................................................23Note on material specifications, complete ................................................................23Note on material specifications, subdivided .............................................................24Note on optional welding technology .......................................................................24Note on flammability features ...................................................................................24Note on table containing gear tooth data .................................................................25Note on weight indication .........................................................................................25Note on amine emission of foam parts .....................................................................25Note on cleanliness requirements for engine components ......................................25Countersinks for internal threads .............................................................................26Testing of rolled bushings ........................................................................................26Table for limit dimensions ........................................................................................26Detail drawing for radius under screw head, mostly for standard part drawings (27)Test specification for disk wheels .............................................................................27Test specification for brake drums ...........................................................................28General tolerances for castings ...............................................................................28General tolerances for forgings ................................................................................29Coordinate dimensioning for tubes and bars ...........................................................30Bill of materials for layout drawings (ENT) ...............................................................30Distribution list for layout drawings (ENT) ................................................................31Text macros for operating equipment ......................................................................31Title block for individual part .....................................................................................31Note on pass direction, left .......................................................................................32Note on pass direction, right ....................................................................................32Title block for operating equipment label .................................................................32General tolerances for nominal dimensions without tolerance specification ............32Note on simplified drawing specifications on surface roughnesses .........................33Permissible deviations for nominal sizes without tolerance specification onweldments ................................................................................................................33Permissible deviations for nominal dimensions without tolerance specificationson flame-cut parts ....................................................................................................33Note on parts used ...................................................................................................34Note on rolled flame-cutting template plots ..............................................................34Note on "Add ½ kerf" ................................................................................................34Note on "designed" and "symmetrical opposite" ......................................................34Text macros for the "3D drawingless process" (3DZP – German abbreviation) ......35VW copyright ............................................................................................................35Note on restriction on use ........................................................................................35Note on type approval documentation and type approval number ...........................35Draft number ............................................................................................................36Note on engineering project number ........................................................................36Note on safety documentation .................................................................................36Recycling requirements as per VW 91102 ...............................................................36All dimensions apply to the finished part including surface protection .....................36Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 ..............................................36Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference without symbol) (37)4.394.404.414.424.434.444.454.464.474.484.494.504.514.524.534.544.554.564.574.584.594.604.614.6255.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.95.105.115.1266.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.86.96.9.1Page 3VW 01014: 2012-09Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol) .......37Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol,collective specification 1) .........................................................................................38Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol,collective specification 2) .........................................................................................39Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 .........................................................................39Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference without symbol) .............................40Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol) ..................................40Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 1) .........................................................................................................41Workpiece edges as per VW 01088 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 2) .........................................................................................................42Applicable documents ..............................................................................................426.9.26.9.36.9.46.106.10.16.10.26.10.36.10.47ScopeThis standard applies to the computer-aided graphical representation and presentation of drawing templates, standard frames and text macros for drawings within the Volkswagen Group.NOTE 1 The standardized text macros are subject to drawing standard regulations and are centrally managed by the "Virtual Systems and Standardization" department.NOTE 2 All drawing frames and text macros shown here are available in the appropriate standard system environment of the CAD systems CATIA and Creo Elements/Pro (formerly PRO/E). The PDM drawing frames are also available as IsoDraw and Excel templates in the KVS, and also as Catia V5templates.NOTE 3 The text macros shown in section 6 are for the drawingless process only. The creator and the user of the data must agree whether their process chain allows for the use of documents as per the 3DZP method, and whether this is permissible.1Page 4VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing framesDrawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing), see Figure 1Figure 1 – Drawing frame for Design Engineering (series-production drawing)2 2.1Page 5VW 01014: 2012-09Type approval drawing frame, see Figure 2Figure 2 – Type approval drawing frame2.2 Page 6VW 01014: 2012-09PDM drawing frame, see Figure 3Figure 3 – PDM drawing frame2.3 Page 7VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing frames for operating equipmentBasic drawing frame for operating equipment, see Figure 4Figure 4 – Basic drawing frame for operating equipment2.4 2.4.1Page 8VW 01014: 2012-09Drawing frame for method plan, see Figure 5Figure 5 – Drawing frame for method plan2.4.2 Page 9VW 01014: 2012-09Text macrosBasic title blockFigure 6 – Code no: NO-A1Basic title block for formats > A03 3.1Page 10VW 01014: 2012-09Title blocks for drawings with restrictions on useFigure 7 – Code no: NO-A7 A3The title block may only be used if supplier original drawings are used as modified finished part drawings.Notes on the usage of these title blocks see VW 01058.3.2Title block for layout drawings (ENT) > A0Figure 8 – Code no: NO-A3ENT = Draft3.3Symbol for European projection methodFigure 9 – Code no: NO-A5Change block for formats > A0Figure 10 – Code no: NO-A6Tolerancing principle as per VW 01054Figure 11 – Code no: NO-A11Volkswagen Group know-how protectionFigure 12 – Code no: NO-A123.4 3.5 3.6 3.7Drawing fieldLower left corner of drawing for formats > A0Figure 13 – Code no: NO-B1Left drawing edge for formats > A0Figure 14 – Code no: NO-B3Explanation of parenthesized dimensions for formats > A0 (lower left corner of drawingfield)Figure 15 – Code no: NO-B644.1 4.2 4.3References for formats > A0Figure 16 – Code no: NO-B7Migration from CATIA V4 to CATIA V5Figure 17 – Code no: NO-B8Parts markingFigure 18 – Code no: NO-E2Part number assignment drawn / symmetrically oppositeFigure 19 – Code no: NO-E54.4 4.5 4.6 4.7Note on utilization of scrap materialFigure 20 – Code no.:NO-F1 Drawings with multiple sheetsFigure 21 – Code no: NO-F2Repeating and unchanging notes, mostly on body componentsFigure 22 – Code no: NO-F3Drawing only for the company statedFigure 23 – Code no: NO-F4 (do not use for new designs!)4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11Note on parts which are subject to build sample approval (BMG)Figure 24 – Code no: NO-F5Notes on testing as per Technical Supply Specifications (TL)Figure 25 – Code no: NO-F6Note on type approvalFigure 26 – Code no: NO-F7Note on undimensioned design models in the data recordFigure 27 – Code no: NO-F8Note on open-air weatheringFigure 28 – Code no: NO-F9Note on model approvalFigure 29 – Code no: NO-F104.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17Note on master modelFigure 30 – Code no: NO-F11Note on second original, font size 7 mmFigure 31 – Code no: NO-F12Note on second original, font size 3,5 mmFigure 32 – Code no: NO-F13Note on heavy-duty componentFigure 33 – Code no: NO-F144.18 4.19 4.20 4.21Note on mandatory type approvalFigure 34 – Code no: NO-F15Note on avoidance of hazardous substancesFigure 35 – Code no: NO-F16Note on other relevant drawingsFigure 36 – Code no: NO-F17Note on undimensioned bend and trim radiiFigure 37 – Code no: NO-F18Note on simplified representationFigure 38 – Code no: NO-F19Note on flawless condition of surfacesFigure 39 – Code no: NO-F204.