国际商务合同UNIT(14)

Unit 14
Following Contractual Norms(Ⅱ)
符合合同文体（下）Topical Highlights单元要点
Theme Presentation主题描述
ing Defining Words“系指”定义词的运用
ing Conditional Clauses条件句式的运用
ing Other Specific Phrases
其他特定词语的运用
Useful Words and Phrases常用词语
Reflections and Practice思考与实践
BACK
Theme Presentation主题描述
4. Using Defining Words“系指”定义词的运用
由于国际商务合同当事人涉及到不同的国家或地区，语言和法律不同，各自对相同词语的解释和使用也不完全一样。

为了使双方对一些词统一认识，防止解释不一，产生分歧，推卸责任，有必要对合同中频繁出现、且含义复杂的关键词作出定义。

在此，我们将表示定义的词称为“系指定义词”。

用于表达“指”、“系指”、“含义为”的方法有多种，合同中经常使用的有mean, shall be, is, are, shall mean等。

例如：
(1)The Patents means those letters patent, utility models and applications therefore presently owned or hereafter acquired by Party B and／or which Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the term hereof in any or all countries of the world and which are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of the Product．
“专利”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和/或有权或可能有权控制的，或在本协议有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品的专利、实用新型及其专利申请。

(2)The Acceptance Test Manual means the document prepared by Party A which will be used by Party A and Party B for checking whether the Equipment is in accordance with the Specification and Approved Data．
《验收试验手册》指由甲方提供的供甲、乙双方检验设备是否符合技术规格和认可资料的文件。

(3)“Banking Day'’ shall mean a day on which dealings in deposits in Dollars are carried on In the London interbank market and banks are open for business in London and not required or authorized by law to close in New York City, and “London Banking Day'’ shall mean a day on which dealings in deposits in Dollars are carried on in the London interbank market and banks are open for business in London. And “Dollars” shall mean lawful money of the United States．
“银行工作日”指伦敦同业银行市场和各银行在伦敦进行美元存款交易的营业日，而不是纽约市法律规定或许可的停业日。

“伦敦银行工作日”指伦敦同业银行市场和伦敦银行进行美元存款交易的营业日。

Dollar是指美国的法定货币。

(4)“Subsidiary'’ at any time means any entity of which more than fifty percent (50％) of the outstanding voting stock or other equity interest entitled ordinarily to vote in the election of the directors or other governing body (however designated 0f such entity) is al the time beneficially owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the borrower, one or more such entities or the borrower and one or more such entities．“子公司”是指任何时候的任何实体。

该实体50％以上的公开发行的表决权股或其他通常有权选举其董事或其他管理部门(不论如何指定)的股东权益，由借款人、一个或更多的实体实际拥有或者直接或间接控制，或者由借款人以及一个或更多的实体实际拥有或直接或间接控制。

(5)“Components'’ means those components and parts of Licensed Products which the Licensor may from time to time agree in writing to permit the Licensee to manufacture or procure within the territory (which the Licensor uses in its business operations for the production of such Licensed Products anywhere in the world)．“部件”，系指许可方随时书面允许被许可方，在区域内生产或购买的许可产品的构件及零配件(即许可方在世界任何地方的业务活动中用以生产特许产品的构件和零配件)。

(6)“Licensed Products'’ are any and all the products as listed in Schedule A attached hereto and all improvements in such products which may be developed by the Licensor during the Effective Period．
“特许产品”的含义是指合同附表A中所列的所有产品和许可方在合同有效期内可能对这些产品做的全部改进。

(7)…this Contract Force Majeure shall mean any concurrence beyond the reasonable control 0f the parties. preventing or delaying, the performance Of this Contract including but not limited to：．．．
本合同规定的不可抗力至任何超出双方合理的控制力所发生的，阻碍或延误本合同履行的事件，包括，但不限于：……
(8)The “Products'’—mean the electric appliances as specifically described in Schedule 1 attached hereto．
“产品”的含义是指合同附表一中具体介绍的电气产品。

