TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉

独立写作讲义
（1）对立观点题型。

Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
引言段
思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。

模板：
Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)
As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.
可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。

主体段
思路：主体段落一般写三段。

两种写法：（A）一共三个支持主旨的分论点，每一个分论点构成一个段落。

（B）,两个支持主旨的分论点构成两个段落，另外一个段落阐述对立观点的有理之初。

(A)思路模板
三个段落构成完全相同：主题句点明分论点，阐释分论点，可以用同义反复，对立与对比，举例等方法，论证的目的是要证明为什么分论点是成立的。

The first reason coming to my mind is that__(分论点1)_____________.
具体说明原因，说明为什么这个原因支撑自己第一段的观点（4－5句)（可以举例，2－3句具体描述例子。

） Therefore,____(指出鉴于如上原因分论点是成立的)______________.
Equally important is the fact that____（分论点2）_________.
（论证技巧相同4－5句）。

Thus, ,____(指出鉴于如上原因分论点是成立的)______________.
In addition to the above reasons, another noteworthy reason is that____(分论点3)。

或者： In addition to the above reasons，the final point I would like to make about ___ is that____（分论点3）______
(论证技巧相同,4-5句)。

It is, in this sense, reasonable to say that ____(指出鉴于如上原因分论点是成立的)______________.
段落内的连接词语：
表示并列：similarly/likewise
表示递进：moreover/furthermore/on top of that/besides/above all
表示对比：on the contrary/by contrast/in contrast
表示结果：there fore / accordingly/ as a result/consequently
B思路模板
前两段与 A思路完全相同。

第三段：Admittedly/It is admittedly true that arguably there are also some reasons in arguing that (对立观点)。

On the one hand, (对立观点有道理的地方1)______； on the other hand, (有道理的地方2). However, 指出正面观点的优势更强。

本段的注意点是反面观点的优势不要详细论述。

结尾段
思路：总结首段主旨，并简要陈述主体段落的分论点。

模板：
Taking into account the above analysis, we may safely conclude that _______（重申首段主旨）， on the grounds that______(简要总结主体段的分论点).
To conclude/To sum up,___________ _______（重申首段主旨）， on the grounds that______(简要总结主体段的分论点).
2）赞成反对题型
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The invention of the Internet has had negative effects on your civilization. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Your government has announced that it wishes to build a military base near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the military base?
（3）观点选择题型（从几个选项中选出一个）
Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people's lives: automobiles, bicycles and airplanes.
引言段
Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in people’s life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)。

But which ____(重复题目中的问题)？ Due to people’s different life experiences, backgrounds and personal perspectives, answers are understandably destined to be various. As far as I am concerned, I would choose______ and my reasons are listed as follows.
主体段:与A思路相同，即三个分论点构成三段，论证技巧完全相同。

结尾段落
It is admittedly true that other ___ may also__________________. However, considering_________________(简要论述上文的三个论述)， I am more inclined to hold that______________(重申主旨)。

（4）问题分析型
What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
How does advertising influence people's behavior? Use reasons and
specific examples to support your answer.
Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you
think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to
support your answer.
引言段：
Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential
role in people’s life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)。

When considering the question________________(重复问题)， Due to people’s
different life experiences, backgrounds and personal perspectives,
answers are understandably destined to be various. As far as I am concerned, ____________________. （自己的观点）
主体段落
与A思路完全相同，只要根据题目稍微改动几个词语。

结尾段
It is admittedly true that other ___ may also__________________ and
it is virtually impossible to exhaust all___. What I have explained
above, that is, ______________( 概述主体段的论据)， are only the most noticeable and essential _____________________.
综合写作讲义
信号词句
总结句
there are several reasons why…
列举
First…second…third…
And most importantly
A major development…
On the one hand, on the other hand
On the contrary/in contrast
Similarly/likewise
Also
Furthermore
总结
Therefore/as a result
In conclusion/In summary…
Fina lly…
From this we can see…
强调
Now this is important…
Remember that…
The important idea is that…
The basic concept here is…
开头段落（概括全文）
The lecturer talks about _______________. He says that _________________________.The lecturer raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraphs by providing different evidences regarding__________________________(文章主题).
T he lecturer refutes the reading’s argument about________ and focuses on __________________（文章主题）
The lecture is mainly discussing ______, ________ and ___________ , challenging what are stated in the reading passage，that is,___
主体段落（各个击破）
First of all, the speaker thinks that ___________. （细节）
In contrast, the reading passage believes that _____________. （细节）
So, the lecturer completely disagrees with the view made in the reading.
Secondly, the speaker believes___________. （细节）
This directly contradicts what is stated in the reading that _____________________.
Finally, the speakers raises the issue that ___________.（细节） This point disagrees that ________________, which is demonstrated in the reading.
或者
Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is ___________________________________.
The professr claims that _____________________________________. However,the reading states _____________________________________.
Finally, the professor stated that__________________ . on the contrary of the reading, which claims that_____________________________________.。