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27Note on material for form tool in grain areaFigure 40 – Code no: NO-F22Table for RPSFigure 41 – Code no: NO-F23Note on emission behaviorFigure 42 – Code no: NO-F24Note on length dimensions to be measured up to relevant functional datum planeFigure 43 – Code no: NO-F254.28 4.29 4.30 4.31Note on related tolerances for nominal dimension ranges up to relevant functional datumplaneFigure 44 – Code no: NO-F26Note on tolerances of surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 45 – Code no: NO-F27Note on tolerances of marked surfaces as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 46 – Code no: NO-F28Note on tolerances of marked and limited surfaces as compared to the data record anddefined RPSFigure 47 – Code no: NO-F29Note on tolerances of marked edges as compared to the data record and defined RPSFigure 48 – Code no: NO-F304.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36Note on alternative materials and surface protection typesFigure 49 – Code no: NO-F31Note on color and grainFigure 50 – Code no: NO-F32Note on temperature resistanceFigure 51 – Code no: NO-F33Note on color consistencyFigure 52 – Code no: NO-F35Note on lightfastnessFigure 53 – Code no: NO-F364.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41Note on fixing, clamping and contact surfaceFigure 54 – Code no: NO-F37Note on related finished part drawingFigure 55 – Code no: NO-F38Note on material specifications, completeFigure 56 – Code no: NO-F394.42 4.43 4.44Note on material specifications, subdividedFigure 57 – Code no: NO-F40Note on optional welding technologyFigure 58 – Code no: NO-F41Note on flammability featuresFigure 59 – Code no: NO-F424.45 4.46 4.47Note on table containing gear tooth dataFigure 60 – Code no: NO-F43Note on weight indicationFigure 61 – Code no: NO-F44Note on amine emission of foam partsFigure 62 – Code no: NO-F45Note on cleanliness requirements for engine componentsFigure 63 – Code no: NO-F464.48 4.49 4.50 4.51Countersinks for internal threadsFigure 64 – Code no: NO-G0Testing of rolled bushingsFigure 65 – Code no: NO-G1Table for limit dimensionsFigure 66 – Code no: NO-G24.52 4.53 4.54Detail drawing for radius under screw head, mostly for standard part drawingsFigure 67 – Code no: NO-G4Test specification for disk wheelsFigure 68 – Code no: NO-G64.55 4.56Test specification for brake drumsFigure 69 – Code no: NO-G7General tolerances for castingsFigure 70 – Code no: NO-G84.57 4.58General tolerances for forgingsFigure 71 – Code no: NO-G94.59Coordinate dimensioning for tubes and barsFigure 72 – Code no: NO-G10Bill of materials for layout drawings (ENT)Figure 73 – Code no: NO-H14.60 4.61Distribution list for layout drawings (ENT)Figure 74 – Code no: NO-H2Text macros for operating equipmentTitle block for individual partFigure 75 – Code no: R001 individual part4.62 55.1Note on pass direction, leftFigure 76 – Code no: R002 pass direction, leftNote on pass direction, rightFigure 77 – Code no: R003 pass direction, rightTitle block for operating equipment labelFigure 78 – Code no: R004 operating equipment labelGeneral tolerances for nominal dimensions without tolerance specificationFigure 79 – Code no: R005 machining operation5.2 5.35.45.5Note on simplified drawing specifications on surface roughnessesFigure 80 – Code no: R006 surfacesPermissible deviations for nominal sizes without tolerance specification on weldmentsFigure 81 – Code no: R007 welded partsPermissible deviations for nominal dimensions without tolerance specifications on flame-cut partsFigure 82 – Code no: R008 flame-cut parts5.6 5.75.8Note on parts usedFigure 83 – Code no: R009 parts usedNote on rolled flame-cutting template plotsFigure 84 – Code no: R010 flame-cutting templateNote on "Add ½ kerf"Figure 85 – Code no: R011 kerfNote on "designed" and "symmetrical opposite"Figure 86 – Code no: R012 symmetrical opposite5.9 5.105.115.12Text macros for the "3D drawingless process" (3DZP – German abbreviation)The following text macros are not created in CAD systems, but only in the PDM system KVS.The design engineer must add the necessary parameters to the text macros.VW copyrightFigure 87 – Code no: NOZ-01Note on restriction on useLegend P01Company nameFigure 88 – Code no: NOZ-02Note on type approval documentation and type approval numberLegend P01Type approval doc. and type approval numberFigure 89 – Code no: NOZ-036 6.16.26.3Draft numberLegend P01Draft numberFigure 90 – Code no: NOZ-04Note on engineering project numberLegend P01Engineering project numberFigure 91 – Code no: NOZ-05Note on safety documentationLegend P01TLD number (technical guideline for documentation – German abbreviation)Figure 92 – Code no: NOZ-06Recycling requirements as per VW 91102Figure 93 – Code no: NOZ-07All dimensions apply to the finished part including surface protectionFigure 94 – Code no: NOZ-08Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005The design engineer must add the required parameters to the symbols shown here (e.g., Rz value).Two types of text macros (with and without graphical representation) have been defined. Variant NOZ-09 is a reference to Standard VW 13705, additional information possible, but restricted. Variants NOZ-09-01 a to f are reserved for the main surface roughness value. Due to system restrictions,identical symbols cannot be used more than once. For this reason, the symbols in section 6.9.3 and6.4 6.56.66.76.86.9section 6.9.4 must be used for cases of multiple use. If surface roughness values are added as a note, the text macros are placed beneath each other instead of beside each other. This deviating representation has been released for the 3DZP drawingless process.Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference without symbol)Figure 95 – Code no: NOZ-09Surface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol)Figure 96 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-aFigure 97 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-bFigure 98 – Code no.: NOZ-09-01-cLegend P01Machining allowance (numerical value in mm)P02Production processP03Surface parameter and numerical valueP04if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P05if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P06if applicable, second requirement on surface texture (surface parameter,numerical value)P07Specification of the surface groovesLegend P01Letter for simplified drawing specification. Method defined in section "simplified specifi‐cation" in VDA 2005Figure 99 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-d6.9.16.9.2Figure 100 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-e Figure 101 – Code no: NOZ-09-01-fSurface roughness as per VW 13705 and VDA 2005 (reference with symbol, collectivespecification 1)Figure 102 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-aFigure 103 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-bFigure 104 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-cLegend P01Machining allowance (numerical value in mm)P02Production processP03Surface parameter and numerical valueP04if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P05if applicable, additional requirement as per VDA 2005P06if applicable, second requirement onsurface texture (surface parameter,numerical value) P07Specifica‐tion of thesurface groovesCode no.:Legend P01Letter for simplified drawing specification. Method defined in section "simplified specifi‐cation" in VDA 2005Figure 105 – NOZ-09-02-dFigure 106 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-e Figure 107 – Code no: NOZ-09-02-f6.9.3。
《如何写好科研论文》章节答案(清华)学堂在线(2020秋最新网课答案)
《如何写好科研论⽂》章节答案（清华）学堂在线（2020秋最新⽹课答案）《如何写好科研论⽂》章节答案（清华）学堂在线（2020秋最新⽹课答案）第⼀章 如何造就优秀的学术论⽂--Quiz 11.多选题 (2分)根据本周所讲内容，对于论⽂标题的撰写，以下描述正确的是？A 标题应尽量精炼简洁B 标题需注意保护知识产权C 标题应反映核⼼技术D 标题可以尽量起的宽泛正确答案：ABC什么样的论⽂能被称为优秀的论⽂?A 论⽂能开辟⼀个新的⽅向B 论⽂能获得学术界重视,获得⾜够的引⽤C 论⽂有⼀定的研究价值D 论⽂有⼀定的创新意义正确答案：ABCD根据本周所讲内容，对于论⽂摘要的撰写，以下描述正确的是？A 摘要应覆盖⽂章的亮点及效果B 摘要是标题的扩充C 摘要内容尽量多，字数在400-500字为佳D 摘要应覆盖⽂章的出发点正确答案：ABD关于论⽂写作，以下说法正确的是?A 写论⽂时应换位思考，从读者的⾓度出发B 写论⽂时可以描述分析思路，从⽽扩充论⽂长度C ⼀篇好的论⽂从初稿到终稿应⾄少改10遍D 论⽂的语⾔表达应尽量简洁正确答案：ABCD根据本周所讲内容，关于总结和参考⽂献说法正确的是?A 以完成了所有⼯作的⼝⽓来撰写B 可以提出未来研究⽅向C 参考⽂献需要包括刊物名称、卷号、年份D 总结需注意与摘要的区别正确答案：ABCD论⽂写作语法练习1.判断题 (1分)语法判断1. Compared to the existing techniques, the proposed one requires less variables to train images, so makes the learning procedure much easier。
正确答案：错误语法判断2. If it is set to “NULL”, means the instance is the first simple pattern of its corresponding regex.正确答案;错误语法判断3. Hence, the input characters are mapped according to Table 2.5, which results the buffer shown in Figure 2.7, where the left array represents the disjoint character set and the right boxes are buffer nodes including string position.正确答案：错误语法判断4. The next step is to deeply analyzed malicious time intervals to extract attack flows.正确答案：错误语法判断5.Similarly, the upper bound A<B for the number of collected candidate vectors also holds as well.正确答案：错误语法判断6.The channel vectors are normalized by a global normalization value A that is the largest absolute value in the whole dataset, and can be expressed as A=B+C.正确答案：错误语法判断7.With the reflecting elements, an RIS can constructively combine the reflected signals to achieve a high level of energy, and further reconstruct the radio scattering environment into an intelligent one.正确答案：错误语法判断8.The complexity of ESD by means of the number of visited nodes is upper bounded by n< A*B.正确答案：错误语法判读9.In this paper, a novel framework with respect to sphere decoding is established by the proposed ESD algorithm.正确答案：错误语法判断10.To start with, according to Lemma 2, the number of saved candidate nodes at each searching layer is upper bounded by the summation of searching sizes at the previous layer.正确答案：错误语法判读11.Similarly, the same result about the choice of j can also be derived through ESD正确答案：错误第⼆章 如何撰写学术论⽂（⽂科）--Quiz 21.单选题 (1分)下⾯哪个选项，最符合本课程所介绍的写好科研论⽂主要步骤的顺序：a、找到值得研究的问题b、转变学习观念和学习⽅式c、发表⽂章d、逐步加深对学术研究的认识e、写出较⾼⽔平的学术⽂章f、结合专业，学会⽅法AabcdefBbafdecCbfdaecDbafdec正确答案：C2.单选题 (1分)本讲授课教师认为，研究⽣阶段，应该转变为以下哪种学习⽅式：A接收式的学习⽅式B创造性的学习⽅式C探索式的学习⽅式D体验性的学习⽅式正确答案：B3.单选题 (1分)以下哪种说法，不符合本讲授课教师的观点：A给⼤学⽣常识，给硕⼠⽣⽅法，给博⼠⽣视野B研究⽣的科研能⼒训练，可以和课程学习结合起来C相对于本科阶段来说，研究⽣阶段才真正进⼊了更具体的专业学习D研究⽣不应该模仿正确答案：D4.多选题 (2分)本讲授课教师认为，评判学术论⽂质量的最主要标准，包括以下哪些？（可多选）：A学术论⽂的形式标准B材料的丰富程度C论⽂的创新性，主要体现在新观点、新材料、新⽅法三个⽅⾯D只要在⾼规格期刊上发表过的⽂章，就⼀定是优质的学术论⽂正确答案：AC5.单选题 (1分)本讲授课教师认为，学会做科研最关键的⼀步是：A转变学习观念和学习⽅式B结合专业，学会⽅法C找到值得研究的问题D成功发表⽂章正确答案：C第三章 SCI论⽂写作经验分享--Quiz 31.多选题 (2分)电⼦期刊订阅的⽅式有哪些？ARSS源订阅B邮箱订阅C给编辑发邮件订阅直接购买正确答案：AB2.多选题 (2分)⽂献管理的专业软件有哪些A PPTB endnoteC officeD NoteexpressE Zotero正确答案：BDE3.多选题 (2分)你如何选择投稿的期刊？A参考你⾃⼰经常读的⽂献所在的期刊B从Nature开始投，逐渐降低档次C参考已有成功经验的同学都投了哪些期刊D咨询导师的意见正确答案：ACD4.单选题 (1分)⽂章经过同⾏评议后，审稿⼈的意见⽐较负⾯，但是你觉得有可能是审稿⼈没有理解你的⼯作，你会怎么做？A直接不管，去相关论坛、⽹站吐槽B直接回复，批评审稿⼈没有理解我⽂章的要义C委婉回复，将⾃⼰⽂章的创新点说清楚D猜猜可能是哪个审稿⼈，伺机报复正确答案：C第四章 论⽂写作与投稿技巧--Quiz 41.多选题 (2分)You are writing the Results section of your article. Which of the following guidelines should you follow?AInclude data of primary and secondary importanceUse sub-headings to keep results of the same type togetherCDo not highlight findings that differ from previous findingsDInclude illustrations and figuresEE. Use scale markers for every photograph and image正确答案：BDE2.单选题 (1分)You are writing the References section of your article. Which of the following guidelines should you follow?ACite as many references as possibleBAvoid citations of your own workCFocus your references on one regionDEnsure that you fully understand the material you are referencing正确答案：D3.单选题 (1分)Who is responsible for checking the language quality used in a research paper?AJournal editorBAuthorCPublisherDJournal Manager正确答案：B4.