(9)“Start—up Period'’ means the period from the completion of construction of the production facilities until such time as the first of all types of products t0 be produced therein have been certified as being on specification and the Joint Venture Company is satisfied that the production facilities are capable of producing the agreed-upon products in the agreed-upon quantities．
“试车期”，系指从生产设施竣工至生产出被证明符合规格的首批各类产品，合资公司认为该设施已具有按约定的产量和质量进行生产的能力时为止。

(10)“Net selling Price'’ means the price at which the Product is sold by Party B from time to time, after deduction of packaging, installation and freight charges, trade and quantity discount, commission, insurance and commodity tax. if any directly applicable to the product．1n the event the product is used by Party B or its subsidiaries, “Net Selling Price'’ of such Product, for the purpose of determining the payment due hereunder wi th respect thereto, shall be the same as “Net Selling Price'’
at which Party B customarily sells comparable product to its customer in bona fide business transactions．
“净销售价”是指在扣除合同产品的包装费、安装费、运输费、商业和数量折扣、佣金、保险费和商品税之后，乙方通常销售合同产品的价格。

若产品被乙方或其附属公司所用时，为确定本合同所规定的到期付款额，其销售净价应等同于乙方通常在善意交易中向顾客出售的类似产品的“净销售价。

”
上述各例中的表达“系指”的词，归纳起来只有两个，即：to mean和to be。

在实践中，前者使用的频率较高，因为，对某关键词所下定义，意味着to state precisely the meaning of the key words。

至于在to mean和to be之前是否冠以shall，则一般取决于该关键词是否属通常的定义，还是双方约定的定义。

如果系“通常的定义” (common definition)一般冠以shall，试比较以下例句：
(1)“Patent” shall mean the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to make, use, license, or sell a new device, process, material or other innovation for a specified period of time．
(2) “Patents'’ mean the patents and patent application now owned by the Licensor in Territory pertaining to the Licensed Products. as listed in the Article Of this Agreement．
以上两个例句，例句一是patent的通常定义，例句二是属合同当事人之间约定的在协议中特指的patent。

国际商务合同中使用定义条款解释关键词语时，一般在该定义条款的开头，用以下文字予以说明：
For purposes Of this Contract, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated：
为本合同之目的，下列术语具有所指明的含义：
As used in this Agreement, the following term shall have the following definitions．．．
在协议中使用下列术语，定义如下：……
5. Using Conditional Clauses条件句式的运用
国际商务合同是合同各方就相互权利义务关系达成一致意见而订立的书面
文件。

这种书面文件主要约定双方应享有的权利和应履行的义务，但这种权利的行使和义务的履行，均附有各种条件。

当这些条件成熟时，当事人的权利才能实现，或义务方可履行。

例如在一项违约责任条款中，双方约定：In case the Sellers fail to make delivery according to the final delivery schedules, the Sellers shall pay the buyers a penalty。

这一条规定了卖方应向买方支付违约金。

但卖方这一义务的履行或买方这一权利的实现是有条件的，即：“如果卖方未按最终交货计划交货”。

如果卖方依合同的规定按时履行了交货义务就不存在向买方支付违约金的问题。

因此，国际商务合同中大量地使用条件句式，而含有条件句式的主语中往往含有shall构成表示义务的复合谓语，这是国际商务合同中的一大特点。

下面介绍几种涉外合同中经常使用的条件句式：
1) Using “if” Clauses用连接词if引出的条件句式
(1)If the price hereunder for the merchandise herein decreases generally 0n the market before the delivery date, the buyer shall benefit by such price reduction and shall be entitled to pay for the goods at the general market price prevailing．如果在交货前，本合同货物的价格普遍下跌，价格应相应降低，以使买方利益不受损失。

买方有权按通常的市场价支付货款。

Notes
(2)If the Force Majeure event lasts over 60 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract or the undelivered part of the Contract．
若不可抗力事件持续60天以上，买方有权撤销本合同或本合同中未完成的部分。

(3)If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions to this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change to this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Chinese Government．
如需对本协议条款进行修改．双方应协商解决，但对协议的任何修改必须经中国政府批准方为有效。

