具体与抽象化译法

具体与抽象化译法
具体与抽象化译法
I具体法：即化概括为具体，化抽象为形象，化空泛为细节。

所谓具体化译法，指的是在翻译过程中把原文中的抽象或比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者是句子来进行翻译的方法。

目的是消除或降低语言差别给读者带来的损失，使译文和原文产生同样的效果。

Translation:翻译——翻译作品
1)抽象名词具体化：原文中某些含义比较抽象、概括、含蓄的词或词组，翻译时需要根据语境和目的语使用习惯加以引申，作具体化表达；或翻译时缩小原文上下文中某一词语指称对象的外延，从而减少翻译过程中原文信息的流失，使译文和原文产生同样的效果。

例如：
1.I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.
雨淅淅沥沥下个不停，我感到诧异。

2.All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.
在那所大学，学生的任何越轨行为都受到惩罚。

3.Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
她的冷漠态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。

4.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

Every life has its roses and thorns.
5.他的本性既残暴又狡猾。

There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his nature.
2)以具体法补充外围语义成分：用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义，在译文中补充外围语义成分。

源语中抽象词语的涵义比较笼统，概括，虚泛时，在目的语里很难找到对应词，这时常常借助具体的词语来解释补充其抽象的语意成分。

Teaching gives me pace and variety, and challenge and the
opportunity to keep on learning.
从事教学使我的工作进程有了规律，使我的生活变得丰富多彩，既向我提出了挑战，也为我提供了不断学习的机会。

Public opinion is demanding more and more urgently that something must be done about air pollution.
公众舆论越来越强烈地要求对空气污染采取必要措施。

The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.
星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。

我对你很有意见。

I have a lot of complaints about you.
他出去了；母亲和我却叹息他的景况：多子、饥荒、苛税、兵、匪、官、绅，都苦得他象一个木偶人了。

After he had gone out, Mother and I both shook our heads over his hard life: many children, famines, taxes, soldiers, bandits, officials and landed gentry, all had squeezed him as dry as a mummy.
3)用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化
1.He was open now to charges of willful blindness.
这时人们指责他装聋作哑。

2.He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。

3.他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是一个无用而又累赘的东西。

His newly employed woman servant was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.
4.还有点美中不足的地方，早晨给车夫们摆饭的时节，祥子几乎和人打起来。

Another fly in the ointment was that Xiangzi had nearly got into a fight that morning when the rickshaw pullers were having their feast.
II 抽象法
eat like a bird：吃得极少
1)化隐喻为抽象：从认知的角度来看，任何语言中都充满了隐喻。

为了使语言的表达形象生动，人们往往用意象表达抽象的概念，用部分代替整体。

man for the field and woman for the hearth;
man for the sword and woman for the needle;
man with the head and woman with the heart;
man to command and woman to obey
--------- Tennyson
男人适于农耕，女人适于家务
男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫
男人善于深思，女人富于感情
男人发号施令，女人惟有服从。

-----坦尼森
Over the past hundred odd years, the Chinese people have gone through storm and stress, and in the course of vigorous struggle they have accomplished a great historic transformation.
在过去的一百年间，中国人民历经沧桑，在奋起斗争的过程中进行了伟大的历史变革。

He ---probably swayed by prudential consideration of the folly of offending a good tenant ---relaxed a little in a laconic style of chipping off his pronouns and auxiliary verbs, and introduced what he supposed would be a subject of interest to me.
也许出于谨慎，他认为得罪一个好房客是愚蠢的，语言便稍稍委婉些，提出了他认为我会感兴趣的话头。

这消息让我吓出了一身冷汗。

I was extremely terrified by the news.
这是他俩之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？
That’s a business of their own. Why should you get involved
in it?
2)化文化负载词为抽象：谚语与熟语等民族性习惯表达法多用具象概念来传递抽象概念，语词中间蕴涵着丰富的文化意义。

这些文化负载词的语用意义，文化内涵在两中语言中截然不同，产生的联想也大不一样。

A good conscience is a soft pillow.
良心过得去，睡觉才安稳。

Kissing doesn’t last; cookery doe s.
甜言蜜语不可靠，粗茶淡饭才长久。

Love is the mother of love.
情生情，爱生爱。

You should not show your hand to a stranger.
对陌生人要保持戒心。

She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
她生长在富贵之家。

母亲拎着纺车把他拉扯大，真是要星星不给月亮。

His mother had brought him up by doing spinning and had given him whatever he wanted.
小尼姑之流是阿Q本来视若草芥的，但世事须“退一步”想，所以他赶紧拔起四个萝卜，拧下青叶，兜在大襟里。

Ah Q had always had the greatest contempt for such people as little nuns. There are times when “Discretion is the better part of valour.” He hastily pulled up four turnips, tore off the leaves and folded them in his pocket.
Homework:
1.Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead.
2.They are on the same side.
3.His mind was in turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.
4.Love lives in cottages as well as in courts.。