单选题 (1分)You are working on your first scientific paper. Which of the following is an acceptable sentence structure for your article?AIt was found that study subjects responded well to the infusion of compound X in repeated tests, but they did not respond consistently to the infusion of compound Y.BIt was found that the study subjects responded well to compound X in repeated tests. It was also found that the response to compound Y was not consistent.CWe found that the study subjects responded well to compound X in repeated tests. We also found that the response to compound Y was not consistent.正确答案：C5.单选题 (1分)You are sending a paper to a publisher. Which of the following sentences represent good grammar for your manuscript?AWe didn’t find any correlation between diabetes and consumption of nutrient Y.BThe study subject’s ECG pattern was within normal range.CThe cholesterol levels were greatly reduced.DWhen we added an additional compound Z, the results remained the same.正确答案：B第五章 学术伦理道德--Quiz 51.单选题 (1分)You are a researcher wanting to publish a study undertaken in human beings. Do you need to provide detail about which organization gave ethical approval and how consent was obtained?AYESBNO正确答案：A2.单选题 (1分)You are working on a study and the results are not coming out the way you want them to. You just cannot confirm the hypothesis no matter how many times you rerun the tests. You're the one conducting the research and the only one managing the data analysis. You want to successfully resolve this. What are your options?AYou make very minor modifications to the data and slightly alter the images to keep it consistent. The likelihood of anyone challenging the results are slim.BYou leave out the problematic data and only use findings that support your hypothesis.CYou consult with your supervisor and/or lab team to troubleshoot, even if it means going back to the drawing board.There are no short cuts in science.正确答案：C3.单选题 (1分)You are preparing a paper that involves a complex concept but you're having difficulty putting into words precisely how this concept works. You see an excellent explanation in another published paper. Is it okay to use this explanation word for word in your paper without referring to the other paper?AYesBNo正确答案：B4.单选题 (1分)Let's say Cell accepts your paper for publication. Is it always okay to submit a version of that paper in a language other than English to a journal in a different country or does that count as duplicate submission?AYES, it's okay. It does not count as duplicate submission.BNO, it's not okay. It counts as duplicate submission.正确答案：B5.单选题 (1分)What situation might be considered a conflict of interest? A researcher who (select all that apply):AOwns stock of the pharmaceutical company commissioning the research work.BIs also a consultant to the company commissioning the research work.CIs asked to review a manuscript submitted by a colleague.DAll of the above.正确答案：D。
MANUSCRIPT CHECKLIST
Sage Author's GuideforPreparing Your ManuscriptMANUSCRIPT CHECKLIST❏ Title❏ Subtitle❏ Table of Contents (matching hard copy and disk)❏ Camera-ready art❏ Original signed permissions (clipped together, labeled by chapter)❏ Disks (labeled, match hard copy)❏ References (at end of chapters or at end of book)❏ Primary contact person❏ Complete addresses for all authors (name, department, campus address, school or college, university, street address, city, state, zip code)❏ Complete contact information for all authors (telephone including extension if needed, fax, email address)❏ Author/editor bios❏ Contributor bios with confirmed spelling, middle initials❏ Acknowledgments❏ Foreword❏ Preface❏ Introduction❏ Marketing questionnaire(s)❏ Contracts, signed❏ TWO complete copies of the manuscriptOverview of the Production ProcessWhen the items on the Manuscript Checklist have been received by the acquisitions editor, your book will be transmitted to the production department and assigned to a production editor, who will work with you over several months to get the book to press.Acquisitions Editor: ________________________________________ Ext. ___________ Acquisitions Editorial Assistant: ______________________________ Ext. ___________The production editor coordinates the production process, from the time the book is received in production until it goes to press.Production Editor: _________________________________________ Ext. ___________ Production Assistant: ______________________________________ Ext. ___________The production process involves the following steps:♦ Production assistant organizes the book and contacts the author concerning any missing elements.♦ The production editor sends the book out for copyediting.♦ The copy editor contacts author(s) with any queries (e.g., information on references) and adds codes for typesetting. The book is then returned to the production editor, who reviews it and gives it to the typesetter/designer.♦ The typesetter designs the interior of the book (unless the book is in a series with a standard design) and sets the book.♦ The production editor sends proofs to a freelance proofer, to the author(s) and/or editor(s), and to the indexer.♦ The production editor reviews all corrections and collates them on one set of proofs.♦ The typesetter prepares a new set of proofs, which are checked by the production editor.♦ The production editor and another production staff member check and re-check the final pages to ensure that all the necessary corrections have been made.♦ The book is transferred to the Sage Manufacturing Department, and the book and its cover are sent to the printer.The acquisitions editor works with the Art and Marketing departments to design a cover.A promotion manager will work with you on marketing for your book.Promotion Manager: _________________________________________ Ext. _________Preparing Your Manuscript for SubmissionPreparing your manuscript according to these guidelines will help us make the production process a smooth one and keep the book on schedule. In the following pages, we have provided basic instructions for handling the various elements of your book, for preparing art, and for obtaining permissions. Instructions on formatting your manuscript can be found on pages 8-10. In addition, we have included sample pages to show how properly formatted manuscripts will appear (pp. 11-16).Organizing Your ManuscriptA manuscript may contain the following:♦ Title page♦ Table of Contents♦ Foreword♦ Preface♦ Introduction♦ Acknowledgments♦ Dedication♦ Text♦ Graphics: tables, figures, charts, graphics, photos, maps♦ Notes♦ References (works cited in text) with permissions as needed♦ Suggested readings or Bibliography (works not cited in text)♦ Appendix(es)♦ Glossary♦ Index♦ Biographies of author(s)Please begin your manuscript with a title page listing your full name, address, phone and fax numbers, and email addresses. At the top of each subsequent page, please type your name and the page number. Pages should be numbered sequentially from the beginning to the end of the entire manuscript. Please do not start each chapter with page 1.Double-space all material, including quotations, using one side only of white 8.5" by 11" paper. Allow sufficient margins on all sides; 1.5- or 2-inch margins are ideal. As your contract indicates, we need two hard copies of your manuscript. Please do not staple, clip, or bind the manuscript.TABLE OF CONTENTSPlease provide a detailed table of contents, listing not only chapters but also headings and subheadings within these chapters. We need this information to apply for a Library of Congress cataloguing listing for your book. This material will also be used in marketing.FOREWORDIf someone else has written a foreword, either an introduction to or a commentary about your book, it should be placed immediately after the table of contents and before the preface. A contract will be needed between Sage and the author of the foreword, so it is important to discuss any arrangements for a foreword with the acquisitions editor for your book prior to delivery of the final manuscript.PREFACE OR INTRODUCTIONSometimes the preface and the introduction are one and the same. If you have preliminary remarks about the volume, place them in a preface. The preface is an important selling tool and may contain a brief description of your goals, the intended audience, and distinctive features of the book. Detailed discussion of the purpose, intent, or scope of your work should be put in an introduction. Sage follows the guidelines in The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Edition, with respect to numbering of introductory material:A relatively short introduction that is relevant to but not part of the text itself should bepaginated with the preliminaries, that is, with roman numerals. A long introduction or one that actually begins the subject matter of the text or that the author uses to set the scene -- to give, for example, the historical background of the subject -- should be part of the text, paginated with arabic numerals. (Section 1.52, p. 26)ACKNOWLEDGMENTSYou may wish to mention people who have contributed to your research or helped you with writing and publication. Acknowledgments can be a public thank-you to those who have made a difference: associates, staff, family, students, editors, or others.DEDICATIONA book's dedication is usually more personal than the acknowledgments. Here, you may choose to list parents, spouses, children, friends, or even entire groups of people to whom you wish to dedicate the book.GRAPHICSPlace each table, figure, graph, or other illustration on a separate page. Number these to correspond with the in-text reference to the graphic, and group all the illustrations for each chapter together at the end of the chapter. Show the in-text placement of graphics by inserting a call-out in the text of the manuscript:TABLE 1.1 ABOUT HEREorFIGURE 6.4 ABOUT HERENumbering Figures and TablesNumber figures and tables consecutively throughout each chapter. The first figure in Chapter 1 should be numbered Figure 1.1, the first figure in Chapter 2 should be 2.1, the second figure in Chapter 1 should be 1.2, and so forth. For example, the third table in the fourth chapter would be numbered Table 3.4. This numbering system allows the production staff to extract tables and figures from your manuscript for special typesetting codes while making sure that the correct graphics are placed where the call-outs indicate.Preparation of GraphicsKeep in mind that we will reduce the art to fit within the type area of the page. Typefaces, too, will be reduced, and type smaller than 8-point type like this will become too small to read. Also avoid type that is unusually large and type that is too heavy -- TYPE LIKE THIS.Screens and shading do not reproduce well; please avoid using them. To distinguish sections in a pie chart or bars in a graph, use black, white, and black-and-white patterns such as diagonal lines and dots. We will need hard copies of all art. If possible, please