(4)If any products 0r any part of the products is not in compliance with the standards of quality as the result of the’ inspection, the Manufacturer shall supply the buyer free of charge with replacement for all parts not complying with the standards
of quality．
经检验，如发现产品或产品的任何部分的质量不合格，制造商必须免费更换所有质次货物。

(5)If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second lot of documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice．
若技术资料在空运中丢失、损坏、短缺，乙方应在收到甲方书面通知之日起30天内，尽快免费补寄或重寄给甲方。

Notes
2) in sing “in case” Clauses or“ in case of… ”
用连接词in case或词组in case of引出
(1) In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted to the Arbitration Tribunal of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the Arbitration Rules and Procedure of the said Tribunal．如通过协商仍不能达成协议时，应提交斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院，根据该院的仲裁规则和程序进行仲裁。

Notes
(2) In case the buyer fail f0 carry out any of the terms ant conditions to this Contract with the Seller, the Seller shall have the right to terminate all or any part of this Contract with the buyer or postpone shipment or stop any goods in transit and the Buyer shall in every such case be liable to the Seller for all losses, damages and expenses thereby incurred．
倘若买方未能履行与卖方所订合同的任何条款，卖方有权终止与买方的全部或部分合同，或延期交货，或截留运输中货物。

在任何一种情况下，买方须负责赔偿卖方由此发生的损失、损坏和相应的费用。

(3)In case the Sellers are liable for the discrepancies and claim has been lodged by the Buyer within the time limit of inspection and quality guarantee period as stipulated in Clauses 10 and 11 to this Contract, the Sellers shall settle the claim in one or any combination of the following ways．．．．
如果货物质量不符属卖方责任，买方在检验期和本合同第10条和第11条规定的质量保证期内提出索赔，卖方将按下列一种或几种方法解决有关索赔……。

(4)In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail．
若对解释产生异议，以中文本为准。

(5)In case of quality discrepancy, claims shall be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination．
若发生质量索赔，买方的索赔必须在货物到达目的港的30天内提出。

Notes
3) Using “in the event of” or “in the event that”
用词组in the event of或连词in the event that引出
(1)In the event of any claim arising in respect of any shipment, notice of intention to claim shall be given in writing to the Seller promptly after arrival of the goods at the port of discharge and opportunity must be given to the Seller for investigation．
若运货发生索赔，买方应于货物到达卸货港后立即以书面形式将索赔要求通知卖方，并给予卖方进行调查的机会。

(2)In the event of any breach of the terms, conditions, or warranties to this Contract with the Buyer or in the event of the death, dissolution, bankruptcy or insolvency of the Seller, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel this Contract with the Seller or reject the merchandise or to dispose of it for the account of the Buyer at a time and price which the Buyer deems reasonable and the Seller is bound to reimburse the Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom including but not limited to loss of profits obtainable from resale by the buyer and the damages caused by the Buyer's liability to purchase from the Buyer of the merchandise on resale．
如买方违反本合同的任何条款或担保，或在卖方死亡、解散、倒闭或破产的情况下，买方有权取消本合同，或拒收货物，或买方为自己的利益在其认为合理的时间和价格内处理货物，卖方须赔偿买方因此所遭受到的损失。

此项损失包括但不限于因买方转售货物造成应得利润的损失，以及买方因转售该项货物对购买者承担的责任所导致的损失。

(3)In the event of graft or serious dereliction of duty on the part of the general manager and/or deputy general managers, the Board of Directors shall have the power to dismiss them at will．
如总经理和/或副总经理有营私舞弊或严重失职时，董事会有权随时将其撤换。

(4)In the event that the Documents supplied by Party B are not in conformity with the stipulations in Sections 8.2。

Party B shall, within the shortest possible time but not later than 30 days after the receipt of the Party A's written notice, dispatch free of charge to Party A the missing or the correct and legible Decembrist．若乙方提供的技术资料不符合本合同第8条第2款的规定，乙方必须在收到甲方书面通知后尽快，但不超过30天的时间内，免费将所缺的或正确的、清晰易读的资料寄给甲方。

(5)In the event that deficiencies in the Equipment become evident, such deficiencies shall be corrected by ABC during the two days per week during which the Purchaser will not be testing．
若发现设备有缺陷，应由ABC用每周买方不进行试验的这两天时间对设备予以校正。

