高中英语名词用法归纳(全面)
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英语名词用法归纳
一. 名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词-----个人,地方,机构等专有名称. China, Shanghai, Li lei.
普通名词---- 个体名词: 某类人或东西中的个体.如boy, dog, country.
集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体.如family, team, police, class.
物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。
如cotton,tea, air, water, flour.
抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如health, happiness.
个体名词和集体名词又叫做可数名词.
物质名词和抽象名词又叫做不可数名词.
二. 名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:
1) 一般情况加s 。
如:books mouths houses girls.
2) 以s , sh , ch , x 结尾的加es 。
如:classes boxes matches (但: stomachs).
3) 辅音字母+ y结尾的变y为ies 。
如:
cities countries parties factories.
4) 以o 结尾的词多数+es。
如:
heroes Negroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros.
以o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母+s. 如:radios, zoos,
bamboos ,pianos ,kilos photos.
5) 以f,fe 结尾的多数+es。
如:
leaves lives wives knives halves wolves.
The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.
但是:也有一些+ s。
如:roofs proofs, gulfs, beliefs, handkerchiefs/handkerchieves.
2. 名词词尾的读音规则:
1) 在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s] cups,hats,cakes,roofs
2) 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz] glasses, faces, roses.
3) 在其他情况下读作[z] beds days cities knives.
4) 以th结尾的词原来读[ ] 加词尾后多数读[ ]
如:mouth—mouths path—paths ;
但是也有不变化的,如:month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths. (houses)
3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则:
1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice,
2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works, fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes;
There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.
3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants. (boy/girl students)
woman doctor—women doctors.
4.复合名词的复数形式:
son-in-law---sons-in-law , looker-on—lookers-on, 主体名词变化
film-goer—film-goers, grown-up—grown-ups 没有主体名词,在词尾加复数
5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加’s 或s :
There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.
Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.
It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.
I will not accept your if’s and but’s.
6. 物质名词一般没有复数,有时用复数形式表示不同种类,
wheats, fruits, vegetables,
有时表示比原文更广的词义,
wood (木头)—woods(树林), water(水)—waters(水域), sand(沙子)—sands(沙滩), manner(方式)—manners(礼貌)
7. 抽象名词一般不可数;但是如果表示某一具体的情况,或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。
He jumped with joy.------ My children are a great joy to me.
常用的抽象名词具体化的有: a surprise/ a pleasure / a success / a failure / a help /
8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。
the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.
9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数,
( people 作民族,种族时有单复数两种形式)
Many cattle are kept on the farm.
Several police were on duty.
The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.
The English are a funny people.
10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数都有,但意义不同。
The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English. (前者看作整体,后者强调每一个人。
)
The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population in China are peasants. (同上)
11. hair,fruit 通常作单数,表示总体。
His hair is grey. a rich harvest of fruit
如果表示若干根头发,表示种类的水果时,可以加复数词尾。
He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。
Are fruits on sale in this season ? 这个季节有水果销售吗?
12. 以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。
mathematics , physics, politics, 等。
(另外:news)
13. glasses,trousers,scissors,shoes,spectacles,等常用复数;但如果这些词前用 a pair of …/ this pair of…/ that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。
Where are my glasses ?
My new pair of trousers is too long.
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
14. 不可数名词没有复数形式,如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。
a piece of news/ information/ advice/ bread/ cake/ paper/ meat/ coal / equipment/ furniture /clothing…
a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap…
常用的不可数名词:
advice,progress, practice,weather,homework,knowledge,fun,luggag e,equipment,clothing,water,milk,food,rice
15. 名词作定语:
1)表示用途:a coffee cup 咖啡杯;a tobacco company 烟草公司;a vegetable garden
2) 表示材料:a stone bridge 石桥;paper money 纸币;a diamond necklace 钻石项链
3)表示时间或地点:winter holiday 寒假;morning paper 晨报;city people 市民
4) 表示类别:water pollution 水污染;body temperature 体温;weight problem 体温
5)表示身份:a woman doctor; a boy student
注意:名词作定语常用单数:shoe shop; college students; basketball match.
但man / woman 随后边名词变化: a woman doctor; two women doctors; a man doctor; two men doctors.
三. 名词的所有格:
1.有生命的名词所有格的构成:
1) 一般在词尾加’s. the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.
2) 以s 结尾的复数名词只加’workers’ rest homes. 工人疗养所
the masses’ request 群众的请求
3) 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s.children’s toys.
4) 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s.my sister-in-law’s brother.
5) 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s.
This is Tom, Bob and Dick’s room.
6) 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’s.
Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.
7) 名词短语只在最后一个词后加’s. a quarter of an hour’s talk.
2. 名词所有格的用法:
1) 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系。
Lei Feng’s dairy.the Working People’s Palace of Culture. 劳动人民文化宫
2) 也可用于表示时间的名词。
today’s paper.an hou r’s drive.Friday’s work.
3) 也可用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词。
the country’s plan.the farm’s fruit.China’s population.
4) 也可用于表示由人组成的集体名词。
our party’s stand 我党的立场
5) 也可用于表示度量、价值的名词。
two dollars’ worth of books. a pound’s weight.
(现代英语中,这种用法越来越多。
)
3. 凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用of 属格表示所属关系。
the City of New York. a map of China.
特别是下列情况要用of 属格:
⑴当名词有较长的定语时,
the name of the girl standing at the gate.
Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday?
⑵所修饰的名词前有数量词时,
a play of Comrade Li’s.som e friends of my brother’s .
⑶所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词时,
that performance of the teachers’ .
4.双重所有格:
当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修饰时,用双重所有格,双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的。
a poem of Lu Xun’s .
a friend of his/hers .
Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ?
some friends of my brothers’ .
5.几种特殊情况:
the key to the door.
keys to the exercises. 练习的答案
notes to the text 课文注释
answers to the question
tickets for the film//movie
a check for $1500. 1500美元的支票
anyone else’s book.
the monument to the people’s heroes. 人民英雄纪念碑the entrance to the station//cinema
(在现代英语中of属格大都可用’s 所有格代替。
)。