provide electronic versions of the art as well.Previously Published ArtIf you choose to use artwork that has been previously published, we prefer that you send the original art. If you cannot do so, send the cleanest, sharpest copy possible. If the art was previously published in a Sage book, we may or may not be able to retrieve the original for reproduction. Please check with us prior to sending your manuscript.Any table or figure directly reproduced requires permission. Tables or figures that have been adapted probably will not require permission but are subject to evaluation by Sage.Note: “Adapted” means that you have added your own material to the original work to extend or expand an idea, and not merely “edited” down or rearranged the work.Remember that if you do not own the rights to this art, you must first secure written permission to reprint it. This permission must be included when you send us your manuscript. Please see the instructions on permissions for additional information.PhotographsIf photographs are part of your manuscript, please send them as black-and-white glossy or matte positives. Color photos and transparencies do not reproduce well in black and white. Please do not trim the photo. Do not use paper clips with photos; the clip can leave an indentation on the photo that may reproduce on the printed page.Mark your photos on the back with a soft lead pencil, china-marking pencil, or soft felt-tip pen.A ballpoint pen or hard lead pencil may leave indentations. Avoid marking your photos or other art with Post-it notes that may come off.Using a Professional ArtistYou may choose to have a professional graphics designer prepare your art. Our acquisitions and production editors can recommend freelancers who do such work. Please share these instructions with any artist who will be preparing your work for Sage.When preparing art for us to reproduce exactly as you submit it, please consult the detailed instructions for camera-ready art available from your acquisitions editor and on the Sage Web site.Detailed instructions for preparing and submitting camera-ready are also available from the Art Department at Sage.If you are the editor of a volume, please make sure that contributors have these instructions for preparing graphics.NOTESIf you use footnotes, collect them as endnotes and insert them at the end of each chapter. REFERENCESThorough reference documentation provides readers with resources that enhance their understanding. If, within your text, you refer to a specific study or publication, be sure to provide complete bibliographic information in your reference section. The entry in the reference section should include author, title, date of publication, page numbers, and (for journals) volume number. Be sure to include issue numbers for journals that repaginate with each new issue. It is also desirable to include page ranges for chapters in edited books. Both in-text citations and reference listings must be consistently formatted. Sage's preferred style is that of the American Psychological Association (APA), found in the Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (4th edition). In this style, references are given in the text rather than in numbered notes, with the author's name and the year of the publication in parentheses. The proper format for the reference list itself can be found in Appendix 3-A on pages 189-234 of the Manual. The following are examples of APA reference list entries:Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue:Klimoski, R., & Palmer. S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.An entire book:Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L. (1993). Dissertations and theses from start to finish: Psychology and related fields. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Article or chapter in an edited book, three editors:Callicut, J. W. (2000). Social and mental health. In J. Midgley, M. B. Tracy, & L. Livermore (Eds.), The handbook of social policy (pp. 257-276). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Electronic citations and references:Information that you get from the Internet should be documented. For details, please see the APA Web site on electronic resources at/journals/webref.html or /~xli/reference/apa.htmlA number of Web sites offer general guidelines to APA style. Two good sources are/apa/apa_index.htm and/acad/psych/apa4b.htmPERMISSIONSCopyright law is complex and extends protection to all media: books and publications, audio and video recordings, software programs, broadcast and news media, films, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and artistic or creative works, published or unpublished. As author, you shoulder the responsibility to obtain all necessary permissions and to pay any associated fees. Securing permissions can be a lengthy and expensive endeavor. How, then, do you know whether permission is required?In determining "fair use," courts consider these four factors:1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial natureor nonprofit educational purposes2. The nature of the copyrighted work3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as awhole4. The effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted workSage's general permissions policy is to require written permission from the original copyright holder to reprint or adapt the material listed here.Artistic or Creative WorksPaintings, sculpture, fiction, logos, mastheads, and famous faces or body parts (models) require permission in all cases. Exceptions may be made when the work is the main topic with significant analysis. Permission fees for these works tend to be high.BooksPermission is needed for the use of more than 500 cumulative words from any single full-length book. Fiction or poetry requires more careful consideration.As with any other copyrightable material, it is Sage's policy to require permission for use of Internet or Web materials unless a particular use can be qualified as fair use or public domain. InterviewsWhenever possible, obtain a release to publish. If you cannot secure a release, depending on the nature of the interview and whether you identify the participants, we may need to exclude or otherwise protect the identities of individuals or entities.Journal Articles or Anthology ChaptersUse of more than 300 cumulative words from any single journal article or chapter requires permission. If your book includes entire articles or chapters already published elsewhere, permission must be granted by the original copyright holder. Because it is frequently a condition that the chapter appear as it was published and not be altered in any way, your permission request should specify whether you intend to edit the work.Newspapers or MagazinesPermission is needed for the use of more than two or three sentences. Authors must couple this use with analysis. If you intend to use mastheads, photos within articles, captions, or logos, you must spell these out on your request for permission, as these rights may be held separately.PhotosIn addition to permission from the copyright holder, if the photo was taken in a private location or is of a professional model, its use may require the subject's signed release. Photos of minors require releases from the minors' parents or guardians.Poetry or LyricsAnything, even a few words or a phrase and especially when used for effect rather than analysis, requires permission. These fees tend to be high.SpeechesUnless the speech is a political or campaign speech, its use probably requires permission if it is fixed in a tangible form (written or recorded).Permissions ProcedurePlease send permissions to Sage along with your manuscript, keep a copy for your records, and include the corresponding chapter or manuscript page numbers. Upon request, Sage can provide you with more detailed information on what requires permission and how to obtain it, and we can supply you with the necessary forms. A copy of the standard request for permission is included at the end of this guide.GLOSSARYIf you use terms that are likely to be unfamiliar to your readers, you may find it unwieldy to define these terms within the text itself. A glossary offers the opportunity to provide a separate section of terms and their definitions. This feature may also set your book apart from the competition.INDEXIndexing your book usually increases its value to readers. If your book is to be indexed, your publishing contract will specify whether you are responsible for preparing the index or whether Sage will have it prepared by a professional indexer. The contract will also indicate whether you or Sage is responsible for the cost of professional indexing.Regardless of who prepares the index, you can facilitate the process by developing a list of key words that should appear in the index. Further information on index preparation is provided in a booklet of indexing instructions for Sage authors available from your acquisitions or production editor and can be accessed at [LINK to indexing instructions].BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHAlong with your manuscript, please send us a brief biographical sketch of about 250 words. The sketch should begin with your current position and may contain titles, affiliations, the focus of professional pursuits, and other information you wish to share with your readers. For edited volumes, biographical information will also be needed for the contributors. Normally, the editor's bio will be 100 to 150 words and the contributor bios about 75 to 100 words. Sage does not include information about undergraduate degrees. If you include information about postgraduate degrees, please include it for all contributors.CONTACT INFORMATIONIf you are the editor or lead author of a volume, please provide a detailed list of all contributors and authors. Include their full names (with middle initials or middle names if these are to appear in the book), complete street addresses, telephone and fax numbers, and email addresses. Because Sage now sends the typeset contributor proofs electronically (as PDF files), it is crucial to provide email contact information.If you or any contributors will have alternate or temporary addresses during the text 10 months, please list these as well. Throughout the production of your book, staff will depend on this list to link them to the people who can answer questions or provide clarification. Without this crucial information, production can be significantly delayed.Formatting Your ManuscriptAfter your manuscript is transmitted to the production department at Sage, both a disk and hard copy will be given to the copy editor, who will check the accuracy of cites and references, read for sense, make corrections in spelling, punctuation, and grammar, and insert coding necessary for typesetting. In preparing the text files, keep in mind that for production purposes, a simple presentation is best. A few basic formatting features (bold, italics, capitalization) should be used to make clear what level each heading is, what material is