4) Using “should”用助动词should 引出
(1)Should the quality, quantity or specification of the commodity be found not in conformity with the description set out in Clause one, the Seller agrees to examine any claim, which shall be supported by a report issued by a reputable surveyor approved by the Seller. Claims concerning quality shall be made in writing within three months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination．
如果发现货物在质量、数量或规格上与本合同第一条规定不符，卖方同意审核任何因此而提出的索赔。

该索赔要求应以卖方认可的有信誉的检验机构出具的报告证实。

质量方面的索赔要求应于货物到达目的港后三个月内以书面形式提出。

Notes
(2) Should the effect of Force Maieure continue more then one hundred and twenty(120)consecutive days, both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible．
如不可抗力事件延续到120天以上时，双方应通过友好协商方式尽快解决继续履行合同的问题。

(3) Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations．
由于一方的过失，造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行时，由过失一方承担违约责任。

如属双方过失，根据实际情况，由双方分别承担各自应负的违约责任。

(4)Should any of the stipulations to the Contract be altered. amended, supplemented Or deleted, the same shall be negotiated between and agreed upon by both parties and written documents shall be signed by the representatives 0f both parties．
本合同条款的任何变更、修改或增删，须经双方协商同意，并由双方代表签署书面文件为有效。

(5)Should Party A notify Party B lo stop the work for reasons beyond the responsibility of Party B. Party B shall stop the work and claim from Party A the price of finished work, materials at site and other reasonable expenses to be added or deducted from the paid installments．
若甲方通知乙方将工程停止，其原因并非属乙方的责任，乙方可停止该工程并要求甲方按照已完成工程数量、运抵工地的材料及其他合理费用，在已交款中增付或扣除。

5) Using “unless” 用unless引出
(1) Should the Letter 0f Credit fail to reach the Sellers before the stipulated date, the Contract shall be considered as null and void unless extension is approved by the Sellers．
如果买方在规定日期内未开来信用证，本合同即告无效，但经卖方同意延期者不在此例。

Notes
(2)Unless the Contract provides otherwise, it is the Buyer's legal duty to collect and transport the goods from the Seller's premises．
除合同另有规定者外，买方应在卖方的处所提货运输。

合同英语中，unless与otherwise经常连用，表示“除另有……者外”，其后往往用过去分词。

再如：
(3)Unless otherwise stated thereafter, the accounting principles employed shall be the same as those applied in the preceding years．
除后文另有说明者外，所运用的会计原则应与以往各年所应用的会计原则相同。

(4) Neither party shall have the right to represent the other party unless otherwise arranged．
除另有安排者外，任何一方无权代表另一方。

在Unless引出的条件句中，有时常用Unless的省略句。

如：
(5)Unless in the event of Force Majeure, Party B shall be fully responsible for any and all accident or damage of the work under the custody of Party B．除人力不可抗拒之原因外，乙方应对保管中之一切，负事故或损害之全责。

6) Using “provided that．．．”用provided．．．引出
(1)No salary shall be paid and charged against the operating expenses, provided that the commission or brokerage of the Second Party shall be paid and charged as a part of the operating expenses．
若应将支付第二方的佣金或回扣作为营业费用的一个部分，则不应在营业费用中支付和计算薪金。

使用provided (that)引出从句表示条件时，常表示当事人所希望的条件，这一点与if引出的从句是不同的。

请比较下列句子：
(a) We can sell a lot of garments provided that your price is highly competitive．
如果你方价格很有竞争性，我方就可大量出售。

(b) If the technical documentation supplied by Party B is not in conformity with Clause 9．1 to the Contract. Party B shall, within 30 days after the receipt of Party A's notification, airmail free of charge to Party A the correct . complete and legible version．
如果乙方提供的技术资料不符合第9条第1款之规定，乙方应在收到甲方的通知之日起30天内，免费将正确的、完整的、清晰易读的技术资料空邮给甲方。

在以上的两句中，第一句中的条件是当事人所希望的条件，用provided that 引出；第二句中的条件显然不是合同当事人所希望的或应该出现的，不能用provided that引出，应用if引出。

