Unit Three The Method of Scientific Investigation

apprenticeship
• 学徒身份；学徒期 Someone who has an apprenticeship works for a fixed period of time for a person who has a particular skill in order to learn the skill. Apprenticeship is the system of learning a skill like this. • After serving his apprenticeship as a toolmaker, he became a manager. • 结束了工具匠的学徒期以后，他当上了经 理。
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translation
• In scientific inquiry it (形式主语) becomes a matter of duty to expose a supposed law(预设的 规律) to every possible verification, and to take care, moreover, that this is done intentionally, and not left to a mere accident, as in the case of apples.
Thesis statement
• the approach used by men of science to define and explain natural phenomena is exactly the same as the approach applied by ordinary men to handle daily issues.
sentence structure
• Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. • 如果你肯费心对你大脑所做的进行分析， 找出其逻辑关系，你会大吃一惊。
• If you exercise something such as your authority, your rights, or a good quality, you use it or put it into effect.运用;行使 • example: • They are merely exercising their right to free speech... • 他们只是在行使他们的言论自由权。 • Britain has warned travellers to exercise prudence and care. • 英国已经警告游客要谨慎小心。
beam of the scale/balance
• 秤杠，天平的杆杠
two major forms on & deduction
induction
• Induction is reasoning from a specific example to a general principle or statement. 归纳;归纳法
sentence structure
• Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing of course in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. • set in motion 把…发动起来； 掀动； 开动 (give impetus to)
exercise
• examples: • ..the exercise of political and economic power... • 行使政治经济权力 • Leadership does not rest on the exercise of force alone. • 领导才能并不仅仅在于武力的运用。
exert (vt.)
• If someone or something exerts influence, authority, or pressure, they use it in a strong or determined way, especially in order to produce a particular effect. 施加 （影响、压力等）;行使，运用（权威等） examples: 1. He exerted considerable influence on the thinking of the scientific community on these issues... 他极大地影响了科学界对这些问题的看法。 2. The cyst was causing swelling and exerting pressure on her brain. 那个囊肿正在引起肿胀，压迫着她的大脑。
• 在科学研究中，科学家的职责便是让每一个预设 的规律都必须经历各种可能条件的实证，并且是 在特意的安排下进行的不能想证明苹果酸度的实 验那样遗漏任何一种情况。
translation
• ...our confidence in a law is in exact proportion to the absence of variation in the result of our experimental verifications (实证).
Words and expressions
• article: object物件，物品
established laws
• If you use established to describe something such as an organization, you mean that it is officially recognized or generally approved of because it has existed for a long time • 已被认可的;已被接受的 • the established names of Paris fashion • 巴黎时装界的知名品牌
translationscientificinquiry形式主语becomessupposedlaw预设的规律everypossibleverificationtakecaremoreoverdoneintentionallymereaccident在科学研究中科学家的职责便是让每一个预设的规律都必须经历各种可能条件的实证并且是在特意的安排下进行的不能想证明苹果酸度的实验那样遗漏任何一种情况
syllogism三段论
• deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises • Major premise 大前提 • Minor premise 小前提 • Conclusion 结论
exercise (vt. &n.)
deduction
• Deduction is reasoning from a general principle or statement to a specific example.演绎， 推理
hypothesis & theory
• A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible explanation for a particular situation or condition, but which has not yet been proved to be correct 假说，假设 • A theory is a formal idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something. 理论; 学说
proposition
• A proposition is an offer or a suggestion that someone makes to you, usually concerning some work or business that you might be able to do together • 提议；建议；提案
Words and expressions
• nothing but:只有， 只不过； 无非 • anything but: 除…之外任何事(物)都…, 根 本不…
reason
• If you reason that something is true, you decide that it is true after thinking carefully about all the facts. • 推理;推论;推断
Unit Three The Method of Scientific Investigation
Thomas Huxley
Thomas Huxley (1825-1895)
• English biologist (anatomist 解剖学家), known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution《进化论》
scale & balance
• an equipment used for weighing things • 天平，秤
graduated
• 标有刻度的 • Graduated jars are marked with lines and numbers which show particular measurements.标有刻度的广口瓶
render
• You can use render with an adjective that describes a particular state to say that someone or something is changed into that state. For example, if someone or something makes a thing harmless, you can say that they render it harmless致使; 造成 • Render precise and exact: make it precise and exact.