quoted directly from another source, and where graphics and other special material (such as boxed text) should be placed. Using additional formatting features to enhance the presentation may actually hinder production. At the end of this Guide, we have provided a sample of pages as they should appear in the manuscript you submit.HEADS AND LISTSThe heading for this whole section, "Formatting Your Manuscript," is a main heading or Level 1 head. These should be centered and can be set in bold type. The head above the beginning of this paragraph, "Heads and Lists," is a Level 2 head and should be set in all caps, flush left.Subordinate HeadsThe heading above this paragraph, "Subordinate Heads," is a Level 3 head and is set with initial caps, flush left. A fourth head level is one that is run into the text like the heads below that discuss different types of lists ("Numbered Lists" and "Bulleted Lists"). They are normally italicized. Each word may be capped if the head is short; if it is a complete sentence or is very long, only the first word is usually capitalized.Two Kinds of ListsNumbered Lists. Use numbered lists to present information that is sequential. In APA style, however, present elements in a series within a paragraph or sentence with lowercase letters in parentheses:The participant's three choices were (a) working with one other participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.Bulleted Lists. Use bulleted lists with care. The bullets call attention to each item in the list and can be visually useful in breaking up text. It's important not to overdo the use of bullets, however; the text itself should always be more important than the numbers or bullets you use to organize material.EXTRACTSThe copy editor will determine whether direct quotations, or extracts, should be set as regular body text or indented and set as an extract. The general guideline is that quotations of 40 words or more should be indented. When your book is typeset, long extracts will be set single-spaced and may also be in somewhat smaller type than regular text. In preparing your manuscript, you may want to indent long quotations; however, please double-space all material, including extracts of any length.COMPUTER DISKSOur production staff can work with most word-processing programs, although we prefer that you submit your manuscript on disks in Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. In creating your files, please follow these guidelines:♦ Place each chapter in a separate file.♦ Make sure that the hard copy of your manuscript matches the files on disk. If you are the editor of a volume, make sure that the hard copy of the chapters you submit matches the disk supplied by the contributor or by you. Production can be seriously delayed if there arequestions concerning what constitutes the final version of the chapter.♦ Label your disk(s) with the following:1. Your name and, if different, the lead author's name2. The name of the book3. The name and version of the program you are using (e.g., MS Word 6.0 forWindows)4. The names of the files on the diskA SAMPLE CHAPTER: COVER PAGEWHAT WE WOULD LIKE YOUR MANUSCRIPT TO LOOK LIKESage Publications2455 Teller Rd.Thousand Oaks, CA 91320Main telephone at Sage: 805-499-0721Books Production Fax: 805-375-1735The following pages illustrate how to use spacing and formatting to prepare your manuscript for Sage. The goal is to communicate clearly what each element is.♦ Please use margins of about 1.5 inches on all sides, and do not justify the right margin.♦ Avoid complex formatting codes.♦ Double-space all material.♦ Be sure that the difference between head levels is visually indicated.VERY IMPORTANT: Please make sure that the same margins and typeface are used for your entire manuscript. Estimates of the book's length are based on the pages you submit, and variations in page format and type make it much more difficult to make accurate estimates. Instructions and notes on formatting are in brackets.[This Is a Chapter Title:] Convening[This Is a Chapter Subtitle:] How to Arrange a MeetingChris CarlsonNo pessimist ever discovered the secrets of the stars, or sailed to an uncharted land, or opened a new heaven to the human spirit. [An opening quote]Helen Keller [A Quote Source][Here is some sample text to illustrate how to prepare heads and lists.] When someone convenes a meeting, he or she typically finds an appropriate meeting space, invites people to attend, and perhaps drafts an agenda. In a consensus building process, however, which may involve multiple meetings over the course of weeks, months, or years, convening is a more complex task. In this context, convening typically involves 1. assessing a situation to determine whether or not a consensus-based approach is feasible;2. identifying and inviting participants to ensure that all key interests (i.e., stakeholders) are represented;3. locating the necessary resources to help convene, conduct, and support the process; and4. planning and organizing the process with participants, or working with a facilitator or mediator to do so.Notice that in this numbered list, there is internal punctuation and the items are not capped. Another way to present this material would be as follows:1. Assessing a situation2. Identifying and inviting participants3. Locating the necessary resources4. Planning and organizing the process[Your word-processing program may put an extra space after the elements in a numbered list. You don't need to worry about these details of formatting. The copy editor will insert special codes that will standardize spacing for numbered and bulleted lists. Notice that this paragraph was indented to indicate that a new section starts after the last element in the numbered list.]Roles: This Is a Level 1 HeadA number of different actors are involved in the convening stage, including sponsors, convenors, neutrals, stakeholders, and participants, and these are defined in the following [bulleted list]:♦ Sponsors are individuals or organizations that endorse and support a consensus building process, often by providing financial assistance.♦ The convenor is the person or organization that initiates a consensus building process and that carries out the convening steps (or oversees how they are carried out). Often, because of the complexity or contentiousness of a situation, or due to lack of trust or credibility, a convenor may decide to use a professional neutral to carry out the convening steps.♦ The neutral is the facilitator or mediator who works with the convenor and other participants during the convening stage.♦ The stakeholders are the key individuals, groups, and organizations that have an interest in the issue at hand. Participants are stakeholders who take part inconsensus-based negotiations. Often, particularly in processes involving publicissues, participants represent other individuals with similar interests and concerns.Here's Another H1: The Importance of Convening: Two ExamplesHow the convening steps are carried out, and who carries them out, can have an impact on whether or not a consensus process will be successful. The parties who serve as convenors--whether they are government agencies, private corporations, nonprofit organizations, or individuals--need to be viewed as credible and fair-minded, especially in those cases in which issues are contentious or parties are distrustful of each other. At the community level, consensus processes are often sponsored and convened by a local leader, an organization, or a steering committee made up of representatives of different groups. At the state and federal levels, government agencies or officials often serve as sponsors, and sometimes as convenors.A COMMUNITY COLLABORATION GETS OFF ON THE RIGHT FOOT: A LEVEL 2 HEAD[Notice that this head is flush left, roman, and all caps.] In the first example, a divisive conflict over logging practices and their impact on endangered species was under way in a rural community in southern Oregon. By the early 1990s, there had been numerous skirmishes between environmental interests and timber industry supporters over logging in the Applegate Valley. In 1992, the listing of the northern spotted owl on the federal endangered species list led to an injunction prohibiting logging on federal lands.FEDERAL AGENCY CONVENES A SIMILAR PROCESS THAT FAILS: ANOTHER LEVEL 2 HEADOur second example came about as a result of the Applegate experience. Word spread quickly about the success of the Applegate Partnership. Federal officials caught wind of Applegate's success, and Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt dropped in on one of the partnership meetings. What he saw fit nicely into the administration's plans for。
国际会议论文格式要求
国际会议论文格式要求【篇一：2014国际会议论文排版格式要求及样张】2014管理科学与工程国际会议论文排版要求及格式样张lan hua1，zhao shu-rong21 school of management, harbin institute of technology,p.r.china, 1500012 school of humanities and science of uestc, p.r.china, 610054摘要：这份说明给出了2014管理科学与工程国际会议论文投稿的基本要求。
向会议提交的论文不得少于6页，且必须应用此格式，您可以到会议的网站上下载（/）。
摘要不得少于120个英文单词，关键词请按字母顺序排列，用逗号隔开，全部都采用小写，关键词不得少于4个。
关键词：字体，字号，格式，页边距1 引言请将您的论文用纸设置为210mm?297mm的a4纸，全篇论文请在“段落”选项中将“行距”设置为“单倍行距”，每段首行缩进4字符。
论文标题上空6行(按12磅字大小空)，一级标题要上下各空一行，二级标题只需上空一行。
所有的图形、表格和公式都必须包括在您的论文中，请不要链接到外部的文件。
2 方法论2.1 格式在“页面设置”的“页边距”选项中：“上”页边距设置为25mm，“下”页边距为31mm，“左右”页边距都为20mm，“距边界”中“页眉”设置13mm，“页脚”设置为20mm。
“文档网格”选“无网格”。
正文采用双栏式，在“格式”的“分栏”选项中，“栏数”设置为2，“宽度和间距”中“间距”设置为2字符，“宽度”设置为21.95字符，然后选择“栏宽相等”。
2.2 字号大小和字体样式请按照tab.1中所注明的字体和字号大小进行排版，全篇论文选用times new roman字体，正文部分tab.1 论文排版字体与字号大小一览表字号字体样式大小(磅) times new roman times new roman加粗 9图、表格图题、表题10 正文、公式、参考文献二级标题 12 作者姓名一级标题 14论文题目选用10磅字。
IEEE参考文献格式