(2)The Seller, provided that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or untabricated parts, work In process, and other material referred to in paragraph (D) of this Article in which the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained．
如果买方同意，卖方可以全部或部分地保留上述未完成的设备、已加工好或未加工好的零件以及正在进行的工作和本条(D)款所述的其他材料，这将因此使买方少支付这部分货物的费用。

(3)Provided that Party B desires to continue leasing the flat，Party B shall notify Party A in writing two months in advance of the expiry Of the leased and a new lease contract shall be signed．
乙方若续租该套房间，须于合同日期满前两个月书面通知乙方并另订租凭合同。

以上表示条件句式的情况，在国际商务合同中出现得较多。

除以上表示条件的情况外，英语合同中还有on condition that, where. suppose／supposing等。

例如：Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause 18 to this contract，the Buyers shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller (should) agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation(如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货)。

在翻译引出条件句式的连词或短语时，应采用较灵活的方式，不应照搬词典的解释。

例如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman，deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed，provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party(任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方)。

以上的provided that 译为“但是”，使译文的过度显得自然，符合汉语表达规范。

如果把句子的provided that译为“假如”，就达不到这种效果。

6. Using Other Specific Phrases其他特定词语的运用
合同英语不仅在格式和句式方面有其独特的风格，而且有些词语的运用与其他文体的英语相比，也是有区别的。

这些词语在国际商务合同中已形成一种固定的用法，体现出合同文本的独特风格。

下面介绍国际商务合同中主要特定词语的运用：
1) Using “Whereas”Whereas的运用
whereas属连词，表示taking into consideration the fact that，引出条件从句，常译为“鉴于”，是合同文件中经常使用的句式。

由其引出的从句，在合同文体中常称为“鉴于句”。

“鉴于句”属叙述性条款，一般写在合同的开头，用以说明合同当事人订约的目的、意图、缘由等，而在其他场合不宜使用。

请看下列条款：
Whereas Party B possesses technical know-how for designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of Automatic Stamping and Bending Machine ZUB-200 and its tooling: and
Whereas Party B has the right and desires to transfer the aforesaid know-how to Party A: and
Whereas Party A desires to design, manufacture, sell and export the said Machine ZUB-200 by utilizing Party B's know-how . . .
鉴于乙方拥有设计、制造、安装、销售ZUB～200自动冲压弯曲机及其模具的专有技术；
鉴于乙方有权并愿意向甲方转让上述专有技术；
鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专有技术，以设计、制造、销售和出口上述ZUB 一200冲压弯曲机产品……
2) Using“the above-mentioned”, “said” , “aforesaid”
the above-mentioned, said, aforesaid 运用
这些词均属于形容词，在句中作定语，表示“上述的或前述的”，是合同英语中的惯用词，用于指代上文提及的事物。

例如：
(1) Party A shall make delivery of the goods in accordance with the
above-mentioned arrangement．
甲方将按照上述安排交货。

(2) Party A grants Party B an exclusive license to manufacture products by using the invention of the said letter of Patent.
甲方授予乙方独占许可证，利用上述专利证书中的发明专利制造产品。

(3) If delay by the Purchaser in making any payment Is due to one of the said circumstances, the Vendor shall not be entitled to any interest on the sum due．如果买方的迟延付款是由于上述的某种情况造成的，则卖方无权收取到期货款的利息。

(4) The Licensee shall keep full and adequate books of account containing all particulars that may be necessary for the purpose of showing the amount of royalty payable to the Licensor. The aforesaid books of account shall be kept at the licensee's place of business．
被许可方应完整、详尽地记录会计账目，账目应包括所有旨在向许可方说明应付的使用费的细节，以上会计账簿应在被许可方营业地保存。

Notes
3) Using“in consideration of” in consideration of的运用
in consideration of在合同英文中，主要体现了权利与义务的一致性。