•Creating a reference list or bibliographyA numbered list of references must be provided at the end of thepaper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or otherinformation that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.Print DocumentsBooksNote: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.Standard formatSingle author[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,1993, pp. 123-135.[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.Edited work[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.Later edition[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.More than one author[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebelswith a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Businessprocesses and information technology. Cincinnati:South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.Three or more authorsNote: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations,Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge.Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.Series[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: AWorld Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.Conference (complete conference proceedings)[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.Government publication[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department,2003.Manual[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, TransmissionSystem for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1995.Catalogue[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp.,Brooklyn, NY.Application notes[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.Note:Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.Technical report[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol,"Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep.916-1010-BB, 1997.Patent / Standard[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U.S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzycontrollers," presented at 5th International Conference onFuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.Thesis or dissertation[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve therouting problem in communication networks," Ph.D.dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.Parts of a BookNote: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.Single chapter from an edited work[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-acvoltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth AnnualPortable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.Article in an encyclopaedia, signed[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.Study Guides and Unit ReadersNote: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37. Journal ArticlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.Standard formatJournal articles[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys.Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijnnetworks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.OR[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D linemodels using local search?" IEEE Transactions on PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," MicroelectronicsReliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, to be published.Electronic documentsNote:When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.E-BooksStandard format[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. MahwahNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.Article in online encyclopaedia[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The BlackwellEncyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems,G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144.[E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.E-JournalsStandard formatJournal article abstract accessed from online database[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use casesin real-time embedded systems," Information and SoftwareTechnology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract].Available: ProQuest, /proquest/.[Accessed May 12, 2005].Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.Journal article from online full-text databaseNote: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirementsengineering exercises in a global virtual team setup,"Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p.21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, . [Accessed May 31, 2005].[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of readingon the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: /volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].Journal article in electronic journal subscription[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Newspaper article from online database[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].Newspaper article from the Internet[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The WestAustralian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available:.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Internet DocumentsStandard formatProfessional Internet site[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVBterrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed:Aug. 17, 1998].Personal Internet site[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002.[Online]. Available:/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm[Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].General Internet site[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12,2004].Internet document, no author given[4] 揂憀ayman抯?explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,?Oct.3, 2003. [Online]. Available:/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].Non-Book FormatsPodcasts[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, 揊rom Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg? Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available:.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xm l. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].[2] S. Gary, Presenter, 揃lack Hole Death Ray? StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: .au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].Other FormatsMicroform[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department ofScience and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & CompanyPty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra:Department of Science and Technology, 1984.Computer game[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM].United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.Software[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISIResearchSoft, 2003.Video recording[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.A reference list: what should it look like?The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser,"Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method,"Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of softwarerequirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: AcademicOneFile, . [Accessed May 31,2005].[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].[25] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].[26] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].[27] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12,2004].[28] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.AbbreviationsStandard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:。
notepress整理文献顺序
notepress整理文献顺序英文回答：To organize the order of references in Notepress, you can follow these steps:1. Open Notepress and create a new document or open an existing one.2. Identify the references you want to include in your document. These can be in the form of citations, footnotes, or a bibliography.3. Decide on the preferred order of your references. This can be alphabetical, chronological, or based on relevance.4. Start by inserting the references in the desired order within your document. You can do this by copying and pasting the reference text or using the citation toolprovided by Notepress.5. Once you have inserted all the references, you can further refine the order by using the sorting feature. This allows you to rearrange the references based on specific criteria, such as author name or publication year.6. Review the document to ensure that the references are in the correct order and properly formatted according to your chosen citation style.7. Make any necessary adjustments or edits to the references, such as adding page numbers or removing unnecessary information.中文回答：要在Notepress中整理文献顺序，你可以按照以下步骤进行操作：1. 打开Notepress并创建一个新文档或打开现有文档。
如何读好书的英语作文
如何读好书的英语作文Improving English writing skills through reading good books is an essential aspect of language acquisition. Here are some strategies to effectively read books in English:1. Select Books at Your Level: Choose books that match your current English proficiency level. Starting with simpler texts and gradually moving to more complex oneswill help you progress steadily. 。
2. Set Goals: Determine what you want to achieve from reading each book. Whether it's enhancing vocabulary, improving grammar, or understanding different writing styles, having clear objectives will keep you focused.3. Active Reading: Engage actively with the text by taking notes, underlining key phrases, and jotting down unfamiliar words. This helps in comprehension and retention of information.4. Build Vocabulary: Keep a dictionary handy to look up unfamiliar words. Make a note of these words and their meanings, and try to use them in sentences to reinforce your understanding.5. Analyze Sentence Structure: Pay attention to how sentences are structured and how words are used in context. This will improve your grammar and sentence construction skills.6. Note Cultural References: English literature often contains cultural references that may be unfamiliar to non-native speakers. Take note of these references and research them to gain a deeper understanding of the context.7. Read Aloud: Reading aloud helps improve pronunciation and fluency. It also allows you to hear how sentences are structured and aids in comprehension.8. Reflect and Discuss: After reading a book, take some time to reflect on its themes, characters, and plot. Discussing the book with others or writing a summary candeepen your understanding and improve your writing skills.9. Read Widely: Explore different genres and styles of writing to broaden your vocabulary and understanding of English literature. Don't limit yourself to one type of book.10. Practice Writing: Use what you've learned from reading to practice writing essays, summaries, or even your own creative stories. This will help reinforce your understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.By incorporating these strategies into your reading routine, you can effectively improve your English writing skills while enjoying the rich and diverse world of literature.。
英语参考文献 编者按的格式及范文
英语参考文献编者按的格式及范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Guidelines for the APA Style of Reference List with Editor's NoteIntroduction:The American Psychological Association (APA) Style is commonly used in the fields of social sciences and involves specific guidelines for citing sources in academic writing. One key aspect of APA Style is the reference list, which provides detailed information about the sources used in a paper. In this document, we will discuss the format of the APA reference list and provide a sample reference list with an editor's note.Format of the APA Reference List:The APA Style of reference list is organized in alphabetical order, with each entry following a specific format. The basic elements of a reference entry include the author's name, publication date, title of the source, and other relevant information. Here is an example of a reference list entry for a book:Smith, J. (2000). The Art of Writing: A Guide for Scholars. New York, NY: Academic Press.Editor's Note:When compiling a reference list, it is important to pay attention to details and follow the guidelines provided by the APA Style. In this sample reference list entry, the author's last name is followed by their initials, the publication date is enclosed in parentheses, the title of the book is italicized, and the location and publisher information is included. This format ensures that readers can easily locate and verify the sources cited in the paper.Conclusion:In conclusion, the APA Style of reference list plays a crucial role in academic writing by providing a standardized format for citing sources. By following the guidelines outlined in this document, authors can create accurate and consistent reference lists that enhance the credibility of their work. Remember to consult the official APA Style guide for more detailed instructions on formatting reference entries.篇2Editor's Note: The Importance of Referencing in English Academic WritingIn academic writing, referencing is a crucial aspect that cannot be overlooked. It serves multiple purposes such as acknowledging the work of others, providing evidence to support arguments, and enhancing the credibility of the writer's own work. In this editorial piece, we will discuss the format and importance of referencing in English academic writing.First and foremost, it is important to understand the various referencing styles commonly used in English academic writing. Some of the popular styles include APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), Chicago, and Harvard referencing. Each style has its own rules and guidelines for citing sources such as books, journal articles, websites, and other materials.The format of the referencing can vary depending on the type of source being cited. For example, in APA style, a book citation includes the author's name, publication year, book title, and publisher. On the other hand, a journal article citation includes the author's name, publication year, article title, journal name, volume, and page numbers. It is crucial for writers tofollow the specific guidelines of the chosen referencing style to ensure accuracy and consistency in their citations.Referencing is important for several reasons. Firstly, it gives credit to the original authors and researchers whose work has been used in the writer's own work. This is crucial for avoiding plagiarism and upholding academic integrity. Secondly, referencing provides evidence to support the writer's arguments and claims. By citing reputable sources, writers can strengthen their arguments and enhance the credibility of their work. Lastly, referencing allows readers to trace the sources of information and verify the accuracy of the information presented.In conclusion, referencing plays a significant role in English academic writing. It is important for writers to familiarize themselves with the various referencing styles and follow the guidelines to ensure accuracy and consistency in their citations. By acknowledging the work of others, providing evidence to support arguments, and enhancing credibility, referencing contributes to the overall quality and integrity of academic writing.Editor: Jane SmithDate: October 15, 2021篇3Title: The Format and Sample of Editor's Note in English ReferencesIn academic writing, citing sources is crucial to provide credibility and support for one's arguments. When citing references in English papers, it is important to follow a specific format, including an Editor's Note where necessary. The Editor's Note is a brief statement that provides additional information about the source or its relevance to the paper. This article will outline the format and provide a sample of an Editor's Note in English references.Format of Editor's Note:The Editor's Note should be placed immediately after the reference in parentheses. It should be a brief statement that clarifies the context of the source or explains why it is relevant to the paper. The note should be concise and to the point, providing any necessary information without going into unnecessary detail.Sample of Editor's Note:Reference:Smith, J. (2018). The Impact of Globalization on Business Practices. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(3),124-137.Editor's Note:This article by Smith (2018) provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of globalization on business practices. The author discusses the various challenges and opportunities that globalization presents for businesses operating in the international market. This source is relevant to the paper as it helps to contextualize the discussion on the effects of globalization on business strategies.In conclusion, the Editor's Note is an important component of citing references in English papers. It helps to provide additional information and context for the reader, making the research more credible and trustworthy. By following the format and providing a concise note, authors can enhance the quality of their papers and demonstrate their academic rigor.。
参考文献标准格式 英文
参考文献标准格式英文The reference citation standard is a crucial aspect of academic writing, as it provides a clear and consistent way to acknowledge the sources of information used in a paper. In order to maintain academic integrity and avoid plagiarism, it is essential for writers to adhere to the standard format for citing references in their work.The standard format for citing references in English-language documents typically follows the guidelines established by the American Psychological Association (APA) or the Modern Language Association (MLA). These guidelines provide specific rules for citing various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and other publications.When citing a book in APA format, the basic format includes the author's last name and initials, the publication year, the title of the book, and the publisher. For example:Smith, J. (2005). The Art of Writing. New York, NY: XYZ Publishing.When citing a journal article in APA format, the basic format includes the author's last name and initials, the publication year, the title of the article, the title of the journal, the volume number, and the page numbers. For example:Johnson, L. (2010). The Impact of Technology on Education. Journal of Educational Research, 25(3), 123-135.In MLA format, the basic format for citing a book includes the author's last name and first name, the title of the book, the publication year, and the publisher. For example:Smith, John. The Art of Writing. XYZ Publishing, 2005.For citing a journal article in MLA format, the basic format includes the author's last name and first name, the title of the article, the title of the journal, the volume and issue numbers, the publication year, and the page numbers. For example:Johnson, Lisa. "The Impact of Technology on Education." Journal of Educational Research, vol. 25, no. 3, 2010, pp. 123-135.It is important to note that the specific format for citing references may vary depending on the style guide or the requirements of a particular academic institution or publication. Therefore, it is essential for writers to consult the appropriate style guide and follow the specific guidelines provided.In addition to the basic format for citing references, writers should also pay attention to the proper use of punctuation, italics, and capitalization. For example, the titles of books and journals should be italicized, while the titles of articles should be in quotation marks. Additionally, the first letter of each major word in the title of a book or article should be capitalized.In conclusion, the standard format for citing references in English-language documents is an important aspect of academic writing. By following the guidelines established by style guides such as APA or MLA, writers can ensure that they acknowledge the sources of information used in their work in a clear and consistent manner. Adhering to the standard format for citing references is essential for maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism.。
noteepress英文引文格式
noteepress英文引文格式The noteepress citation style is used in academic writing to properly cite sources and provide references for the information being presented. This style follows specific guidelines for formatting the citations in order to make it easy for readers to locate the original sources.In noteepress, the citations are typically placed within parentheses at the end of the sentence or paragraph in which the information from the source is presented. The basic format for a noteepress citation includes the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (if applicable) in the following format: (Author, Year, p. Page number).For example, a citation for a book written by Jane Smith and published in 2015 would look like this: (Smith, 2015). If a specific page from the book is being referenced, the citation would include the page number as well: (Smith, 2015, p. 25).When citing sources with multiple authors, their last names are listed in the same order as they appear on the publication, separated by commas. For example, a citation for a book written by Jane Smith and John Doe would look like this: (Smith, Doe, 2015).When citing online sources, the format is slightly different. In addition to the author's last name and year of publication, the URL of the webpage is also included in the citation. For example: (Smith, 2015, URL).In addition to in-text citations, noteepress also requires a list of references at the end of the document that provides full bibliographic information for each source cited in the text. This list should be organized alphabetically by the author's last name and include all the necessary information to help readers locate the original source.Overall, the noteepress citation style provides a clear and consistent way to acknowledge the sources of information used in academic writing, helping to maintain academic integrity and intellectual honesty. By following the guidelines of noteepress, writers can ensure that their work is properly documented and that credit is given where it is due.。
参考文献英文范文
参考文献英文范文参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。