即：一方履行某种义务完全是以另一方履行某种义务为条件或前提的，带有一种in return for sth．的含义，经常译成“考虑到”、“鉴于”、“由于”等。

例如：
(1)In consideration of the payments to be made by the Purchaser to the Supplier as herein mentioned, the Supplier hereby covenants with Purchaser to provide the Goods and Services and to remedy defects therein in conformity in all respects with the provisions to the Contract．
鉴与买方按合同规定付款给供方，供方保证向买方提供货物、服务和弥补缺陷，并保证货物和服务完全符合合同规定。

Notes
(2)In consideration of the Licenses and technical assistance provided herein, the Joint Venture Company shall pay Party A technical assistance fees in USE)．考虑到许可证以及在此提供的技术援助，合资公司将以美元的方式支付甲方技术援助费。

in consideration of还可以表示合同一方或双方由于某种利益而履行某种义务，例如：
(3)In consideration of such right to publish cheap edition, he Publisher shall pay to the Author 30 percent of the retail price of one copy sold of the edition．
考虑到有权出版这一廉价版本，出版商将付给作者所售出的该版本每本零售价30％的款项。

4) Using "Subject to" Subject to的运用
在合同英语中，subject to的基本含义是depending on…as a condition，例如：The Contract is subject to government approval，相当于The Contract shall be valid only if it is approved by the government；也可以表示under the authority of or be obliged to obey。

翻译Subject to时，应根据其后宾语的具体内容，参照其基本含义，采用符合合同语言规范的翻译方法。

例如：
(1)Subject to the terms to this Agreement, the Producer agrees to be bound by the terms to the following marketing agreement．
在本协议的条件下，制造商同意接受下列销售协议各项条款的约束。

本条的Subject to译成“在……条件下”。

(2)Subject to Clause 17，no variation in or modification of the terms to the Contract shall be made except by written amendment signed by the parties．第17条规定，合同的任何变更或修改，必须以双方签定的修改文本为准。

本条中的Subject to译成“根据……规定”，相当于in conformity with。

句中的no…except译成肯定结构“必须”。

(3)Subject to the above stipulations, the profits, losses and risks of the Joint Venture Company shall be borne by the Parties in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital of the Joint Venture Company．在上述规定范围内，各方按各自对合资企业的注册资本出资比例分享合资企业的利润，并承担合资企业遭受的亏损和风险。

该句中的Subject to根据其所带的宾语，译为“在……规定范围内”。

(4)If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions Of this Agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided that any change of this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Canadian Government．
如需对本协议条款进行修改，双方应协商解决，但对协议的任何修改内容必须经加拿大政府批准方为有效。

本句中的subject to，译为“须经”。

又如：The Contract is subject to approval of the Government of Import Country(本合同须经进口国政府的批准)。

(5)We make you the following offer, subject to the goods being unsold．
我方做出如下报盘，以货物未售出为有效。

该句中的subject to译为“以……有效”。

5) Using “to be entitled to” to be entitled to的运用
to be entitled to在法律英语中表示to give sb. the right to sth, 尤其在表示权利的场合中，体现出该权利在法律上的强制性。

翻译时可译为“有权”，“有资格”等，但在具体的译文处理上，应根据上下文确定。

例如：
(1)Chairman and Directors are entitled to have also such positions in other companies. which will not be the competitor of the Company．
公司的董事长及董事有资格在其他公司担任同样的职务，但其任职的公司不得与本公司竞争。

(2) If one or more 0f the following events of default shall occur and be continuing, the Agent and the Banks shall be entitled to the remedies set forth in Section 8.2
如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件，且违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各银行应行使第8条第2款规定的补救方法。

该句中的be entitled to译成“应行使”。

(3) The Seller shall be entitled to terminate this license in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply with any Of the conditions stated In this Article。

如果买方违反本条款所规定的条件，卖方有权终止这种特许权。

(4)If the Contract can not come into effect within six(6) months after the date of signing, both parties are entitled to consider themselves absolved from the Contract．
若本合同自签字之日起6个月仍不能生效，双方均有权解除合同。

(5) The Tenant shall not be entitled to any such reimbursement in accordance with the Clause 8,1 to this Agreement
按照本协议第8条第1款之规定，承租人无权获得任何此类补偿。

Notes
6) Using“in witness whereof/thereof”。