下面是店铺给大家整理的参考文献英文范文，供大家参阅!参考文献英文范文：英文参考文献标准格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：--专著,著作[C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章[J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网)，但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版[D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样[S]-- 标准[P]--专利[A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章[Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：[DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)[DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)[M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)[CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)[EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.【举例】[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究.北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature . London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名 [C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: Universityof Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language T eaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5. 学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者. 篇名.出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析.北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.专利【格式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别:专利号,发布日期.【举例】[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073, 1989 07 26.8.标准【格式】[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].【举例】[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S].9.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991-06-0510.电子文献【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: ///pub/wml.txt/980810 2.html, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983 1993).英文版 [DB/CD]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11.各种未定义类型的文献【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者, 出版年.特别说明：凡出现在"参考文献"项中的标点符号都失去了其原有意义，且其中所有标点必须是半角,如果你的输入法中有半角/全解转换,则换到半角状态就可以了,如果你的输入法中没有这一转换功能,直接关闭中文输入法,在英文输入状态下输入即可.其实，很多输入法(如目前比较流行的搜狐输入法)都提供了四种组合：(1)中文标点+ 全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(而这时，我没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号是一定不能出现在"参考文献"中的;(2) 中文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的，：【1】-(这时，我还是没有找到哪个键可以输入/ 符号)也就是说，这些符号也不能出现在"参考文献"中的;上面列出的符号，中间没有任何的空格，你能看出它们有什么区别吗?我看只是-的宽度有一点点不同，其它都一样(3)英文标点+全角：这时输入的标点是这样的，.：[1]-/(4)英文标点+半角：这时输入的标点是这样的,.:[1]-/从这两项可以明显的看出，半角和全角其实最大的差别是所占的宽度不一样，这一点对于数字来说最为明显，而英文标点明显要比中文标点细小很多(也许因为英文中，标点的功能没有中文那么复杂，就是说英文中标点符号的能力没有中文那么强大)所以，很多人在写"参考文献" 时，总是觉得用英文标点+半角很不清楚，间距也太小，其实这点完全不用担心如果你觉得真的太小不好看，就用英文标点+全角吧而在[1] 之后，一般也都有一个空格对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用"姓在前名在后"原则，具体格式是：姓,名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明注释应置于本页页脚，前面用圈码①、②、③等标识参考文献英文范文：英文论文参考文献格式写法Learning Advice Centreyour in the author/date system) and, for law students or in dissertations, the numeric system. Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist) so you must consult your course/module handbook for clarification of the specific conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).References need to appear in two places:1. within the body of your writing include: author‟s surname, year of publication and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;2. in the bibliography include at least: author‟s surname, initial(s), year of publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources. There are two ways inwhich you can reference, or cite, another person's work: a) by paraphrasing; this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard Systemb) by quoting directly; follow with a comment to show relevance/understanding If the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate paragraph e.g.: As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out“Our views of what is …intelligent‟can prevent us from developing our minds to their full potential. People who feel they are …not very bright‟ or …not very creative‟ probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand, positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.”Citing secondary sources:If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method: According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003, p.148), “clever people are often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:” they are good at arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong.Cont'dYou can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.Learning Advice Centrereference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.: There were many changes in the British diet in the periodafter 1870. Fruitbecame more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish-and-chip shop dates from the same period.1 (Note: See bottom of this page for associated footnote.)To insert footnotes using Word, click on the placein your document where you want to insert thefootnote.Then click on the Insert menu, select Reference,then click on Footnote.Another window will then open that will allow you to format thefootnotes manually, if you require.Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appearsat the bottom of the page, click next to the number at the bottom to add the reference details: author surname, initial(s),publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.Once you have referenced an author for the first time using the numeric system you do not have to repeat that same reference in full again. If the same work is referenced consecutively on the same page use: ibid. = (from the Latin …ibidem‟, meaning …the same‟) orop.cit. = (from the Latin …opere citado‟ meaning …in the work already cited‟)If the same work is referenced on another page, list the author‟s surname, initials and date of publication again followed by op.cit. and the page number.Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote (see example below).2Hobsbawm, H., (1990), The Eating Habits of the British People, p. 162 2 ibid., p. 1631Learning Advice Centre according toBooks Heinz, E., (2000), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are two authors you must list both authors‟names e.g.: Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2001), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are more than two authors, name the first author followed by ‘et al’ (Latin meaning …and others‟) e.g.:Heinz, E., et al., (2002), The Bean and Other Legumes, Routledge, New York If the book has more than one edition, you must state which edition you have used e.g.:Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2006), A History of Baked Beans, (2nd Ed.), Arnold, LondonAn article in a book Johnson, S., (1998a), The Cornflake in History, In: Jennings, N., (Ed.) Food for Thought, Edinburgh University Press, UKJournal articles Johnson, S., (1998b), …Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟, Cultural Studies 11, 1: pp.32–44This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called …Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism‟was published in the journal Cultural Studies, volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.Where you have referenced two or more separate works by the same author that were published in the same year, add alphabetical notation after the publication year in both the text and bibliography to distinguish between the works. (Seeexamples above.)E-journal articles Jimenez, R., (2003), …Sex Differences in L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies‟, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1, pp.54-77, [online], available from: [Accessed 13/10/2006]For e-journals/books you must state that it is an online resource, cite the URL and include the date you accessed it at the end in addition to including the journal volume/number and the publication year, as above.Learning Advice Centre acceptable title and state the date you accessed the site e.g.: Holmes, A., (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, [online], available from: [Accessed 25/10/2006].If you cannot find & state the author‟s name, use the name of the organisation, e.g.: BBC, (2007), Northern Ireland: The Troubles, [online], available from:[Accessed 30/04/2007].Newspaper articlesList the writer‟s surname and initial(s), year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper followed by the full date of publication, section of the paper and page number, e.g.: Ratner, C., (2000), …Magazine sparks love feud‟, The Independent, 10 October 2000, Thursday Review: p.14Reference to a ThesisList the surname, initials, year, title, type of thesis, name of institution submitted to: Smith, J., (2005), Linguistic Significance of Teenage Slang in the UK, (PhD), University of Westminster TV ProgrammesFollowing the series title list the number and title of the episode, year, transmitting channel followed by the full date and time, if known, of transmission. Venice, Episode 4; Death, (2004),BBC 2, 12/12/2004Contributions in ProgrammesIndividual speakers or contributors to programmes should be referenced by name followed by year, programme title, channel and date of transmission e.g.: Brown, G., (2007), Live Treasury Questions, BBC Parliament, 29/03/2007 DVD/Video List the title, year of production, format, Director‟s name, production place and organisation, e.g.: Dogma, (1999), VHS, Directed by Kevin Smith, View AskewLearning Advice Centreo create a bibliographic list that can be imported into your word documentTo log in to RefWorks use your Athens username and password.NOTE: before you start to use RefWorks it is highly advisable that you either look at the guidance on the library home page or work through the online tutorials. RefWorks is not a tool that can be learned in 5 minutes and used as a last minute quick fix if you are behind on an assignment.Remember, as with any assignment, you should ensure that once you have imported your bibliography you edit and format it to match your departmental protocol; bibliographical information created using RefWorks may be formatted in an alternative way.References:Cottrell, S., (2003), Skills for Success; The Personal Development Planning Handbook, Palgrave Macmillan, UK Holland, M., (2006), Citing References, Academic Services, Bournemouth University,参考文献英文范文：英文参考文献格式英文文献采用“APA格式”：单一作者著作的书籍：姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍：姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章：Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码)：姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章：Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.。
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Note on References...
Note on References...
Ideally,your reference list should include three to five employers or other professionals who have extensive,first-hand knowledge of your background and expertise.Personal references are also acceptable,but certainly less preferable than professional ones.In either case,your references should be able to familiarize employers with your work habits.
It's a good idea to supply references to potential employers...but not on your Resumé.Employers will ask for references if and when they want to see that list -and are deciding whether to hire you.It is perfectly acceptable (and clearly desirable)to conclude your Resuméwith this line："References available upon request."
NOTE：Be sure to notify your references that you're including their names on your reference list.This will ensure that they are prepared to answer questions about you and to reiterate all the reasons you are a valuable employee.
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Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.Immediately adjacent to the timberline,the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs,herbs,and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.
Each of your references should follow the same format：
The person's name
His or her position or job title
The company at which he or she is currently employed
The company's full address
A phone number where he or she can be reached during working hours (usually this is his or her office phone number) These days,most employers actually call references...unlike a few years ago.The assumption used to be that contacting references was pointless because they would always report favorably on the candidate in question.
However,experience has shown that many job hunters give the wrong kind of references -ones that don't exist at all,who know nothing about the candidate or,worst of all,who have negative feelings about him or her.。